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catchmentmanagement authority
AAN
CC AC TA T T
COWRA
BLAYNEY
OBERON
BATHURSTREGIONAL
MID-WESTERNREGIONAL
ORANGE
WELLINGTON
BOURKE
BOGAN
WARREN
COONAMBLE
GILGANDRA
WARRUMBUNGLE
NARROMINE
DUBBO
LACHLAN CABONNE
Wellington
Molong
DubboNarromine
Warren
Nyngan
Condobolin
Orange
Blayney
CowraOberon
Bathurst
Mudgee
Gilgandra
Coonamble
Bourke
Coonabarabran
MacqaurieMarshes
Macquarie
River
Bogan
River
Cudg
eg
ong River
CastlereaghRiver
LakeBurrendong
Regional State of theEnvironment Report
2008–2009
For the Councils
of the Greater Central West Region of NSW:
Bathurst, Blayney, Bogan, Bourke, Cabonne, Coonamble, Cowra, Dubbo, Gilgandra,
Lachlan, Mid-Western, Narromine, Oberon, Orange, Warren, Warrumbungle, Wellington
Comprehensive Report
2008-2009 Comprehensive Report 1
Regional State of the Environment Report
The preparation of the Regional State of the
Environment Report 2008-09 was funded by the
Central West Catchment Management with contribu-
tions from the 17 participating local Councils. It should
be noted that this is a Comprehensive SoE report
and shows trends, where possible, in relation to the
data from the Supplementary report first produced in
2007-08 for the region. It should also be noted that
there were two new Councils (Bogan and Cowra)
participating in the 2008-09 reporting process.
Brewarrina and Weddin Councils, which participated
in 2007-08, did not do so in 2008-09.
Prepared for:
The 17 participating Councils and the Central West
Catchment Management Authority
30 Warne Street, Wellington, NSW
PO Box 227, Wellington, NSW, 2820
Tel: 02 6840 7800 Fax; 02 6840 7801
www.cw.cma.nsw.gov.au
Prepared by:
Molino Stewart Pty Ltd
Phone: (02) 9354 0300
www.molinostewart.com.au
Design:
Wild Red Frog Design
Phone: (02) 9975 3305
© Central West Catchment Management Authority
and the Councils of Bathurst, Blayney, Bogan, Bourke,
Cabonne, Coonamble, Cowra, Dubbo, Gilgandra,
Lachlan, Mid-Western, Narromine, Oberon, Orange,
Warren, Warrumbungle and Wellington.
All intellectual property and copyright reserved.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of
private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted
under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this report
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored in a retrieval
system or adapted in any form or by any means
(electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise) without written permission. Enquiries should
be addressed to one of the Councils listed above or the
Central West Catchment Management Authority.
Acknowledgements
catchmentmanagement authority
220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt3
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Cont
ents
Abbr
evia
tions
ABS
Aus
tral
ian
Bure
au o
f St
atis
tics
AG
OA
ustr
alia
n G
reen
hous
e O
ffice
AH
IMS
Abo
rigin
al H
erita
ge In
form
atio
n M
anag
emen
t Sy
stem
AN
ZEC
CA
ustr
alia
n an
d N
ew Z
eala
nd C
onse
rvat
ion
Cou
ncil
BASI
XBu
ildin
g Su
stai
nabi
lity
Inde
xBO
DBa
thur
st O
rang
e D
ubbo
Alli
ance
BOM
Bure
au o
f M
eteo
rolo
gyC
AP
Cat
chm
ent
Act
ion
Plan
Cen
troc
C
entr
al W
est
Regi
onal
Org
anis
atio
n of
Cou
ncils
CM
AC
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
rity
CPR
SC
arbo
n Po
llutio
n Re
duct
ion
Sche
me
CSI
ROC
omm
onw
ealth
Sci
entifi
c an
d In
dust
rial R
esea
rch
Org
anis
atio
nD
ECC
WD
epar
tmen
t of
Env
ironm
ent,
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Wat
erD
IPN
RD
epar
tmen
t of
Pla
nnin
g an
d N
atur
al R
esou
rces
(for
mer
)EC
Elec
tric
al C
ondu
ctiv
ityEE
CEn
dang
ered
Eco
logi
cal C
omm
unity
EPA
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pro
tect
ion
Aut
horit
yET
SEm
issi
ons
Trad
ing
Sche
me
GH
GG
reen
hous
e G
asG
MG
enet
ical
ly M
odifi
edG
PTG
ross
Pol
luta
nt T
rap
haH
ecta
res
INFF
ERIn
vest
men
t Fr
amew
ork
For
Envi
ronm
ent
Reso
urce
skm
2Sq
uare
kilo
met
res
LBL
Load
Bas
ed L
icen
sing
LEP
Loca
l Env
ironm
ent
Plan
LGA
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent
Are
aLH
PALi
vest
ock
Hea
lth a
nd P
est
Aut
horit
ies
ML
Meg
alitr
esN
AP
Nat
iona
l Act
ion
Plan
NG
ERS
Nat
iona
l Gre
enho
use
and
Ener
gy R
epor
ting
Syst
emN
RMN
atur
al R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
NSW
New
Sou
th W
ales
PAS
Prio
ritie
s A
ctio
n St
atem
ent
PoEO
Prot
ectio
n of
the
Env
ironm
ent
Ope
ratio
nsPV
PPr
oper
ty V
eget
atio
n Pl
anRE
CRo
adsi
de E
nviro
nmen
t C
omm
ittee
Regi
onal
SoE
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f th
e En
viro
nmen
tRT
ARo
ads
and
Traf
fic A
utho
rity
RVM
PRo
adsi
de V
eget
atio
n M
anag
emen
t Pl
anSo
ESt
ate
of t
he E
nviro
nmen
tST
PSe
wag
e Tr
eatm
ent
Plan
tW
TPW
ater
Tre
atm
ent
Plan
t
MES
SAG
E FR
OM
TH
E C
HA
IR4
INTR
OD
UC
TIO
N6
Why
a R
egio
nal S
oE R
epor
t?7
Who
is in
volv
ed in
the
Regi
onal
SoE
Rep
ort?
8
Wha
t are
Cat
chm
ent M
anag
emen
t Aut
horit
ies?
9Th
e CM
As a
nd th
e Co
uncil
s at
a g
lanc
e11
This
repo
rt12
LAN
D14
Issue
– L
and
degr
adat
ion
14
AIR
20
Issue
– A
ir po
llutio
n20
WA
TER
26Iss
ue –
Wat
er q
uant
ity27
Issue
– W
ater
qua
lity
34
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY42
Issue
– H
abita
t los
s42
Issue
– Th
reat
ened
spe
cies
50Iss
ue –
Inva
sive
spec
ies
53
HU
MA
NSE
TTLE
MEN
T56
Issue
– P
opul
atio
n an
d se
ttlem
ent p
atte
rns
56Iss
ue –
Man
agem
ent o
f Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge61
Issue
– M
anag
emen
t of n
on-A
borig
inal
her
itage
64Iss
ue –
Noi
se p
ollu
tion
67
WA
STE
70Iss
ue –
Was
te g
ener
atio
n an
d po
llutio
n70
Issue
– W
aste
trea
tmen
t and
disp
osal
74
TOW
AR
DS
SUST
AIN
AB
ILIT
Y80
Issue
– S
usta
inab
le p
ract
ices
81Iss
ue –
Clim
ate
chan
ge84
REF
EREN
CES
90
APP
END
IX –
DA
TA C
ON
TRIB
UTE
DB
Y C
OU
NC
ILS
92
420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt5
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
The
Regi
onal
SoE
Rep
ort
is a
n op
port
unity
to
deta
il th
e w
ork
unde
rtak
en b
y th
e C
ounc
ils
to c
are
for
thei
r lo
cal e
nviro
nmen
t an
d, in
so
doin
g, s
uppo
rt t
he t
arge
ts o
utlin
ed in
the
Cen
tral
W
est
CM
A’s
Cat
chm
ent
Act
ion
Plan
, as
we
all m
ove
tow
ards
vib
rant
com
mun
ities
and
hea
lthy
land
scap
es.
This
yea
r’s R
egio
nal S
oE R
epor
t is
see
n as
som
ethi
ng o
f a
tran
sitio
n do
cum
ent,
as
chan
ges
are
bein
g m
ade
by t
he D
epar
tmen
t of
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t to
Cou
ncils
’ pla
nnin
g an
d re
port
ing
stru
ctur
e, in
clud
ing
the
Stat
e of
the
Env
ironm
ent
Repo
rt. C
onse
quen
tly, t
he r
egio
n’s
Cou
ncils
ha
ve t
aken
the
opp
ortu
nity
in t
his
SoE
to id
entif
y en
viro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s th
at a
re li
kely
to
affe
ct
thei
r co
mm
uniti
es in
to t
he f
utur
e.Su
stai
nabi
lity
and
resp
onsi
ble
envi
ronm
enta
l man
agem
ent
are
two
clea
r ob
ject
ives
acr
oss
the
regi
on a
nd t
he m
ain
them
es e
mer
ging
fro
m t
he C
ounc
ils’ e
nviro
nmen
tal o
bjec
tives
incl
ude:
as w
ell a
s lo
cal o
nes
Mor
e sp
ecifi
c ob
ject
ives
incl
ude:
In a
dditi
on t
here
is g
reat
em
phas
is o
n bu
ildin
g pa
rtne
rshi
ps b
etw
een
the
com
mun
ity a
nd t
he
Cou
ncils
to
achi
eve
thes
e ob
ject
ives
. C
urre
ntly
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
and
the
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t, C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d W
ater
are
pro
vidi
ng in
form
atio
n to
the
Cou
ncils
whi
ch w
ill h
elp
iden
tify
and
prot
ect
the
natu
ral
AB
OV
ETo
m G
avel
,
Cha
irman
, Cen
tral
Wes
t
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y
AB
OV
EC
attle
at
suns
et
from
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
phot
ogra
ph c
ompe
titio
n
RIG
HT
Bal
d H
ill R
eser
ve
near
Dub
bo
reso
urce
s of
eac
h Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t A
rea
thro
ugh
the
plan
ning
ref
orm
pro
cess
now
und
erw
ay.
This
pro
cess
req
uire
s C
ounc
ils t
o re
view
the
ir La
nd U
se p
lann
ing
and
Loca
l Env
ironm
ent
Plan
s,
and
crea
tes
an o
ppor
tuni
ty t
o re
cogn
ise
and
put
in p
lace
a g
reat
er le
vel o
f en
viro
nmen
tal
prot
ectio
n.
Wor
king
on
a re
gion
al b
asis
to
iden
tify
and
addr
ess
issu
es in
thi
s w
ay a
llow
s th
e C
ounc
ils
to t
ake
a pr
oact
ive
appr
oach
, whi
ch t
he C
entr
al W
est
CM
A c
omm
ends
and
will
con
tinue
to
supp
ort
thro
ugh
the
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent
Refe
renc
e G
roup
and
the
Sal
inity
& W
ater
Qua
lity
Alli
ance
.Th
ese
grou
ps c
ontin
ue t
o su
cces
sful
ly d
evel
op t
he c
apac
ity o
f Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t an
d th
eir
com
mun
ities
to
unde
rtak
e na
tura
l res
ourc
e an
d w
ater
man
agem
ent
activ
ities
, bot
h on
-gro
und
and
thro
ugh
the
deve
lopm
ent
of p
olic
y an
d th
e pr
ovis
ion
of t
rain
ing.
In r
ecog
nitio
n of
thi
s, t
he
Salin
ity &
Wat
er Q
ualit
y A
llian
ce a
nd C
entr
al W
est
CM
A w
ere
rece
ntly
pre
sent
ed w
ith a
Mer
it A
war
d fo
r Ex
celle
nce
in S
torm
wat
er E
duca
tion
by t
he N
SW S
torm
wat
er In
dust
ry A
ssoc
iatio
n.Th
e en
viro
nmen
tal a
chie
vem
ents
det
aile
d w
ithin
thi
s do
cum
ent
once
aga
in s
how
the
tr
emen
dous
eff
ort
bein
g m
ade
by t
he r
egio
nal C
ounc
ils t
o ca
re f
or t
heir
natu
ral r
esou
rces
. The
C
entr
al W
est
CM
A is
pro
ud t
o pa
rtne
r th
e C
ounc
ils in
car
ing
for
our
catc
hmen
ts.
