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Dentistry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dentistry

Intervention

ICD-9-CM 23-24

MeSH D003813

[edit on Wikidata]

A patient undergoing dental treatment. Dentist(wearing loupes), uses mirror and handpiece while

dental assistant uses aspirator

Occupation

Names Dentist, dental surgeon, doctor [1][nb 1] Occupation

typeProfession

Activity

sectorsHealth care and cosmesis

Description

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Competencies

Empathy, communication andinterpersonal skills, professionalism,manual dexterity, critical thinking,analytic skills, team working,craftsmanship and design skills

Educationrequired

Dental Degree, Medical Degree

Related jobsPhysician, dental assistant, dentaltechnician, various dental specialists

An oral surgeon and dental assistant removing a wisdom tooth

A sagittal cross-section of a molar tooth; 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, 4: dentin and dentintubules, 5: pulp chamber, 6: blood vessels and nerve, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, 9: alveolar bone

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study, diagnosis, prevention, andtreatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but

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also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in themaxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.[2] Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public, the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspectsof the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures.The term dentistry comes from odontology (from Ancient Greek ὀδούς (odoús, "tooth")) – the

study of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth. Because of their substantialoverlap in concept, dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunctmedical specialty of stomatology (the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases) forwhich reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions.

Dentistry is widely considered [weasel words] important for overall health. Dental treatment is carriedout by the dental team, which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries (dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and dental therapists). Most dentists work in private practices ( primary care), although some work in dental hospitals and hospitals (secondary care) and institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.).

The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with theearliest evidence dating from 7000 BC. Remains from the early Harappan periods of the IndusValley Civilization (c. 3300 BC) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000years.[3] It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine.[4]

Contents

1 Dental treatment 2 Education and licensing 3 Specialties 4 History

o 4.1 Modern dentistry

5 Priority patients 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

Dental treatment

Dentistry usually encompasses very important [according to whom?] practices related to the oral cavity.Oral diseases are major public health problems [according to whom?] due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe with the disadvantaged affected more than other socio-economicgroups.[5]

The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common oraldiseases which are dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease (gum disease or pyorrhea).Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth,scaling and root planing and endodontic root canal treatment.

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All dentists in the United States undergo at least three years of undergraduate studies, but nearlyall complete a bachelor's degree. This schooling is followed by four years of dental school toqualify as a "Doctor of Dental Surgery" (DDS) or "Doctor of Dental Medicine" (DMD). Dentistsneed to complete additional qualifications or continuing education to carry out more complextreatments such as sedation, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and dental implants.

By nature of their general training they can carry out the majority of dental treatments such asrestorative (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, as well as performing examinations,radiographs (x-rays) and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics, sedatives, and any other drugs used in patient management.

Dentists also encourage prevention of oral diseases through proper hygiene and regular, twiceyearly, checkups for professional cleaning and evaluation. Conditions in the oral cavity may beindicative of systemic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, or cancer . Many studies have alsoshown that gum disease is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and

preterm birth. The concept that oral health can have an impact on systemic health and disease isreferred to as "oral-systemic health".

Education and licensing

Main article: Dentistry throughout the world

Early dental chair in Pioneer West Museum in Shamrock, Texas

Dr. John M. Harris started the world's first dental school in Bainbridge, Ohio, and helped toestablish dentistry as a health profession. It opened on 21 February 1828, and today is a dentalmuseum.[6] The first dental college, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore,Maryland, USA in 1840. The second in the United States was the Philadelphia College of DentalSurgery, established in 1852.[7] In 1907 Temple University accepted a bid to incorporate theschool.

Studies showed that dentists graduated from different countries,[8] or even from different dentalschools in one country,[9] may have different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition.For example, dentists graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend more often for theremoval of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) than dentists graduated fromLatin American or Eastern European dental schools.[10]

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of_Dental_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_College_of_Dental_Surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Dental_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Dental_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge,_Ross_County,_Ohiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamrock,_Texashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_West_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry_throughout_the_worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_disease_%28disambiguation%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabeteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygienehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedativehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_%28dentistry%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_%28dentistry%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_implanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Dental_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Dental_Surgery


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In the United Kingdom, the 1878 British Dentists Act and 1879 Dentists Register limited the titleof "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.[11][12] However, otherscould legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".[13] The practice ofdentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Act, whichrequired the registration of anyone practising dentistry.[14] The British Dental Association,

formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes as president, played a major role in prosecuting dentists practising illegally.[11]

In Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Finland, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, the United States, and Canada, adentist is a healthcare professional qualified to practice dentistry after graduating with a degreeof either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD). This isequivalent to the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent,BChD, BDSc) that is awarded in the UK and British Commonwealth countries. In most westerncountries, to become a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study[citation needed ]; within the European Union the education has to be at least fiveyears. Dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before

practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to complete an internship or residencyfocusing on specific aspects of dental care after they have received their dental degree.

