Regulating Employment in Europe

8/18/2019 Regulating Employment in Europe

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98Employment RelationshipRecommendation, 2006 (No. 198)

Regulating the employmentrelationship in Europe:A guide to RecommendationNo. 198

Governance

and Tripartism

Department

European

Labour LawNetwork

(ELLN)


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REGULATING THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPIN EUROPE:

A guide to Recommendation No. 198

Governance and Tripartism DepartmentInternational Labour Office • Geneva

European Labour Law Network (ELLN)March 2013


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Cg Ieaa Lab Ogaa 2013F bed 2013

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ILO Caagg Pbca Daa

Regag e ee ea Ee: a gde Receda N. 198 / Ieaa LabOffce, Geace ad Ta Deae. Geea: ILO, 2013

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Contents

Bacgd e Gde ....................................................................... ...............................................

Peabe ..............................................................................................................................................

I. Naa c e ec f e a ee ea ..............................1

1. Ag a aa c ...................................................................... ................................... 1

Legae eae............................... ................................................... ................................ 1

Cece bagag ageee ....................................................................................... ...... 3

Jdca dec .......................................................................................................................3

Cde f acce ad adae dece ....................................................................... 4

Sde, ee ad e ................................................................................................. .... 6

A cbed aac .................................................................................. ............................. 6

2. Refeece e eaa ab adad ......................................................... ......... 7

3. Sca dage (ca ad cece bagag) .......................................................... 7

Te e f ca dage ad cece ageee defga ee ea ................................................................................................ ..... 8

Te e f ade eeeg ecfc g caege f e ....................... 9

Oe eee f ca dage .......................................................................................... 11

4. Secfc c eae ....................................................................... ..................................14

Cea gdace e ae ........................................................................ .......................... 15

Me ae .......................................................................................................... ............. 16

Pde f aae ad adeae ag ...................................................................... 19

5. Seca caege f e ec ............................................................................ .... 20

6. Ee ea ad gee c ad ceca ea .......................... 22

II. Deeg e eece f a ee ea ......................................................... 28

A. Pacca ed ...................................................................... .............................................. 28

1. Lega e ............................................................ .................................................28

Sa e ................................................................................ ...................... 28

Jdgeade a .............................................................. ................................................... 30

2. Deeg ee degaed g f e (e.g. b ec)ae ee eed efeed ................................................................. ............. 30

3. Ee bga f f ee cd ............................................ 32

4. Pac f fac ................................................................. ................................................ 33

B. Cea f defg a ee ea ............................................................... 36

1. Sbda deedece ..................................................................... ....................... 36

2. C f e ad c ................................................................................. 38

3. Iega f e e e eee ....................................................................... 41

4. W efed e a f ae beef ................................................ 41

5. Caed ea b e e........................................................ ......................... 42


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6. Caed ecfc a a ageed ace ..................................................... 43

7. Hag a aca da ad c....................................................................... 44

8. Ree e aaab................. ........................................................... ................. 45

9. P f /aea b e dda eege eface f .......................................................................... ........................ 45

10. Pedc ae e e ................................................................. .................... 4611. T eea beg e e ca ce f ce........................... .......... 47

12. Pae d ................................................................ ................................................47

13. Recg f eee ..................................................................... ........................ 48

14. Tae ae b e e eeg e eface f ..............................49

15. Abece f faca f e e ........................................................ ................... 49

16. Ma f bga ............................................................... .................................... 50

17. Oe cea ..................................................................... ............................................... 51

III. Adg eae a e eg cace ....................................................... ...... 52

1. Aae de e eca: Ieee, eed, fa, ad effcecede ................................................................. ............................................................. 52

2. Te e f ab ec ................................................................. ..................................54

3. Efcee ec a g ae f e ................................................ .............. 55

4. Dcee dgg a ee ea ......................................................... 56

5. Bde f f ............................................................ ............................................................ 58

IV. Ieea ad g ................................................................ ..................................59

Ae I. R198 Ee Rea Receda, 2006 .................................................... 61

Ae II. Re cceg e ee ea ......................................................... 67

Ae III. Ga f e .................................................................... ............................................ 68

Ae IV. Reea eaa ab adad f cdea eeabag aa ce ........................................................................ ...................................... 74

Ae V. Cec f cea e eabg a aa c ....... ............................................. 82


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R 198 Preamble:

Protection of workers is

at the heart of the ILO’s

mandate, the principles

set out in the

Declaration on

Fundamental Principles

and Rights at Work,1998 and the Decent

Work Agenda.

Laws and regulations,

and their interpretation,

should be compatible with

the objectives of decent

work because they seek,

among other things, to

address what can be an

unequal bargaining

position between parties

to an employmentrelationship.

Background to the Guide

Pec f e g ab a, ega ad ceceageee ae geea ed e eece f a ee

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g, dced a Teac Re e Caacec f eEe Rea 2009. T gde bd daedfa aaed a eeac ec. (Me fa a:://.abae.e)

Te ILO Geace ad Ta Deae ece e e f ff caba e ELLN ad d e cee aPfe Bed Waa (Ue f Faf a Ma), ed f eGde ad Pfe G Heea a V (Ue f Lede) a e aa e ELLN ee cbed e Gde ad Ce Vaga (ILOSe Lab La ad Lab Rea Seca) aed adcdaed bca.

We e a e Eea eeece e acce ad egafae f e ee ea e ef aece e deag e eea f e f eILO Receda N 198 cceg e Ee Rea.


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National legal experts who contributedto the annotated guide

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R 198 Paragraph 1:

Members shouldformulate and apply anational policy forreviewing atappropriate intervalsand, if necessary,clarifying and adaptingthe scope of relevantlaws and regulations,in order to guaranteeeffective protection forworkers who performwork in the context ofan employment

relationship.

I. National policy on the protection of workersin an employment relationship

1. Applying a national policy

Tee deead ageee a a ceag be f e ae eced b ab a ad a a gee eed f c e aea. Te fg eae f aa ce aded bgee ad ca ae Ee de fa caae ad e eaed f e eea; ee eae aa ce ae eabaed b ega, cecebagag ageee (CBA), cde f acce, de, dcadec, ec. Te a gee ca ed cagg ccace b egag a c aac ad aba ca be ae ecg e.1

B Ac He Wg f 6 Decebe 1996. He g ag ceed eeebaed ee. U ece, a cceed aa e. Hee, e deee fe ecge, e g a eed e ace, ca e ceg, aa, daa ecdg ad cg, f fee ad a aaced cdeabe ee. Ge eceag be f e e, ad a ece a eec f e e g cae a a dg ad

aabe, a deeed ge ad a e c a decge e ad de e e ae ee f ec a a fe e. Te gee eefe decded dceega e fac deeg e eece f a eeea f e e. Te 1996 Ac He Wg eedede ce f aca f e Ac Ee Cac f 3 J1978 cde e e. T fac dg e eecac f e e f a adad ee cac:() beg efed f e a e ace ce b ee, ad () ee dec c e f e e.Fe e 1996 Ac, eee (.e. e efg f

e a e ace g fa ad ccaecge) ae bec ecfc ega de e NaaCece Lab Ageee N. 85 Tee, c a ged 9 Nebe 2005 ad eeed fce e Ra Decee f13 Je 2006. Te cece ageee cee e 1996 Ac He Wg b defg e a f eee ad eabge g cd.

B Accdg e Pga Ac f 27 Decebe 2006, e Kgca e a f ecfc fac eea deeg e eece fa ee ea a aca ec e e

1 Reade d efe e Ga (Ae III) bee dead e dffeece e e f e e e ad

eee.


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cca. Tee fac ae eded ee e geeacea f ega bda ad c, .e. g de ea f ae e, c e Ac e dgbeee e def f eee ad efeed e. Tefac eae e ecc deedece a ega bdaad a cde, ag e g, cdea f ee ee e aff, ee ad/ e g aea,e caa, acae a gfca ee f e a a ae ee dec. Te ca ae eJ Cee, eabed f a ecfc bac f d, ad eNaa Lab Cc ae a ad e egadg edeea f ecfc cea b e Kg (Ace 336).

B Aede f e Lab Cde f 2011 ec de fe , ee ad ea agec a cg efed de a ee ea (Ace 107b107 fe Lab Cde).

C U 2007, e a def f a eee

efeed a dda efed cea a. Fg aaede f e Lab Cde 2007, e def f eee ge baed e e f a efed, adgee ee ae c c, b ae e ae fe (deede deede).

Te fe Lab Cde [Ac XXII f 1992] dd de aega def f e e eee. Te e Lab Cde, ccae fce 1 J 2012 e de Sec 34 a:Eee ea a aa e de a eecac. Sec 42(2) 2 ae a: Ude a ee cac

) e eee eed a ced b e ee;) e ee eed de f e eee ad aage.

Rega ee (Ace 675 Ace 6717 f e LabCde) ee eaced 2007. W e eag f e Lab Cde, aeee efe a eee ef aa f eee ee a ega ba g ea f eecccca. Teee ae be affded ea eae af eee ef a e ee ee. Fe,ee aa be efed b a ageee. Ag aee a c a eee ef dffee e f

f ee eac ea, a ee a aea dec aeee ef ee, ee f ee ed.

Ee ea ae geed b e Lab Cde,aed b La N. 7/2009 f 12 Feba. Tee efe aac efed ega bda, a de eeee ad b ea f fa ad ccaecge (Ace 165 f e Lab Cde). A ee cac abe eeed g (Ace 166 N. 4 f e Lab Cde). Teeee a e ae g ad de a e eee,aca a egad fea ag ad caee ,a g ad e g cd, ad ea adafe a (Ace 169 N. 1 f e Lab Cde). Secfc eegadg e eee ac ad g cece eeea


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ae a feee (Ace 170 ad 171 f e Lab Cde). I ce,ee ee e ageee f b e eee ad eee.

C

E Te a Eea Fae Ageee

Tee f 16 J 2002 a eab a geea fae a eEea ee be eeed b e ebe f e gaae (Eea Tade U Cfedea, UNICE/UEAPNE ad CEEP) accdace e aa cede ad acce ecfc aagee ad ab. Cae 3 f e Fae Ageee ae:

Te aage ee a c, becae dfe e a c efed, de affec e eee' ee a. Ae efa f ee , a c, a ea f eage ee ea cagg e e ad cd fee f a e.

Ma cece ageee de f e eabe feae beae, c ae ebe f efg eeffecee ad effcec f e egaed .

A a def ae ceef e e a ae a fdefg e ee ea a eea bee ef ec. A a e, aa c ae deeed a cea,dca e deee ee a caca ageeeafe a a ee ea a ee cac.

