Related Issue 1Should nation be the foundation of

identity?

All the photos show

people at parades that are celebrating and

aspect of a group’s identity.

Which parade would you most likely attend? How are the people participating in these

parades expressing their nationalist loyalty? Can the same parade express both

nationalist and non-nationalist loyalties? Would you attend a parade that does not

directly express a loyalty you embrace? Would you attend a parade that expresses a

loyalty that conflicts with your own?

Loyalty Being firmly committed or faithful to

someone or something such as a cause, idea, value, nation, community, person or yourself

“allegiance”, “devotion” & “attachment”

What “loyalties” do you have? How do you show your commitment to these loyalties?

LOYALTY RANK

Two good friends are running for the safe office on the school council and expect your support. How would you decide which friend to vote for?

Think about the young volunteers in Katimavik, who commit to spending 9 months helping people in communities across Canada. How might joining this organization test a person’s loyalties?

How many agree with the highway being

renamed?

Firefighters and a war veteran with a Canadian flag were among the people

lining Highway 401 to honor Master Warrant Officer Mario Mercier and Master Corporal Christian Duchesne. These two

soldiers were killed in Afghanistan in August 2007. At the public’s request, the stretch of highway between Trenton and

Toronto, Ontario was renamed the Highway of Heroes. What aspect(s) of

nationalism does renaming the highway represent? What aspect(s) of nationalism do the veteran and firefighters represent?

Contending Loyalties A struggle among competing loyalties

where conflicts may be difficult to resolve

Can you think of an example of loyalties that would be contending?

Pg. 66 - Questions 1 & 2

Question 1 What are three words or phrases that

describe the idea of contending loyalties?

Question 2 Give two examples of contending loyalties

that could affect your life in the near future.

Reclaiming Inuit Names Names were changed when places were

settled and are now changing them back

Photographs Elders are trying to identify individuals in

photos that were taken of Inuit's in the 1800s

Project Naming

Names Many have reclaimed their Inuit names In the past, they were given ID numbers

to deal with the government In 1969 the number system was

abolished but the Inuit people were told they needed to pick a last name to go with their first name

How important is a name? How do you feel when someone

mispronounces your name? What is the difference between a

number and a name? What are some situations where people

are referred to by a number? How would you feel if you were referred

to by a number instead of by a name?

Read Pg. 68

1. How are the choices that Kiviaq made - and fought for – related to his Inuit identity?

2. For much of his life, Kiviaq had little contact with other Inuit. Does someone need to be immersed in a nation to be loyal to it?

Cultural Pluralism People from many nations living together

in one country Respect for cultural differences is

required Ethnic, linguistic and religious groups live

together Canada’s Cultural Pluralism =

Multiculturalism First country to adopt as official policy

Fans in Edmonton celebrate with the Chilean soccer team after their 1-0 victory over Portugal at the 2007 FIFA World Youth Championship. This tournament took place in Canada. Why do you think Canadians of Chilean heritage felt comfortable about displaying their loyalty to Chile in this way?

How far should we go as a country to encourage and promote cultural difference?

Should Canada require immigrants to give up their previous nationalist loyalties when they become Canadian citizens?

Reasonable Accommodation A legal and constitutional concept that

requires Canadian public institutions to adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minorities as long as those practices don’t violate others rights and freedoms▪ EX: Baltej Singh Dhillon was the first RCMP officer

to wear a turban and have a beard

Does this promote a sense of shared

Canadian identity & belonging?

In Quebec – 2007 Minority communities were

concerned because Asmahan Mansour was not allowed to play soccer because she was wearing a hijab

Page 71 - Questions 1 & 3

How can nationalist loyalties create conflict? You may have more than one loyalty EX: loyalty to your province and country

Newfoundland, 1916 780 soldiers of the Newfoundland

Regiment were ordered to advance in Beaumont – Hamel, France

Hundreds of them were wounded and killed

For them, this is a day of mourning. But…it is also recognized as Canada

Day.

Example Two peoples want to establish their

nation on the same territory. Israel and Palestine

What loyalties, if any, would you consider fighting for?

