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Regionalism in the Middle East: A Barrier to Peace by Jim Gilbertsen

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Regionalism in the Middle East:A Barrier to Peace

by Jim Gilbertsen

Presenter
Presentation Notes
1) My topic is "Regionalism in the Middle East"
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Regionalism“devotion to the interests of one’s own region.”

Presenter
Presentation Notes
2) Webster's Dictionary defines regionalism as the "devotion to the interests of one's own region."
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The “Middle East”

The World Factbook 2007

A Large Area!Turkey—Somalia

Egypt—Iran

Presenter
Presentation Notes
3) The Middle East is large: – it extends from Turkey to Somalia and from Egypt to Iran …
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Iraq and Vicinity

Iraq has 6 neighbors:Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iran

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAN

JORDAN

SYRIA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
4) [CONTINUING] … so we will focus on a smaller area – centered on Iraq and its 6 neighbors: (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and Iran)
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Why Iraq?Because of the ongoing conflictAnd to use GIS to see for ourselves some of the Regional problems we hear about in the news

Presenter
Presentation Notes
5) Why is Iraq IMPORTANT? …because of the ON-GOING CONFLICT over there. Regionalism plays a role IN the conflict – And I CHOSE it to see if we could USE GIS to see some of the PROBLEMS we hear about in THE NEWS
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Why GIS?

Why will GIS work for something like this?A sample of a project of wide-extent that worked…

Presenter
Presentation Notes
6) Why will GIS work for this? – It’s such a large area, but… GIS can SHOW large areas, as well as small areas, on its spatial display – Here’s one familiar PROJECT that worked...
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…Red State/Blue State

from ESRI.com2004 Presidential election results

Presenter
Presentation Notes
7) “…Red State/Blue State” seen on the news on election nights—It’s the most recognized EXAMPLE of GIS use – THIS example, from the ESRI website, is from the 2004 Presidential Election – It shows that GIS can be used for even LARGE areas – If we have the data
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Why is there Regionalism in Iraq?

Presenter
Presentation Notes
8) Here is a quick look at why there’s Regionalism in Iraq
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“Lines Drawn in the Sand”

in Saharan Africa

in the Middle East Iraq

Saharan Africa

Presenter
Presentation Notes
9) After World War ONE, the winners carved up the colonies of the losers, (POINT OUT) creating borders that are “Artificial Lines in the Sand” …often DIVIDING groups of people! – Iraq was ONE of these countries * [Aside: Iraq was carved out of the former Ottoman Empire – a German holding – under the League of Nations “a” mandate]
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“Kurdistan”

At 22 million, the largest non-autonomous population in the world without self-rule

* Spans Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Iraq and Iran

Presenter
Presentation Notes
10) KURDISTAN was the most glaring EXAMPLE of this I SAW in my data – It extends from Turkey, THRU northern Iraq, and into Iran * From here-to-here, is over 600 miles ! – At 22 million, it’s the largest POPULATION in the world without self-rule
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Data Search: 1) Create a base map in ArcGIS

2) Show “regionalism” in the area

3) Data about Iraq’s neighbors

Presenter
Presentation Notes
11) When I looked for data, I needed THREE THINGS – I wanted to create a base map in ArcGIS – I needed to show regions in the area – AND I wanted data about Iraq’s neighbors, too
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ESRI data

“GIS for Everyone”publ 2003 by ESRI

* incl a CD with 500MB of ESRI data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
12) I found ESRI data in one of their books called “GIS for Everyone.” It has a CD with ESRI shape files, dated 2002. – This gave me the data I needed to make my GIS “base map.”
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ESRI Layers UsedESRI “World data” files:

• Cities (point vector data)• Rivers (line vector data)• Lakes (polygon vector data)• Countries_2002 (poly)• Lat_Long_Grid (line)• Tectonic_Plates (poly)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
13) The 6 layers I used from ESRI “WORLD VECTOR” data are [these]: – Cities, Rivers, Lakes, Countries, a Grid, and Tectonic_Plates
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Spatial Reference of ESRI dataGeographic Coordinate System: GCS WGS 1984

(Horizontal Datum: D_WGS_1984)

ArcCatalog

Presenter
Presentation Notes
14) (POINT OUT: ARROW) – The Spatial Reference of these shapefiles is “Geographic Coordinate System WGS-1984”
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Attributed Shapefiles

