RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETATIVE POWER MARKETS AND GRID RELIABILITY PJM RTO EXPERIANCE vis – a – vis PRACTICES FOLLOWED IN INDIAN GRIDS and THE ROAD AHEAD

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETATIVE POWER MARKETS AND GRID RELIABILITY

PJM RTO EXPERIANCE

vis – a – vis

PRACTICES FOLLOWED IN INDIAN GRIDS

and

THE ROAD AHEAD

OVER VIEW

After 14th August 2003 blackout, US Dept. of Energy (DOE) and Natural Resources of Canada (NRCan) invited PJM and others to comment on the relationship between Wholesale Electric Competition and Grid Reliability.

The presentation covers

The views expressed by PJM.

The practices followed by PJM.

The practices followed in Indian Grids on the respective issues.

The Road Ahead

PERSPECTIVE ON 14th AUGUST 2003 BLACKOUT (AS PER THE REPORT OF PHILLIP G HARRIS, CEO, PJM)

Myth

Some believed that competition is the cause for the blackout as the need to

maximise profits has caused the utilities to defer investments and expenditures necessary to maintain reliability.

Fact Though with the passage of time the

investments and expenditures have certainly diminished, the advent of competition is only one (small) of the several drives for such business decisions

PJM’s BELIEFS ON COMPETITION vis a –vis RELIABILITY

PJM believes thatWholesale electric competition enhances rather

than compromises Grid Reliability

Competition supported by Regional Grid Managers viz RTOs has brought

Better Exchange of Information

Effective Grid Management Tools

Locational Marginal Prices

Competition makes all market participants

Partners in Reliability Protection

Reinforce and Improve Grid Reliability

CAUSES OF THE 14th AUGUST 2003 BLACKOUT

The task force final report has concluded that the main causes for the blackout are

Failure to assess and understand the inadequacy of the transmission system. (System planner/Grid

operator)

Failure to recognise and understand the deteriorating condition of the system in real time. (Grid

operator)

Inadequacy of Real time Diagnostic support. (SCADA/EMS)

Failure to adequately manage vegetation growth in its right of way. (Maintenance Agency )

BLACKOUTS IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE PAST

Major Blackouts (7) in North America :

1965, 1977, 1982, 1996, 1996 1998, 1999

Common Set of Factors:

Failure to ensure/operate the system within safe limits Inability of system operators to visualise events over the

entire systemLack of coordination on system protectionOver estimation of generators dynamic reactive outletConductor contact with trees Inadequate training of operating personnel.

Most of these factors were found in the 14th Aug 2003 Blackout also

14th AUGUST 2003 LIKE CONDITIONS IN INDIAN GRIDS

Almost daily such situations are being experienced in Indian Grids:

Inadequacy of Transmission Network

AC Network in Western Region

Interconnections between ER – WR & ER - NR

Load Generation Imbalance in Real time

Severe deficit conditions in NR

High Voltage conditions in SR

Extreme Climatic Conditions

Severe foggy conditions in NR

Rains for long spells in SR

However these situations are being tackled day-in/day-out.

Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability Regional Despatch and Scheduling

- Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)- Day Ahead Scheduling

Advanced Technologies- Real Time Contingency Analysis

- Real Time Voltage Analysis - Visualisation Technology

- Outage Planning & Coordination- Applications Scale & Scope

Regional RTO Coordination

Operator Training

Regional Planning

Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability

Regional Despatch and Scheduling through Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)

(Responding to price signal in real time to improve reliability)

LMP model uses actual system inputs from a large number of points.

Provides real time transparent information about the system to all.

Gives all market participants an awareness where power needs to be increased or decreased and there by action is taken to improve reliability.

A Parallel can be drawn with OA/ABT


Regional Despatch and Scheduling through

Day Ahead Scheduling

Generation resources are scheduled based on projected system conditions and operating margins.

While scheduling, operational reliability standards are kept in to consideration.

Total transparent information mechanism between grid managers and market participants.