M.e. Cohen created this cartoon when Israeli and Palestinian leader met in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss peace in

November 2007.

How do you think

the cartoonist

feels about the chance

for a successful end to the

conflict over

territory in Israel?

*Remember from Previous Chapters* When Canada was settled, Britain took

over France’s colonies which created conflict between English and French peoples for year to come

By the 1950s, English was dominating in Quebec

Population 1851 – most were Francophone and

Quebec made up one third of Canada’s population▪ This started to change when people moved to

the United States during the 1850s The government and Catholic Church

encouraged Francophone’s to practice religion, have large families to increase the population and continue speaking the language

Language & Economic Opportunity Anglophones still dominated business,

even though they were the minority Francophone opportunities and wages

increased as they learned to speak English

The Quiet Revolution During the 1960s and 1970s the government

put social, political and social reform in place Modernized education to include science and

business Improved social programs Promoted Quebecois-owned business Changed Quebec from rural, religion focused

to a modern, urban, industrial and secular French Society

Ready for Change 1976 – The elected Parti Quebecois wanted

Quebec to separate from Canada 1977 – pass Bill 101 which made French the

only official language▪ It had to be used in all workplaces, courts and on

public and commercial signs Restricted access to English schooling To many, Bill 101 expressed Quebec

nationalism and promoted their distinct language and culture

Bill 101 and Anglophones This Bill took away bilingual rights From 1976-81 around 94 000 Anglophones

left Quebec Remaining Anglophones challenged these

laws and they were changed so that people could use both languages in court, children educated elsewhere in English could continue with English instruction and as long as French predominates, English could also be used.

Bill 101 and Francophones Since 1977 the French population, as

well as the number of families that speak French at home, has increased.

Some Francophones who have benefited economically from Bill 101 have become reluctant to separate for fear of threat to their successes.

1995 Referendum for Separation The “NO” side won with 50.52% of the

vote and Quebec remained a part of Canada

2006 58% said they would stay a part of

Canada

Sovereignists Believe Quebec is a sovereign nation

and should be politically independent of Canada

Federalists Feel Quebecois cannot be separated

from the Canadian identity and should remain a part of Canadian Confederation

Page 76

1. In your own words, explain what the phrase “contending nationalism loyalties” means.

2. Give an example of contending nationalist loyalties. Describe how serious this conflict is – or could become.

Reconciliation Settling, resolving, reuniting EXAMPLES

▪ Treaties, apologies, settlements

The Oka Crisis 1990 a group of Mohawks set up a

blockade to stop expansion onto “their” land

When police were ordered to break up the protest one officer was shot and killed

The conflict escalated and the army was called in to cut off protesters from the outside world

The Oka Crisis continued… Nearly all the protesters involved were

found not guilty after facing charges The Federal government transferred

land ownership to the Mohawks but the whole event left bitterness between all involved.

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1991) Included 4 aboriginals and 3 non-aboriginals Worked together to try and answer the

question “What are the foundations of a fair and honorable relationship between us?”

Found the main policy direction was wrong Proposed 4 principles to renew relationship

▪ Mutual recognition, respect, sharing & responsibility

Statement from Canadian Government (1998) Acknowledged Aboriginal peoples

presence in Canada for thousands of years

Admitted past governments had damaged FNMI culture and traditions

Stephen Harper’s Apology What effects can a statement like this

have?

Muffins for Granny

Land Claims An Aboriginal’s claim to the right to control the

land where they traditionally lived Has been one of the most intense conflicts

James Bay & Northern Quebec Agreement (1975) Quebec government wanted to build a hydro

project on Cree and Inuit land This diverted rivers and flooded traditional

hunting lands and communities

June 29, 2007 Assembly of First Nations Organized A National Day of Action was held to

highlight various issues, including outstanding land claims

Event OR Issue Help OR Hinder

The Oka Crisis

Royal Commission on Aboriginal

Peoples

The Government’s Statement of Reconciliation

Land Claims

Page 82Questions 1 (a & b)