Specialties

Main article: Specialty (dentistry)

Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactlywhich subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies according to location.Examples include:

Dental public health – The study of epidemiology and social health policies relevant to

oral health Conservative dentistry and endodontics: The art and science of restoring the tooth form

and function when destructed by carious and non carious lesions affecting the teeth, before involvement of pulp or root canal is termed as conservative dentistry. When theroot canal are involved, the speciality is known as endodontics. This speciality degree isawarded in India

Endodontics (also called endodontology) – Root canal therapy and study of diseases ofthe dental pulp and periapical tissues.

Forensic odontology – The gathering and use of dental evidence in law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training in this field. The function of the

forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity. Geriatric dentistry or Geriodontics – The delivery of dental care to older adults involving

the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging andage-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with other health care professionals.

Oral and maxillofacial pathology – The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment oforal and maxillofacial related diseases.

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Oral and maxillofacial radiology – The study and radiologic interpretation of oral andmaxillofacial diseases.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) – Extractions, implants, andsurgery of the jaws, mouth and face.[nb 2]

Oral biology – Research in dental and craniofacial biology

Oral Implantology – The art and science of replacing extracted teeth with dental implants. Oral medicine – The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics – The straightening of teeth and modification of

midface and mandibular growth. Pediatric dentistry (also called pedodontics) – Dentistry for children Periodontology (also called periodontics) – The study and treatment of diseases of the

periodontium (non-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dentalimplants

Prosthodontics (also called prosthetic dentistry) – Dentures, bridges and the restoration ofimplants. Some prosthodontists further their training in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", which is the discipline concerned with the replacement of missing facial

structures, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc. Special needs dentistry (also called special care dentistry) – Dentistry for those withdevelopmental and acquired disabilities.

Veterinary dentistry, a speciality of veterinary medicine – The field of dentistry appliedto the care of animals.[15][16]

History

Farmer at the dentist , Johann Liss, c. 1616 – 17.

Tooth decay was low in pre-agricultural societies, the growth in farming society about 10,000years ago correlated with an increase with the rate of cavities.[17] An infected tooth from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, between 13,820 and 14,160 years old, represents the oldestknown dentistry.[18] The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC.[19] An IVC site in Mehrgarh indicates that this form of

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tologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_dentistryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dentofacial_orthopedics&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_pathologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cavityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Implantologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oral_biology&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_implanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_%28dental%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_radiology


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dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead crafters.[3] The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methodsused were reliable and effective.[20] The earliest dental filling, made of beeswax, was discoveredin Slovenia and dates from 6500 years ago.[21]

A Sumerian text from 5000 BC describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.[22]

Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient India, Egypt, Japan, and China. The legendof the worm is also found in the writings of Homer , and as late as the 14th century AD thesurgeon Guy de Chauliac still promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[23]

Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the EbersPapyrus, Kahun Papyri, Brugsch Papyrus, and Hearst papyrus of Ancient Egypt.[24] The EdwinSmith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reflect previous manuscripts fromas early as 3000 BC, discusses the treatment of dislocated or fractured jaws.[24][25] In the 18thcentury BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as it related to punishment.[26] Examination of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans

reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics.

[27]

However, it is possible the prosthetics were prepared after death for aesthetic reasons.[24]

Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and usingwires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.[28] Some say the first use of dental appliances or bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early as 700 BC.[29] In ancient Egypt, Hesi-Re is thefirst named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together withgold wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well asdental treatments such as narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.[30][31] The earliest dentalamalgams were first documented in a Tang Dynasty medical text written by the Chinese

physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Germany in 1528.

[32][33]

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the MiddleAges and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually limited their practice to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy deChauliac invented the dental pelican[34] (resembling a pelican's beak) which was used to performdental extractions up until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[34] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 20th century. [citation needed ]

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Dental needle-nose pliers designed by Fauchard in the late 17th century to use in prosthodontics.