Tom
Gav
elC
hairm
anC
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y
Robe
rt G
ledh
ill
Cha
irman
Lach
lan
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y
Rory
Tre
wee
ke
Cha
irman
Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y
Build
ing
on t
he s
ucce
ss o
f la
st y
ear’s
Sup
plem
enta
ry R
egio
nal S
tate
of
the
Envi
ronm
ent
(SoE
) Rep
ort,
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
rity
(CM
A) i
s ag
ain
plea
sed
to s
uppo
rt t
he C
ounc
ils o
f th
e G
reat
er C
entr
al W
est
Regi
on in
the
pre
para
tion
of t
he
2008
-09
Com
preh
ensi
ve R
egio
nal S
oE R
epor
t, p
rese
nted
her
e.
Mes
sage
from
the
Chai
r
The
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent
Act
199
3 re
quire
s th
at
all l
ocal
cou
ncils
in N
SW p
rodu
ce a
n an
nual
So
E re
port
on
maj
or e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts,
re
late
d ac
tiviti
es a
nd m
anag
emen
t pl
ans.
U
nder
the
Act
, cou
ncils
are
req
uire
d to
spe
cifi-
cally
rep
ort
on:
1.La
nd2.
Air
3.W
ater
4.Bi
odiv
ersi
ty5.
Was
te6.
Noi
se7.
Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge8.
Non
-Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge, w
ith p
artic
ular
re
fere
nce,
with
reg
ard
to e
ach
such
env
i-ro
nmen
tal s
ecto
r, to
:
envi
ronm
ent
envi
ronm
ent
activ
ities
.
As
part
of
the
Fram
ewor
k, C
ounc
ils w
ill
deve
lop
envi
ronm
enta
l obj
ectiv
es w
ith t
heir
com
mun
ities
in r
elat
ion
to lo
cal e
nviro
nmen
-ta
l iss
ues.
The
se e
nviro
nmen
tal o
bjec
tives
w
ill f
orm
par
t of
eac
h C
ounc
il’s
over
-arc
hing
C
omm
unity
Str
ateg
ic P
lan.
The
info
rmat
ion
in t
he a
nnua
l SoE
Rep
ort
shou
ld b
e us
ed
to in
form
Cou
ncil’
s pr
epar
atio
n of
the
C
omm
unity
Str
ateg
ic P
lan
and
cont
inue
to
info
rm t
he r
equi
red
revi
ews
of t
he C
omm
unity
St
rate
gic
Plan
.D
urin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
new
pl
anni
ng a
nd r
epor
ting
fram
ewor
k, t
he o
ptio
n to
rem
ove
the
requ
irem
ent
for
a se
para
te
SoE
Repo
rt w
as c
onsi
dere
d, a
s en
viro
nmen
tal
repo
rtin
g is
to
be in
tegr
ated
into
rep
ortin
g on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Com
mun
ity
Stra
tegi
c Pl
an a
nd D
eliv
ery
Prog
ram
. How
ever
, gi
ven
conc
erns
rai
sed
durin
g co
nsul
tatio
n ab
out
the
optio
n to
rem
ove
the
SoE
Repo
rt
and
the
heig
hten
ed im
port
ance
of
envi
ron-
men
tal m
anag
emen
t at
a t
ime
of s
erio
us
conc
erns
abo
ut c
limat
e ch
ange
, a s
epar
ate
SoE
Repo
rt w
ill c
ontin
ue t
o be
req
uire
d as
the
dr
aft
legi
slat
ion
curr
ently
sta
nds.
This
rep
ort
refle
cts
the
tran
sitio
n fr
om
prev
ious
SoE
rep
ortin
g ba
sed
on t
he
‘tra
ditio
nal’
them
es a
s sp
ecifi
ed b
y th
e Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent
Act
199
3 (A
ir, W
ater
etc
.) to
env
i-ro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s an
d en
viro
nmen
tal o
bjec
tives
th
at c
ould
be
deve
lope
d by
the
17
part
icip
atin
g C
ounc
ils in
the
ir C
omm
unity
Str
ateg
ic P
lans
.Th
e C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
ritie
s (C
MA
s), c
reat
ed b
y th
e C
atch
men
tM
anag
emen
t A
utho
ritie
s A
ct 2
003,
are
als
o re
quire
d to
pro
vide
rep
orts
on
the
prog
ress
m
ade
tow
ards
the
reg
iona
l env
ironm
enta
l pl
anni
ng f
ram
ewor
k, t
he C
atch
men
t A
ctio
n Pl
an (C
AP)
. Thi
s Re
gion
al S
oE R
epor
t pr
ovid
es
benc
hmar
ks f
or m
easu
ring
catc
hmen
t-sc
ale
chan
ges
in t
he e
nviro
nmen
t as
mea
sure
d by
the
Loc
al G
over
nmen
ts, a
nd s
houl
d be
lin
ked
into
bot
h Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t an
d C
MA
m
anag
emen
t pl
ans.
Und
er t
he A
ct, a
Cou
ncil
mus
t pr
oduc
e a
Com
preh
ensi
ve S
oE R
epor
t fo
r th
e ye
ar e
ndin
g af
ter
each
ele
ctio
n of
Cou
ncill
ors.
As
ther
e w
ere
Cou
ncil
elec
tions
in 2
008,
the
200
8-09
re
port
is a
Com
preh
ensi
ve r
epor
t. A
Sup
ple-
men
tary
rep
ort
is r
equi
red
in in
terv
enin
g ye
ars.
A
Com
preh
ensi
ve S
oE re
port
diff
ers
from
a
Supp
lem
enta
ry in
tha
t it
esta
blis
hes
envi
-ro
nmen
tal i
ndic
ator
s an
d re
port
s on
tre
nds
in
rela
tion
to e
nviro
nmen
tal i
ndic
ator
s us
ed in
the
re
port
. It
mus
t al
so p
rovi
de d
etai
led
info
rmat
ion
on t
he im
pact
of
activ
ities
impl
emen
ted
to
impr
ove
the
envi
ronm
ent.
A S
uppl
emen
tary
re
port
upd
ates
tre
nds
and
repo
rts
on e
nvi-
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s th
at h
ave
been
intr
oduc
ed
sinc
e th
e la
st C
ompr
ehen
sive
repo
rt.
At
the
time
of w
ritin
g th
is r
epor
t, t
he L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
Act
199
3 w
as in
the
pro
cess
of
bein
g am
ende
d. T
he a
men
dmen
ts w
ill a
llow
fo
r an
Inte
grat
ed P
lann
ing
and
Repo
rtin
g Fr
amew
ork
to g
uide
Cou
ncil’
s fu
ture
str
ateg
ic
plan
ning
and
rep
ortin
g.
Wh
y a
Reg
ion
alSo
ER
epo
rt?
This
is t
he s
econ
d Re
gion
al S
oE r
epor
t su
ppor
ted
by t
he C
entr
al W
est
CM
A. I
t bu
ilds
upon
the
firs
t (S
uppl
emen
tary
) Reg
iona
l SoE
Re
port
pro
duce
d fo
r 20
07-0
8. It
was
cre
ated
to
ena
ble
the
com
mun
ity a
nd t
he C
ounc
ils
of t
he c
entr
al a
nd w
este
rn r
egio
ns t
o ga
in
a be
tter
und
erst
andi
ng o
f th
e st
ate
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent
in a
reg
iona
l con
text
.En
viro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s ar
e no
t re
stric
ted
to
Cou
ncil
boun
darie
s. R
egio
nal S
oE r
epor
ts a
re
used
to
enab
le a
bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
st
ate
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
t in
a r
egio
nal c
onte
xt
and
to id
entif
y fu
ture
col
labo
rativ
e pa
thw
ays.
A
reg
iona
l app
roac
h to
rep
ortin
g:
stat
e of
the
env
ironm
ent
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n
shar
ing
idea
s an
d re
sour
ces
-ro
nmen
tal r
esou
rces
-pa
ting
Cou
ncils
.
AStat
e of
the
Env
ironm
ent
(SoE
) Rep
ort
is a
n im
port
ant
man
agem
ent
tool
whi
ch a
ims
to p
rovi
de t
he c
omm
unity
and
Cou
ncil
with
info
rmat
ion
on t
he c
ondi
tion
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent
in t
he lo
cal a
rea.
It a
lso
prov
ides
a p
latf
orm
for
com
mun
ity a
ctio
n by
rai
sing
awar
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of k
ey e
nviro
nmen
tal i
ssue
s w
hich
in t
urn
help
s pe
ople
and
org
an-
isat
ions
mak
e in
form
ed d
ecis
ions
reg
ardi
ng f
utur
e m
anag
emen
t ac
tions
to
redu
ce t
he n
egat
ive
impa
cts
on t
he e
nviro
nmen
t.
BEL
OW
Liv
esto
ck f
eedi
ng
in a
dro
ught
-aff
ecte
d ar
ea
AB
OV
E A
lthou
gh a
n
Aus
tral
ian
nativ
e, W
hite
Ced
ar c
an b
e in
vasi
ve
outs
ide
of it
s na
tura
l
rang
e
Coun
cils
are
str
ongl
y en
cour
aged
to d
evel
op th
eir
SoE
Rep
ort i
n pa
rtne
rshi
p
wit
h ot
her
coun
cils
in th
eir
regi
on a
nd C
atch
men
t Man
agem
ent A
utho
riti
es, a
s
envi
ronm
enta
l mon
itor
ing
and
repo
rtin
g is
usu
ally
mor
e us
eful
whe
n do
ne a
t a
regi
onal
and
/or
catc
hmen
t sca
le.
NSW
Dep
artm
ent
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
Wat
er
620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt7
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Intro
duct
ion
The
initi
ativ
es p
rese
nted
in t
his
repo
rt f
or
each
par
ticip
atin
g C
ounc
il do
not
refl
ect
all o
f th
e in
itiat
ives
und
erta
ken
by C
ounc
ils d
urin
g th
e re
port
ing
perio
d. F
urth
erm
ore,
the
for
mat
of
the
Reg
iona
l SoE
doe
s no
t al
low
for
eac
h C
ounc
il to
iden
tify
prog
ress
on
thei
r en
viro
n-m
enta
l man
agem
ent
and
sust
aina
bilit
y pl
ans,
w
hich
som
e C
ounc
ils h
ave
prev
ious
ly in
clud
ed
in t
heir
SoE
repo
rts.
Cou
ncils
can
app
end
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n sp
ecifi
c to
the
ir C
ounc
il in
the
bac
k of
thi
s re
port
, sho
uld
they
wis
h.
Wh
o is
invo
lved
in t
he
Reg
ion
alSo
ER
epo
rt?
As
show
n in
Fig
ure
1, m
ost
of t
he p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
are
situ
ated
, tot
ally
or
part
ly, in
the
ar
ea o
f th
e C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent.
Bou
rke
Shire
Cou
ncil
is lo
cate
d w
holly
in t
he W
este
rn
Cat
chm
ent
whi
le C
owra
and
par
ts o
f Bl
ayne
y,
Lach
lan,
Cab
onne
, Bat
hurs
t an
d O
bero
n lie
in
the
Lach
lan
Cat
chm
ent.
Th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
are
:Ba
thur
st R
egio
nal C
ounc
ilBl
ayne
y Sh
ire C
ounc
ilBo
gan
Shire
Cou
ncil
Bour
ke S
hire
Cou
ncil
Cab
onne
Cou
ncil
Coo
nam
ble
Shire
Cou
ncil
Cow
ra S
hire
Cou
ncil
Dub
bo C
ity C
ounc
ilG
ilgan
dra
Shire
Cou
ncil
Lach
lan
Shire
Cou
ncil
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
Nar
rom
ine
Shire
Cou
ncil
Obe
ron
Cou
ncil
Ora
nge
City
Cou
ncil
War
ren
Shire
Cou
ncil
War
rum
bung
le S
hire
Cou
ncil
Wel
lingt
on C
ounc
ilTh
e pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
hav
e pr
ovid
ed d
ata
to b
e in
clud
ed in
the
Rep
ort,
with
add
ition
al
regi
onal
info
rmat
ion
sour
ced
by t
he C
entr
al
Wes
t C
MA
.
