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Relative
Clauses
Prepared by:IKRAM AIT DRA &
AHMED DAKHISSI
General Grammar
Chapter 18:
Supervised by:Mrs. Jennifer Evans
Mr. Youssef Tamer
TEFL & ICT Master Program 2012/2013
Outline
Definition.
Form and function.
Restrictive relative clauses.
Position and reduction of restrictive relative clauses.
Exercise.
Other types of restrictive relative clauses.
Non restrictive relative clauses.
Problems that ESL/EFL students have with relative clauses.
Activity
Definition
Relative clauses are clauses that modify noun phrases. They are used widely in written and spoken English .
I - Form and function Relative clauses are one kind of dependent clauses . They are introduced
by a special set of pronouns:
the relative pronouns- that ,which, who, whom, and whose.
Relative clauses have the same function as adjectives.
Relative clauses come after head noun.
E.G :
a girl who is smart and beautiful .
Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses:
English relative clauses are classified as restrictive or nonrestrictive depending upon their function.
A restrictive relative clause is one that serves to restrict the reference of the
noun phrase modified.
e.g: My sister who lives in Casablanca is a biologist.
A nonrestrictive relative clause adds information about the noun modified.
e.g: My sister, who lives in Casablanca, is a biologist.
Two criteria distinguishing the R &N.R Clauses:
Nonrestrictive relative clause punctuation :
The students, who had to take final exams today, are tired.
Restrictive relative clause intonation:
The students who had to take final exams today are tired.
Forming Relative Clauses:
The formation of relative clauses can be described by means of
a rule of wh-movement which moves the NP in the relative
clause that corresponds to the NP in the main clause to the
front of the relative clause living a “gap” at the place from
which it was moved.
e.g.
The movie that we saw the movie was really scary.
I’m looking for the box that he puts all his staff in the
box .
II. Restrictive relative clauses
types of Restrictive Relative Clauses: - Restrictive relative clauses can be classified in term of
grammatical function of their relative pronouns. Based on the
classification, English has six types of restrictive relative clauses,
which are the following:
1- Subject (S).
2- Direct Object (O).
3- Indirect Object (IO).
4- Object of the preposition (OP).
5- Possessive (POS).
6- Object of comparison (OC).
1- Subject (S) Relative Clauses:
Relative pronoun replaces the subject of the clause. Do not require Wh-movement.
• The Relative pronoun who and that replace human NPs.
Example :
The girl who/that hired Sophia was the manager of the market.
• The Relative pronoun which and that replace inanimate NPs.
Example :
The car that/which Brahim bought was already used.
2- Object (O) Relative Clauses:
The Relative pronoun replaces the object of the verb.
• The Relative pronouns who, whom, and that introduce O relative clauses that modify human nouns.
Examples:
- At the party there were many people who/that he did not know .
- At the party there were many people whom he did not know .
• The relative pronouns which and that replace inanimate nouns.
Example:
- The Jallaba which /that Amal was wearing was very beautiful.
3- Indirect Object (IO) Relative Clauses:
Relative pronoun comes from the indirect object position
following the preposition to or for .
Examples:
- The girl who/that we gave the cake to is
Ahmed’s sister.
- The girl we gave the cake to the girl is
Ahmed’s sister .
• Relative pronoun with to whom /for whom .
Examples:
- the student for whom Naima prepared a tajin is
my neighbor.
4-Object of the preposition (OP) Relative Clauses:
• Object of the preposition relative clauses have the same two pattern. The
difference is, IO are limited to two preposition, to and for, Whereas with OP
relatives many preposition can occur.
Examples:
- The mattress which/that he slept on had several broken
springs.
- The mattress on which/ he slept had several broken springs.
When way or manner is the object of the presentation in, the preposition
must be moved and cannot be stranded.
Example: -The manner in which he spoke was shocking.
-The manner which he spoke in was shocking.
5- Possessive (POS) Relative Clauses:
• The relative pronoun replaces an element that expresses
possession.
• the relative pronoun may be whose or may be which preceded by
of .
5.1 POS RELATIVE CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY WHOSE:
- The relative pronoun whose typically used when the head noun is
human or animate(1), or is a collective noun and we can also use it
with inanimated head noun.Examples:
- Last week I met a boy whose brother works in your law farm .
- He bought stock in a company whose profits had increased
dramatically for the last three quarter .