N egae def f e e ee eae Icead. W cdeed a eee ad, ece, a beg a ee ea a ee a eefe eedg cae a. Ne cae g de e eea ad e eece f a ee ea ae gebefe e See C. Te ae caacea ad eae deeae f e a f e ea. Rae, deeed b e ae f e ea fac. A eeea cdeed be baed a ee cac,ada defed a beg a ageee beee e ee ade eee, ee e eee deae f e

ee de e ee e ad e eedeae a age e. I ca be baed ee a facac a e fa aagee, c a e a ddaa g f a ee e ad a e dda a aa.I ce, a eba cac cdeed a ad a a e ede dca ecede. A ad ee cac ca beeabed a deg fa aagee beee eae. Te c ae a fac acc deeeee e ae f e ea fac a eeea. Tee cde fac c a e da ad c fe a, ea, ageeaed eee, face, f

ad aea, eb ad , e ea beee eegag ae, affa, e f eea, c da,


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dca, d be e aae cafed a eee, aEe Sa G a e de e Pgae fPe ad Fae. Te G, aed b e I Gee,ced f eeeae f a e ad f ee ade gaa. Hag decded aga ecedg egaecafca f d ad d be cdeed a eee,e G ead eceded g a Cde f Pacce fdeeg ee efee a. Te Cde fPacce, c a a daed 2010, ed b e Gef. Te Cde dce cea a facae e cafca f adda ee aeee e efeed e

. A ddaee a be deeed b cdeg e cea ed e Cde (a acabe e aca dda) e ce feag e dda a a e, cdg e cd f ad e ea f e ea. Ag ega bdg, eCde e egac de aa b ce f e eead e eeeae bde, a e a b e ceeae.2

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de e c f aee dec a ,e ad ee e be caed ;

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ca bcac e . Ife ca be bcacedad ad b e ebcacg e , eee/eee eaa be afeed ;

de aea f e b;

de de ee

A dda d a be f e e:

e be;

eed faca , bag bea e c f aggd fa badad caed de e cac;

ae eb fee ad aagee e eee;

a e ff d aagee ecedg ad eface fegagee ad a;

a c e a de,e ad ee de adee e e de ea;

2 See a Ieaa Lab Cfeece, 95 Se, 2006, Re V(1) Te Ee Rea, . 33 f.


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ccace f e cae; eed ea

faca cag e;

de ae ebf ee ad aagee e be;

de ae e f f d aagee e cedg fegagee e

eface f a agf e egagee;

e a gebe f e ee ;

f e e f ebe;

ecee eee ae ce bece ad/ ae;

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fee e e ee, e e, d e c a bee ageed bedeae:

ca de e ae ece e a e e be a e ae e;

de e aea f e b;

de ee adace ecea f e b, e a e a f e ade eec a ea ced be a dca f ae be e acc;

a a fed ace f beee aea, ee,ec. ca be ed;

c ad agee a ce f e b;

de e ace ce;

c e f ffg e b bga.

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ecda cea ae: e g dec; deea f da f ad e cede f g e; deea f ace fee/; ae d (ec f age);eface f e ee' face (ea fdc); eg e cd f ccaa afe adea; ad cac g. T adae dece aeeaed becae f e e Lab Cde [Ac I f 2012 e LabCde] 2012, b a ce ea acabe.


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,

I 2000, e Eea C aed e e f eccadeede dg ca e ca ae edea ad ee f ee ea. Te caae ad e C ageed a adda fa ad

eeac a ecea. Te Eea Paae a caed eC cdc a de d ecca deedee. Cee, e C aced e d Eccadeede /Paabda: ega, ca ad ecc aeceaded b Abe Pe (://ec.ea.e).

I 2009, e Eea Lab La Ne fad a ceeee eed Caacec f e Ee Rea(://.abae.e).

Fa, de ae a bee caed e e f eea (ee, aca, Bce, Dea, ad He, Te Ee

Sa f Idda Nadad Ee, Deae f Tadead Id Re, 1998, URN 98/943). Acadec a begcdced e UK, ecfca b Feedad, edefe eee ea ad bae a ea ee cac ad e eed f ag e afca cafca feee/e, ec. (Feedad, Te Pea Ee CacOfd, 2005 ad Feedad ad K, Te Lega Cc fPea W Rea, Ofd, 2011). I Face, a d b Scbea adAae, c a eeed e eea Me 2008,aeed e cd f efee Face ad edea e e a f e ae gee efeed.

Te e a eaaed e ca f e ge e beeedec ee ad efee, ad ed e dcf a e cafca beee e , ae e eccadeede e.

I , a de ae bee caed deee e eee fa ee ea ad dffeea f e egaea. Se f ee de ee ced b egee e e f eag cedg ega (face, e a efee 2007).

A

I e , a ed aac cg ae, egaad cae a ed ee e caege f e e f . I ecae dge ae deaed a degee f dca cea acac f ee beee, f eae, a e deag ad aea e. F ace, D . B B [2004] ICR1437, e c fd a a a geea (b aabe) e fee a e a e ed b a ee agec a ede ce be a eee f e ce ad be ee efeed a eee f e agec ef. Fee, aeda deeg e ee a f ee g de a

cac f ece (a ed a cac f ee) f aee bea a ge ba, a Ee Tba d


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R 198 Paragraph 3:

National policy should

be formulated and

implemented in

accordance with

national law and

practice inconsultation with the

most representative

organizations of

employers and

workers .

R 198 Paragraph 18:

As part of the

national policy,

Members should

promote the role of

collective bargaining

and social dialogue asa means, among

cde e b f a ed ee cac beeee ad ce. Sbee cae a a, ee, eaed a aac e ece, e , ad a a e dda be e eee f e e ( J . G BC [2008] IRLR302).

I add, a e ee dced eabe e

eed ee g cea dda a ee(ee defed), de a c dda ae be eaed aae a ee cac, ad ae a be egaded a e ee:

Ee Rea Ac 1999, aeded 2004, Sec 23:

(2) Te Secea f Sae a b de ae c a e effecf cfeg a c g dda ae f a ecfed dec.() (4) A de de ec a (a) de a dda ae beeaed a ae e' cac cac f ee; (b) ae a ae be egaded a e ee f dda;

(c) ae c a e effec f dfg e ea f a ga cfeed dda b e de; (d) cde c ceea,cdea eea a e Secea f Sae f.

Hee, ee e ae e bee ed.

2. Reference to other international labour standards

Se ce da aead eg eaa ab adad. Aed Receda N. 198, a eea eaa abadad, eeca e addeg e aca a f e, ae a e addeg e ce f e ee ea d

ee a a f c cce. Te ee eaa abadad cded Ae IV de ef gdace f fag aaa c ce e a eg ec, becaee ee a cea debeae beg dged.

3. Social dialogue (consultation andcollective bargaining)

ILO Receda N. 198 eae ca dage a e deaea acee ce eg e eag e ce fe ee ea a e aa ee. Ug ccee

eae, ec ae e efe f ae ca dagead cece bagag e deg ad eea f aace. I a a e be acce.

Ne: Te eee f ccef ca dage e eece fg, deede ad a e ad eegaa. Receda N. 198 ae a e eeeae gaa f ee ad e d beeeeed a ea fg a aa eca ad cedf e g f deee e ab ae ad egaa f . T e e eabe ad egeg f

eca f dage ad e ag ce, a e a e


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others, of finding

solutions to

questions related to

the scope of the

employment

relationship at the

national level.

Other related

Paragraphs of R198:

7(a), 11(c), 20

fgg f aace ad ae bee adde e ceeea ad e ee ea.

O a f ce d cece ageee a a e

defg a ee ea/ee cac (, ad D). I e , ca dageeca ad cece bagag a a a e defgee ea b eg e def f a eeea cece ageee. I , dfca adecfca f e geea def f a eee, deed feabed c a ge bac f ega ceceageee, ae eeced b e ab c ad fe ed deee a e a. Sca dage eca ad cecebagag a a aca a e D. I ef eae a cece ageee defe e ae a ee

cac efeece e g cd. Hece, be fa e be cdeed a eee e ce f a gecece ageee, b accdg ee ega.

I e a f ce, ee ca dage eca cece bagag eea f deeg ee a eeea ee cac e (A, B eece f e ad e f e ca ae e J SecaCee ad e Naa Lab Cc eaed ecfc cea aaca ec e e cca, B, C, C, E, , , , , , ( e ece f e eeae d ad a), , , , , , , , , , , , , , ad e ). I e,ee, a ag cece ageee e d affec ece f e ee ea, ade e UK ae beeace ecg ee g f ea agec e, eee a cea. I e ce, e ae acece ageee ae aca eeed b a f dg f eeee f a ee ea ee cac(A, B, , , , , , ad ).

D I ce, ef e ae a cece ageee defe e ae a ee cac efeece eg cd e f e cece ageee. A a ceece, be f a dda be cdeed a eee ece f a cece ageee, ee g e e egaded be a eee de acabe ee a. F eae, aeda cae ae ccded cece ageee ade ceg feeace e, c a a ad gae egagedb da ae ad badca cae. Se f ee feeace g be cdeed eee de a eeeaed ega.

Sca dage eca ad cece bagag ca

a a e defg ee ea b eabgcedg def f a ee ea cece


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ageee. Sc cece ageee a e defdeeg c e fa e ce. F eae, ecece ageee Gafeda, c ae be, ae a acabe eee, b a ee aeeed ff e de ea, ee f e d de e a f e ca.

I , e e f cece ageee aea eee ed.Hee, e cece ageee ee cae e edec, ead f cg e ace b bcacg e f efeed e.

Te Sed Mde f da ea caaceed b ag degee f a f e ca ae, a g ae f ade gaa (aae 73 e ce a e e f g), ad aeace cece bagag a e a e f e egaf ee cd ad ea. Tee adef f e e eee. Iead, e c ae deeed afac e f e e f deeg ee a

dda a eee. T e ee ae e ea a fe dda e aga a f a da eee ada efeed e. I ag e, e Lab C be g gded b e ca ee acce f a ecfcbac f be e f cece ageee ecfg be cdeed a eee (f eae, e ceceageee feeace ad feeace, ccded b e SedU f Ja ad cedg eegaa/ee).

I Eea ce, ade ae aed , d , eee ecfc caege f e ( ae eee).Hee, Eea ce ecfc caege f e, ca feeace, cea caege f efeed e adecca deede e ae eeeed a ee, f a a. T e a ee caege f e ae, b adage, bec cece bagag ageee.

A Cece ageee a be ccded f eee(Ace 1(1) f e Lab C Ac). Te ae ae

ageee (beee e ee ad e cc) ad eeeea a a ee geea: eee ae eeeed b cc ad eee ca eec ca ce be eeceda eee eeeae. Hee, ecca deede efeed e e a ce eebe a f eee(caed eeee e) ae ceed b cea ab a ada be ebe f e We Cabe, a ae bd c bbe fe ee f eee ad cabae ce ade .

Eeee e ae ceed b cece ageee. Hee,e bg, c a ee ad a, ae ceed b

caed ceee ageee. Te cc ad ce f eeageee ae egaed b a cde ad ce deed a


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f cece ageee. A a e, eeee e a e, face, age, ec.

D Tade ae, ce, aed ae daac ccde cece ageee beaf f eee. Tec ae f a geea b cece ageeebeee efeed e. Hee, accdg e ab

a ce, a ade eed ae da ac f a cece ageee f a e f caed e ba fee. I ef e ab c decde ee e beg caed e ba f ee efee, ad ecce f ee deeed b e c e ce. Feae, e Lab C a gaed e g f ade aeda ac f a cece ageee c cefeeace e eda ec. Te dec f 24 Ag 2007(A2007.293) a e a dec ed b e Ce Badg a ecfc e f a be cdeed a begcaed e ba f efee. A a aca e ad

efeed e ae ebe f ade , a ceceageee ae bee ccded b ade beaf f acae, .e. e eed a ega eeded eeea c a ae e, fede e, eae, agec e ad feeace.

A cece ageee a ae effec feeace adecfc caege f efeed e f e cacg ae aeaccdg aed de e ba. Hee, f e e fade ad ee aca dce ega ae effec ega ed ee cac (Sec 1173aAce 105(1) f e C Cde) dec ca e beee e

feeace/efeed e ad e cac.

Ace 1 f e Ac Tade U a e gde a ee cac, a e a e ae ceed be Lab Cde c a c ea, feeace ad e efeede, gae ad ade . I add, Laa aa ade gae ebe ag e e f a ecfcfe a e gd. Hee, e e g f a eee ebe, ccde cece bagag ageee ae e ec gaed eee ade b e fe Lab Cde, ad c ea b e f eca e

La C Sece, f e ebe f a ade ae ceed bee ega, ee b f ag cecebagag e ebe beaf.