Wh
at a
re C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
tA
uth
ori
ties
?
Thirt
een
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
ies
(CM
As)
hav
e be
en e
stab
lishe
d ac
ross
the
St
ate
by t
he N
SW G
over
nmen
t to
ens
ure
that
re
gion
al c
omm
uniti
es h
ave
a si
gnifi
cant
say
in
how
nat
ural
res
ourc
es a
re m
anag
ed in
the
ir ca
tchm
ents
.Th
e C
MA
s ar
e lo
cally
driv
en o
rgan
isat
ions
w
ith a
boa
rd t
hat
repo
rts
dire
ctly
to
the
NSW
M
inis
ter
for
Envi
ronm
ent,
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Wat
er (D
ECC
W).
Thes
e st
atut
ory
bodi
es
coor
dina
te n
atur
al r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
(NRM
) in
each
cat
chm
ent.
The
y ar
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r in
volv
ing
regi
onal
com
mun
ities
in
man
agem
ent
of N
RM is
sues
fac
ing
thei
r re
gion
, and
hav
e be
en t
he p
rimar
y m
eans
for
th
e de
liver
y of
fun
ding
fro
m t
he N
SW a
nd
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
ts t
o he
lp la
nd m
anag
ers
impr
ove
and
rest
ore
the
natu
ral r
esou
rces
of
the
Stat
e (N
SW G
over
nmen
t, 2
005)
.A
pro
file
of t
he t
hree
CM
As
rele
vant
to
this
re
port
is p
rovi
ded
belo
w.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t, lo
cate
d in
C
entr
al W
este
rn N
SW, h
as a
div
erse
ran
ge
of p
eopl
e an
d in
dust
ries.
It c
over
s ap
prox
i-m
atel
y 84
,919
km²
from
the
cen
tral
tab
lela
nds
arou
nd O
bero
n, B
athu
rst
and
Ryls
tone
to
the
wes
tern
pla
ins
arou
nd N
ynga
n, B
rew
arrin
a an
d C
oona
mbl
e. T
he c
atch
men
t su
ppor
ts t
he
maj
or c
entr
es o
f Ba
thur
st, O
rang
e, M
udge
e an
d D
ubbo
. The
re a
re a
lso
man
y ot
her
smal
ler
but
sign
ifica
nt t
owns
hips
incl
udin
g C
oona
mbl
e, G
ular
gam
bone
, Nyn
gan,
War
ren,
C
oona
bara
bran
, Gilg
andr
a, C
oola
h, T
rang
ie,
Nar
rom
ine,
Wel
lingt
on, G
ulgo
ng, P
eak
Hill
, M
olon
g an
d O
bero
n.
The
tota
l pop
ulat
ion
of t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
base
d on
the
200
6 C
ensu
s w
as 1
83,3
03 p
erso
ns in
corp
orat
ing
a to
tal
Indi
geno
us p
opul
atio
n of
13,
093
pers
ons,
whi
ch is
7.1
% o
f th
e to
tal p
opul
atio
n of
the
ca
tchm
ent
(ABS
, 200
9). M
ajor
indu
strie
s in
th
e ca
tchm
ent
incl
ude
agric
ultu
re, a
grib
usi-
ness
, tou
rism
, min
ing
and
vitic
ultu
re. O
ne o
f th
e m
ain
reas
ons
that
nat
ural
res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t is
sues
are
so
com
plex
with
in
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t is
the
hig
hly
dive
rse
rang
e of
agr
icul
tura
l use
s. T
he e
aste
rn
high
land
s an
d w
este
rn p
lain
s ar
e do
min
ated
by
gra
zing
, the
Cen
tral
Wes
t sl
opes
and
inne
r pl
ains
sup
port
ext
ensi
ve w
inte
r cr
oppi
ng,
Mud
gee,
Ora
nge
and
the
Bell
Rive
r flo
odpl
ain
are
plac
es o
f in
tens
e vi
ticul
ture
and
hor
ticul
-tu
re a
nd t
he M
acqu
arie
Riv
er fl
oodp
lain
is
hom
e to
irrig
ated
cot
ton
and
othe
r su
mm
er
crop
s. T
he r
egio
n al
so s
uppo
rts
fore
stry
and
m
inin
g ac
tiviti
es.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t in
clud
es
the
Cas
tlere
agh,
Bog
an a
nd M
acqu
arie
Riv
er
valle
ys. I
t is
flan
ked
by t
he B
arw
on-D
arlin
g ca
tchm
ent
to t
he w
est
and
nort
h-w
est,
the
N
amoi
cat
chm
ent
to t
he n
orth
-eas
t, L
achl
an
to t
he s
outh
and
Hun
ter
and
Haw
kesb
ury-
Nep
ean
catc
hmen
ts t
o th
e ea
st. W
hile
the
up
per
reac
hes
of t
he B
ogan
and
Cas
tlere
agh
Rive
rs a
re la
rgel
y un
regu
late
d, r
iver
s in
th
e M
acqu
arie
Val
ley
are
high
ly r
egul
ated
. W
inda
mer
e D
am o
n th
e C
udge
gong
Riv
er
upst
ream
of
Mud
gee
has
a ca
paci
ty o
f 36
8,00
0 M
L an
d th
e Bu
rren
dong
Dam
lo
cate
d at
the
junc
tion
of t
he M
acqu
arie
and
C
udge
gong
Riv
er a
t W
ellin
gton
has
a c
apac
ity
of 1
,189
,000
ML.
Riv
er r
egul
atio
n an
d w
ater
ex
trac
tion
has
had
subs
tant
ial e
ffec
ts o
n flo
w r
egim
es, w
ith c
hang
es t
o se
ason
al fl
ow
patt
erns
, red
uced
var
iabi
lity
and
chan
ges
to
flood
inte
nsity
. Th
e re
gion
pos
sess
es a
wid
e di
vers
ity
of la
ndfo
rms,
veg
etat
ion
spec
ies
and
com
mun
ities
. It
inco
rpor
ates
the
inte
rnat
ion-
ally
rec
ogni
sed
Mac
quar
ie M
arsh
es, t
he W
ar-
rum
bung
les
Nat
iona
l Par
k an
d im
port
ant
area
s of
rem
nant
End
ange
red
Ecol
ogic
al C
omm
unity
Bo
x G
um W
oodl
and
and
gras
slan
ds. A
t th
e tim
e of
Eur
opea
n se
ttle
men
t, t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
supp
orte
d a
com
plex
mos
aic
of
fore
sts,
tem
pera
te a
nd s
emi-a
rid w
oodl
ands
, w
etla
nds,
shr
ubla
nds,
hea
ths
and
gras
slan
ds.
Cle
arin
g an
d su
bseq
uent
deg
rada
tion
has
redu
ced
this
nat
ural
veg
etat
ion
cove
r to
a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
sm
all,
isol
ated
rem
nant
s on
th
e le
ss f
ertil
e an
d pr
oduc
tive
soils
, and
a
smal
ler
num
ber
of s
catt
ered
larg
er r
eser
ved
150
100
kilometres
500
AAAL
ST
S
TH
TH
N
CA
TC
HM
COW
RA
BLAY
NEY
OBER
ON
BATH
URST
REGI
ONALMID
-WES
TERN
REGI
ONAL
ORAN
GE
WEL
LING
TON
BOUR
KE
BOGA
N
WAR
RENCO
ONAM
BLE
GILG
ANDR
A
WAR
RUM
BUNG
LE
NARR
OMIN
EDU
BBO
LACH
LAN
CABO
NNE
Well
ingt
on
Mol
ong
Dubb
oNa
rrom
ine
War
ren
Nyng
an
Cond
obol
inIva
nhoe
Brok
en H
ill
Forb
esOr
ange
Blay
ney
Cowr
aOb
eron
Bath
urst
Mud
gee
Gilg
andr
a
Coon
ambl
e
Bour
ke
Coon
abar
abra
n
Mac
qaur
ieM
arsh
es
MacquarieRive
r
Boga
n River
CudgegongR
iver
CastlereaghRiver
Lake
Bu
rrend
ong
Fig
ure
1M
ap s
how
ing
part
icip
atin
g C
ounc
il
area
s an
d ca
tchm
ent
boun
darie
s
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt9
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
tW
ater
820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Intro
duct
ion
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt9
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
rem
nant
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
Box
and
Iron
bark
w
oodl
ands
whi
ch o
rigin
ally
occ
upie
d la
rge
part
s of
the
slo
pes
and
plai
ns h
ave
been
re
duce
d by
as
muc
h as
90%
, and
are
now
am
ong
the
mos
t si
gnifi
cant
ly a
ltere
d pl
ant
com
mun
ities
in N
SW (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A,
2008
a).
In m
any
inst
ance
s, t
he d
omin
ant
spec
ies
of
thos
e co
mm
uniti
es w
hich
hav
e be
en h
eavi
ly
clea
red
are
still
rel
ativ
ely
com
mon
in t
he
land
scap
e. H
owev
er, r
emna
nts
ofte
n oc
cur
as s
ingl
e tr
ees
or s
mal
l gro
ups
of m
atur
e or
sen
esce
nt t
rees
; the
se s
tand
s ty
pica
lly
have
litt
le, i
f an
y, o
f th
e or
igin
al u
nder
stor
ey
stru
ctur
e an
d sp
ecie
s di
vers
ity, h
ave
no r
egen
-er
atio
n, a
nd h
ave
esse
ntia
lly c
ease
d to
exi
st
as f
unct
iona
l eco
syst
ems.
In t
he c
ase
of n
ativ
e gr
assl
ands
, rem
nant
ele
men
ts a
re g
ener
ally
sc
atte
red
thro
ugho
ut t
he im
prov
ed p
astu
res,
w
hich
dom
inat
e m
uch
of t
he r
egio
n, a
s w
ell a
s ro
adsi
de r
emna
nts
and
trav
ellin
g st
ock
rout
es.
The
Lach
lan
CM
ATh
e La
chla
n C
atch
men
t co
vers
an
area
of
ap-
prox
imat
ely
84,7
00 k
m2
and
has
a po
pula
tion
of 9
0,83
1 pe
ople
, pro
duci
ng 1
4% o
f N
SW’s
agric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctio
n. T
his
incl
udes
an
Indi
geno
us p
opul
atio
n of
4,4
65 w
hich
is a
p-pr
oxim
atel
y 5%
of
the
tota
l pop
ulat
ion
(ABS
, 20
09).
The
catc
hmen
t en
com
pass
es 2
4 Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent
Are
as.
The
Lach
lan
Rive
r ris
es n
ear
Gun
ning
and
te
rmin
ates
in t
he G
reat
Cum
bung
Sw
amp
near
Oxl
ey, 1
,450
riv
er k
ilom
etre
s to
the
wes
t.
Maj
or t
ribut
arie
s of
the
Lac
hlan
incl
ude
the
Abe
rcro
mbi
e, B
ooro
wa,
Bel
ubul
a, C
rook
wel
l Ri
vers
and
Man
dage
ry C
reek
. The
mai
n da
m r
egul
atin
g flo
ws
in t
he L
achl
an R
iver
is
Wya
ngal
a D
am, w
hich
has
a c
apac
ity o
f 1,
220,
000
ML
and
is lo
cate
d at
the
junc
tion
of t
he L
achl
an a
nd A
berc
rom
bie
Rive
rs. T
he
Belu
bula
Riv
er is
reg
ulat
ed b
y C
arco
ar D
am
whi
ch h
as a
cap
acity
of
36,0
00 M
L an
d lo
cate
d ab
out
10 k
ilom
etre
s do
wns
trea
m
ofBl
ayne
y.Th
e ge
olog
ical
for
mat
ions
thr
ough
out
the
catc
hmen
t ar
e qu
ite c
ompl
ex a
nd h
ave
a si
gnifi
cant
impa
ct o
n sa
linity
. Thi
s va
riabi
lity
requ
ires
effe
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t fo
r er
osio
n co
ntro
l, nu
trie
nt a
nd s
alin
ity m
anag
emen
t (L
achl
an C
MA
, 200
8).
The
Wes
tern
CM
ATh
e W
este
rn C
atch
men
t is
the
larg
est
catc
hmen
t in
NSW
, cov
erin
g so
me
230,
000
km2 .