ArcCatalog

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Presentation Notes
15) The ESRI shapefiles are heavily ATTRIBUTED – (POINT OUT: ‘Attributes’ tab) – For example, the COUNTRY shapefile has 18 attributes
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The Base Map

ArcMAP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
16) And this is the BASE MAP I made from ESRI shapfiles—IRAQ is highlighted [do THE PROCESS: BRIEFLY !] – I put the Tectonic_Plates layer down FIRST and colored those POLYGONS blue to make the ocean – Then put the GRID down over that – Then overlayed the COUNTRY polygons and made them solid – Then the LAKES and RIVERS on top of that – AND Finally, I put the CITIES down and symbolized the “National capitals”
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Internet SearchThe ESRI data did NOT contain any data pertaining to “Groups” or unofficial “Regions.”Turned to the internet – found no usable GIS dataBut found on-line Maps (and Statistical data)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
17) The ESRI files did NOT contain any data about “Groups” or unofficial “Regions.” – AND an Internet search produced NO usable GIS layers for the Middle East—but I found MAPS that DID! – an On-Line MAP LIBRARY at the University of TEXAS was a good source of scanned MAPS – I ALSO found statistical data in “The World Factbook” on the CIA website
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Some of the Maps I found

* Sunni Triangle(WikiMedia Commons)

* Ethno-Religions Groups(Iraq, a Country Profile 2003)

Middle East Reference Map(World Factbook 2007)

* Oil Infrastructure(Iraq, a Country Profile 2003) ** Population Density

(UT Map No. 503930 1978)

** Kurdish Area(Iraq, a Map Folio 1992)

** Ethno-Religious (Regional)(Univ-Tx)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
18) HERE are some of the MAPS I found – I GEOREFERENCED well over a DOZEN images, including the reference map, AND DIGITIZED data from (**)SIX, BUT ended up only using data from these (*)THREE in my project; MAJOR_GROUPS, OIL, and the SUNNI_TRIANGLE
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MiddleEast_Geodatabase

ArcCatalog

Presenter
Presentation Notes
19) At this point, I needed to keep all the data together in one place – SO I CREATED a personal GDB for this project (POINT OUT) – I have TWO FEATURE datasets – ONE for my digitized layers, and ONE with the ESRI data – ONE TABLE that I created LATER – and 17 RASTER DATASETS of imported IMAGES
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Iraqi ethnic and religious groups

“Distribution of Ethnoreligious Groups and Major Tribes”Iraq Country Profile 2003 (UT)

(42 polygons !)(7 categories)

ArcMAP

Georeferenced Map

Presenter
Presentation Notes
20) To DIGITIZE my layers, I… – GEOREFERENCED a map image TO the BASE MAP In ArcGIS – AND added a POLYGON “feature class” INTO the feature dataset – ADDED A FIELD called Majority_Group into the attribute table to CLASSIFY the data BEFORE I digitized ANY polygons – I ended up with 42 DIGITIZED polygons and 7 categories
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Attribute table of digitized polygonlayer with 3 added Fields

ArcGIS

Presenter
Presentation Notes
21) This ATTRIBUTE TABLE shows the 42 polygons I digitized (POINT OUT) – I added THREE MORE fields—RELIGION, ETHNIC and a COMBINATION of the TWO – and entered DATA into them BASED ON the original “Majority_Group” field
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Two Ethnic Regions

Arabic

Kurdish

ArcMAPUsing “EthnicGroup” field

7 categories

Presenter
Presentation Notes
22) – I copied the original DIGITIZED layer in the TOC in ArcMAP – AND Renamed it “Ethnic_Divisions,” – THEN SYMBOLIZED the “EthnicGroup” FIELD to get these TWO “ethnic” regions: KURDISH and ARAB
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Two Religious Regions

Sunni

Shia

ArcMAPUsing “Religion” field

7 categories

Presenter
Presentation Notes
23) – I copied the DIGITIZED layer (in the TOC) AGAIN, – AND Renamed it “Religious_Divisions,” – THEN SYMBOLIZED the “Religion” FIELD to get these TWO “religious” regions: SUNNI and SHIA
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Three Distinct Regions