- A crystal is a piece of matter whose boundaries are naturally
formed plan e surfaced .
5.2 Pos relative clauses introduced by of which :
- Used with inanimated possessors. Three patterns are possible when of+ which is part of an object NP.
Examples:
The reports of which the government prescribes the size are boring.
- The reports the size of which the government prescribes are boring.
6- Object of comparison (OC) Relative Clauses:
OC relative clauses include comparative structures, in which
the NP that is replaced by the relative pronoun originates after
the conjunction. The relative pronouns used are who, whom,
and that for noun phrase referring to humans.
Example :
- The girl who/that Rahma was faster than won the 100
meter.
- The sports car which/that the Alfa Romeo was faster
than was a Porsche.
Additional facts about Restrictive Relative Clauses:
What as an alternative to which and that in nonstandard
dialects. It is used in both S and O relative clauses.
Example: - And you see that car what just went by.
Resumptive pronouns:
Pronouns that occupies the position that the NP replaced by
the relative pronoun had before it underwent wh- movement.
Example:
- Usually they give you a thing…, you know, a thing that you
don’t want it.
III. Position and reduction of restrictive relative clauses.
3.1 Extraposed Relative Clauses :
Restrictive relative clauses sometimes do not always appear directly after the head noun they modify.
Example:
- A man who has red hair just came in .
- A man just came in who has red hair.
Relative clauses that have been moved away from the head nouns
their modify are called extraposed relatives.
Example : a) I saw Nadia who I hadn’t seen for years yesterday .
b) I saw Nadia yesterday who I hadn’t seen for years.
Extraposed relatives can be a source of amusing errors.
Example: a) A pole that must have been nine feet tall fell on a
workman.
b) A pole fell on a workman that must have been nine
feet tall.
3.2 Stacking
Relative clauses are frequently strung together, one clause
after the other. This phenomenon , which appears to occur
more frequently in conversation than in writing, is called
stacking.
Example:
- The people who take the course who Abde el illah
likes usually more from local high schools.
- The book that I like which everyone else in the class
hates was written by Joan Didion.
3.4 Omission of Nonsubject Relative Pronouns
In all types of clauses except S relative clauses, it is possible to delet the relative pronoun, with the relative clause thus beginning with the subject NP. Such clauses are sometimes said to have a “ Zero relative pronoun”.
Examples:
- We have just met that women who/whom/that
Asma likes so much .
- We have just met that women Asma likes so much.
- We just met that women who/that likes Asma so
much.
-* We just met that women likes Asma so much .
In IO and OP relatives, reduction can occur only in the patterns that
have the preposition stranded at the end of the clause.
Examples:
- The student who the dean sent a message to is out of
town.
- The student the dean sent a message to is out of
town.
********************************
- The student to whom the dean sent a message is out
of town.
-* The student to the dean sent a message is out of
town.
Of which POS relatives with stranded prepositions can be
reduced. However, POS relatives introduced by whose cannot
be reduced.
Example:
- The reports which the government prescribes the size
of are boring.
- The reports the government prescribes the size of are
boring.
************************
- Last Friday I met a girl whose brother works in your
company.
- Last Friday I met a girl brother works in your company.
3.5 Reduction in Subject Relative Clauses
In certain S relatives, it appears that the relative pronoun can be omitted if an additional change is made.
1) Reduction in clause with Be :
In S relative clauses, the relative pronoun and a form of be may be deleted when they are followed by:
A present participle
E.g. - That women who is standing over there knows the dean.
- That women standing over there knows the dean.
Past participle in a passive sentence
E.g - The bills that were passed by the house yesterday died in the Senate.
- The bills passed by the house yesterday died in the Senate.
An adjective followed by a prepositional phrase
E.g - Senators who are familiars with details of the proposal believe that it has a good chance of passing.
- Senators familiars with details of the proposal believe that it has a good chance of passing.
2) Postnominal Modifiers with Stative Verbs in –ing Form
Postnominal modifiers with stative Verbs might be a special type of reduced relative clause.
Example:
- A man resembling your father is sitting in front of me.
Exercise Indicate whether each sentence can undergo relative
extrapositive . If it cannot, say why. Example: The girl who loved me slapped the
secretary. Answer: no (Extraposition would move the relative
clause after the secretary, and this would change the meaning of the sentence.)
