Tsar Nicholas

Rejecting LiberalismChapter 5Weve already looked at responses to classical liberalism (Classical conservatism, Marxism, socialism, and welfare capitalism).Now we will look at ideologies that completely rejected liberalism in favour of totalitarian systems of government.

2Why did totalitarianism emerge?Communism and Fascism were the two most influential ideologies to reject liberalism and both used totalitarian forms of government.Totalitarianism means complete control of the government over the public and private lives of its citizens.

Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.-Benito Mussolini3The nature of totalitarian regimesTotalitarian regimes are responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They consider the existing society in need of a complete transformation.

These transformations may be...4radicalreactionaryAs in the USSRThe change desired is a move toward the far left side of the economic spectrum and a complete rejection of political and economic traditions of the pastAs in Nazi GermanyThe change desired is a move toward an idealized past and an acceptance of economic inequality (accepting the belief that some people are naturally better than others.) 5Political FreedomEconomicFreedomPolitical ControlEconomic ControlTotalitarianismAnarchyCanadaUnited StatesUSSRNazi GermanyRefer to page 168 of your text6TotalitarianismLike most ideologies, totalitarian regimes provide an account of the past, and explanation of the present, and a vision for the future. However, the extensive use of propaganda, coercive power, and communications technologies ensure the totalitarian governments maintain strict control over their citizens.

7Totalitarian Control Extensive local, regional, and national organization Youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups (often forced participation) A secret police using terror Indoctrination through education The censorship of the media Redirecting popular discontent (using scapegoats)

The Russian Revolution

Tsar Nicholas II

Vladimir Ilyich LeninvsRussian Revolution1905 RehearsalTsarist government wont accept liberal ideologies1904-1905 Russo-Japanese war leads to hardships and embarrassing defeatLiberal and radical groups press for changeJanuary 22, 1905, workers gather to peacefully protest economic hardshipsTsars troops fire on the crowd

Bloody Sunday Anniversary PosterBloody Sunday (1905)

OutcomeDemands for reforms General strike paralyzes country in OctoberArmy is occupied with Russo-Japanese warGovernment faltersNicholas II promises civil liberties, a popularly elected Duma (parliament), legalization of unionsTroops return, repression restores the old order by 1907Countdown to Revolution1914 World War One beginsAugust 1915, Nicolas II leaves to supervise WWI troops personally

People blame the Tsar for heavy losses from the warNicholas II Congratulating Soldiers

Countdown to RevolutionTsarina Alexandra comes under the sway of Rasputin (who claims to be able to heal her son)

Even aristocratic supporters rebel at his access to the royal families, influence on policies

Rasputin has a hold on the royal family1917 Revolution BeginsCities face severe hardships due to WWIWomen strike in March 1917, demand an end to high prices and the rule of Nicholas IITroops reluctant to fire on the crowd because of the presence of women Government fallsMarch 12 1st Provisional Government organized, Nicholas II abdicatesRussian Revolution Part IIProvisional Government (March-May)Initial plan is for a modern constitutional parliamentary democracy, politicians from the upper classesMust share power with workers groups (soviets), which want socialist self-ruleGovernment continues unpopular involvement in WWINeither group can control the peasants, who hoard food, seize land, make shortages worseProvisional Government (May-November)Initial leaders resign, moderate socialists (led by Kerensky) head the new governmentBolshevik minority agitates for radical changeKerensky stays in WWI, throws Bolsheviks in prison or forces them to flee

Alexander KerenskyRussian Revolution Part IIIPetrograd Street Fighting (1917)

Lenin Sweeps Away Workers EnemiesNov. RevolutionThreat of military coup forced Kerensky to release Bolsheviks to defend the capitalProvisional government discreditedDemonstrations on Nov. 6/7 cause Kerensky to fleeLenin takes control to defend the stateBolsheviks Fulfill Promises (1918)March Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, despite harsh termsRussia loses Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, and GeorgiaMuch of the population no longer in Russia, of iron, 9/10 of Russias coalBegin to give power to the workers

Russian and German Diplomats at Brest-Litovsk

Civil War Begins1918-1920, Civil War between Whites (aristocracy, supported by Allied Powers) and Reds (anticapitalist Bolshevik government)Reds see betrayal everywhere and try to spread revolution to Central Europe (where post-war instability makes it possible)

Red Army Soldier brandishing a sword over White Generals (1920)

Consolidation of the Russian Revolution: The USSRRevolutionary Social ChangesAbolish private property, nationalize factories, legalize universal suffrageAttempt to centralize agricultural production (seize grain to feed army and workforce)- War CommunismNot successful: industrial production at 13% of pre-WWI levelsFamine strikes, peasants revolt, workers strike, sailors mutinyNEP (1921)NEP (New Economic Plan) attempts to solve the problems with its compromise with capitalism)Small amounts of private ownership are allowedPeasants manage and sell their own cropsOther countries become less threatened by Bolshevism and recognize Russia (except USA, which doesnt recognize the USSR until 1933)New Political StructuresCommunist Party becomes formalized (and all candidates must belong to the CPSU)Cheka (secret police, precursor to KGB)New structures promote totalitarian state, brutally suppress opposition.Then Lenin made his biggest mistake...he died

Lenins Tomb

Yes, thats really himStruggle for Power post-LeninLenin dies in 1924 who is his heir?Most assume Trotsky (brilliant leader of the Red Army)Stalin posed as Lenins heir, led movement to deify LeninStalin brings new people into the PartyStalin uses control over Central Committee to seize power in 1928

Joseph StalinClip from: The Rise & Fall of The Soviet Union, Part 1 Approximately 8 mins