Regional Divisions

Kurdish

Sunni

Shia

(Using “EthnoReligious” field)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
24) AND FINALLY, I copied the DIGITIZED layer AGAIN – AND Renamed it “Three_Divisions” – THEN SYMBOLIZED the “Ethno-Religious” FIELD which was BASED ON the other two fields – AND this gives us… our 3 major divisions in Iraq: KURDISH, SUNNI, SHIA
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“Sunni Triangle”

Kurdish

Sunni

Shia

ArcMAP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
25) HERE are the REGIONS in relation to the SUNNI TRIANGLE we hear so much about in the NEWS. – (POINT OUT) There are some areas of MIXING, especially around Baghdad. This STAR is Baghdad – The “Sunni Triangle” is a HEAVILY POPULATED AREA of Iraq
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Iraqi Oil fields

“Oil Infrastructure”Iraq Country Profile 2003 (UT)

(81 oil fields)(2 categories)

Georeferenced Map

Presenter
Presentation Notes
26) Here is ANOTHER MAP I digitized to get the location of OIL FIELDS in Iraq – There are 81 DIGITIZED oil fields, AND 2 CLASSES (POINT OUT) “Supergiant” and “Other” – (POINT OUT) Notice the CLUSTERING; in the NORTH and the SOUTHEAST!
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Oil: an Incentive for Division

ArcMAPOil Overlaid on 3 Regions

Presenter
Presentation Notes
27) When we put OIL on the 3 REGIONS we see where the OIL is, and there is VERY LITTLE in the Sunni Triangle (POINT OUT) – With GIS we CLEARLY see why the SUNNI fight to keep the country UNITED—they don’t have much OIL – UNITED, they get an equal share
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Statistics by Country

“The World Factbook 2007”

publ by CIA

* Statistics on Individual Countries

Presenter
Presentation Notes
28) To get data on the NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES, – I turned to “The World Factbook,” published yearly by the CIA and available for download on their website – It has STATISTICS on individual countries – To use the data in ArcGIS, I entered the statistics into a table using MicroSoft ACCESS
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Tabular Data Created inMS Access

(data from “The World Factbook 2007”)Table for IRAQ and Neighboring Countries

MS Access table

Imported into GDB then ‘added table’ to project in ArcMAP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
29) This is the table I made listing the 7 COUNTRIES (POINT OUT FIELDS) – ALL the RELIGIOUS data went into THREE columns, ETHNIC data in THREE columns, and OIL data into SIX columns – (POINT OUT lower table) THEN I imported the table into my GDB using ArcCatalog. The OBJECTID field was created automatically – THEN I ADDED the table into ArcMAP **[KEEP!!]
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‘Neighborhood’ – %Religions

* created from CIA data “related” to ESRI ‘country’ data

Pie Charts

Presenter
Presentation Notes
30) I “RELATED” the STATISTICS table to the COUNTRY layer in ArcGIS – This slide shows the RELIGIOUS MAKEUP of Iraq and neighboring countries – (POINT OUT) Yellow is “SUNNI,” RED is “SHIA”
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‘Neighborhood’ – %Ethnic

Pie Charts * created from CIA data “related” to ESRI ‘country’ data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
31) This slide shows the ETHNIC MAKEUP of the countries – (POINT OUT) here, YELLOW is “ARAB,” and BLUE is “OTHER”
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Oil Exports and Reservesas a % of World Total

Stacked Charts * created from CIA data “related” to ESRI ‘country’ data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
32) This shows how much OIL Iraq and its neighbors HAVE; and how much they EXPORT – EXPORTS in RED; RESERVES in BLUE – (POINT OUT) we can see how much Saudi, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq have—and THE OTHERS have VERY LITTLE
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Importance of Studyingthis Region

Help Find a Solution to an Ongoing Conflict

Increased World Competition for Energy

Presenter
Presentation Notes
33) Studying this Region is Import to Help Find a Resolution to the On-Going Conflict, by showing some of the roots of the problem – And BECAUSE Increased World Competition for Energy makes “Oil Countries” of great importance to us
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
34) AND this is a MAP I made from some of the data
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Ideas for Future Work1) More Statistics• % Iraq oil in Sunni

