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Gene Expression.notebook Regulation : the mechanism by which protein synthesis is increased, decreased, initiated or stopped Prevents a cell from wasting energy transcribing and translating genes when they are not needed Provides the potential for cellular differentiation Regulation of Gene Expression: What turns DNA molecules on and off? Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Default = ON Prokaryotes are sensitive to their environment, and their genetic activity is controlled by specific proteins that interact directly with their DNA to quickly adjust to environmental changes. The default setting for prokaryotes appears to be on: allowing for the continual synthesis of protein to occur, whereas in eukaryotes the system is normally off until activated. Operon Hypothesis An operon is a selfregulating series of genes that work in together. An operon includes a special segment of genes that are regulators of the protein synthesis, but do not code for protein, called the promoter and operator. These segments overlap, and their interaction determines whether the process will start and when it will stop. RNA polymerase must create RNA by moving along the chromosome and “reading” the genes in the process of transcription. Because there is no nucleus to separate the processes of transcription and translation, when bacterial genes are transcribed, their transcripts can immediately be translated.

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Page 1: Regulation of Gene Expression - WordPress.com · Gene Expression.notebook Regulation: the mechanism by which protein synthesis is increased, decreased, initiated or stopped •Prevents

Gene Expression.notebook

Regulation: the mechanism by which protein synthesis is increased, decreased, initiated or stopped• Prevents a cell from wasting energy transcribing and translating genes when they are not needed• Provides the potential for cellular differentiation

Regulation of Gene Expression: What turns DNA molecules on and off?

Gene Expression in ProkaryotesDefault = ONProkaryotes are sensitive to their environment, and their genetic activity is controlled by specific proteins that interact directly with their DNA to quickly adjust to environmental changes.  The default setting for prokaryotes appears to be on: allowing for the continual synthesis of protein to occur, whereas in eukaryotes the system is normally off until activated.

Operon Hypothesis

An operon is a self­regulating series of genes that work in together. An operon includes a special segment of genes that are regulators of the protein synthesis, but do not code for protein, called the promoter and operator.  These segments overlap, and their interaction determines whether the process will start and when it will stop. RNA polymerase must create RNA by moving along the chromosome and “reading” the genes in the process of transcription.

Because there is no nucleus to separate the processes of transcription and translation, when bacterial genes are transcribed, their transcripts can immediately be translated.

Page 2: Regulation of Gene Expression - WordPress.com · Gene Expression.notebook Regulation: the mechanism by which protein synthesis is increased, decreased, initiated or stopped •Prevents

Gene Expression.notebook

Regulator• a portion of the DNA molecule that codes for repressor proteins­repressor proteins can repress or block mRNA transcription• blocks RNA polymerase­prevents it from binding or moving down the DNA• binds to the operator site so transcription cannot occur

Promoter• an initiation site on the DNA which the RNA polymerase enzyme bonds to in order to initiate transcription

Operator• positioned within the promoter, or between the promoter and structural genes (genes that code for polypeptides)• the site on the DNA molecule that the  repressor can bind to­when the repressor is bound to the operator, RNA  polymerase cannot bind to the promoter, and  transcription is turned off­when the repressor is removed, RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter, and transcription is turned on

repressor

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Gene Expression.notebook

*a repressor is an allosteric enzyme – the ability of the repressor to bind depends on another molecule called an effector, which could activate or inactivate the repressor protein

Back

For Example.... The lac operon

E. coli bacteria in the intestines of mammals can use the energy supplied by lactose in order to grow by breaking the bonds between the two sugars

β­galactosidase (β­g) is the enzyme used to break down lactose.  But bacteria only produce it when they need to, so they must regulate the production of β­g using a negative control system.