Rg f feeace ad ecfc caege f efeed e a be eabed b cece ageee. Hee,ade a eee eee. Ag e ade eee ecfc caege f efeed e, c a e

A (c eee, ag e, feeace adfee, .e. e g e ba f fede eeageee) ad e Tade U f Ideede We (F), be f eeea ae f a age f

ebe ad baa dffeece beee e ee f ecacaege f e.


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Ace 40(1) f e C ae a ce aacae fee ca ae, ade , eegaa ad e f f aca. Ta , e feed faca ade ed a ge caeg f eee bc ffce. Hee, ee e e La Tade U, e ce a (La . 62/2011 Sca Dage), de eb f efeed e eab a ade .

Cece ageee a aaed e . Hee, e ba f e La Sefee, c a bee effece ce2007, gaa a eee c e (ecfc aca ade ) ca ccde ecfc ageee f g (caedfea ee ageee).

Sefeed e ae ceag g ade .Se fea ae a g ae f ebe ae efeed, e e e ca ae ece eed a adceae e be f efeed ebe. Te Sed Mde fda ea eabe ade gae e caege f

e. Te Cdeea Ac (1976:580) de f a geea gf ega f a ade c ae a ea e ebe age ace, ad adda g f ega ad cdeeaae gaed ade bd b a cece ageee eee.

Te La Tade U ecfe c caege f ge ca bece ebe f ade . Eee, ebe fagca ceae ad dda ae ae a ageccac ae eed eab ade . A cece ageee be ccded f a eee eed b ee ae bd b

(Ace 239(1) f e Lab Cde). A cece ageeea be acabe dda ca a aageee a a ee cac (Ace 239(2) f e Lab Cde).T, e g ad de f e de c a cac gee a ee ca be e bec f a cece ageee.Hee, cece ageee ca be ece ccded f ebeef f e ef de c a cac. Ceceageee egae e ega f eee ad a cee caege f g e add.

Te ca bace ade face ecg cecebagag g f ecfc caege f e, c a efeed

e, e Ce Ac 2002. A a f e a ca aeageee, e Gee de eac ega a decde cee ac, feeace a ad e ca fe f e Ac e egagg cece bagag. Hee, c ega ad bee eaced a e e f g.

Te ega fae f cece bagag eced ce f aca eee ad ade f ec f feeace efeed e.

I a ce Ee e ca ae a a a eee b fecg ega, acag decag b e


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c, b. T aed b e fg eae feae.

A Sca dage a a dec e deeg eea dda cae. Te ae f e c f ab a ad caec a ae a ced f ebe f e ca ae (a

dge), aa e f e ee ad e f e e de.

Te ae f e C f f Iace (Ladegec, Vea Abe d Sagec) ae ced f e fea dge a caa ad a dge. Te ae f e C f Secd Iace(Obeadegec) ae ced f ee fea dge ad a

dge. Te a ae f e See C c f ee fea dge ad a dge; e bg ae (c ae ceece fe a cae) ced f ee fea dge ad fa dge. Te a dge ae be eeced e eece aca ae gaa. Te e f ffce fe ea. Te a dgeae a deede e ffce a e fea dge. Tg e a

dge ce e e ae g ad bga a e fea

dge, e a a e acce e ce decdg acae. Te ca ec ae aaged b e ca aead dec ae ceece acea eee a accdace ca ec ega. Sca ae ccca b a ca deee e eee a f a ge be fe (ee A. 54 f e Ee ad Sca C Ac).

B Ca beee e gee ad ca ae,eeeed e Naa Lab Cc, a bece aaed acce, aca a e begg f a egaecede. A, e ae f e c f ab a ad ca eca ae a ced f ebe f e ca ae.

B Te ca ae a a eea e b acag aeaa. Pa Ace 3 f e Lab Cde, e Sae adeg e ega f ee ad e dec eaed ea, eca ace ea, a e a e g adad, caba ad fg ca e eee' ad eee' eeeae gaa. F e a NaaCc a e a d, bac, ega ad ca cc fae cea ee eabed eeeae f e ae, e eeeae ee gaa ad e eeeaeade beg eeeed ea be.

D Te ca ae d ae a fa g be cedbefe Paae ae ega eaed e ab ae. Tee ,ee, a gadg acce f ca f e ca aebefe ega ad ecda ega fed aed.Fee, e ca ae a a e a e eada f c f e ega, e.g. a ebe fadae bad ad ba.

I Face, ca dage a a a e aeaa. Pa Ace L. 1 f e Lab Cde, ca e aa ca ae eed befe e gee aae a ef deag dda ad cece ea,ee caa ag. T ed, e gee fad ac dce e ca ae g e eee f dag,


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bece ad e . If e ca ae agee egage ega, e dcae e gee e ed e deeecea cdc c ega.

Tee a a ed (d1990 d2000) e e ScaPae ce ad a a fece e ce f eeega. F ace, e Mae Pec (Aede) Ac 2004

gae effec e eceda ade b e g g eee ad ee f ae ec ega, c a e accdace ce e Pgae f Pe adFae. Sa, e Paea Leae (Aede) Ac 2006 gae effec e eceda ageed b e ca ae. Ideed, a aede c e bed e ce eaced be ca ae ee f eed. Hee, ce e dee fca ae 2009, e a ade ad ee ae e ae be fece e egae.

Ca beee e gee ad ca ae abece a cdaed acce. Ma a ae dc f c dage

ad ec ae a ecfc e ae be egaed b e caae g cece ageee. Hee, ed ee aebee decg ece e de e ecc ad faca cc a fced e egae dac cage e ega fab ea, aa ed b ca ae, acaade .

I a dfca f ab a ee ce b e caae (ae eeg). I ad , a acee ad g ae ae a e. Cee, e caae ae ae e fece eea ega, a ea

ce. Ca beee e gee ad ca aea bece a cdaed acce. Ideed, e 1970, dg e eec, a eca ae cee a eabed dea ebe e ab ae f Lebg faced a e e. Sce e, a bece a adad acce f e gee ad ca ae ee a ega ba, a e caed Tae, ad dc ef ab ad ca a. If a ageee fd, fe eeed a. Te ece faca c, ee, a bg e e , a ageee cd be fd ad e gee ad gae eaae bae eeg e ade ad e

ee gaa.

Te Maa Cc f Ecc ad Sca Deee agaed b ea f Ac 15 f 2001, c e e MCESD a aaa ce f ca dage. Te gfcace f Ac 15 f 2001 a e ecg b e ae f a e e e ca dage ad bg ab ce beee e caae ad ebe f c ce a be f aa eccad ca e. Te MCESD ad bee eag a a aa ece fca dage ad ca ag gee, ee adade f a be f ea, e f fa ae dg ace c accd e e ed 19901993.


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Te ca ae ae ced befe a a ca e ae bed Paae. Mee, e ca aeae cdeabe fece e ce f e a a. Teage ad ece aede da a (b e Ac Feb ad Sec f 1999) a e e f a ageee beeee ca ae.

Accdg Ace 19 f e La Tade U, cae eeeae a e aa ee ae e g e a daf f ega ac cceg e ce f ace (.e. ab aad ca ec).

Accdg Raa a, e Ecc ad Sca Ccc cde eeeae f ee gaa, ade ad c ce a be ced a egae ae e fedf ab a. Hee, ca ccaa ae fa. Face, e ece La Sca Dage N. 62/2011 a adeddee e ca ae .

Te ca ae a a a e b acag aeaa. Ca beee e gee ad e ca ae egaed b Ac N. 103/2007. Ude Ac, e Ecc ad ScaCc a eabed a e aa ee a a cg ad ccegbd f e gee ad e ca ae. Hee, ega e Cc ae fe ed dffc. F ace, 2011, e caae cd eac a ageee e e ee f age.

Sca dage (ca ae) a ada ad eeabed acce Sa. Ag ee ega eee f eeaa f ab a, e gee ed e a dagebeee ade ad ee' gaa, c ega

fece e ce f bee aed a. I add, agee ad bd cecc e ad eee, e caed Ecc ad Sca Cc, c eeedffee ca ec (cdg ade ad be aca).Sefeed e ca ade f eee. Te a ade cfedea ae geea ee eee a e (cdgefeed e) e egag e gee.

Te ca ae ca ed a geeca, b de e eea f e EeaDece fa ad ca ad agec , efece c e gfca a e Eea ce.Hee, ag cece ageee ae e e ac defg a ee ea, e ade ae bee ace ecg ee g f e e ee a cea, e.g., ea ea agec .

4. Specific policy measures

Te Offce Re ee ea bed 2005 eeed ad fca f ag aca ae cea aec fc, c a: gba acceace f e ac f fac e f, e

ceag eace deea g a, e eag f ebde f f f e, a ece def f e ce f e


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R 198 Paragraph 4:


at least include

measures to:

(a) provide guidance

for the parties

concerned, in

particular employers

and workers, on

effectively establishing

the existence of an

employment

relationship and on the

distinction betweenemployed and self-

employed workers;

(…)

R 198 Paragraph 2:

(…) Such law or

practice, including

those elements

pertaining to scope,

coverage and

responsibility for

implementation,

should be clear and

adequate to ensure

effective protection for

workers in an

employment

relationship.

ee ea, deeag e bda beee deedead deede , e caega f ecfc e f , adeedg e ce f ega eeee e. Ug gdaa eae, e fg ec ae a a aa cg cde eec.

C

A e fg eae , ca e ce ded bcae a; e, ded b def bad e ecfc a ad cde. S e e a adae aac deaace dda g a adb gdeb.

W egad ca ec a, Sec 7a f e Sca CdeIV ca a adae cede accdg c e ae aea ca b a aca a adae bd deee e eece f ee. I add, de ceaccace, e cee cec ffce ca ae c

ceedg. Te geea e f Sec 7a de a c adagfad deee e eece f ee. I aadaage e e fac a geea edce e a ae fa ee cafca f e deg ea.

B Te Bega Fedea M f Lab bed a eeccbe e e eee f a ee cac(://.e.bege.be, ca de aa). Te a af e bca fg dged ee ea beea eag e cae a f e c.

Sec 75 f Legae Decee N. 276 f 2003, e B,dced e cefca f cac e a f edcg abde. Te cefca cede deee ee a cac eee e bec ad fa eee e f b a. Tecede ca be caed b e Lab Offce, b caed eaeeea ( aaged b ee ad eeeeeeae), ad b eca c e b ee ade ab a ca/eeac . Te cefca f cac aa cede aed e ba f a e ee b eae a cac. Te ac f cefca ec dcae ec, adae, ca ec fca ac f e cefca.Sec 81(1) ee ca f e ee ea a: Tega f cefca de ca ad aace e

cacg ae b e f e cc f a eecac, ce ad dfca, aca egadg e gad ece caega f ee cac. I acce,cefca a ad a e ed ac. Hee, a aefed 2010, cefca cdeed ae bece eeea. I fac, ee e a ee ae eee e fcefca e fe.

Te Ta A ca cef a c cac. Teea f a dda (e de f a ece) ad e ceca be cdeed a beg a ee ea f e

de ee a decaa f deede cac a (eeAce 6(1)(e) f e Sca Iace Ac). T decaa ad f e


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R198 Paragraph 4:


at least include

measures to:

(c) ensure standards

applicable to all forms

of contractual

arrangements,

including those

involving multiple

parties , so that

employed workershave the protection

they are due;

ea ad ca be eeed aa. Afe ee ea, e decaa be eeed aaca e e a a caged.