Triangle• Bar graphs of oil/per

person in ethnic areas within Iraq

2) Other digitized data– eg: Population Density within group-areas in Iraq3) Other Regions: Israel and Palestine –complicated! ArcMAP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
35) Given more time we could: – Do more Statistics with OIL and POPULATION data – AND USE other DIGITIZED data that didn’t make it into this project LIKE: Population Density (POINT OUT) – ALSO, we could look at OTHER REGIONS, like the EVEN more complicated area of Israel and Palestine
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Sources1) ESRI (2002) data: shapefiles, layers, attributed, spatially referenced, metadata

2) University of Texas Online: Perry Casteneda [Map Library]: Scanned maps, (from various sources and projects)

3) CIA: The World Factbook 2007, country statistics and reference map

4) WikiMedia Commons: images of maps, general purpose reference only

Presenter
Presentation Notes
36) “And these were my SOURCES…”
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The End

Presenter
Presentation Notes
37) “…and, Thank You” (The End)
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(Additional Slides Follow)

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These slides did not make it into this project
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Population Density

Map No. 503930 1978 (UT)

ArcMAP

Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT OUT: density classes: 1 = “sparse” 5 = “dense” - Also two cut-and-pastes (spatial display, and TOC) here - Source: Iraq_PopulationDensity_Map No. 503930 1978 (UT the PC map library) - This is the one I didn’t really use, but with the most potential for statistics (“If I had more time…”)
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Digitizing “Kurdistan”

Digitized from georeferenced map

Presenter
Presentation Notes
To Digitize layers, I – 1) – Georeferenced a map image on the BASE MAP… 2) – Created a “feature dataset” in the GDB 3) – Added a “feature class” into the feature dataset, a polygon [layer], in this example 4) – Before digitizing, I ADDED A FIELD into the attribute table, and used the new field to attribute the data
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“Sunni Triangle”

Kurdish

Sunni

Shia

Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT OUT: {Do we like the black or white better? Chose White for consistency!} - The Three Regions: KURDISH, SUNNI, SHIA - The SUNNI TRIANGLE - “This is the “Sunni Triangle” we hear about in the press” a heavily populated area of Iraq - Cities (no cities in the sparse areas and they can have “pockets” of other groups around cities in a region)
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Oil Field Locations

from “Oil Infrastructure 2003”

Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT OUT: - Notice clustering in two areas, the north and the southeast!!
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Table Attributes in the GDB

ArcCatalog

Presenter
Presentation Notes
POINT OUT: the ATTRIBUTES shown in the GDB [The fields in the table all show up as “Attributes” in the Metadata] POINT OUT: - The table highlighted in the TOC - The table’s Title (CIAWorldFactbook2007_IraqRegion) and… - The Attributes (or “fields”) in the METADATA
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How I did my project/GIS layersHow I did my project:• I had a book with a CD with ESRI data in it. I downloaded the CD data

and opened them up in ArcGIS.• Found data layers (shapefiles dated 2002) to make my base map.

Didn’t find any statistical data of use.• I searched the Internet and found no relevant GIS data layers.• So I searched for any data. I found scanned maps, AND statistics in

raw form.• Made a Personal Geodatabase to put all this new, and the old, data• I created GIS layers by georeferenceing ALL the maps.• Later, I selected the area features, and digitized them.• I created a table and entered the statistical data, then imported the

table into ArcGIS. Later, applying the stats (by country) to make charts/graphs.

GIS layers.• Layer 1; source, format, coordinate system, necessary processing.• Layer 2; etc…

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Ideas for Future Work1) Statistics• % Iraq oil in Sunni Triangle• Country/Admin population statistics• Bar graphs of oil/per person in ethnic areas

within Iraq2) Other digitized data – eg: Population Density within group-areas in Iraq3) Israel and Palestine – complicated

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Given more time and skills, I would like to do: 1) – Ideas for Statistics - PerCent% Iraq oil in Sunni Triangle - Country/Admin population statistics - Bar graphs of oil/per person in ethnic areas within Iraq 2) – Use other digitized data that didn’t make it into this project – for example: Population Density within these regions in Iraq 3) – AND given more time and skills, I would like to use GIS to look at the more complicated area of Israel and Palestine
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Presenter
Presentation Notes
A GIS map with an Alternate Background