It in
clud
es t
he B
arw
on-D
arlin
g, C
ulgo
a,
Paro
o, W
arre
go, N
arra
n, B
okha
ra a
nd B
irrie
Ri
ver
catc
hmen
ts. I
t ta
kes
in s
igni
fican
t po
rtio
ns o
f th
e Bo
urke
, Bre
war
rina,
Cen
tral
D
arlin
g, C
obar
and
Wal
gett
Shi
res
and
the
Uni
ncor
pora
ted
Are
a.Th
e ca
tchm
ent
is p
redo
min
antly
leas
ehol
d la
nd, a
dmin
iste
red
unde
r th
e W
este
rn L
ands
A
ct 1
901
by t
he D
epar
tmen
t of
Lan
ds. T
here
ar
e m
ore
than
630
pas
tora
l and
agr
icul
tura
l ho
ldin
gs. T
he p
opul
atio
n of
the
Wes
tern
C
atch
men
t is
app
roxi
mat
ely
36,5
00 p
eopl
e,
with
an
Indi
geno
us p
opul
atio
n of
10,
278
or
28%
of
the
tota
l pop
ulat
ion
(ABS
, 200
9).
Pred
omin
ant
land
use
s in
thi
s se
mi-a
rid
zone
are
gra
zing
, dry
land
cro
ppin
g, ir
rigat
ed
cott
on p
rodu
ctio
n, m
inin
g, t
ouris
m a
nd
natu
ral c
onse
rvat
ion.
Bou
rke,
Bre
war
rina,
C
obar
, Wal
gett
, Lig
htni
ng R
idge
and
Bro
ken
Hill
are
the
maj
or s
ervi
ce c
entr
es.
As
wel
l as
a ra
nge
of p
erm
anen
t an
d se
ason
al r
iver
sys
tem
s, it
als
o in
clud
es t
he
larg
est
and
mos
t di
vers
e ar
eas
of n
atur
al
rang
elan
ds w
ithin
NSW
(Wes
tern
CM
A, 2
008)
.
The
CM
As
and
th
e C
ou
nci
ls
at a
gla
nce
The
17 lo
cal C
ounc
ils p
artic
ipat
ing
in t
his
Regi
onal
SoE
Rep
ort
cove
r a
dive
rse
area
of
Cen
tral
and
Wes
tern
NSW
, tot
allin
g ap
prox
i-m
atel
y 14
5,16
9km
². T
he a
rea
of e
ach
Cou
ncil
and
its p
erce
ntag
e co
vera
ge o
f th
e re
gion
co
vere
d by
thi
s re
port
is p
rovi
ded
in F
igur
e 2.
Co
mm
un
ity
Pro
file
In 2
008,
it w
as e
stim
ated
tha
t th
e po
pula
tion
of t
he r
egio
n co
vere
d by
thi
s re
port
was
22
7,34
8 (A
BS, 2
009)
. Thi
s re
pres
ents
an
estim
ated
ris
e in
reg
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
from
20
06 o
f 12
,990
(Tab
le 1
). It
shou
ld b
e no
ted
how
ever
, tha
t th
ere
was
a s
light
dro
p in
re
gion
al p
opul
atio
n fr
om 2
007
com
pare
d to
20
06 w
ith t
he 2
006-
07 S
oE r
epor
t st
atin
g a
decl
ine
of 0
.83%
. Act
ual fi
gure
s fo
r th
e re
port
ing
year
may
not
exa
ctly
mat
ch c
urre
nt
estim
ates
sho
wn
by t
he A
BS a
s th
ese
are
base
d on
mod
ellin
g es
timat
es. A
necd
otal
ev
iden
ce p
oint
s to
war
ds a
n on
goin
g lo
nger
te
rm p
opul
atio
n de
clin
e, p
artic
ular
ly w
ithin
sm
alle
r ce
ntre
s su
ch a
s Bo
urke
.
Empl
oym
ent
in t
he C
entr
al a
nd W
este
rn
area
is in
agr
icul
ture
, man
ufac
turin
g, r
etai
l, ed
ucat
ion,
pro
pert
y, b
usin
ess
serv
ices
, and
he
alth
and
com
mun
ity s
ervi
ces.
U
nem
ploy
men
t ra
nges
fro
m 3
.7%
to
12.2
% in
the
par
ticip
atin
g LG
As
(ABS
, 200
9).
The
unem
ploy
men
t ra
te is
slig
htly
hig
her
than
the
Sta
te a
vera
ge a
t 6.
1%; h
owev
er
empl
oym
ent
is g
row
ing
in m
ost
of t
he la
rger
ce
ntre
s (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
008b
).Th
ere
are
som
e di
ffer
ence
s in
age
bet
wee
n th
e re
gion
and
the
Aus
tral
ian
aver
age
(Tab
le
2); g
ener
ally
thi
s is
refle
cted
by
few
er p
eopl
e in
the
mid
dle
age
grou
ps a
nd t
here
fore
hig
her
num
bers
of
yout
h an
d ag
ed p
eopl
e (A
BS, 2
006)
. In
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t an
d N
orth
Wes
t st
atis
tical
regi
ons,
the
re a
re s
igni
fican
tly m
ore
peop
le li
ving
in re
gion
al o
r re
mot
e ar
eas
com
pare
d to
the
Sta
te a
vera
ge o
f 72
% o
f pe
ople
livi
ng in
maj
or c
ities
(Tab
le3)
. Thi
s ha
s a
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
on
the
prov
isio
n of
ser
vice
s an
d al
so t
he e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
caus
ed b
y
Wellington
Warrumbungle
War
ren
Oran
geOb
eron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilgandra
Dubbo
Cowra
Coonamble
Cabonne
Bour
ke
Bogan
Blayney
Bathurst
2.8%
8.5%
7.4%
0.2%
3.6% 6.0%
10.3%
3.3%
2.4%
1.9%
6.8%
4.2%
28.7
%
10.1%
1.1%
2.6%
2.5%
Fig
ure
2 P
ropo
rtio
nal
size
of
each
LG
A a
s pa
rt
of t
he t
otal
rep
ortin
g ar
ea
Tab
le 1
Com
paris
on o
f re
gion
al p
opul
atio
n 20
06-0
8
LGA
Popu
lati
onPe
rcen
tage
of 2
008
repo
rtin
g ar
ea t
otal
po
pula
tion
2006
–Ce
nsus
2008
– e
stim
ated
Bath
urst
Reg
ion
35,8
4538
,326
16.9
Blay
ney
Shire
6,59
36,
985
3.1
Boga
n Sh
ire2,
883
2,98
91.
3
Bour
ke S
hire
3,09
53,
091
1.4
Cabo
nne
12,3
9612
,994
5.7
Coon
ambl
e Sh
ire4,
208
4,28
71.
9
Cow
ra S
hire
12,4
7512
,835
5.6
Dubb
o Ci
ty37
,843
40,3
0617
.7
Gilg
andr
a Sh
ire4,
522
4,56
42.
0
Lach
lan
Shire
6,66
96,
838
3.0
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
ion
21,0
8622
,359
9.8
Nar
rom
ine
Shire
6,50
86,
785
3.0
Obe
ron
5,03
05,
291
2.3
Ora
nge
City
35,3
3837
,991
16.7
War
ren
Shire
2,75
02,
799
1.2
War
rum
bung
le S
hire
9,80
810
,197
4.5
Wel
lingt
on8,
120
8,71
13.
8
Tota
l21
5,16
922
7,34
8
Sour
ce: 2
008
ABS
dat
a an
d 20
06 C
ensu
s D
ata
Tab
le 2
Per
cent
age
of a
ge g
roup
s co
mpa
red
to A
ustr
alia
Age
gro
upTo
tal
Num
ber
Perc
enta
geA
ustr
alia
pe
rcen
tage
0-4
year
s14
,825
6.8
6.3
5-14
yea
rs32
,925
15.3
13.5
15-2
4 ye
ars
27,7
6112
.913
.6
25-5
4 ye
ars
82,1
9938
.242
.2
55-6
4 ye
ars
25,3
9511
.811
64+
yea
rs32
,066
14.9
13.3
Sour
ce: A
BS, 2
006
Tab
le 3
Spa
tial d
istr
ibut
ion
of p
opul
atio
n in
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
Plac
e of
res
iden
ceN
SW A
vera
geCe
ntra
l Wes
t an
d N
orth
Wes
t st
atis
tica
l sub
divi
sion
sM
ajor
city
72.6
0
Inne
r reg
iona
l20
.359
.9
Out
er re
gion
al6.
530
.5
Rem
ote
0.5
8.8
Very
rem
ote
0.1
0.8
Sour
ce: A
BS, 2
009
(200
6 C
ensu
s D
ata)
N.B
. The
Aus
tral
ian
Bure
au o
f St
atis
tics
utili
ses
stat
istic
al s
ubdi
visi
ons
to c
olla
te d
ata
from
the
cens
us. T
he C
entr
al W
est
and
Nor
th W
est
subd
ivis
ions
cap
ture
the
maj
ority
of
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea
how
ever
may
not
refl
ect
the
boun
darie
s of
the
17
Cou
ncils
exa
ctly.
hum
an s
ettle
men
t w
ith a
hig
h pr
opor
tion
of
peop
le li
ving
in t
he re
port
ing
area
with
in t
he
inne
r re
gion
al c
entr
es. S
tudi
es h
ave
show
n th
ere
are
ofte
n si
gnifi
cant
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
thes
e pl
aces
of
resi
denc
e in
ter
ms
of p
opul
atio
n ch
arac
teris
tics
such
as
inco
me,
Abo
rigin
ality
Wat
er
1020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Intro
duct
ion
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt11
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
and
hous
e ow
ners
hip.
The
re is
als
o a
grea
ter
perc
enta
ge o
f th
e po
pula
tion
who
hav
e an
In
dige
nous
bac
kgro
und
with
7.3
% o
f th
e re
gion
’s po
pula
tion
bein
g of
Abo
rigin
al o
r To
rres
St
rait
Isla
nder
her
itage
com
pare
d to
the
nat
iona
l av
erag
e of
2.3
% (A
BS, 2
009)
. Thi
s va
riatio
n in
po
pula
tion
char
acte
ristic
s tr
ansl
ate
to d
iffer
ent
chal
leng
es b
eing
pre
sent
ed t
o th
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
are
uniq
ue t
o th
e re
port
ing
regi
on.
Clim
ate
in t
he
Cen
tral
Wes
tTh
e cl
imat
e of
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t is
hig
hly
varia
ble
as it
cov
ers
a la
rge
geog
raph
ic a
rea
and
a ra
nge
of t
opog
raph
ies.
Bro
adly,
the
se
can
be g
roup
ed in
to t
able
land
s, s
lope
s an
d pl
ains
, refl
ectin
g th
e in
fluen
ce o
f th
e G
reat
D
ivid
ing
Rang
e in
the
eas
t th
roug
h th
e sl
opes
to t
he fl
oodp
lain
s of
the
wes
t an
d no
rth-
wes
t.
Ther
e is
an
over
all d
eclin
e in
ave
rage
ann
ual
rain
fall
mov
ing
wes
t fr
om t
he t
able
land
s to
th
e pl
ains
(Fig
ure
3). A
vera
ge d
aily
min
imum
an
d m
axim
um t
empe
ratu
res
are
low
est
for
the
tabl
elan
ds, i
nter
med
iate
for
the
slo
pes
and
high
est
for
the
plai
ns (F
igur
e 4)
.Th
e C
SIRO
has
out
lined
the
pre
dict
ed
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
in t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
). It
is p
redi
cted
th
at s
torm
inte
nsity
and
fre
quen
cy is
like
ly
to in
crea
se, d
ecre
asin
g th
e lo
cal r
elia
bilit
y of
ra
infa
ll. E
xtre
me
rain
fall
even
ts w
ill b
ecom
e m
ore
freq
uent
, with
a o
ne in
40
year
eve
nt
pred
icte
d to
incr
ease
by
up t
o 20
% b
y 20
30.
The
num
ber
of d
ays
per
year
abo
ve 3
5ºC
is
exp
ecte
d to
incr
ease
fro
m f
our
to e
leve
n by
203
0. It
is a
lso
thou
ght
that
in a
reas
of
decl
inin
g ra
infa
ll, t
he r
isk
of la
nd a
nd w
ater
sa
linity
will
be
incr
ease
d.