Te Cde f Pacce Ee Sa gge a eee cea ab ee a dda eed efeed, e Lca Ta Offce SCOPE Sec f e Deae fSca ad Fa Affa d be caced. Afe eabg a e

eea fac, a e dec e a ed. Sc a dec,ag dece ae f ca efae e, dcae f ee a.

Afe a cac egeed e Rege f Eee(REVISAL), cdeed a ee cac f fca e egad ca ec cb, ad f deeg eceece f ab c cae f de. Sa, eaa ega e Raa Tade Reg ceae ee a a c cac a bee ccded. I acce, egade e ae f e ea beee e ae aee e cac a ged ad aa ega

a ded. Hee, Ma 2011 e Lab Cde a dfed. Scee, a ee cac ca be ccded g, aa cac beg ad d.

I , e ab ecae ca ae c ceedg deee ee a e d be cafed a a eee.Te e a a ee fa f e ab ecae,ad, cae f de, ae c ceedg. Ee a aee fa f e ab ecae.

Mae, a age ea agec, a aEee Hadb. T a a eae ee ca ab

e ee ea e agec a eee. TeHadb ae eea e a e g f Mae ae eee, ee e e ae aged ce eee.

E O e Eea ee, Ace 4 f Cc Dece91/533/EEC f 14 Ocbe 1991 eabe e ee bga f eee f e cd acabe e cac ee ea. Te e f e Dece deeee ed ec, ad cea ad ecab e e f e ee ea, ad ceae geaeaaec. T acee , e Dece ae a ee eee be ded a dce cag fa e eeaeee f e cac ee ea. MebeSae a, ee, de a e Dece a a eee ae a cac ee ea: (a) aa da f e a e , ad/ a g ee cde eceed eg ; (b) f a caa ad/ ecfc ae,ded a aca ee cae fed b bececdea (Ace 1(2) f e Dece).

Ng a ab a a aa dea a c caca

aagee ca ae e effec f deg e f e ece ae de, ad g a Receda N. 198 de affec


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Ce N. 181 ae ee agece, ec deeae f aace caca aagee g e a ae.

Te E eaced e Tea ad Agec We Dece2008/104/EC Nebe 2008 be aed b Mebe Sae b5 Decebe 2011. Te Dece ee aa e ec f

ea agec e b eg a e ce f eaeae aed e.

Ace 3 Def:

(1) F e e f Dece:

(a) e ea a e , e Mebe Sae cceed, eced a a e de aa ee a;

(b) ea agec ea a aa ega e , cace aa a, ccde cac f ee ee ea ea agec e de age e deag ee ea de e e

ad dec;

(c) ea agec e ea a e a cac fee a ee ea a ea agec a e beg aged a e deag eade e ad dec;

(d) e deag ea a aa ega e f ad dee e ad dec f a ea agec e ea; ().

Te Dece, e a e C Dece, edce aa a egad e def f a, cac f ee,ee ea ad e. Hee, Mebe Sae a ecde e, cac f ee ee eae becae ee eae ae e, fede cace e a cac f ee a eeea a ea agec e ce f Dece (Ace 3(2) f e Dece). Accdg Ace 5(1) Seece 1f e Dece, e bac g ad ee cd fea agec e a be, f e da f e age aa e deag, a ea e a d a f e ad beeeced dec b a deag cc e ae b.

Sec 9 N. 1 f e Ac Tea Agec W:

Cac beee ea agece ad e deag adbeee ea agece ad ea agec e aeeffece, f e ea agec de ae e eeed de Sec 1.

Sec 10(1) eece 1 f e Ac Tea Agec W:

If e cac beee a ea agec ad ea agece effece accdg Sec 9 . 1 f e Ac, e aee ea beee e e deag ad e eaagec e () deeed e ().

Sec 28e(2) eece 1 Sca Cde IV:

W egad ffg e a bga f e ee, e ea agec abe a a ca gaa cae f a effece cac


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beee e ea agec ad ea agec e () a faa e ae bee ed b e ea agec f a.

Iead f g ea agec e, cae ae fe eed ce ace b ccdg ece cac ecae, c e e e eee. Accdg egadce, ee ea agec f, ad f, e e dec

ede e edeag ead f e ca g a geece. I acce, ee, a ed be e dffc dceea agec f ece cac, becae feaca caegg deee ee c e e eee a be egaded a ecea.

Ace 1332 f e Lab Cde ae:

(1) A cac de c a eee ed be e a edeag a f Ace L. 1331 [cae c e cc fc a cac adbe] d. (2) I e cae eed aaga(1), e e deag ad eee ae deeed ae eeed aeeded cac ce e begg f e b eface.

Hee, e eee ca eae e cac edae effecad g daage a g a e/e beg ed a edeag

Agec e ae deeed eee f e e fee ad ca efae ega. I e cae (fa da),e ae deeed eee f e ce; e (gaa fg e) e ae deeed eee f e agec.

If e ea agec ac a ega e, Ace 173,N. 1 ad 3 f e Pgee Lab Cde ae a e ac be cdeed ae bee eae edeed e ea

agec baed a eae ab cac. Neeee, a de fea ce (Ace 192, N. 3 f e Lab Cde) ed eea agec ad e ffece cdeed a e edeea (Ace 173, N. 7).

' Ee Rea Ac, 1 Jaa 2003 a aeded 2007, de cea gdace b eg e ae defe ea g.

A 61 (Ageee beee e Ue ad e Ee, Refea f eWe). (1) Befe e e a g, e e f eee ab a cd c ae be ffed b e e f e

f , ad a b e ee e aee f fe ad ea daage. (2) Befe e e a g ee, e ee ad e e a ccde a ageee g c e a geae dea defe a g ad bga a e ae g ad bga f e e ad f e e. (3) I accdace e ageee beee e ee ad e e, e efeed e e, e e be fed g ab e cd f e e, a e a ab e g ad bga c aedec eaed e f .

A 62 (Rg, Obga ad Rebe f e Ue ad f eWe). (1) Te e ca e a e ec. (2) I e ed dg c e e e e, e

e ad e e ae acc e f Ac, fcece ageee bgag e e, ad/ f e e geea ac


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R 198 Paragraph 4:


at least include

measures to:(…)

(g) provide for

appropriate and

adequate training in

relevant international

labour standards,

comparative and case

law for the judiciary,arbitrators, mediators,

labour inspectors, and

other persons

responsible for dealing

with the resolution of

disputes and

enforcement of

national employment

laws and standards.

egad e g ad bga c ae dec eaed eeface f . (3) If e e ae e bga a ee aaga, e e a be eed efe ca e. (4) If e e ae e bga a bec 1 f Ace, ee a a be a be fca f dcaceedg f e ea f e ee cac eee. (5) Te e a ae aa eae accdace e

ageee beee e ee ad e e. A f Jaa 2010, a e deag, c a eda ea agec e f a egeed ea agec, ebe f e ae f e age; add, eea agec ebe f ag f eea. A aceece, e ea agec e a deb.

I , af bcac , c cae b cae ae ad eea abe f age ad ca ec cb. I ebe afe e f e ca ae.Hee, e afe g egaced ea agece af. If e ea agec de ee e egaeee, a fa de a geea b afe e. Ia cae, a ee ea a be eabed beee eea agec e ad e e deag.

B Te e Ace 107107 f e Lab Cde, dced 2011, cded ea agec e ce f e ega.Tea agec e be cdeed a ae aee ea. Ace 107 (1) f e Lab Cde ae aa ee cac a eee dg ea a ae a e eee cceed be ced fea a a e deag, c beg eed ad

ced b e e deag.

Tag b a ad c dbed a effece ea ae fa eg aec f e ee eaad caf ce aa acce aea. Va cede ag ad caacbdg f ab ec, aba,

dge ad e ab ada ffce.

Oe e ebe f deag e eee f de ade efcee f ee a ad adad, c a Obde

ad Ha Rg Ce, fe beef f ag ce ee g. Fg e eceda f e VeaDecaa ad Pgae f Ac aded b e Wd Cfeece Ha Rg 1993, a ce ae ceaed a aa ag eca c dda a e fe ca f af a g, cdg ab g.

Tag aca eea f ab ada, ge a aea ab ada ead cdeabe dea a ce ad ad a ab a f e ec f e.


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R 198 Paragraph 5:

Members should take

particular account in

national policy to

ensure effective

protection to

workers especially

affected by theuncertainty as to the

existence of an

employment

relationship , including

women workers, as

well as the most

vulnerable workers,

young workers, older

workers, workers in

the informal economy,

migrant workers and

workers withdisabilities.

See also paragraphs

6, 7, 11(c), 21, 22.

5. Special categories of workers to protect

W egad ga e, d be ed a e ILO MgaRe f 2004 ae:

Sbcacg f ea ad eaa e g ab be a ec a bee a e eee f e beef ad eee

c a da, bagag g ad ca ec. Te ae fece ad acee a faeacg ceece f e gcd ad geea eae f . Se a be fced ede a f a debbdage eaae a ff deb ed ece ad affce.

3

Reeac e eac f ab ada e dcae a badad g cd ca be a be:

Dee e ac f a c def, a efeg e fa ecae e, ag e ed be dece ae a ece ce a ceag adae ga bc ee dea e aec f fa. Tag acc a fa dce

ca ccde a ae fe eed ceee, e dffeeceee eabed baed ee ee ae bece ace fag ee. A egad cd f , cea a ee ega acabe efeed e ae c a age, ada f e eed b e, ea eag ca be be e ega. Nee ae aec c a e g ad e edegaed f deede e ab ega, ag e a bebec a eg ad cg e f ceca daeabe, c d ce de e ab ae b e fe e ca ae. F eee, g e ad e aeegaed, b e a e da eeced, ee ggace ac f c.4

(, /,

, , )

I aea f ee e edae, c a dec , eac f ega ec ceae e eab f e aeaead aecaed a beg ea e a ca ad cace. A e ae ed, e be. Wea e ab a ge ecde dec f bac abec, e ecfc f e ee ea addeed ega. Te g cd ea, eece,

egaed, a be c fee cded f fegdec e a be ceed b e ce ab a fe ce c e , ae abe ca e g f eae g e dcea. Te eae bedeae e eae ce ae ae ec c eabeg.5

3 Ieaa Lab Cfeece, 92d Se, 2004: Re VI Tad a fa dea f ga e e gba

ec (ILO, Geea, 2004), aa 137.4 Daa, J.L.: Ifa ec, decaed ad ab ada , DIALOGUE Wg Pae N. 9, ILO, Geea,

Je 2005.5

Bace, A.: : , Geea, ILO, 1998. F adda caaefa ega f dec , ee E D : ,ILO, Ma 2012.


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E Cc Dece 1999/70/EC f 28 Je 1999cceg e Fae Ageee FedTe W ae Idc Ne 9: Weea e a af f fede e eEea U ae e ad ageee ca eefe cbe g ea f e beee ad e.Accdg, Cae 4 f e Fae Ageee eabe e caed ce f dca. Cae 4(1) ae: I eec fee cd, fede e a be eaed a efaabe ae a caabe eae e e becaee ae a fede cac ea e dffee eae

fed bece gd. Sa, Ace 4(1) f Cc Dece97/81/EC f 15 Decebe 1997 cceg e Fae Ageee PaTe W ae: I eec f ee cd, aee a be eaed a e faabe ae a caabefe e e becae e a e e dffeeeae fed bece gd. I d be ed ce a ab 80 e ce f a ae b Ee ae ccedb e.

