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REJUVENATING KOREA: POLICIES FOR
A CHANGING SOCIETY
Stefano Scarpetta
Director
OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
MOHW-PCASPP-OECD Joint Conference on Population28 October 2019 | Seoul
http://oe.cd/rejuvenating-korea
@OECD_SOCIAL
2
3
1Progress in Korean family policy
Remaining policy challenges in Korea
The impact of demographic change in Korea
4 Pathways for further policy reform
Korea’s fertility rate is the lowest in the OECD by
some distance
Notes: The total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children born per woman over a lifetime given current age-specific fertility rates and assuming no female mortality during reproductive years. 2018 data for Korea are provisional.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en, based on the OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm
Total fertility rates, 1960-2017
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TFR
Korea OECD average
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
TFR
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Years
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
Years
Korea OECD-22 average
The average age of mothers at first birth in Korea is
now close to 32
Notes: Data for the United Kingdom refer to England & Wales only. Data for Canada refer to 2016.Source: OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm
Mean age of mothers at first birth, 1991-2017
4
Couple-with-children households will soon make up
only 16% of Korean households
Note: "Other" includes couple households with parents, couple households with parents and children, grandparent(s) and grandchild(ren) households, adults living with their adult brothers, adult sisters, or other relatives, other one-, two- or three generation households, and non-relative multi-person households. Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Projected distribution of households by household type, Korea, 2020-2045
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
% Couple-with-children households Single-parent households Couple households Single-person households Other
The Korean labour force is set to shrink by 2.5 million
workers over the next couple of decades
Notes: Projections based on national population projections and estimated labour force participation rates (15-74) based on current (2007-16) rates of labour market entry and exit, by gender and five-year age-groups.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Projected total labour force size (1000s), 15- to 74-year-olds, Korea, 2016-2040
6
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040
Labour force size (1000s)
2
3
1Progress in Korean family policy
Remaining policy challenges in Korea
The impact of demographic change in Korea
4 Pathways for further policy reform
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
% Cash Services Tax-breaks for families
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
% Korea OECD Average
Public spending on families in Korea has grown
rapidly since the mid-2000s
Notes: Public spending accounted for here concerns public support that is exclusively for families (e.g. child payments and allowances, parental leave benefits and childcare support), only. Spending in other social policy areas such as health and housing support also assists families, but not exclusively, and is not included here. The data in Panel A cover public expenditure on family cash and in-kind benefits only, and do not include spending on tax breaks for families. Data for the Netherlands and New Zealand refer to 2011, and for Poland to 2014. For Lithuania, data on tax breaks towards families are not available. Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en; OECD Social Expenditure Database, https://www.oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm.
Public spending on family cash and in-kind benefits, as
% of GDP, 1990-2017
8
Public spending on family cash and in-kind benefits
and tax breaks for families, as % of GDP, 2015
Paid leave entitlements in Korea are comparatively
long, especially for fathers
Notes: Data refer to paid leave entitlements in place as of April 2018 and do not reflect entitlements introduced or amended after April 2018. Data reflect statutory entitlements provided at the national or federal level only. They do not include regional variations or additional/alternative entitlements provided by states/provinces or local governments (e.g. Quebec in Canada, or California in the United States), or any employer-provided benefits that are paid beyond the statutory minimum duration. Payment rates during paid leave differ across countries.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Paid maternity leave and paid parental leave available to mothers, and paid paternity leave
and paid parental leave reserved for fathers, weeks, 2018
9
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Finland
Norway
Korea
Czech Republic
Germany
Japan
Sweden
OECD average
Canada
Denmark
Italy
France
United Kingdom
Portugal
Iceland
Australia
Turkey
M exico
United States
Panel B. Fathers-onlyPanel A. Available to mothers
020406080100120140160180
Paid maternity leavePaid parental and home care leave (available to mothers)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Paid paternity leave
Paid parental and home care leave (fathers-only)
Korea’s childcare enrolment rate now far exceeds the
OECD average
Notes: For 0- to 2-year-olds: Data generally include children enrolled in early childhood education services (ISCED 2011 level 0) and other registered ECEC services (ECEC services outside the scope of ISCED 0, because they are not in adherence with all ISCED-2011), but exact definitions differ across countries. Data for the United States refer to 2011, for Switzerland and Malta to 2014, and for Japan and Argentina to 2015. For 3- to 5-year-olds: Data include children enrolled in early childhood education and care (ISCED 2011 level 0) and primary education (ISCED 2011 level 1). Data for South Africa refer to 2015. See OECD Family Database (http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm) Indicator PF3.2 for more detail.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Percent of 0- to 2-year-olds enrolled in ECEC-services, and percent of 3- to 5-year-olds
enrolled in ECEC or primary education, 2016 or latest year available
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% 0- to 2-year-olds 3- to 5-year-olds
2
3
1Progress in Korean family policy
Remaining policy challenges in Korea
The impact of demographic change in Korea
4 Pathways for further policy reform
Koreans work some of the longest hours in the OECD
Note: Data for Turkey refer to 2015.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Average annual hours actually worked per worker, total employment, all ages, OECD
countries, 2018
12
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Hours
Part-time work remains comparatively rare in Korea
Note: Part-time employment is defined as usual weekly working hours of less than 30 hours per week in the main job. Data for Brazil refer to 2015. For the United States, data refer to dependent employees only. For Australia, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey, data refer to usual weekly working hours in all jobs. For Japan and Korea, data refer to actual weekly working hours in all jobs.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Part-time employment as a percentage of total employment, by sex, all ages, 2017
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%Women Men
Many Korean women still leave paid work upon
motherhood
Note: "OECD countries" refers to the weighted average across all OECD member countries.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en.