1. A guy who was wearing the cap you reported stolen just walked in.
2. Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
3. A women who was pregnant left with her sister.
4. I met a man who says he knows you the other day.
Solutions
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No. Extraposition would move the relative clause after the secretary, and this would change the meaning of the sentence.
4. Yes
A) Infinitival Relative Clauses (Infin):
Verbs in infinitive following and modifying a
head noun, have undergone relative pronoun
deletion
The have the verb in the infinitive and are
not always introduced by relative pronouns
Other types of Restrictive R.C1
Examples:
Here is a chair to sit on. here is a chair on which to in.We need a sack to carry the money in. we need a sack in which to carry the
money John is not the right person to confide in. John is not the right person in whom to confide
B) Adverbial Relative Clauses “ Preposition + which” combination is
replaced by: where, when, why:This is the university in which I’m studying
This is university where I’m studying
How well I remember the day on which he was born
How well I remember the day when he was born
C. Free Relative Clauses definite free relative clauses:
introduced by: what, where, when
stand alone rather than following and
modifying a head noun
Example:
-The students applauded when ikram stopped
presenting.
C. Free Relative Clauses (continu’ed)
indefinite free relative clauses
introduced by the words: whoever, whomever,
whatever, whichever, whenever
these words can be paraphrased with “if”
Example:
-Professor Jennifer supports whoever asks her for
help.
-If a student asks professor Jennifer for help, she
always does.
Punctuate the following stc:
Woman without her man is nothing
Woman, without her man, is nothing
Woman, without her, man is nothing
2Non restrictive relative
clauses
Non restrictive REL. CLAUSES: give additional information:
My ESP teacher, who is from Seattle, is helpful.
this non restrictive relative clause does not tell us which person (teacher) the speaker means, we already know.
can be deleted without changing the meaning.
Non restrictive REL. CLAUSES:
are separated by commas:
a) My brother who graduated from university
emigrated to Canada.
R: I’ve only one brother who graduated from university
and emigrated to Canada
b) My brother, who graduated from university,
emigrated to Canada.
N.R: I’ve more than one brother, I’m speaking about the
one who graduated from university and emigrated to
Canada
Non restrictive REL. CLAUSES: “who” or “which” cannot be left out:
We stayed at the hotel, which Amy recommended
to us.
“whom” can be used, in case of the object:
This morning I met Diane, whom I hadn’t seen for
months
“whose” and “where” can be used:
Khadija is going to spend a few weeks in Sweden,
where her husband works.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R Punctuation:
Non restrictive relative clauses have commas,
Restrictive R. CL do not.
N.R:
My sister, who lives in Chicago, is a biologist.
R :
My sister who lives in Chicago is a biologist.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R
intonation
N.R relative clauses are marked by pauses and falling intonation at the end:
The student, who is sitting next to me, is always smiling.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R Restrictive relative clauses may
modify “any” , “no”, and “every”. Non restrictive may not:
N.R: Any man, who goes back on his word, is no friend of mine.
R: Any man who goes back on word is no friend of mine.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R THAT as a relative pronoun: N.R
cannot be introduced by “THAT”:R: The plan that we discussed
yesterday will be adopted.N.R: The plan, that we discussed
yesterday, will be adopted.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R Stacking: Non restrictive cannot
be stacked, Restrictive can be:R: I really like that car that you
have that your wife is zipping around town in.
N.R: They gave the job to Rob, who is very qualified, who starts next month.
Distinguishing b/w R.R. and N.R
Sentence modification: N.R may modify an
entire sentence, R may only modify noun
phrases
N.R:
Professor Jennifer gave everyone an A,
which is just fine with Ahmed.
Japanese: introducing adverbial relative clauses by
“which” in stead of “when” and “where”:
This is the house which Shakespeare was born.
June is the month which it often rains in Japan.
Problems ESL/EFL SS have with Relative Clauses 3
Problems ESL/EFL SS have with Relative Clauses
Chinese: Omission of relative pronouns in
subordinate clauses.
There are many people want to emigrate to
the US.
Problems ESL/EFL SS have with Relative Clauses
Arabic speaking SS: L1 interference
Case 1: the appearance of the resumptive pronoun.
This is the room which we study in it.
Case 2:
- subject verb agreement, some learners consider “who”
always singular.
The people who is talking there are friends.
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