The Lactose Utilization Operon is an example of an Inducible Operon

Page 4: Regulation of Gene Expression - WordPress.com · Gene Expression.notebook Regulation: the mechanism by which protein synthesis is increased, decreased, initiated or stopped •Prevents

Gene Expression.notebook

§ When E. coli are grown in a medium containing lactose,      β­g is produced§ When E. coli are grown in a medium that does not contain lactose, β­g is not produced

The gene for β­g is part of an operon (cluster of genes under the control of one promotor and one operator)

This operon is induced in the presence of lactose:• bacteria takes in lactose and converts it to allolactose (an effector)• allolactose binds to the repressor protein• the repressor protein changes shape and cannot bind to DNA• RNA polymerase is able to bind to the DNA, and mRNA can be made

Allolactose is an inducer  type effector because it  turns off the repressor Repressor

Effector

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBwtxdI1zvk

allolactose

repressor

repressor releases from DNA

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Gene Expression.notebook

• If tryptophan is available, the enzyme needed to create it doesn't need to be made. 

Another Example....The tryp operon

The Tryptophan Synthesis Operon is an example of an Repressor Operon

• Repressor proteins can stop production of tryp­making enzyme, but they are inactive (unable to bind to DNA) if there is no tryp around

Tryptophan is a co­repressor type effector. It is a small molecule that cooperates with the repressor protein to turn the operon off.

If tryptophan is available, it binds to the repressor, causing a shape change. This activates the repressor, and it can now bind to the DNA on the operator site = synthesis of the enzyme is blocked

EffectorRepressor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNok­vF03aI

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Gene Expression.notebook

Effector Molecules

Inducer Co­repressor

Bind to Repressors that block RNA Polymerase

Induces/turns ON the gene

Represses/turns OFF the gene

Lifts Repressor off Operator

Sticks Repressor to Operator

Humans have about 42,000 genes that code for proteins, so not all are required at any one time. Our cells have ways to control the transcription and translation of genes. 

Gene Expression in EukaryotesDefault = OFF

Genes that code for proteins that are constantly required in basic life function for the cell are not turned "off" ­ they are always being transcribed.

These genes are known as housekeeping genes.

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Gene Expression.notebook

When the proteins are needed, our cells turn on our genes. Unlike prokaryotes, multiple gene­regulating mechanisms operate in the nucleus before and after RNA transcription, and in the cytoplasm both before and after translation.  Regulation can occur at any point in the synthesis of a protein. 

Controlling Gene Expression

Pre-Transcription

Transcription

Post Transcription

Translation

Post-Translation

Pre-transcriptional Control:• Because certain sections of the DNA molecule are more condensed (think about the way that the DNA strand is stored), they are less accessible, and as a result are more difficult to transcribe• The more “loosely packed” sections are more likely to be transcribed

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Gene Expression.notebook

Transcriptional Control:• There are no operons in eukaryotic cells• Gene expression relies on DNA promoters and transcription factors (regulator proteins) which together create an initiation complex• An initiation complex is the protein­protein interaction that allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter sequence of each gene

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysxtZJUeTCE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkUgkDLp2iE&feature

Post-transcriptional Control:• The cell controls the rate at which the pre­mRNA is processed into mRNA• This can be done by preventing the addition of the 5` cap (if it is absent, enzymes will degrade the mRNA) or the poly­A tail (if it is absent, it will remain in the nucleus)

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Translational Control:• Once mRNA is in the cytoplasm, regulatory proteins can inhibit the ability of the ribosome to attach to the mRNA and prevent translation.

October 8, 2009

Post-Translational Control:• The polypeptide chain is modified chemically or the cell varies its rate at which it becomes a functional protein. The polypeptide may also be degraded by the cell before it becomes a functional protein

Reading p. 272-280

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makes binds

Repressor

Promoter for making Repressor (RNA Polymerase binds here)

Promoter for making Enzyme and Transport Protein (RNA Polymerase binds here)

makes

Enzyme

makes

Transport Protein

Operator(Repressor binds here to turn off gene)

Beta Galactosidase enzyme breaks lactose into glucose and galactose

Lactose binds to the repressor and changes it shape (so it releases from the operator, allowing RNA polymerase to bind)

Transport Protein increases lactose uptake

Legend

Lac Operon Simulation Guide