This
rep
ort
Them
esA
s di
scus
sed
abov
e, t
his
repo
rt c
over
s th
e ‘t
radi
tiona
l’ th
emes
use
d in
NSW
SoE
rep
ortin
g as
req
uire
d by
legi
slat
ion.
The
tra
ditio
nal
repo
rtin
g th
emes
hav
e be
en in
clud
ed u
nder
th
e fo
llow
ing
mai
n th
emes
for
the
rep
ort:
The
last
mai
n th
eme
(‘Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
ty’)
is a
div
ersi
on f
rom
the
tra
ditio
nal S
oE r
epor
ting
them
es a
nd r
eflec
ts t
he d
esire
for
the
par
tici-
patin
g C
ounc
ils a
nd C
MA
s to
hel
p m
ove
thei
r lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es t
owar
ds e
nviro
nmen
tal
sust
aina
bilit
y.
Envi
ron
men
tal i
ssu
esTo
resp
ond
to t
he p
ropo
sed
chan
ges
in S
oE
repo
rtin
g re
late
d to
the
new
Inte
grat
ed
Plan
ning
and
Rep
ortin
g Fr
amew
ork
(DLG
, 20
09),
each
par
ticip
atin
g C
ounc
il pr
ovid
ed a
list
of
env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues
that
cou
ld le
ad t
o th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
env
ironm
enta
l obj
ectiv
es a
s re
quire
d in
fut
ure
SoE
repo
rts.
The
se e
nviro
n-
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Bourke
Bogan
Warren
Narromine
Lachlan
Gilgandra
Coonamble
Warrumbungle
Dubbo
Wellington
Cowra
Cabonne
Mid-Western
Orange
Blayney
Bathurst
Oberon
mm/year
Tabl
elan
dsSl
opes
Plai
ns
051015202530
Mea
n M
in Te
mp
Mea
n M
ax Te
mp
Bourke
Bogan
Warren
Narromine
Lachlan
Gilgandra
Coonamble
Warrumbungle
Dubbo
Wellington
Cowra
Cabonne
Mid-Western
Orange
Blayney
Bathurst
Oberon
Fig
ure
3 A
nnua
l Ave
rage
Rain
fall
of p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
Fig
ure
4 A
nnua
l mea
n
tem
pera
ture
s of
par
tici-
patin
g C
ounc
ils
Sour
ce: B
OM
, 200
9
Sour
ce: B
OM
, 200
9
men
tal i
ssue
s w
ere
cate
goris
ed a
nd h
ave
been
ad
dres
sed
unde
r th
e m
ain
them
es a
s fo
llow
s:
Spec
ies,
Inva
sive
Spe
cies
)
Sett
lem
ent
Patt
erns
, Noi
se P
ollu
tion,
M
anag
emen
t of
Abo
rigin
al H
erita
ge,
Man
agem
ent
of N
on-A
borig
inal
Her
itage
)
Was
te T
reat
men
t an
d D
ispo
sal)
Prac
tices
, Clim
ate
Cha
nge)
.
It sh
ould
be
stre
ssed
tha
t th
e nu
mbe
r of
issu
es
rela
ted
to e
ach
them
e do
es n
ot r
eflec
t th
e im
port
ance
of
that
the
me
in c
ompa
rison
to
othe
r th
emes
; it
refle
cts
mor
e th
e ra
nge
of
disp
arat
e is
sues
und
er e
ach
them
e.It
shou
ld a
lso
be n
oted
tha
t al
thou
gh t
hey
are
disc
usse
d pr
imar
ily u
nder
one
the
me,
se
vera
l iss
ues
such
as
clim
ate
chan
ge, w
here
th
e im
pact
s ar
e pe
rvas
ive,
are
fur
ther
dis
cuss
ed
unde
r ot
her
them
es.
Envi
ron
men
tal i
nd
icat
ors
Indi
cato
rs a
re im
port
ant
man
agem
ent
tool
s us
ed in
env
ironm
enta
l rep
ortin
g. T
hey
sum
mar
ise
and
com
mun
icat
e in
form
atio
n ab
out
the
cond
ition
of
key
aspe
cts
of c
ompl
ex
envi
ronm
ents
so
that
our
dec
isio
n m
akin
g ca
n be
bet
ter
info
rmed
. In
thi
s re
port
, a s
uite
of
indi
cato
rs h
as b
een
iden
tified
tha
t he
lp r
epor
t on
the
env
ironm
en-
tal t
hem
es a
nd is
sues
list
ed a
bove
.W
hile
man
y of
the
indi
cato
rs f
or t
his
Repo
rt h
ave
been
sel
ecte
d fr
om p
ast
Cou
ncil
SoE
Repo
rts
and
the
2007
-08
Regi
onal
SoE
Re
port
, som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
hav
e be
en
sele
cted
, for
whi
ch m
ost
of t
he p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
can
pro
vide
mea
ning
ful d
ata.
Whe
re
indi
cato
rs a
re n
ew, d
ata
from
pre
viou
s ye
ars
is n
ot a
vaila
ble
to e
nabl
e th
e pr
esen
tatio
n of
en
viro
nmen
tal t
rend
s ov
er t
ime.
A
list
of
Cou
ncils
, tha
t pr
ovid
ed d
ata
for
each
indi
cato
r is
fou
nd in
the
rep
ort
appe
ndix
.A
s st
ress
ed a
bove
, a C
ompr
ehen
sive
SoE
re
port
suc
h as
thi
s ne
eds
to in
clud
e tr
ends
re
late
d to
the
env
ironm
enta
l ind
icat
or d
ata
colle
cted
. Thu
s w
here
com
paris
on w
ith
2007
-08
or p
revi
ous
data
is p
ossi
ble,
tre
nds
for
the
indi
cato
rs a
re p
rovi
ded
in a
sum
mar
y ta
ble
at t
he c
omm
ence
men
t of
eac
h th
eme
chap
ter.
The
tren
ds a
re h
ighl
ight
ed a
s be
low
us
ing
up a
rrow
s (s
igni
fyin
g im
prov
emen
t),
side
way
s ar
row
s (n
o or
litt
le c
hang
e) a
nd
dow
nwar
d ar
row
(sho
win
g a
wor
seni
ng t
rend
).
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
e
wor
seni
ng t
rend
Ther
e is
an
expl
anat
ion
for
each
tre
nd w
ithin
th
e ch
apte
r an
d po
ssib
le r
easo
ns f
or it
oc
curr
ing.
Pres
sure
-Sta
te-R
esp
on
seTh
e co
nven
tiona
l way
of
repo
rtin
g on
eac
h th
eme
is u
sing
the
‘Pre
ssur
e-St
ate-
Resp
onse
’ m
odel
. Thi
s or
der
has
been
mod
ified
to
Stat
e-Pr
essu
re-R
espo
nse
in t
his
repo
rt t
o in
itial
ly
high
light
the
cur
rent
situ
atio
n. W
ordi
ng h
as
also
bee
n ch
ange
d as
fol
low
s: P
ress
ure
to
‘Thr
eat’
, Sta
te t
o ‘C
ondi
tion’
. The
new
ter
ms
are
thou
ght
to b
e le
ss t
echn
ical
.In
thi
s re
port
, Con
ditio
n-Th
reat
-Res
pons
e is
rel
ated
to
each
env
ironm
enta
l iss
ue a
s su
b-he
adin
gs. E
nviro
nmen
tal i
ndic
ator
s ar
e ta
gged
to
one
of t
hese
sub
-hea
ding
s. A
fu
rthe
r su
b-he
adin
g ca
lled
‘Fut
ure
Cha
lleng
es’
is f
ound
at
the
end
of e
ach
issu
e re
port
and
lis
ts s
ugge
sted
fut
ure
actio
ns a
nd c
once
rns
rele
vant
to
the
repo
rtin
g fo
r th
at t
hem
e.
AB
OV
E C
attle
far
mer
s in
Coo
nam
ble
Wat
er
1220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Intro
duct
ion
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt13
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
5. W
ater
This
chap
ter
focu
ses
on t
he c
ondi
tion
of t
he la
nd in
the
par
ticip
atin
g C
ounc
il ar
eas.
The
land
scap
e of
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea is
div
erse
in c
hara
cter
, inc
ludi
ng re
side
ntia
l,
agric
ultu
ral,
indu
stria
l and
nat
ural
land
scap
es. L
and
is a
nat
ural
ass
et t
hat
can
be
cons
ider
ed t
o co
nsis
t of
a d
iver
sity
of
geol
ogic
al f
orm
s; t
opso
il av
aila
bilit
y; s
oil h
ealth
;
land
tha
t su
ppor
ts n
atur
al s
yste
ms;
and
land
ava
ilabl
e to
sup
port
a v
arie
ty o
f hu
man
uses
(inc
ludi
ng o
pen
spac
e fo
r pu
blic
acc
ess)
.
The
river
ine
and
flood
plai
n ar
eas
prov
ide
grea
t ae
sthe
tic a
nd r
ecre
atio
nal o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
the
regi
on’s
resi
dent
s an
d to
uris
ts, a
s w
ell a
s im
port
ant
wat
er r
esou
rces
for
the
eco
nom
y an
d en
viro
nmen
t. L
and
prov
ides
a n
umbe
r of
ser
vice
s th
at w
e re
ly o
n, in
clud
ing
food
pr
oduc
tion,
rur
al/u
rban
life
styl
es a
nd w
ork
and
recr
eatio
n op
port
uniti
es t
hat
ultim
atel
y su
ppor
t hu
man
hea
lth. L
and
reso
urce
s al
so
prov
ide
a ra
nge
of e
nviro
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces.
A
maj
or is
sue
in t
he r
egio
n is
land
de
grad
atio
n ca
used
by
soil
eros
ion,
sal
inity
and
co
ntam
inat
ion.
Issu
e -
Lan
d D
egra
dat
ion
Co
nd
itio
nTh
e so
ils o
f th
e ca
tchm
ents
var
y ac
cord
ing
to
geol
ogy
and
land
scap
e. S
oil h
ealth
issu
es c
an
be b
roke
n up
into
thr
ee c
ompo
nent
s -
fert
ility
(s
alin
ity, a
cidi
ty, a
nd n
utrie
nts)
, bio
logy
(the
nu
mbe
r, co
nditi
on a
nd t
ype
of s
oil b
iota
) and
ph
ysic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s (s
truc
ture
, sod
icity
and
er
osio
n) (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
007)
. The
re is
a
high
deg
ree
of in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e ca
uses
an
d ef
fect
s re
latin
g to
fer
tility
, bio
logi
cal
activ
ity a
nd p
hysi
cal c
hara
cter
istic
s. T
he
AB
OV
EEr
osio
n gu
llies
at
Saw
pit
Cre
ek, B
athu
rst,
prio
r to
reh
abili
tatio
n
tabl
elan
ds a
nd s
lope
s ha
ve r
atin
gs o
f po
or s
oil
heal
th, b
ut t
here
is a
tre
nd t
owar
d im
prov
ed
crop
ping
and
gra
zing
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
.Lo
wer
nut
rient
s an
d po
orer
soi
l typ
es
are
char
acte
rised
in t
he t
able
land
s du
e to
hi
gher
tot
al r
ainf
all.
The
geol
ogy
of t
he a
rea
is d
omin
ated
by
coar
se g
rain
ed, a
cidi
c ro
cks
resu
lting
in s
andy
tex
ture
d so
ils t
hat
are
deve
lope
d in
-situ
and
sus
cept
ible
to
eros
ion
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
7). T
he s
lope
s ha
ve
varia
ble
geol
ogy
with
soi
ls t
ypes
tha
t ar
e le
ss f
ragi
le a
nd h
ave
high
er n
utrie
nt le
vels
. Th
ey a
lso
have
nat
ural
ly h
ighe
r sa
lt st
ores
, in
crea
sing
the
ris
k of
land
deg
rada
tion
due
to s
alin
ity (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
007)
. The
pl
ains
are
dom
inat
ed b
y al
luvi
al a
nd a
eolia
n so
il de
velo
pmen
t re
sulti
ng in
hig
her
fert
ility
an
d cl
ay c
onte
nts
that
hav
e a
high
er s
hrin
k-sw
ell p
oten
tial a
nd c
an b
e su
scep
tible
to
com
pact
ion
prob
lem
s.