I add, Dece 2000/43/EC f 29 Je 2000 eeg ece f ea eae beee e, eece f aca ec g, ad Cc Dece 2000/78/EC f 27 Nebe 2000eabg a geea fae f ea eae ee adcca ee e dca f e edg e EeaU e gd f ad , ,, . Te Dece defe a e fce a ffe a e edg e EU a ee f egaec aga dca.

Te fee ee f e e f e fdaea feed

gaaeed b e Tea f e Eea U. Dece 96/71/EC f eEea Paae ad f e Cc f 16 Decebe 1996 ccege g f e e fae f e f ecegaaee a e g ad g cd f a (ae , f a ed ed, cae e e ef a Mebe Sae e a e ae c e e a )ae eced g e Eea U. T ed, EU a aeabed a ce f ada e egadg e e ad cdf ee acabe a eee ed aeMebe Sae. Tee e efec e adad f ca e e Mebe Sae. Hee, accdg a e f dec f e

Eea C f Jce, Mebe Sae a e adcd f ee a g bed e ce f ada e. Teec f ee e be baaced aga e fdaeafeed ded b e Tea.

Te ae e Fedea Paae ae ecebee deadg ega c ee ee f ffeg e ead f ega cac f ee. Iaca, e ca f e eabe f a ca fa eeaf aee a degee, bge e ae cceed ccde aaee ageee g, ad (aa) f e bde f f ae eae f e e befe a c a e e aa a ad a e fac ed de a cac f ee.


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R 198 Paragraph 4:


at least include

measures to: (a)

provide guidance for

the parties concerned,

in particular employers

and workers, on

effectively establishing

the existence of an

employment

relationship and on the

distinction between

employed and self- employed workers .

I e , ca e ae g ,e, eaa, a, fd face, ec. Te ef e ae a ega eee, b ae eaed e e: e ae ee ge a ee cac a a becae e ae fee efe eca e e ge a caed e cac c ae effec f a ee cac d f a ce. Afeceae e 1990, a egae a fd. Sce Jaa1999, f e ee ega ad c, e bde f f eeed ad f e ee e a e e aeee. A, e a dced a ecd e cceg ee f ageed de ad abe f e ecac: e a ee cac a f a ea ee , e ageed eed, a ge , be f a e ea e aeage a f efed e ee ecedg .Ae e ega a cae f cea g f ea 15 e ee, e eee a be ad f a ea ee f ee ca. Ad fa, e be f cece fedecac ed ad e ed f e a bee eeded

ee . A a e, ee e f cac ae bece ea.

Te f aa a defed a cg abd f ca ecage ad dec . Accdg, aa aeee eee efeed e.

Te Sa e a ca eae eee f e, g e, dabed ad de e(eeca g e edc f ca ec cb). F a fe Sa a a de eca afe ad ea a eae:e de 18 ae eca a egad g e. Te

de e ae a b f ea eee ad aa eee(f age 61 a), ag e Sa e a de ceef ced ee afe eee age. Dec ecage f age (efed eda b e) geed beca ab adad, b ce e ce e c aba. Feg e edece e ae e ae g aSa e. Tee ae a e f ad e e caega f ga. T cba ega ee, e Geeedca ae eca a f g ad c eae.

6. Employment relationships and genuine civiland commercial relationships

Wee ae ae ade dge a ee ea,e cd be deed f e ec e ae de. T e egae ffe f aa c abe effece adde edffeece beee fade acce ad gee c ad cecabe ea. Mee, adg ece cage gaa, e Eea e ae deeed e cce ca aabdae aaaed e (, ) decbe e ae g de e ada fae f aee ea, e ae eee eed f ec.


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R 198 Paragraph 8:

National policy for

protection of workers

in an employment

relationship should not

interfere with true civil

and commercial

relationships , while at

the same time

ensuring that

individuals in an

employment

relationship have the

protection they are

due.

Ace 22 Cae 1 Cae 12 f e Lab Cde:

B eabg a ee ea, a eee deae ca a cea e f f e beef ad de e gdace f aee, ad a ee deae e a eee e feea. Ee accdace e e ecfed Cae 1a be a ee de a ee ea, egade f edega f e cac ccded b e ae. I a be eed

eace a ee cac a c a cac ee e e c e be ded ae e ecfed Cae 1.

Ace 11(2) f e Ee Rea Ac:

Wee ee ae eee f e ee ea a Ace 4 [def f e ee ea], a beefed e ba f c a cac, ece cae ded b a.

A Te a defe a ecfc caeg f ecca deedee, caed eeee e. Te eea a a e ef ece b ece de ad acc f ae e ag ccded

a ee cac, ad ae be cdeed eeeee becae f e ecc deedece. Cea b c cecc deedece ca be eabed cde: efed f age e ed be f cacg ae, g eeaeag ece f e , ad deedece e eag fe ed. Te dda cdeed ee caec ea a f a gee eee. A ed be fab a a eeee e baed ecdecee, e.g. decee eag ab c, ea agec ,eee ab ad adca. Oe ae aed b e cfa a e d cde ea bda, e.g. ace

ea ad afe. Cee, a aec f ab a (aca, a da ec, ad da ad cebeef) ae acabe eeee e.

B Eeee e ( a e) ae a ecged Beg f e aca f ca ec a (Ra Decee f28 Nebe 1969). Tee e ae ega bdaed aeee, b ae ecca deede.

Eeee e ( a e) ae a ecged Gea (caed abeeece Pe). Tee e ae ea deede bdaed e eee, b ae

ecca deede (Fedea Lab C f 15.11.2005 9 AZR 626/04). Pe beg g ae cdeed f abcaeg a eed f ge ec a a ded e a f efeed e. Se f e ega ecaffded eee , accdg, eeded eeee e.Eeee e ae eed aa eae ad ec dee e e ee f dca. Fe, ab c ae

dc ea eeee e, ad e geea e adcd f e cac ae bec dca e. Fa,eeee e ae eed cece bagag. Te eeafeae f e caeg f eeee e ae a

eabed Sec 12a f e Ac Cece Bagag Ageee.Te cea eeaed e eea ae:


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(1) ecc deedece (a ed ea deedece bda);

(2) e eed f ca ec; becae

(3) e efed e eea e ad fbdae eee; ad becae

(4) ee e a efed f e e, e eee a ge e f e a af f e a ce.

Hee, d be ed a e e eeee e dffeg f e ae ae ad a dda e ad f ab a ae (b a f aag) ade acabe ae. Cee, ab a , ce, acabe e(Fedea Lab C 8 Ma 2007 9 AZR 777/06). I aca, eea da ec ega ec cae f a beafe ca be aed.

Ude e eea (L 73211 Cde d aa), cea

dda a ee eee beef f e egaf e Lab Cde. Te cea cded ee ae aecc: ece aece ac f a da cac e e ce ad e ee eee. Tee eabe e aca f e Lab Cde e abece fabg bda. Eae f aca cde aagef e a, ceee, ece db ad, e ece,facee.

de ffca ecge ecca deede e,ece fa a e ab a de a: (a) a e eed be efg deede f e e a f e

ae ee, .e. e e e ecca deede (ee A 1 fLa 1876/1990, e e cceg e e f deede ad d A 1 f La 2639/1998 a aeded b A 1 f La3846/2010) ; ad (b) ecca deede e ae e g ccde cece ageee. T g ad bee eeced a a ee f g.

Ecca deede ea ae ca cedf ceae ea de c a e ef eecdaed feeace ec (ee Legae Decee N.276 f 2003; ee a Ace 409 f e Cde f C Pcede). Saaead c e be a e a ad a f

e efed ad efec e aae a ad f aece de a ee ea (caaceed bbda) accdace aa cece ageee (Ace 1Paaga 772 f Ac N. 296 f 2006).

Te Lab Cde eabe ecfc e f aeae ee cac (ca eaad). Ace 10ae a e ega e egadg ea g, ea ad dca, ab afe ad ea, a a a cfea ac efed b a e f ae e abece fega bda, b ccace ee e de d be

cdeed ecca deede e ac beefca. Tee acabe e (aba dc), geed b


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La N. 101/2009 f Seebe 8, 2009. T ega fae a ae a e ef e ac e aace f a faebe e edece , f e ac be efedde e edece f afe ea ea, a ace ea a e ee f e ac beefca (Ace 1 . 3). Age, eca e a ac ad e (Ace 4), afe ad ea(Ace 5), fea ag (Ace 6), eea (Ace 7), aaaace (Ace 8), ad e, edc ea f ecac (Ace 9 11). I add, e e ad e beefca f e ac ae ceed b e geea ca ec ege fdeede eee, a eabed eca ega. Ude aega, e e ad e beefca f e ac aeegaded eece a beefca ad cb f e e fca ec ae (Ace 15).

A ecfc caeg f ecca deede efeede a ecged b e ega de e A LabSae f 2007. Te a feae f caeg f ecca

deede efeed e ae: (a) eface f a feaac dec ad e, a f e ce , a egaba ad ecage f eea; ad (b) ecc deedece a ce, eceg a ea 75 e ce f a ce geeaed b e fea ac be f a ce. T be cdeedecca deede, e e a egage eee, cac bcac e ge ac d ae; e e a de e eac ae ece e ce a e ce eee;e e ae e ace f , ee adaea; dee e ac de e aagee; ecee eea accdace e e aceed b

e ac ad bea e eea ; a e e ffce ee e bc, dee e ac a a ca.Ag ceca age ae ec ecded f e aca fab a e ba a e ae a, e aecdeed ecca deede baed ee cea ae eed e f e ec affded eee. Eccadeede efeed e (TRADE) e e g a aea e f eee (cdg aa eae, abece f f fa ea, eeace ae), g e ee adeffecee deed a a ageed e cac. Te a egaaa g ad e g ae cece ac. I add,

g cd ca be fed g cece bagag(fea ee ageee).

Te a ecge e caeg f deede cac ea cece ab a baed ecc deedece. Accdg Sec 1(2) f e Cdeea Ac (1976:580) e eeee [] a a cde a e ef fae eeb beg eed b a e e ,ee, cce a f eea e ae ae a a f aeee. I c ccace, e e f e beef e efed a be deeed e ee. Te gfcace f e dg, ee, de e fac a e f eee

eae bad. Lab c ae ee ae cceab a ega ad ega e fa f e eece f a


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26

ee ea f e e e a ge f beg aeee f e ee becg a aeged efeed e.

I e , e a dffeeae beee fe caege:(1) eee, (2) e, (3) fea, (4) deede eeee,ad (5) efeed e. Te ega def f a e (ec230(3) Ee Rg Ac 1996) a bade caeg a a f a

eee (ec 230(1) Ee Rg Ac 1996), c ed a dda a eeed de ( ee eee a ceaed, ed de) a cac f ee. Tecce e ce eee, b a e de a cac f ea ece e d de a ece ecaac f a fea deede be. Sc e ae feefeed a deede efeed, a caeg a a cdefeeace e, e ade, ee ad caa e. Teca g eed b e ae e eag e age, g e, ae , ad ec de e ebg ega. Sce e caeg f e cde eee,

g eed b e ae a eed b eee. Te def fa fea cde eee, e ad e dg aea ece a a fea (e.g., c). I ce,fea ae g de e ea ega. Deedeeeee a ae cea g, aca eag ea adafe ega, accdg c deede eeee ae defeda dda f ga ead ee a de a cacf ee, ee e e e e. Weeee ae defed b efeece e fac a e ae eedde a cac f ece, efeed e ae a cac fece.