Employment rates by sex and five-year age group, Korea and average across OECD
countries, 2018
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Korea
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% OECD countries
Attitudes towards women’s roles in society have
changed, but gender roles are not yet viewed as equal
Note: Population aged 13 and over.Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en, based on results from the Korea Social Survey, http://kosis.kr/eng/.
Distribution of responses to the question "How do you think housework should be shared?",
total population, Korea, 2008-2018
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
% Entirely by the wife Mostly by the wife By both parenters equally Mostly by the husband Entirely by the husband
Korean children spend more time studying than
children in other OECD countries
Notes: Time spent studying in regular lessons refers to total learning time in all school subjects, based on students' self-reports. Time spent studying after school refers to time spent learning in addition to the required school schedule, including homework, additional instruction and private study, again based on students' self-reports. B-S-J-G (China) refers to Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China).Source: OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en, based on results from PISA 2015, http://www.oecd.org/pisa/
Average time spent studying per week in regular lessons and after school, 15-year-old
students, OECD and key partner countries, 2015
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Hours per week
After-school study Regular lessons
Household spending on private education has
increased
Note: Household private education expenditure per month includes private supplementary education for students in secondary education provided in hakwon. OECD (2019), Rejuvenating Korea: Policies for a Changing Society, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/c5eed747-en, Korea Household Income and Expenditure Survey, http://kosis.kr.
Private education spending as a proportion of household consumption spending, Korea, 1982-
2016
17
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
1982 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 2010 2015 2016
2
3
1Progress in Korean family policy
Remaining policy challenges in Korea
The impact of demographic change in Korea
4 Pathways for further policy reform
Pathways for further policy reform: Family policy
Promote flexible work arrangements• Expand opportunities for regular employees to work part-time, with pay reduced proportionally• Enforce existing rights to flexible start and finish times, to opportunities to spread working hours across
weeks or months, and to work from home, where possible/appropriate
19
Improve take-up of parental leave• Increase parental leave benefit payment rates• Increase flexibility, including through the option to take leave for a shorter period at a higher payment rate• Sustain efforts to promote a “leave-friendly” workplace culture
Pathways for further policy reform: Family policy
Promote flexible work arrangements• Expand opportunities for regular employees to work part-time, with pay reduced proportionally• Enforce existing rights to flexible start and finish times, to opportunities to spread working hours across
weeks or months, and to work from home, where possible/appropriate
20
Improve take-up of parental leave• Increase parental leave benefit payment rates• Increase flexibility, including through the option to take leave for a shorter period at a higher payment rate• Sustain efforts to promote a “leave-friendly” workplace culture
Pathways for further policy reform: Family policy
Promote flexible work arrangements• Expand opportunities for regular employees to work part-time, with pay reduced proportionally• Enforce existing rights to flexible start and finish times, to opportunities to spread working hours across
weeks or months, and to work from home, where possible/appropriate
Further improve family cash supports• Consider extending the new child allowance to all children until adulthood • And/or increase the generosity of the child care tax credit
21
Pathways for further policy reform: Other areas
Sustain efforts to tackle the long hours and male-dominated workplace culture• Monitor the recently introduced maximum working hours legislation• Strengthen measures to tackle discrimination and promote gender equality at work
22
Pathways for further policy reform: Other areas
Sustain efforts to tackle the long hours and male-dominated workplace culture• Monitor the recently introduced maximum working hours legislation• Strengthen measures to tackle discrimination and promote gender equality at work
Reduce the costs (in time and money) of child education• Increase investment in public schooling to reduce the need for private education• Continue expanding out-of-school-hours services, but ensure these services put children and their well-
being at the centre
23
Pathways for further policy reform: Other areas
Sustain efforts to tackle the long hours and male-dominated workplace culture• Monitor the recently introduced maximum working hours legislation• Strengthen measures to tackle discrimination and promote gender equality at work
Reduce the costs (in time and money) of child education• Increase investment in public schooling to reduce the need for private education• Continue expanding out-of-school-hours services, but ensure these services put children and their well-
being at the centre
Provide support towards other costs associated with raising children, such as housing • Extend support to help young people and families looking to buy or rent accommodation
24
Thank you
Email me [email protected]
@OECD_social; @stescarpettaFollow us on Twitter
http://oe.cd/rejuvenating-koreaVisit our website
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