The first book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[28] and the firstdental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" by Charles Allen in

1685.[12]

In the United Kingdom there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatmentuntil 1859 and it was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reportedthat there were then more than twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UKthan there were in 1921.[35]

Modern dentistry

A microscopic device used in dental analysis, circa 1900

It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English physician Thomas Browne in his A Letter to a Friend (circa 1656 pub. 1690) made an earlydental observation with characteristic humour

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The Egyptian Mummies that I have seen, have had their Mouths open, and somewhat gaping,

which affordeth a good opportunity to view and observe their Teeth, wherein 'tis not easie to find

any wanting or decayed: and therefore in Egypt, where one Man practised but one Operation, or

the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that ofdrawing of Teeth, and little better than to have been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had

but two in his Head .The French surgeon Pierre Fauchard became known as the "father of modern dentistry". Despitethe limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century,Fauchard was a highly skilled surgeon who made remarkable improvisations of dentalinstruments, often adapting tools from watch makers, jewelers and even barbers, that he thoughtcould be used in dentistry. He introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. Heasserted that sugar derivate acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay, and alsosuggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the gums could appear in the later stages oftooth decay.[36][37]

Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, made 1978

Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he discovered many methods to replace lost

teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of ivory or bone. He alsointroduced dental braces, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed linen orsilk threads were usually employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dentalscience consist primarily of his 1728 publication Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist.The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental construction, and variousoperative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider categoryof surgery".[36][37]

A modern Dentist's chair.

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After Fauchard, the study of dentistry rapidly expanded. Two important books, Natural Historyof Human Teeth (1771 ) and Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778), were published by British surgeon John Hunter . In 1763 he entered into a period of collaboration withthe London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise about the possibility of toothtransplants from one person to another. He realised that the chances of an (initially, at least)

successful tooth transplant would be improved if the donor tooth was as fresh as possible andwas matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation ofinternal organs. Hunter conducted a series of pioneering operations, in which he attempted atooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums,one of Hunter's patients stated that he had three which lasted for six years, a remarkableachievement for the period.[38]

Major advances were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation by the end of the 19th century. Inthe UK the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Association formed in 1879. Inthe same year, Francis Brodie Imlach was the first ever dentist to be elected President of the

Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for thefirst time.[39]

Priority patients

UK NHS priority patients include patients with congenital abnormalities (such as cleft palates and hypodontia), patients who have suffered orofacial trauma and those being treated for cancer in the head and neck region. These are treated in a multidisciplinary team approach with otherhospital based dental specialities orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery. Other priority patientsinclude those with infections (either third molars or necrotic teeth) or avulsed permanent teeth, aswell as patients with a history of smoking or smokeless tobacco with ulcers in the oral cavity.

See also

List of dental organizations

Notes

1.

Whether Dentists are referred to as "Doctor" is subject to geographic variation. For example,

they are called "Doctor" in the USA. In the UK, dentists have traditionally been referred to as"Mister" as they identified themselves with barber surgeons more than physicians (as dosurgeons in the UK, see Surgeon#Titles). However more UK dentists now refer to themselves as"Doctor", although this is generally viewed as misleading by the British public (see Costley andFawcett 2010).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_%28surgeon%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_%28surgeon%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_%28surgeon%29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_organhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_organhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brodie_Imlachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brodie_Imlachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brodie_Imlachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dental_organizationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dental_organizationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon#Titleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon#Titleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon#Titleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon#Titleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_surgeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dental_organizationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillofacial_surgeryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodonticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodontiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_palateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brodie_Imlachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_organhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_%28surgeon%29


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2. The scope of Oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both amedical and dental degree is required for training, and the scope includes head and neckoncology and craniofacial deformity.

References

Wikipedia and research

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Neil Costley; Jo Fawcett. "General Dental Council Patient and Public Attitudes to Standards for Dental Professionals, Ethical Guidance and Use of the Term Doctor". General Dental

Council / George Street Research. "Glossary of Dental Clinical and Administrative Terms" . American Dental Association. Retrieved 1 February 2014.