Ero
sio
nEr
osio
n is
a s
igni
fican
t la
nd f
acto
r th
at
influ
ence
s w
ater
qua
lity
in o
ur s
trea
ms
and
habi
tat
qual
ity. E
rosi
on g
ener
ally
occ
urs
whe
re
land
has
bee
n di
stur
bed
or w
here
wat
er c
on-
cent
rate
s, s
uch
as u
nsea
led
road
s, r
oads
ides
an
d dr
ivew
ays,
agr
icul
tura
l are
as (c
ropp
ing,
la
nd c
lear
ing
and
over
gra
zing
), in
dust
rial
area
s, s
torm
wat
er o
utle
ts, w
here
veg
etat
ion
is
othe
rwis
e re
mov
ed a
nd in
wat
erw
ays.
Impa
cts
from
ero
sion
incl
ude
loss
of
arab
le la
nd a
nd
habi
tat,
wee
d in
vasi
on, s
oil l
oss,
dus
t st
orm
s an
d se
dim
enta
tion
of w
ater
way
s.A
lthou
gh C
ounc
ils d
o no
t ho
ld d
ata
on
the
exte
nt o
f er
osio
n af
fect
ed la
nd in
the
ir LG
A’s,
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
rep
orts
tha
t 10
0,00
0ha
of
land
is a
ffec
ted.
Salin
ity
Whi
le t
here
are
man
y ca
uses
of
salin
ity
(incl
udin
g irr
igat
ion
and
rem
oval
of
vege
tatio
n),
the
effe
cts
on la
nd re
sour
ces
can
be v
ery
Tab
le 4
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
of in
dica
tor
tren
ds –
Lan
d D
egra
datio
n
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Cont
amin
atio
n
Num
ber o
f Con
tam
inat
ed la
nd s
ites
– co
ntam
inat
ed la
nd re
gist
er6
6
Num
ber o
f Con
tam
inat
ed la
nd s
ites
– po
tent
ially
con
tam
inat
ed s
ites
523
755
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
sign
ifica
nt re
gard
less
of
the
caus
e. S
alin
ity
chan
ges
the
soil
stru
ctur
e, in
crea
sing
the
er
osio
n ha
zard
. Lim
ited
vege
tatio
n w
ill g
row
on
sal
ine
area
s, re
duci
ng f
eed
for
stoc
k, h
abita
t fo
r na
tive
spec
ies
and
chan
ging
the
loca
l ec
osys
tem
. Sal
t al
so a
ffec
ts in
fras
truc
ture
suc
h as
road
s an
d bu
ildin
gs w
hich
may
cau
se h
igh
econ
omic
impa
cts
for
the
loca
l Cou
ncil
and
com
mun
ity. F
or e
xam
ple,
the
sal
inity
impa
cts
on r
ural
road
s ha
ve b
een
cost
ed b
etw
een
$100
/km
/yea
r (v
ery
slig
ht im
pact
) and
$12
00/k
m/y
ear
(sev
ere
impa
ct) (
DIP
NR,
200
5). S
alin
ity le
vels
in
river
s ar
e di
scus
sed
in t
he W
ater
cha
pter
.Id
entifi
ed b
y th
e re
cent
Mur
rray
Dar
ling
Basi
n Sa
linity
Aud
it, a
nd c
onfir
med
by
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t Sa
linity
Ris
k A
sses
smen
t (H
umph
ries,
200
0), t
he B
ogan
, C
astle
reag
h an
d M
acqu
arie
cat
chm
ents
are
re
cogn
ised
as
bein
g am
ong
the
mos
t “a
t ris
k”
of s
erio
us s
alin
ity p
robl
ems.
Co
nta
min
atio
nC
onta
min
ated
land
has
the
pot
entia
l for
im
med
iate
or
long
-ter
m a
dver
se e
ffec
ts o
n
hum
an h
ealth
and
the
env
ironm
ent.
Lan
d co
ntam
inat
ion
is u
sual
ly t
he im
pact
of
past
la
nd u
ses
such
as
serv
ice
stat
ions
, fue
l dep
ots,
ho
rtic
ultu
ral f
acili
ties,
orc
hard
s, s
heep
dip
s,
agri-
chem
ical
dum
ps, p
isto
l ran
ges,
min
es,
land
fills
and
gas
wor
ks. A
site
is c
lass
ified
as
cont
amin
ated
whe
n ha
zard
ous
subs
tanc
es
occu
r at
con
cent
ratio
ns t
hat
are
abov
e no
rmal
ba
ckgr
ound
leve
ls, p
osin
g a
pote
ntia
l ris
k to
hum
an h
ealth
or
the
envi
ronm
ent.
The
D
epar
tmen
t of
Env
ironm
ent,
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
Wat
er (D
ECC
W) m
aint
ains
a r
egis
ter
of
cont
amin
ated
site
s, a
nd lo
cal C
ounc
ils a
lso
regi
ster
fur
ther
con
tam
inat
ed s
ites
such
as
old
land
fills
. Som
e pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
als
o m
aint
ain
a lis
t of
pot
entia
lly c
onta
min
ated
si
tes
base
d on
pas
t la
nd u
se.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
con
tam
inat
ed la
nd
si
tes
(Co
nta
min
ated
lan
d r
egis
ter)
Und
er t
he C
onta
min
ated
Lan
d M
anag
emen
t A
ct 1
997,
DEC
CW
may
dec
lare
tha
t so
me
cont
amin
ated
land
s ar
e “s
igni
fican
t en
ough
to
Wat
er
1420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Land
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt15
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wir
adju
ri sa
ying
—‘N
gang
aana
-gu
Kai
rai b
illa’
s
dya
Kai
rai b
illa’
s dur
ai n
gang
ana
ngin
du’
‘Loo
k af
ter
the
land
and
the
rive
rs a
nd th
e la
nd
and
the
rive
rs w
ill lo
ok a
fter
you
’(C
ec G
rant
– 2
001)
war
rant
reg
ulat
ion”
. The
se la
nds
are
liste
d in
a
regi
ster
of
cont
amin
ated
land
s fo
und
on t
he
DEC
CW
web
site
at
http
://w
ww
.env
ironm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au/
clm
app/
abou
treg
iste
r.asp
x.A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
4)
at t
he f
ront
of
this
cha
pter
, the
num
ber
of
site
s on
the
con
tam
inat
ed la
nd r
egis
ter
in
the
regi
on r
emai
ned
the
sam
e in
200
8-09
(t
he t
otal
in 2
007-
08 w
as s
ix b
ut W
eddi
n C
ounc
il w
ith o
ne s
ite w
as n
ot in
volv
ed in
thi
s re
port
. Cow
ra S
hire
Cou
ncil,
now
incl
uded
in
the
repo
rt, a
lso
has
one
site
so
the
tota
l for
20
08-0
9 is
als
o si
x). A
part
fro
m C
owra
Shi
re,
the
regi
ster
ed c
onta
min
ated
site
s ar
e lo
cate
d in
Bat
hurs
t, D
ubbo
and
Ora
nge
LGA
s.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
con
tam
inat
ed la
nd
si
tes
(po
ten
tial
ly c
on
tam
inat
ed s
ites
)
Loca
l Cou
ncils
dea
l with
oth
er c
onta
min
a-tio
n un
der
the
plan
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t fr
amew
ork,
incl
udin
g St
ate
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pl
anni
ng P
olic
y N
o. 5
5 –
Rem
edia
tion
of L
and
and
the
Man
agin
g La
nd C
onta
min
atio
n –
Plan
ning
Gui
delin
es. T
his
type
of
site
, alth
ough
po
ssib
ly c
onta
min
ated
, doe
s no
t po
se a
n un
ac-
cept
able
ris
k un
der
its c
urre
nt o
r ap
prov
ed
use
to t
he b
est
of C
ounc
il’s
know
ledg
e.
The
plan
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t pr
oces
s w
ill
dete
rmin
e w
hat
rem
edia
tion
is n
eede
d to
m
ake
the
land
sui
tabl
e fo
r a
diff
eren
t us
e.In
200
8-09
, loc
al C
ounc
ils a
cros
s th
e re
port
ing
regi
on id
entifi
ed 7
38 p
oten
tially
co
ntam
inat
ed s
ites.
Fig
ure
5 sh
ows
the
num
ber
of p
oten
tially
con
tam
inat
ed s
ites
in
each
of
the
17 L
GA
s an
d co
mpa
res
2007
-08
figur
es w
ith 2
008-
09 w
here
rep
orte
d by
C
ounc
ils.
It sh
ould
be
note
d th
at it
is d
ifficu
lt to
com
pare
thi
s da
ta a
cros
s LG
As
due
to
the
fact
tha
t m
uch
of it
rel
ies
on d
iffer
ent
regi
ster
s m
aint
aine
d by
Cou
ncil
that
diff
er in
co
nten
t an
d m
ay n
ot b
e up
date
d on
a r
egul
ar
basi
s. O
ne o
f th
e re
ason
s fo
r th
e hi
gh v
alue
re
cord
ed f
or D
ubbo
is t
hat
this
Cou
ncil
have
at
tem
pted
to
iden
tify
all p
ossi
ble
site
s th
at
may
con
tain
con
tam
inat
ion
due
to p
ast
or
pres
ent
land
use
. C
ompa
ring
thos
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in
2007
-08
with
the
sam
e C
ounc
ils in
200
8-09
, th
ere
appe
ars
to b
e an
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
pot
entia
lly c
onta
min
ated
site
s ac
ross
the
re
gion
and
thu
s a
‘wor
seni
ng t
rend
’ for
thi
s in
dica
tor
(as
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble,
Ta
ble
4, a
t th
e st
art
of t
his
chap
ter)
. How
ever
, an
othe
r po
ssib
le r
easo
n fo
r th
e in
crea
se in
co
ntam
inat
ed s
ites
coul
d be
due
to
bett
er
repo
rtin
g m
etho
ds. C
ounc
ils a
re b
ecom
ing
mor
e aw
are
of p
revi
ousl
y co
ntam
inat
ed s
ites
and
are
incl
udin
g th
em o
n th
eir
regi
ster
s so
th
at t
hese
issu
es c
an b
e ad
dres
sed
shou
ld a
ch
ange
in la
nd u
se w
arra
nt it
.
Thre
atLa
nd
Cle
arin
gTh
e cl
earin
g of
nat
ural
veg
etat
ion
com
poun
ds
land
deg
rada
tion
prob
lem
s su
ch a
s er
osio
n an
d sa
linity
. Rai
nfal
l and
ove
rland
flow
, tha
t is
us
ually
tak
en u
p by
veg
etat
ion,
ero
de s
ectio
ns
of t
he la
nd a
way
pro
duci
ng a
gul
ly e
ffec
t. T
he
exce
ss w
ater
als
o so
aks
into
the
gro
und
and
adds
to
risin
g w
ater
tab
les
whi
ch b
ring
salt
depo
sits
with
the
m, i
ncre
asin
g so
il sa
linity
and
re
duci
ng t
he p
rodu
ctiv
ity o
f so
ils.
Ag
ricu
ltu
reA
gric
ultu
re c
an c
ause
sig
nific
ant
impa
cts
on
land
if it
is n
ot m
anag
ed s
usta
inab
ly. T
hese
im
pact
s ca
n in
clud
e lo
ss o
f gr
ound
cove
r, ca
usin
g er
osio
n an
d th
eref
ore
loss
of
tops
oil,
chan
ges
to s
oil s
truc
ture
and
hea
lth, i
ncre
ases
in
soi
l aci
dity
and
incr
ease
d ar
eas
of s
oil s
cald
s.
Extr
eme
impa
cts
may
lead
to
dese
rtifi
catio
n an
d lo
ss o
f so
il fe
rtili
ty. I
nten
sive
agr
icul
ture
in
the
pla
ins
area
s of
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t is
al
so c
ausi
ng r
isin
g ac
idity
leve
ls in
are
as t
hat
due
to a
low
er r
ainf
all h
ave
not
prev
ious
ly
expe
rienc
ed t
hese
pro
blem
s. T
he in
appr
opria
te
Num
ber
of s
ites
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Fig
ure
5 N
umbe
r of
pote
ntia
lly c
onta
min
ated
site
s in
eac
h LG
A
use
of f
ertil
iser
s is
als
o a
maj
or c
ontr
ibut
ing
fact
or t
o so
il ac
idifi
catio
n.