P e eea f e ee Lab Cde 2003, e acce f ccdg c cac dge eecac a deead a a cdeed a aca caee. I ee, e ega aded eae dcagee cc f c cac (cac f ece), e ac cac ee a bed. Fe, e Ta Cde a dfed 2010, dg e b f a ae c egeee f c cac ad cba fae abeg f eeea. Ne a ega aded 2010 (Eegec GeeaOdace 58 ad 82) de f cea a ca be aed b e aae: bda, ece e f e ee , ae

f da aace cae f ea dacee, ad ae fda ad c eae. Wee a f ee cea ae e, e aae a cde e c cac be a ee cac,ad ee e ae eace e a bga aae f a ee cac.

O e e ad, e Lab Cde ec a ee ccde caed eface ageee f e efacef a de a ee ea. Sc cac ae degedf aagee de c be eaed b e (acac) ccaa ace dg c a aca e f be efed (ageee ace, ageee ea f de). A ee a ccde a eface


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R198 para 7(b):

where workers are

recruited in one

country for work in

another, the members

concerned may

consider concluding

bilateral agreements

to prevent abuses and

fraudulent practices

which have as their

purpose the evasion of

the existing

arrangements for theprotection of workers

in the context of an

employment

relationship

ageee f e acaed ee f e a f c eageee ccded de eceed 350 a caeda ea.

Te ea daf f a e Lab Cde caed e eag a a a eee. Te daf ega ead a f:

W egad e a f e ccace f e cae, a e de f ae e e ba f a cac f ee a be

egaded a a e a a a a f eee (e) f) e/e f ae a e, f ead, ega ad age ba, ad ) aga e bacgd f e ffe f e gecac, e ca be eeced egage a e ega, gaf ac.

Te ga e a a eag eae, ce ed,eeace a ad ab f daage a e a e eag e ada age be aed a e a aa eee. Hee, daf a efed b b eee aca ad e ade .

7. Transnational provision of servicesFee ee f e eed Ace 45 f e Tea eFcg f e Eea U ad a bee deed f EUecda ega a e a f e cae a f e C f Jce.W egad 'ed e (.e. e , f a ed ed,ca e e e f a Mebe Sae e a e Sae c e a ), Dece 96/71/EC f e EeaPaae ad f e Cc f 16 Decebe 1996 cceg e gf e e fae f e f ece a eabed ae f ada e egadg e e ad cd f ee be aed a eee ed ae Mebe Sae.

Te bac dea a ee a Mebe Sae a cea ead cd f ee ee ega ceceageee, ee a be aed e ed a Sae.Hee, e ee eeed f ag g cdc ae e faabe e e.

Ace 3: Te ad cd f ee

1. Mebe Sae a ee a, aee e a acabe eee ea, e deag efeed Ace 1(1) gaaee e ed e e e e ad cd fee ceg e fg ae c, e Mebe Sae ee

e caed , ae ad d: b a, ega adae , ad/

b cece ageee aba aad c ae bee decaedea acabe e eag f aaga 8, fa a ecce e ace efeed e Ae:

(a) a ed ad e ed;

(b) ad aa da;

(c) e ae f a, cdg ee ae; de a eea ccaa eee e cee;

(d) e cd f g f e, aca e f eb ea ee deag;


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28

R 198 Preamble:

Protection of

workers is at the

heart of the ILO’s

mandate, the

principles set out in

the Declaration on

Fundamental

Principles and

Rights at Work, 1998

and the Decent Work

Agenda.

Laws and regulations,

and their

interpretation, should

be compatible with the

objectives of decent

work because they

seek, among other

things, to address

what can be an

unequal bargaining

position between

parties to an

employment

relationship

R198 Paragraph 11: For the purpose of

facilitating the

determination of the

existence of an

employment

relationship, Members

should, within the

framework of the

national policy referred

to in this

Recommendation,

consider the possibility

of the following: (…)

(e) ea, afe ad gee a ;

(f) ece eae egad e e ad cd f eef ega e e ae ece ge b, f cde ad fg ee;

(g) ea f eae beee e ad e ad e dca.

F e e f Dece, e cce f ae f aefeed aaga 1 (c) defed b e aa a ad/ accef e Mebe Sae e e e e ed.

II. Determining the existence of anemployment relationship

Te fg eae ae dcae f a ad acce eea edeea f a ee ea, ad ae eded be

eae. Te f g f eae (Pacca ed) ceed a ae c ed da eab a eeea. Te ecd g f eae (Cea f defg aee ea ) decbe ecfc dca ed dffeeaa ce.

A. Practical methods

1.

Se ega e ae eabed e egadg e eece

eece f a ee ea. Hee, dffeeaace ae bee ed. Tee a be a bad e a aea ae ee ea ad a e ag a ca eed dce edece e e eece f a eeea (Neead). O e e ad, e a a ecf e eea dca, f a caa ee e e eece f aee ea. Se ce a a e a e eece f a ee cac.

I a ce, a e fa f a ee

ea e. I e ce, a e ae aed ecf e eece f a ee cac.

I e , faeacg e fa f a eeea e. T ega e ee cded e Febad Sec Ac aded 14 Ma 1998, a e egeg eega a f fee. If a eee f a ee aega ba f a ed f ee (ee a ea 20 a), e e a aaca ee a a cac fee e. If ee ecfc ageee g , ebe f ed e e e ee e ae be e be f aed e cac f ee.


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29

(b) providing for a

legal presumption

that an employment

relationship exists

where one or more

relevant indicators is

present (…)

If e ee dagee, e ee a be dce edece e ca egadg b e.

Ace 12 f e Lab Cde eabe a ebabee e cc f a ee cac:

e eece f a ee cac eed e, eea beee e e a de a ac ad e e (

e) a beef f , e f e fg eee cc: a) eac ed a ace a beg e beefca f e ac aace deeed b ; b) e ee ad g beg ebeefca f e ac; c) e e a de e ac ce a ecfc e a ad f e , a deeed b e beefca;d) a a ad e de, a cea ega, e f eac efed; e) e de ef aagee eadefc e ca.

A ebabe e ae e ee a f ae de a ece ecage f eea a e f,ad de e aagee ad e gaaa ee f,

ae e e beefca f a ece (Ace 8(1) f eLab Cde, Ea de Tabaade, RDLeg. 1/1995, 24 Mac1995). I 2007, Sa a dced a def f efeede a e , a ega ba, dec ad ea ca a fea ac be a e , de f aee aagee ad gaaa ee ad ecage feea, egade f ee e e egage eee(Ace 1 f e Lab Cde).

A eae ea e f a ee ea e . Te a ec ae a cae f de eag e eece f a ee ea beee a e ad a

ee, e ea eed eee a eeea f feae e bac caacec f a eeea.

I E, accdg Ace 1(2) f e Ee Cac Ac, ae eed be g de a ee cac f e e ef f ae e a, accdg eccace, ca be eeced be de f eea.Hee, e cceg ee cac d a cac ee e e efg e , a gfca ee,deede cg e ae, e ad ace f eface f e (Ace 1(4)).

Te a a ece bee aeded de aee cac be e de be ad. Ag ee e a dece e e, a ge be be eab e eece f a ee ea e abece f ae cac.

Lega Nce 44 f 2012 aeded b Lega Nce 110 f 2012c cae fce 31 Jaa 2012 ee e ee af dda ae efeed ad defe a be f ceac d dcae e eece f a ee ea. TeOde ae a f fe f e fg eg cd ae e e


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R 198 Paragraph 11:

For the purpose of

facilitating the


existence of an

employment

relationship, Members

should, within the

framework of the

national policy

referred to in this

Recommendation,

consider the

possibility of the

dda d be cdeed be a eee caabecd f ee. Te cea ae a f:

(a) e dda dee a ea 75% f ce f e ea f ece;

(b) e e ad e f eed ae deeed b e e e ece ded;

(c) e , ee ad aea eed f e ae dedb e e eceg e ece;

(d) e dda bec e cede ed c ae e b e e eceg e ece;

(e) e dda ef e ece ef ad ca bcac e e;

(f) e dda egaed e dc ce gaa eac f e e eg e ece;

(g) e ac efed b e dda a ce eee egaa ad e f e bece f e e eece ded;

() e dda ef a a eg eee , ee ced, e efed b fe eee.

Ee f a e e, c e cae aEea ce, e eece f cea fac a aac decde a a ge ea a ee ea. Ide e e ega f e ca be eee,

e c e ce geea ee ced cde eege bde f f de cea ccace.

I D, f eae, a cac a eaed b ae a aee cac egad ce a a eed be aee cac b e c efeece ab a.

I e ce, ee, cea fac a ead e c aea ee cac e. If, f ace, a e eaed abeg efeed efeece a e, c aee af e deg ega ea a a eecac.

2. D

(.. )

Deeg ee degaed g f e ae ee eed efeed ca be aceed eea a. F eae, e ea be ge a geea dce b a degae a ecfc g g a aca ee a (.e. ee efee) , a ae a dec degae e ee af a ecfc g g f e. Sc dega f eee a a be bec cea cd eee.

Aeae, dca dec a e a geea acceace a a


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following: (…)

(c) determining,

following prior

consultations with the

most representative

organizations of

employers and

workers, that

workers with certain

characteristics, in

general or in a

particular sector,

must be deemed to

be either employed or

self-employed.

aca g f e eed efeed f e ef e ab a.

I , e Lab Cde de f e aca f e fe Lab Cde e e a e a eecac. Te Lab Cde ec defe a ageee de cfea a, efg a, fa de ae

eeeae de e ece e ce f a cac fee. F ace, ageee beee ae eeeae(feeace e) ad e ce ae cdeed cac fee, f cea cd egadg e ac ae e. Eaccac beee a ae eeeae ad e e gaaa ce e ecfed cd deeed a cac fee. Tee f eeg e b ga ee a bda (Lab Cde Ace 73111 ad 73113):

Lab Cde Ace L. 73111

Te f Cde a a e aeg aee,eeeae ad ace be, bec eca f e.

Lab Cde Ace L. 73113:

A aeg aee, eeeae ad ace be, a e: (1) f e e ee, (2) ece adca e aea f eeea, (3) de ca a cecaac e acc, (4) bd e ee b cecceg e ae f e ece edeed f e ecade ffeedf ae be caed, e eg ee e eece efea ac, e caege f ce e cac, eae f eea.

A , e See C eaed e cae f a e

de a a de a aaca eeabe cac eC de Caa Rg N. 5371 f 19 Decebe 2000. I cae, ea de cac a, efeed a a cac f e eae f aece eed a a a, ad ad a decbed e cac ae. Dee ee caca e, e C ed a caccceaed a cac f ee, ce e a de a bd be c bga cceg e e ad aeace f eece ad a a a f bda. I Rg N. 5034, 35 ad36, f 4 Decebe 2001, e See C eaed e cae f eegaged e dee ad cec f ace de a faceageee. Te facee ceced e ace f ee eed

b e face ad deeed e accdg a cede ad edeeed b e ae. I add, e cage ee e b eeee, c ceced ae dec f e ce. TeSee C eaed e a f ee facee eeeaae cae ad aded d ee g e ae da accdg c e f e Lab Cde ee acabe ee cca ced eea f cecg de ecege f adg, age a beaf f a ge da ceca eee, e e e efed e ee ed aed b a eee, de cd ad ace ed b a eee, e eed eab a

bdae ea. T ded a a ee fe ce f e Lab Cde cea faced e.


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Ceca age ca ee de a ceca cac de a ee cac. I ce, e ae ae fee cee e e. Hee, f e ac ee e feae f eWe' Sae, ee be a ee cac, ee f e aedecae ee. O e e ad, f e e ef e a (f eae, e e deee e g ) ad ebe f e cce f e ea, ecac deeed be a ceca cac. Pfea aee adefg a ae deeed be eee a ccace ee f a cb a f c a e (Lab Cde 1995ca Sec 2(1) (d) ad (e) ad Sa Ra Decee 1438/1985egag e eca ee ea f fea aee adefg a).