"Stone age man used dentist drill" . BBC News. 6 April 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2010. Suddick, RP; Harris, NO (1990). "Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series". Criticalreviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of

Oral Biologists 1 (2): 135 – 51. doi:10.1177/10454411900010020301. PMID 2129621. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21stcentury – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme Owen, Lorrie K., ed. Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places. Vol. 2. St. Clair Shores: Somerset,1999, 1217 – 1218. "History" . Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Retrieved 13 January 2016. Zadik Yehuda; Levin Liran (January 2008). "Clinical decision making in restorativedentistry, endodontics, and antibiotic prescription". J Dent Educ 72 (1): 81 – 6. PMID 18172239.

Zadik Yehuda; Levin Liran (April 2006). "Decision making of Hebrew University and Tel Aviv University Dental Schools graduates in every day dentistry — is there a difference?". J Isr Dent Assoc 23 (2): 19 – 23. PMID 16886872. Zadik Yehuda; Levin Liran (April 2007). "Decision making of Israeli, East European, andSouth American dental school graduates in third molar surgery: is there a difference?" . J Oral

Maxillofac Surg 65 (4): 658 – 62. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.002. PMID 17368360. Retrieved 16

July 2008. Gelbier, Stanley. 125 Years of Developments in Dentistry. British Dental Journal (2005);199, 470 – 473. Page accessed 11 December 2007. The 1879 register is referred to as the "DentalRegister". The story of dentistry: Dental History Timeline, hosted on the British Dental Association

website. Page accessed 2 March 2010. "Failure of Act" . The Glasgow Herald . 8 February 1955. Retrieved 2 March 2010. History of Dental Surgery in Edinburgh (PDF), hosted on the Royal College of Surgeons ofEdinburgh website. Page accessed 11 December 2007. "AVDC Home" . Avdc.org. 29 November 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2010. "EVDC web site" . Evdc.info. Retrieved 18 April 2010. Barras, Colin (29 February 2016). "How our ancestors drilled rotten teeth" . BBC. Retrieved 1 March 2016.

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"Oldest Dentistry Found in 14,000-Year-Old Tooth" . Discovery Channel . 16 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015. Coppa, A. et al. 2006. "Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry" (PDF). Nature. Volume 440. 6April 2006. MSNBC (2008). Dig uncovers ancient roots of dentistry.

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of Surgeons of Edinburgh" (PDF). History of Dentistry Newsletter (14).

External links

Wikiversity has learning materials about School:Dentistry

http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htmhttp://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-dentistry-found-in-14000-year-old-tooth-1507156.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channelhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdfhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7085/pdf/440755a.pdfhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12168308/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12168308/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12168308/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044904https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044904https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044904http://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asphttp://www.ada.org/public/resources/history/timeline_ancient.asphttp://www.ada.org/http://www.ada.org/http://www.ada.org/http://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdfhttp://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdfhttp://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdfhttp://crobm.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/1/2/135.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665522https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665522https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24665522https://web.archive.org/web/20071226035425/http:/students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20071226035425/http:/students.ou.edu/D/Andrew.J.Dunlevy-1/episode1.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttp://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDFhttp://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDFhttp://www.dentalofficesantaclarita.com/history2001.PDFhttp://www.arabworldbooks.com/articles8c.htmhttp://www.arabworldbooks.com/articles8c.htmhttp://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/http://completedentalguide.co.uk/history-of-dentistry/http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/http://edwardmoondds.com/history-of-dentistry-research-group/http://science.jrank.org/pages/1995/Dentistry-Skill-superstition.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/1995/Dentistry-Skill-superstition.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/1995/Dentistry-Skill-superstition.htmlhttp://science.jrank.org/pages/1995/Dentistry-Skill-superstition.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20091201213847/http:/www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20091201213847/http:/www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2694433https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2694433https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2694433http://www.dmd.co.il/antiqueshttp://www.dmd.co.il/antiqueshttp://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-9/http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-9/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0101761503https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0101761503https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0101761503https://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Moorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Moorehttps://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoChttps://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoChttps://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8http://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttp://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttp://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttp://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Dentistryhttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Dentistryhttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Dentistryhttps://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Dentistryhttp://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttp://historyofdentistry.co.uk/index_htm_files/2004Apr2.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4090-4462-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Moorehttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2wtqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=2RRqAAAAMAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0101761503https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-9/http://www.dmd.co.il/antiqueshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2694433https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttp://www.dentaltreatment.org.uk/history.htmlhttps://web.archive.o

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