Inap
pro
pri
ate
dev
elo
pm
ent
and
lan
d u
se
chan
ge
Inap
prop
riate
dev
elop
men
t in
env
ironm
en-
tally
sen
sitiv
e ar
eas
can
cont
ribut
e to
land
de
grad
atio
n, f
or e
xam
ple,
dev
elop
men
t in
ar
eas
of h
ighl
y er
odab
le o
r fr
agile
soi
ls,
on
salin
e pr
one
soils
or
on la
nd w
hich
fro
nts
stre
ams
or in
wet
land
are
as c
an e
xace
rbat
e la
nd d
egra
datio
n is
sues
. In
appr
opria
te s
ub-
divi
sion
of
rura
l lan
ds c
an a
lso
thre
aten
agr
i-cu
ltura
l pro
duct
ivity
and
bio
logi
cal d
iver
sity
.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
eTh
e pr
edic
ted
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
will
va
ry d
epen
ding
on
vario
us la
nd f
eatu
res
such
as
fer
tility
, bio
logy
and
phy
sica
l soi
l cha
r-ac
teris
tics
men
tione
d ab
ove,
as
wel
l as
the
area
of
gree
n co
ver
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y.
How
ever
, whi
le t
here
is n
o un
iform
res
pons
e,
it is
gen
eral
ly a
ccep
ted
that
as
tem
pera
ture
s ris
e, s
oil m
oist
ure
and
thus
nut
rient
ava
ilabi
lity
decr
ease
s, a
s do
es t
he s
oils
abi
lity
to s
uppo
rt
vege
tatio
n.Th
is is
par
ticul
arly
pre
vale
nt in
arid
land
s co
mpa
red
to f
ores
ted
area
s an
d co
mbi
ned
with
incr
ease
d te
mpe
ratu
res,
cau
ses
a “b
akin
g” o
f th
e la
nd.
Soils
can
als
o be
eith
er a
net
sin
k or
a n
et
sour
ce f
or g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
(GH
G).
In m
ore
dens
ely
vege
tate
d ar
eas,
incl
udin
g pe
renn
ial
past
ures
, car
bon
diox
ide
(CO
2) is
ple
ntifu
l due
to
pla
nt r
espi
ratio
n. B
ecau
se o
f th
e hi
gh a
vail-
abili
ty o
f C
O2
in t
hese
are
as, t
he g
row
th r
ate
of p
lant
s is
als
o in
crea
sed.
Th
is e
nhan
ces
soil
orga
nic
mat
ter
and
resu
lts in
hea
lthie
r so
ils. H
ealth
ier
soils
will
su
ppor
t a
grea
ter
popu
latio
n of
mic
ro-
orga
nism
s. T
hese
soi
l mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
s al
so
cont
ribut
e C
O2to
the
env
ironm
ent,
how
ever
th
eir
cont
ribut
ion
to b
uild
ing
soil
and
soil
carb
on is
far
mor
e si
gnifi
cant
. A c
urre
nt
estim
ate
of g
loba
l car
bon
stoc
ks in
soi
l is
ap-
prox
imat
ely
1750
+/-
250
Gt
(Roy
al S
ocie
ty,
2001
).
Res
po
nse
Ag
ricu
ltu
ral l
and
sA
sig
nific
ant
focu
s of
CM
A f
undi
ng p
rogr
ams
has
been
impr
ovin
g so
il m
anag
emen
t in
ag
ricul
ture
, not
onl
y fo
r so
il he
alth
but
als
o
to li
mit
soil
loss
es f
rom
impa
cts
of s
tock
, st
orm
wat
er a
nd fl
oodi
ng, a
nd w
ind
eros
ion.
Ta
rget
ed in
cent
ive
fund
ing
for
farm
ers
has
incl
uded
incr
ease
d gr
ound
cove
r pe
rcen
tage
s,
impr
ovin
g so
il til
lage
and
impr
ovin
g th
e or
gani
c co
nten
t of
soi
ls.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
AP
outli
nes
man
agem
ent
targ
ets,
whi
ch in
clud
e: ‘B
y 20
16,
50,0
00ha
of
the
catc
hmen
t w
ill b
e m
anag
ed
to h
ave
a de
sira
ble
pere
nnia
l pla
nt c
ompo
nent
fo
r la
ndsc
ape
prot
ectio
n (M
TSS1
)’.Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A 2
008-
09 A
nnua
l Re
port
not
es t
hat
appr
oxim
atel
y 36
,702
ha
is n
ow m
anag
ed f
or p
eren
nial
pla
nts
unde
r la
ndsc
ape
prot
ectio
n pr
ojec
ts w
hich
is m
ore
than
70%
of
the
targ
et.
Reha
bilit
atio
n of
deg
rade
d si
tes
has
also
be
en a
sig
nific
ant
activ
ity t
o re
duce
impa
cts
on la
nd r
esou
rces
. Pro
gram
s un
dert
aken
by
priv
ate
land
hold
ers,
the
CM
As
and
Cou
ncils
ha
ve in
clud
ed r
e-ve
geta
tion
of s
trea
ms
and
cree
ks t
o lim
it st
ream
ban
k er
osio
n; im
prov
ing
land
man
agem
ent
of s
alin
ity r
echa
rge
area
s,
whi
ch a
lso
cont
ribut
e to
soi
l dam
age
and
eros
ion
haza
rds;
soi
l con
serv
atio
n w
orks
suc
h as
con
tour
ban
ks a
nd g
ully
rem
edia
tion
on
farm
s an
d so
me
publ
ic la
nds
and
impr
ovin
g in
dust
rial d
evel
opm
ent
reha
bilit
atio
n co
nditi
ons
for
larg
er im
pact
act
iviti
es s
uch
as
quar
ries
and
min
es.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
has
rec
ently
pr
oduc
ed a
ser
ies
of b
est
prac
tice
guid
es t
o im
prov
ing
agric
ultu
ral l
and
man
agem
ent.
Th
ese
guid
es in
clud
e in
form
atio
n on
the
to
pics
of:
Con
vent
iona
l till
age
met
hods
and
set
st
ocki
ng h
ave
sign
ifica
ntly
red
uced
per
enni
al
grou
ndco
ver
with
in t
he L
achl
an C
atch
men
t
Wat
er
1620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Land
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt17
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
as w
ell.
This
con
trib
utes
to
win
d an
d w
ater
er
osio
n, s
oil s
truc
ture
dec
line,
org
anic
ca
rbon
loss
and
sal
inity
. To
impr
ove
soil
heal
th, t
he m
ain
man
agem
ent
actio
ns
that
are
bei
ng im
plem
ente
d ar
e ba
sed
on
mai
ntai
ning
opt
imal
gro
undc
over
all
year
ro
und,
min
imis
ing
grou
nd d
istu
rban
ce f
rom
m
achi
nery
and
com
pact
ion
by s
tock
and
m
achi
nery
(Lac
hlan
CM
A, 2
006)
.
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f er
osi
on
af
fect
ed la
nd
reh
abili
tate
d
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r an
d th
us c
anno
t pr
ovid
e a
tren
d fo
r 20
08-0
9. F
rom
the
re
spon
ses
by t
wo
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed a
nd
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 14,
514
ha o
f er
osio
n af
fect
ed la
nd w
as r
ehab
ilita
ted
acro
ss t
he
regi
on f
rom
200
5-20
09.
Inap
pro
pri
ate
dev
elo
pm
ent
and
la
nd
use
ch
ang
e So
me
Cou
ncils
are
usi
ng E
nviro
nmen
tally
Se
nsiti
ve A
rea
map
ping
pro
vide
d by
DEC
CW
an
d ot
her
rele
vant
sta
te a
genc
ies
in t
heir
plan
ning
pro
cess
es a
nd d
ecis
ions
to
help
pr
otec
t ag
ains
t in
appr
opria
te d
evel
opm
ent.
C
ounc
il’s
are
also
att
ampt
ing
to a
ddre
ss
inap
prop
riate
sub
-div
isio
n of
rur
al la
nds
and
deve
lopm
ent
of e
nviro
nmen
tally
sen
sitiv
e la
nd
thro
ugh
the
LEP
proc
ess
and
othe
r pl
anni
ng
cont
rols
.
Urb
an S
edim
ent
Man
y of
the
rep
ortin
g C
ounc
ils h
ave
deve
lope
d se
dim
ent
and
eros
ion
cont
rol
polic
ies,
whi
ch a
lthou
gh r
elat
ing
prim
arily
to
urba
n ar
eas,
aim
to
miti
gate
the
eff
ects
of
stor
mw
ater
on
wat
er q
ualit
y.
For
exam
ple,
the
y m
ay r
equi
re b
uild
ers
to in
stal
l sed
imen
t co
ntro
ls a
roun
d a
site
to
prev
ent
any
soil
mat
eria
l lea
ving
the
site
, and
to
kee
p an
d st
ockp
ile t
opso
il fo
r re
habi
litat
ion
purp
oses
. Thi
s is
fur
ther
dis
cuss
ed in
the
Wat
er
chap
ter.
Co
nta
min
atio
nA
ran
ge o
f pr
ojec
ts h
ave
been
und
erta
ken
acro
ss t
he r
epor
ting
area
to
addr
ess
this
issu
e.
Resp
onse
s to
con
tam
inat
ion
incl
ude
both
re
sear
ch t
o lo
cate
and
iden
tify
cont
amin
ated
si
tes,
and
on
grou
nd w
orks
to
addr
ess
con-
tam
inat
ion
issu
es.
Man
y of
the
Cou
ncils
hav
e id
entifi
ed a
lis
t of
pot
entia
lly c
onta
min
ated
site
s an
d ar
e se
ekin
g fu
ndin
g or
coo
pera
tive
proj
ects
. For
ex
ampl
e, L
achl
an S
hire
Cou
ncil
has
iden
tified
th
at p
riorit
y ar
eas
are
olde
r la
ndfil
ls a
nd
disu
sed
serv
ice
stat
ions
. It
is n
oted
tha
t th
ere
is o
nly
limite
d in
form
atio
n fo
r po
tent
ially
con
-ta
min
ated
site
s.Th
ere
are
seve
ral p
roje
cts
bein
g ca
rrie
d ou
t ac
ross
the
reg
ion
invo
lvin
g th
e re
habi
litat
ion
of
cont
amin
ated
site
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
Wel
lingt
on
Shire
Cou
ncil
is w
orki
ng o
n a
form
er g
asw
orks
si
te. B
athu
rst
Regi
onal
Cou
ncil
is a
lso
rem
edia
ting
a ga
swor
ks s
ite (s
ee c
ase
stud
y).
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
con
tam
inat
ed
site
s re
hab
ilita
ted
All
17 p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
rep
orte
d on
thi
s in
dica
tor
for
2008
-09.
The
y re
port
ed t
hat
24
site
s ac
ross
the
reg
ion
have
bee
n re
habi
litat
ed.
The
data
for
tre
nd a
naly
sis
for
this
indi
cato
r is
ve
ry li
mite
d as
onl
y on
e lo
cal C
ounc
il re
port
ed
on t
his
indi
cato
r in
200
7-08
.
Salin
ity
Salin
ity m
anag
emen
t ha
s tr
aditi
onal
ly b
een
the
role
of
the
agric
ultu
ral s
ecto
r an
d th
e St
ate
Gov
ernm
ent,
thr
ough
rem
edia
l wor
ks,
educ
atio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
mon
itorin
g of
riv
er
salin
ity le
vels
. C
ounc
ils a
re s
tart
ing
to a
ddre
ss t
he
issu
e, d
epen
ding
on
the
curr
ent
leve
l of
risk
iden
tified
in t
he L
GA
and
the
refo
re t
he p
riorit
y of
the
issu
e to
the
loca
l com
mun
ity. F
or
exam
ple,
Dub
bo C
ity C
ounc
il ha
s id
entifi
ed
urba
n sa
linity
as
an is
sue
for
som
e ye
ars.
U
rban
sal
inity
can
aff
ect
infr
astr
uctu
re s
uch
as
build
ings
, driv
eway
s, f
ence
s an
d ro
ads,
as
wel
l as
lim
iting
pla
nt g
row
th. C
ounc
il ha
s th
eref
ore
inve
sted
in a
ran
ge o
f m
anag
emen
t op
tions
to
effe
ctiv
ely
mon
itor
and
man
age
salin
ity in
and
ar
ound
Dub
bo.