I , ecfca degaed g f e e aeega deeed deede eee, ae gde adecca cea ad badcag. Te a de a e aedeeed be eed, eece f e ge feae f e

e ef (ee Ace 37 f e Gee Ac 1545/1985, Ace 2(1) f eGee Ac 358/1976 ad Ace 6(5) f e Gee Ac 1597/1986).

I e ce, e , c geea deee a ecfce f , c a ceag, ae efed de a eecac, ad dedce f e e f efed ee aee cac e.

I e , Sec 23 f e Ee Rea Ac f1999 ae e Secea f Sae ae c ae eeffec f cfeg g c ae f ab a dda ae f a ecfed dec. Hee, ad bee ed

a e e f g.

3. E

Ae acca ed f ceag cea egadg e fa fa ee ea e f a bga eee f eee f e cd acabe ecac g. T bga a be ffed b dg a ecac, a ee f egagee e dce dcag eeea aec f e ee cac ea.

T bga ec e f EU ega:

Eea U Cc Dece 91/533/EEC f 14 Ocbe 1991:6 Ace2(1) Obga de fa: A ee a be bged f a eee Dece ae, eeafe efeed a e eee, f e eea aec f e cac eeea.

Ace 3 Mea f fa: (1) Te fa efeed Ace2 (2) a be ge e eee, ae a afe ececee f ee, e f f: (a) a e cac fee; ad/ (b) a ee f egagee; ad/ (c) e e

6 Cc Dece 91/533/EEC f 14 Ocbe 1991 a ee' bga f eee f e cd

acabe e cac ee ea (J 288, 18.10.1991, . 3235)


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R 198 Paragraph 9:

For the purposes of

the national policy of

protection for workers

in an employment

relationship, the


existence of such a

relationship should be

guided primarily by

the facts relating to

the performance of

work and the

remuneration of the

worker,

notwithstanding how

the relationship is

characterized in any

contrary arrangement,

contractual or

otherwise, that may

have been agreed

between the parties.

e e dce, ee e f ee dce ca a eaa e fa efeed Ace 2 (2) (a), (b), (c), (d), () ad ().

C de Caa, Cabe cae, 23 Mac 2011, N. 0968.078: Te c ed a e ee bged f e eeef e acabe cece bagag ageee. If a cece bagagageee eed e eee' a , a aca

ageee cdeed acabe ad e eee a e g ee eea.

4.

I ea a Eea ce, e acca eea b eae f e ee cac dece f ega cafca.Deea f e eece f a ee ea gded be f a a aca ageed ad efed b e ae, ad ee b f e ae degae e ea.Accdg e ce f e ac f fac, e cac eaaed

baed a deede de c aee egadg e acabace f e ea. A a e, e ae a cac caad e aca f ab a b cg ae abe f ecac. I a a ce, c deed ecaf cac,ag ag e. I e ce, e c a ccdea a cac a c dfed b e ae f e accaeea f e cac dffe f e caca aed b e ae.

Accdg eeabed cae a, cae f de e ecaacea f e ee ea, e c aee fac eag e eface f .

Accdg Ace 22 Sec 11 f e Lab Cde,ee efe ee de a ee ea,egade f e ae f e cac ccded b e ae. UdeAce 22 Sec 12 f e Ac, eacg a ee cac ac a cac ebe.

H D & . . [1998] 1I.R.34: Te cae dea e e f ee a deaa a eee. I cae, e See C affed a e acabace f e ea ede aee e e cacegadg e e f ea e cac g eab. Tee

aee cded ae c a: ; I C

; I D A1977 , .; ;

. Rae abeg deeae f e ee a f e e egagedde e cac, e See C a ee aee ed ee a cc f a a e ceece f e cacbeee e ae. A c, e ee ad caca e addd ac e ea f e ea, c a fd be e

f ee.


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I e , a cac aaca afe a a cac fee f e acca eea f e cac b e ae e eece f a cac f ee. Tee eaedeead e f eea caca eae, cdg eabegcae, aed a ecdg eee a. A cae a ae, face, a ,

... . Te c eae eec cae gee efec e ea f e a (F . [2009] IRLR 365; A . B [2011] UKSC 41).T cde g bed ad beea e dce ab a eae ae ad ad de, b a e e e e ee egaged adbee, cdg edece ab e ea aded b e (ee F . [2003] IRLR423, Paa. 12; e Me LJ).

I G/ (HR 14 Nebe 1997, NJ 1998, 149,JAR 1997, 263), e aff ga ageed be efeed, b ae

caed ee a b g e ee ec f eab a. Te See C ed e bece f e ae eccdg e cac, cdg e a c e eabaed eageee, a be a dece fac deeg e ega a f a ea. Hee, e bece ca be cadced b eeece f a bdae ea f c a f ad ee a,dee e eae fdg e cae, be ccded a a cacf ee e. Te c cdeed e ca f ee cae.

C eae a ge cac aca

eeed. A cac ea beee ae ca beecafed b a c ee a. Te c ae ed eeacea a deee e eece eece f a eecac, c ca be efeed a dca. C ae a edec baed ee e dca. Sc dca a cde: aega g e, e f e , a fed ace f ,beg beced e a f ae e, ece cbeg ge b e ee, a bga ca e ea, fed aa, ega eea, eece f a ,ega a a eee e ca ec e, faca, efeece e ad e f ab a, ec.

Ca. Sc. 19 Ma 2009 N. 0744.759: Eece f aee ea deed ee e f e ae acac e dega f cac, b e ccacede c e efed ().

Te ce f ac f fac a e . Hee, aed fa f e eee. Cee, f e ae acac e e abe ee cac, c a cac egaaed e, ee f e acca eea f e cac e eece f a dffee e f ea (Fedea LabC f 12.09.1996 5 AZR 1066/94). I add, Gea a ece a e abece f a eea ageee, ad f e efed b e f e ae cd be eeced be efed


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eea, c eea deeed a fed b eae, accdace e fac f e dda cae:

Sec 612 Gea C Cde: (1) Reea deeed ae beeac ageed f de e ccace be eeced a e eceae edeed f eea. (2) If e a f eea ecfed, b a aff e, e aff eea deeed be ageed; f

aff e, e a eea deeed be ageed.

B Te ac f fac a geea ce f caca a.Ace 20(1) f e Obga ad Cac Ac ecfe: Te acac f e ae a be g e eea fcac. Te dda a be eeed e f eeea ad eac e f e a be eeed e eageg f e cac a a e, ag acc e bece fe cac, e, ad gd fa.

We a dc ade beee a ee eaad efee, e ae f f e cac e

deeg fac, b ae e ae bace f e ea.Te cc baed a geea aee f e ce f ecac a a e. Oe eae e See C dge CaeN. 381/1994, ee e ge ee cac ecfca aeda e aff a cdeed a efeed cac. Regade fe a f e cac, e See C cdeed e aff be a eee e ba a e ad eceed a fed aac caged accdace e acabe cece ageee,ad a e cac dd ecf a aca a be efed, bae aca e f a c e ae a ca ea e f.

Sec 75a f e fe Lab Cde ded:

(1) Te e f cac deg a ee ea a bece a e ecg ag e a de f eec f e eee' gf ee. (2) Te e f cac,eece f e ae, a be ce a be accdae aacabe ccace, c a e ae' ega ad eaee ade a e e f cacg dg e eface f ,e ae f e be efed, ad e g ad bga e de Sec 102104.

Te e Lab Cde de ca a a ega b e abeeed e ae aed a dgeade a. Te gfcace f e

ce f e ac f fac a bee eaed b e c a cca, c a Cae BH2002.04, c e c aeda cac a be cdeed efeece e ce aea e ae. I Cae BH2003.432, e c ed a f aee ea eed efeece e ce f ecac ccded beee e ee ad e ae dda, be da f e e f ab. I add, e cdeeed a e feed f cac ceed e deeaf e ce f e cac b e ae, ecag eg fee af e cac b gg a ecfc ae.

B I Beg, e ce f e ac f fac a e, b de a a a a e a f aea. Accdg e eeabed cae a f e Bega C de Caa ce 23 Decebe


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R 198 Paragraph 12 :

For the purposes of

the national policy

referred to in this

Recommendation,

Members may

consider clearly

defining the conditions

applied for

determining theexistence of an

2002 ( J 2003, 271; Ca. 28 A 2003, Ca. 3 Ma 2004, Ca.17 Decebe 2007, Ca. 23 Mac 2009, Ca. 25 Ma 2009), e ag f deeg e e ae f e ee ea ecafca ded b e ae e cac. O f eeface f e cac b cadc , cabe, afca a e dge ecaf e eeea. T cae a a cdaed b e Pgae Ac f27 Decebe 2006 (Ace 331 ad 332).

B. Criteria for identifying an employment relationship

Te cea f defg a ee ea a a ad ecea ed be ae eded be eae. Te eg ge cea a a a deedg e acab aaee e aca e f ee. Hee, e acea cde: c, ega, deedece, faca ,ad a f bga.

I de deee ee a dda a eee, e ccdc a ea aee f e a, ag acc f aeea fac f e dda cae.

I , f ace, e e eee cdeed a eeefeece a aca e f ee ea. Cee,e a ae a e eee f a ee ead ecea ae a be e eac dda cae. O e ba f gca ed, e c ae aca ge fa a caa ee ge e ce ag e a cea be aed e ce a cd be cdeed deabe. I e c e,ee bda de eee a deabe eee(Fedea Lab C 15.03.1978 5 AZR 819/76 ad 13.01.1983 5 AZR149/82). Iead, a cea ae ed a dcae f e eece fa ee ea. Te ba f a geea eaa,eag a e c a a c e (ee, f ace, FedeaLab C 23.04.1980 5 AZR 426/79).

I , e c eae e ace f a aaeaee f e ea. I ce, e cea e fee e e egagee ad deedece ae c a eee dg ec b e e f ab a (ee SeeC 28/2005 (Pe) ad See C 1688/2007).

I , e c a a fac de e accdg c aea aee e fac a be cdced.

1.

I a Eea ce, e a ce f eabg aee ea a ee cac a e dda bdae deede ae. Sa a acce. I e ce, ee e ae ceee; e,e ca be dffeeaed. Ma ce e e e eadeedece, e e e e e ega deedece

bda.


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employment

relationship, for

example ,

subordination or

dependence.

()

Ace 2094 ad 2222 f e C Cde defe e cea fbda ad dce e dc beee bda ada . C caacee bda, e deedece caaceed b ecc deedece, ee c e eed f e eface f e. Te See C ece

ed a a fag eee f a bdae ee ea bda, eded a a f f ea b b eeee e aagg e f e ee a ee ea e ef e ae a e e; eca, e e eee f e ee ea (c acaba, beace f a ge g e, c f eece edeed, c f e eece ece e begaa ad cda e eeeea ac, e ac f f e ad e aa) ae cdea. Tee fac d beae cdea a a e ad, a cae, ea bda. (Caae Ce, e. a., Decebe 1, 2008, N. 28525).

Sbda caaceed b e eec f dee a f a ee a e e ge de addece, c e eec, ad ac e beace f ebdae (ee C de Caa 16 Nebe 1996).

Ee Cac Ac Cae 1, Sec 1(1):

T Ac ae cac (ee cac) eeed b aeee, b eea eee a a ea, ageeg ea ef f a ee de e ee dec ad e e f a e e eea.