Practices followed by Indian Grids

BACK

Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability Advanced Technologies

Real-Time Contingency Analysis

Application Run Periodicity Every minute

Data Points Processed 68,000

(every 10 seconds)

Elements Monitored 13,000

Number of Contingencies

being evaluated 4,000


Provides System Operators with near Real-Time information on the impact of Contingencies.


Advanced Technologies Real-Time Voltage Analysis

On line Voltage Analysis Software that monitors and recalculates the voltage characteristics every 10 minutes.

Enables the Operators to avoid operating near voltage collapse conditions.



Advanced Technologies Outage Planning and Coordination

Implementation of internet based outage coordination software that ensures coordination of outages over the entire market regions.



Advanced Technologies Applications Scale and Scope

Smaller control areas don’t observe enough of the grid to identify and understand all the factors.

Observing of only localised conditions may craft sub optimal solutions.


Wide area visibility is being envisaged to provide high reliability and high economic value solutions.

BACK


Regional RTO Coordination

Enhanced operation information through data transfer protocals between RTOs and Reliability Coordinators.

Exchange of reliability and market data amongst all players.

Enactment of Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) to enhance reliability, data exchange and to coordinate settlements.

Practices followed by Indian Grids BACK


Operator Training

Significant time and resources to train operators.

32 hours/year training and drill in system emergency

response/ realistic simulation.

Same level of training to member companies

Every sixth week operators are scheduled for a

training week

Level of training ( 16% of each operator’s work year)

necessitates that RTO increase its total staffing

levels to maintain the necessary operator presence

in the control room while others are being trained.



Regional Planning

Works with stakeholders to conduct holistic and

integrated system planning.

Planning process, identified transmission system

upgrades and enhancements to provide operational,

economic and reliability requirements.

All adjoining RTOs work together to be sure that

transmission expansion is compatible.

Process requests for the interconnection of the new

generator facilities.

Managing the queue of interconnection requests

Analysis of the system impact of each proposed generator


Regional Despatch and Scheduling through

The Concept of Day Ahead Scheduling is being followed meticulously. (well defined in IEGC Document)

While Scheduling the transmission constraints are taken into consideration

The exchange of information is totally transparent ( through Web sites)

Practices in Indian Grids

BACK

Operator Training

As per POWERGRID, CC, HR calendar the courses in Grid Management are being conducted at regular intervals.

RLDCs are arranging and conducting trainings in specialised areas.

Black Start Documents have been prepared for each region and mock exercises in typical cases are carried out.


BACK

However the level and quantum of Training is inadequatemainly due to paucity of staff in RLDCs.

DETAILS

Outage Planning and Coordination

IEGC (schedule 5.7) contains well elaborated outage planning procedures which is being followed by all the Regional Constituents.

Annual PlanQuarterly PlanMonthly plan

RLDCs are authorised to defer any planned outages in case of any system contingency/ requirements.

Each Regional Constituent to obtain final approval of RLDC prior to availing the outage.


BACK

Regional Coordination Responsibilities

All important data related to Grid Operation, Commercial aspects etc. is made available

on the RLDCs web sites.

Exchange of important information/ guidelines through documents.

Black Start DocumentOperating ProceduresTransmission ElementsWeekly/Monthly/Quarterly/Annual Reports

Operational Studies and Advice regarding System Strengthening measures.


BACK

ULDC TRAINING PROGRAMS

SLNAME OF THE

TRAININGFROM TO Participants

Man Days

1CISCO ROUTER &

NETWORKING19-01-2004 24-01-2004 17 102

2 XA-21 USER LEVEL 23-02-2004 28-02-2004 10 60

3 RTNA WORKSHOP 29-03-2004 31-03-2004 14 42

4AIX OPERATING

SYSTEM17-05-2004 22-05-2004 15 90

5 XA-21 USER LEVEL 21-06-2004 25-06-2004 6 30

6SYBASE DATABASE

ADMIN22-11-2004 04-12-2004 19 228

7 XA-21 USER LEVEL 21-02-2005 23-02-2005 7 21

8 NMS TRAINING 13-06-2005 18-06-2005 14 84

TRAINING ON RTU IS BEING REQUESTED REPEATEDLY BY CONSTITUENTS. FACULTY FOR THE SAME IS BEING IDENTIFIED.

BACK