Te a eee f a ee ea e

ee g dec ad ee. Se a f dec ade e e ee a ea ae a b ead ad ee e . Te F See C cae 1999:113eaed e eee a f a Saa A ffce. Te Ced a e eg cac cded a e a eee f, ada cee be egaded a, a cac f ee.

Ace 11 f e Lab Cde defe e ee caca a ageee c a aa e deae, f eea, de a ac f ae e, a gaa adde a. Te dec efeece ega bda (de a) dee e fac a bda ee a e ace dg a ee cac f e, acac.

()

C A e a eee f e e efdeede . Te a def f deede caed Sec 2(1) ad (2) f e Cec Lab Cde. Accdg Sec 2(1) f e Lab Cde, deede efed aea f ee e ad eee bda, caed e ae f e ee, accdg c f e eead e eee a ef e. Accdg Sec 2(2) fe Lab Cde, deede a be caed f a age, aa


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R 198 Paragraph 13:

Members should

consider the possibility

of defining in their

laws and regulations,

or by other means,

specific indicators of

the existence of an

employment

relationship. Those

indicators mightinclude: (a) the fact

that the work: is

carried out

according to the

instructions and

under the control of

another party;

involves the

integration of the

worker in the

organization of the

enterprise; is

performed solely or

mainly for the benefit

of another person;

must be carried out

personally by the

worker; is carried out

within specific

working hours or at a

workplace specified

or agreed by the

party requesting the

work; is of a

particular durationand has a certain

continuity; requires

the worker's

availability; or

involves the

provision of tools,

materials and

machinery by the

party requesting the

work;

eea f , a e ee c ad ab, dgg a e ee ace, a e ageed e.

Deedece e a ce. Accdg Ace 11(1) fe Lab Cde (Ac N. 311/2001 Cec f La), a eee abe a aa e ee ea ad (f ecfed beca ega a a ea) ef deede f

e ee.

2. C

Oe f e ca dca f bda c, ce ea cdea c ee baga e g fc, .e. e e dec e e e cagg eed fe ab ce. C e e ad e ee e ee e eee a a e e ce. Te acdea cde: c e e , g, dce, ag,eaa, ec. C ca ee ce e ce f efg e

, ad/ e e f e , a e a e ad ee e efed. I e ce, c e e ad e eee dec ad ee ae, a ea a cea ee,acedged b e eea a . Te age f ce e ee ffce f e def f a eeea a ce. A a ceece, e aca ee fc e eea.

()

Ee Rea Ac, 1 Jaa 2003 Sec 4(1) Def f ee ea:

A ee ea a ea beee e e ad eee, eeb e e a cded e eegaed g ce, c e e, e f eea,c cae e accdg e c ad dee c f e ee.

C e e ad c ae cdeed be eee f bda. I aca, e g decde eace, e, ad cd f a a f e ee g gede a bee cdeed fdaea f cafg a ea abdae, ad a a ee ea. Ke dca f aee ea cde ac f a; e ee g

ge de; e fac a e ee ge de; e fac a eeee a bee ge ad a eec deaed c adgdee b e ee; e fac a deaed c addeade f e be efed ae ded; ad e fac a eeee aged a ece a.

Te bga f e eee cdeed be a bgaf ea, a caed e bga f a ece de, c egaded a a bga f e. Cee, e g f ceeced b e ee eee a eea ce edefca f a ee ea. Ace 40(1) . d) f e

Lab Cde ec ae: Te ee a e g eecec e e ae c e efed. T ae ee


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39

e cae f ee, ea Ace 108(3) f eLab Cde de a e ee a e g eac, bec e cd eabed b e ee cac.

Ace 2 f e Ee ad Ida Rea Ac 2002:

Eee ea a e a eeed de a cacf ece, a e a deae ea eece a

ece f, ad de e edae dec ad c f aee ().

()

Te eee f gaaa bda ega dgebeee a ca be efeed a ea c ad fcac. Pea c a deee ee ad e e be efed ad b ee egae e eeebea a e ace. Te a a f fca c

fe baae e ce f e de ad c ee e be efed. Te e f e ee e b ea ad fca c, ad d c, fe a e eee deeg e eece f a eeea. Se ce acedge e eeace f eac (a ea e ee) de a .

B W c ae ag e a eee fbda f e eee. Accdg Ace 127 (1) e 5 f eLab Cde, e ee bged de e eee c egad e eec f e de ad eeece f e g.

Fedea Lab C 30.10.1991 7 ABR 19/91: Begegaed ae e gaa ad eece f a e dec e a e beg a f bda. Te e dec a ce ce, gaa, e, da, ad ace f eac.

Beg de e ee c ad dec a a gac e deea f a ee ea. T ababe e fac a ee e faeacg e adc e e e eee ad ae eeed ge deaedc c eee f accdace e d f

bedece.

I a ce e ee eece f ega e dec egadeda ffce deee e ea e, eece f ee e aca ed b e ee.7

F ace, , e ee eece f e ega e dec egaded a ffce deee e ea e,eece f ee e aca ed b e ee. DcSee C (Hge Raad) 17 Je 1994, NJ 1994, 757, JAR 1994/152

7 See a Ieaa Lab Cfeece, 95 Se, 2006, Re V(1) Te Ee Rea, . 39.


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40

(Ia): Te See C acceed a a a eaeed beee a e' geg bd ad a a, becae eg ad be da ee deeed b e ee.Te See C ed a e fac a e dda, adced ef de a ageee ae a eg ffce, a bec e ee c egad cea aec f , dd e a egad e aec f ecaca ea, a a ea eed.

Se c dec ee e eece f effece adeae c b e ee, e e dec ae aed ae ee c de ecea ae be effece adc. Te fac a e ee ee f e e adde eca ge de, ad a e eee a efeed gae e a ega c ae ace,de a ee bda. Sbda de ee e eece f gd fed cea, b ae deed ee f .

Te ee b c e eee a,eece f ee e aca eeced b eee. I e d, ega bda eed be ea, ad effece, f a ee ea e.

Te e dec a be ed accdg e ce f e be efed. Paca egad ged dda,fca c ef a ge b a be a eabe acca dca.

Fedea Lab C f 30. 10. 1991 7 ABR 19/91: Begbeced c aa ca fea ece f age ee. Te e f ac a a e e e a gdegee f feed, ae, ad fea a.

– A cac e f e eece f a eeea e a aee f e ee c e eegagg e e eece, a e g eece, c e ee (ee C ( E) . I [1968] 2 QB 497, MacKea J a .515; (.) . G [1984] ICR 612, See LJ, .623). Tecagg ae f c a ee ea, f

a (ee Vc Sd D & H B. C & G [1947] AC 1, 12), a bed e dcbeee e ee f c eeced ee ad efee ea, ad ded e e f e c e dgg beee e . Hee, a a a e,ad e 1995 C f Aea cae f . ( [1995] IRLR493, He LJ dcaed (a 495) a e eece f a eeea deeed b e ae e fg e: a d a be de, e a c be de, e eab c be de ad e e e de?

Te eea Cde f Pacce f Deeg Ee SefEe Sa f Idda ec ae a


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a a eee ecaed edgea a be deced a e be caed .

3.

I add e ee e dec ad c e eee,e ega f e eee e ee gaa eea

a ce. We ce ceced e eee f c, eega e f e fc f bda a aee fe ee c e e caed e beefcaeee deag. T aee a cde a cdea fe ace f e e e be f e beefca, adee e e bec e ae gaaa e, cede,g aagee ad/ beef cee a eee f ebeefca. Hee, e a be e ef a ee ebdae f e gaa ae dffe cea. Se ceacedge e gfcace f ega a , ee ega f e eee e ce f ed eeace,

ad ce a bda ce dca e.

Iega a a e deeg e eece f aee ea Pga. Ace 11 f e Lab Cde, aaeded 2009, defe a ee cac a beg eea aa e agee f ae e, e, a a fe gaa ad de e dec ad c, ecageae.

We e ega e a bee ecged a a ef e eece f a ee ea (ee Deg LJ , J & H . & E ([1952] 1 TLR 101,

a 111), a bee cced a d age (ee McKea J C ( E) . .

I [1967] 2 QB 497, a 524). I e a bee cdeed acabeac a f bcacg ea agec ab,ee e gaaa bdae ae fe bed. Hee, eea eeace f ega deeg e eece f aee ea a acedged b e C f Aea ecae f . A [2010] EWCA C 1308 (a 44), cEa LJ ed a []e degee f ega a agab be aea e e ee, f ee a cac, a cac f ece.

4.

A e ce f deeg e ee a f a cacaea ee e e ed ece, a eaa, dg ece f e beef f ae. T ce ca aed a eabg e ecc ea f e eaad ed Eea ce, ag ag degee.

Te dec f H D & ., F . ([1998], 1 IR 34) gged e acef ee e e ef e a f ae beef e deea f a ee ea. I cae, e I

See C ed a geea a e be egaded a dg e ece de a cac f ece ad a a deede


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cac ee e e efg e ece f ae ead f ef eef (ee dge f Keae J).

Te eface f e a f e beeff ae a a ce f ee Lecee.Secfca, ec 1173a Ace 5(2) f e C Cde de a eeee a edae e e ee ag e e a

dced e ce f e caca ac. Ie addeg beg e ee f e eee ceae e acae e cea e efg e eeac ad caca de (Paa. 1173a Ace 41(1) f e C Cde).

We deeg ee a e a eee efeed e, e c cde ee e e eeedf efg a f a gfcace f ee ee dee e f e cac.

I dec f 13.03.2008 2 AZR 1037/06, e FedeaLab C fd a a caca cae a ec e

ce beee e cacg ae aca, ad dcae fefee.

5. C

Wee e e eed ca e ea a be aa ce ag e ed deee ee aee cac e. If e e ca be ae e ef e , e e a a eee. Hee, ebdeega f e f e d be ae a cce fdeede cac a. We e g deegae a bedcae f efee, eece d be eged aga egg acce f g e de gba bea ageeea fe ca e g eec ecfc age (caed ega eae caa e, ad e ceag e f deega b cae ee cac. I e ce, ae ae a eacee e ceaccace de ecea ad e a f fdg a aee ea e, f c e acedged b eeea ega.

B Ace 8(4) f e Lab Cde ae a ab g adde a be ea. A eca f ab g, a e a a

afe f ab g ad de, a be d. Deega f , ag be ce, aca ee ea, ad eefe dcae f efee:ee Fedea Lab C dec f 13.03.2008 2 AZR 1037/06. Fe,a cac f a ca be efed e ee fd ae dcae efee: ee Fedea Lab C f12.12.2001 5 AZR 253/00.

Ace 2094 C Cde ae a a bdae e ee deae cabae e eee b g e eeca aa ab, de e dec f e ee ad

e f eea.


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Accdg Ace 7:659 f e C Cde, beefed b e dda eee (See C Cae HR13 Decebe 1957, NJ 1958, 35 Zafd/He Pa). Hee, be f e eee be eaced b ae eee, deda e ee agee (See C Cae HR 21 Mac 1969, NJ1969, 321; HR 17 Nebe 1978, NJ 1979, 140 IVA/Qee).

Ag eee ae aed deegae e ae e, aace e eec f e a, acaca cae eg a eee bcac e ede a ee cac e f efee. Rae, ca cae be ad ee e cea deae a aee ea e (ee CSJ, IIIe, 6 Nebe 2003, N. 26971;ad CSJ III, 24 Ma 2007, N. 31536).

If a e egage bcac dec f e e eface f de e cac, e e cdeed be efeed. Mee, f e e caca bged de a eacee cae f e e a ea,

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