An
exam
ple
of t
he m
anag
emen
t op
tions
pu
t in
pla
ce b
y D
ubbo
City
Cou
ncil
is t
he
Dub
bo U
rban
Sal
inity
Net
wor
k. C
omm
enci
ng
in 2
004
and
cons
istin
g of
129
bor
es c
over
ing
the
Dub
bo u
rban
are
a, t
he N
etw
ork
is o
ne
of t
he b
est
mon
itorin
g ne
twor
ks in
Aus
tral
ia.
Gro
undw
ater
leve
ls a
nd c
ondu
ctiv
ity d
ata
are
colle
cted
mon
thly
to
assi
st C
ounc
il in
ef
fect
ivel
y m
anag
ing
salin
ity a
cros
s th
e ur
ban
area
.
Dat
a co
llect
ed b
y D
ubbo
City
cou
ncil
has
iden
tified
sal
inity
issu
es in
are
as n
ot p
revi
ousl
y co
nsid
ered
to
be a
t ris
k. C
ounc
il is
now
usi
ng
the
data
col
lect
ed s
ince
200
5 to
dev
elop
gr
ound
wat
er, s
oils
and
sal
inity
haz
ard
map
ping
to
ass
ist
in f
utur
e la
nd u
se p
lann
ing
and
salin
ity m
anag
emen
t.Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A h
as a
sal
inity
m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
m u
nder
the
CA
P.
This
pro
gram
tar
gets
the
rep
lant
ing
and
man
agem
ent
of r
echa
rge
area
s th
roug
h th
e us
e of
per
enni
al p
lant
s an
d ot
her
vege
tatio
n on
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d. It
als
o ad
dres
ses
impr
ovin
g w
ater
effi
cien
cy in
irrig
atio
n ar
eas
to li
mit
grou
ndw
ater
rec
harg
e in
sal
ine
area
s,
and
enco
urag
es C
ounc
ils t
o ad
dres
s ur
ban
salin
ity is
sues
.
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f sa
linit
y af
fect
ed
lan
d r
ehab
ilita
ted
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r fo
r 20
08-0
9. T
heC
entr
al W
est
CM
A r
epor
ted
that
89,
011
ha
of s
alin
ity a
ffec
ted
land
in t
he r
egio
n ha
s be
en
reha
bilit
ated
fro
m 2
005-
2009
.Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, r
epor
ted
in it
s 20
08-0
9 A
nnua
l Rep
ort
that
thr
ough
its
salin
ity m
anag
emen
t pr
ogra
m, s
igni
fican
t in
road
s ha
d be
en m
ade
in a
chie
ving
sal
inity
re
late
d m
anag
emen
t ta
rget
s. T
his
prog
ress
is
show
n in
Tab
le 5
.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Futu
re c
halle
nges
rel
ated
to
land
deg
rada
tion
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n in
clud
e:
eros
ion
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n
to s
ome
land
deg
rada
tion
issu
es (e
.g.
pote
ntia
lly c
onta
min
ated
site
s)
degr
adat
ion
issu
es. N
ote
that
the
Wat
er
Qua
lity
and
Salin
ity A
llian
ce is
dev
elop
ing
a fiv
e ye
ar p
lan
that
will
out
line
actio
ns a
nd
can
be u
sed
to s
uppo
rt f
undi
ng a
pplic
a-tio
ns.
A f
urth
er c
halle
nge
is t
o en
sure
tha
t En
viro
n-m
enta
lly S
ensi
tive
Are
a m
appi
ng, p
repa
red
by t
he r
elev
ant
stat
e ag
enci
es t
o hi
ghlig
ht
the
loca
tion
and
dive
rsity
of
sens
itive
land
s,
is u
sed
by t
he C
ounc
ils t
o pr
otec
t ru
ral l
ands
an
d ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s th
ey p
rovi
de f
rom
Cas
eSt
ud
y:Si
teR
emed
iati
on
of
Bat
hu
rst
Gas
wo
rks
Bath
urst
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
was
abl
e to
gai
n fu
ndin
g of
$50
0,00
0 fr
om t
he N
SW E
nviro
nmen
tal T
rust
to
impl
emen
t re
med
iatio
n w
orks
at
the
form
er B
athu
rst
Gas
wor
ks s
ite, a
sch
edul
ed s
ite u
nder
th
eC
onta
min
ated
Lan
ds M
anag
emen
t A
ct 1
997.
Bat
hurs
t Re
gion
al
Cou
ncil
has
ente
red
into
a V
olun
tary
Rem
edia
tion
Agr
eem
ent
with
DEC
CW
whi
ch a
llow
s re
med
iatio
n w
orks
to
be u
nder
take
n as
fun
ding
bec
omes
ava
ilabl
e. T
he S
tage
1 R
emed
iatio
n Pr
ojec
t in
clud
ed t
he r
emov
al o
f m
ore
than
190
m³
of t
arry
was
tes
from
a
varie
ty o
f st
ruct
ures
on
the
site
suc
h as
a t
ar w
ell a
nd t
ar s
epar
ator
ta
nks.
The
tar
ry w
aste
s w
ere
mix
ed w
ith fl
y as
h an
d ap
prox
i-m
atel
y 80
% w
ere
trea
ted
by a
pro
cess
kno
wn
as B
atch
The
rmal
D
esor
ptio
n. T
he r
emai
ning
tar
ry w
aste
s w
ere
trea
ted
by c
emen
t fix
atio
n an
d st
abili
satio
n. A
ll tr
eate
d w
aste
s w
ere
able
to
be
clas
sifie
d as
sol
id w
aste
and
wer
e di
spos
ed o
f at
the
Bat
hurs
t W
aste
M
anag
emen
t C
entr
e. T
he S
tage
1 R
emed
iatio
n Pr
ojec
t ha
s be
en
succ
essf
ul in
rem
ovin
g ta
rry
was
tes
from
the
site
tha
t w
ere
know
n to
be
impa
ctin
g on
the
sur
roun
ding
soi
l and
gro
undw
ater
. In
Jun
e 20
09, B
athu
rst
Regi
onal
Cou
ncil
was
aw
arde
d $9
0,45
3 to
und
erta
ke f
urth
er r
emed
iatio
n w
orks
at
the
form
er B
athu
rst
Gas
W
orks
site
. The
Sta
ge 2
Rem
edia
tion
Proj
ect
will
com
men
ce la
ter
in 2
009
and
will
incl
ude
the
inst
alla
tion
of a
dditi
onal
gro
undw
ater
m
onito
ring
wel
ls, l
abor
ator
y an
alys
is o
f gr
ound
wat
er s
ampl
es f
rom
th
e w
ells
and
an
asse
ssm
ent
of t
wo
gaso
met
ers
(or
gas
hold
ers)
pr
esen
t on
the
site
. The
res
ults
of
the
Stag
e 2
Rem
edia
tion
Proj
ect
will
allo
w B
athu
rst
Regi
onal
Cou
ncil
and
DEC
CW
to
nego
tiate
wha
t fu
rthe
r re
med
iatio
n w
orks
, if
any,
will
be
requ
ired
at t
he s
ite.
Tab
le 5
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
pro
gres
s ag
ains
t ta
rget
s fo
r sa
linity
land
man
agem
ent
Man
agem
ent T
arge
tG
oal
Prog
ress
(Jun
e 20
09)
MTS
A2 –
Lar
ge in
terc
eptio
n pl
antin
gs o
n 30
,000
ha
of k
ey u
plan
d la
ndsc
apes
30,0
00 h
a7,
346
ha
MTS
A3 -
Rem
nant
veg
etat
ion
in 1
50,0
00
ha o
f key
sal
ine
land
scap
es
150,
000
ha10
,626
ha
MTS
A5 –
Per
enni
als
incr
ease
d by
10
0,00
0 ha
in id
entifi
ed re
char
ge
land
scap
es10
0,00
0 ha
56,2
10 h
a
MTS
A6 –
Wat
er e
fficie
nt fa
rmin
g sy
stem
s in
300
,000
ha
of d
ryla
nd c
ropp
ing
farm
ing
300,
000
ha46
,424
ha
MTS
A8 –
All
17 L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
Coun
cils
invo
lved
in u
rban
sal
inity
m
anag
emen
t17
Cou
ncils
13 C
ounc
ilsN
ote
othe
r fou
r Cou
ncils
hav
e th
eir
mai
n ur
ban
cent
re o
utsid
e Ce
ntra
l W
est C
atch
men
t bou
ndar
ies.
Sour
ce: C
entr
al W
est
CM
A A
nnua
l Rep
ort
2008
-09
unde
sira
ble
sett
lem
ent
and
agric
ultu
ral
inte
nsifi
catio
n w
hich
cou
ld c
ompr
omis
e bo
th
biod
iver
sity
and
prim
ary
prod
uctio
n.
Wat
er
1820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Land
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt19
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
How
ever
, the
re a
re s
ubst
ance
s in
the
air
whi
ch
may
impa
ir th
e he
alth
of
hum
ans,
pla
nts
and
anim
als,
red
uce
visi
bilit
y or
cha
nge
the
tem
pera
ture
bal
ance
. Whi
le m
any
of t
hese
su
bsta
nces
, inc
ludi
ng g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
and
som
e po
lluta
nts
(suc
h as
dus
t) o
ccur
nat
ural
ly,
hum
an b
ased
act
ivity
has
rap
idly
incr
ease
d th
e am
ount
of
thes
e su
bsta
nces
in o
ur a
tmos
pher
e,
whi
ch h
as r
esul
ted
in im
pact
s to
air
qual
ity a
nd
chan
ges
to o
ur e
arth
’s cl
imat
e sy
stem
.Th
ese
chan
ges
incl
ude
depl
etio
n of
th
e oz
one
laye
r; w
hile
mon
itorin
g of
the
oz
one
laye
r sh
ows
a re
cent
sta
bilis
atio
n of
at
mos
pher
ic o
zone
, lev
els
are
still
sig
nifi-
cant
ly b
elow
pre
-198
0 le
vels
. One
of
the
mos
t si
gnifi
cant
env
ironm
enta
l iss
ues
faci
ng o
ur
com
mun
ity is
hum
an in
duce
d cl
imat
e ch
ange
ca
used
by
gree
nhou
se g
ases
, whe
reby
the
ad
ditio
n of
car
bon
diox
ide
and
som
e ot
her
gase
s to
the
atm
osph
ere
is in
crea
sing
the
ra
te a
t w
hich
our
atm
osph
ere
war
ms.
As
clim
ate
chan
ge w
ill h
ave
an im
pact
on
all
othe
r th
emes
in t
his
repo
rt, g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
and
thei
r im
pact
s ar
e co
vere
d in
det
ail i
n th
e
The a
tmos
pher
e is
an
esse
ntia
l nat
ural
ass
et t
hat
supp
orts
the
hea
lth o
f th
e pl
anet
and
our
qual
ity o
f lif
e. O
ur a
tmos
pher
e al
so r
egul
ates
the
typ
e an
d am
ount
of
radi
atio
n th
at
hits
the
ear
th’s
surf
ace
from
the
sun
(the
ozo
ne la
yer)
, reg
ulat
es t
empe
ratu
re (t
hrou
gh
the
‘gre
enho
use
effe
ct’)
and
prov
ides
the
gas
es t
hat
plan
ts n
eed
to g
row
and
ani
mal
s,
incl
udin
g pe
ople
, nee
d to
bre
athe
.
Tab
le 6
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
of in
dica
tor
tren
ds –
Air
Pollu
tion
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Air P
ollu
tion
Num
ber o
f day
s th
at a
ir po
llutio
n m
axim
um
goal
s fo
r par
ticul
ate
mat
ter w
ere
exce
eded
*1
5
Num
ber o
f pre
mise
s on
the
Nat
iona
l Po
llutio
n In
vent
ory*
*42
51
Num
ber o
f Env
ironm
ent P
rote
ctio
n Li
cenc
es
issue
d15
820
2
Num
ber o
f air
qual
ity c
ompl
aint
s to
loca
l Co
uncil
s19
466
* D
ata
colle
cted
at
Bath
urst
– o
nly
mon
itorin
g st
atio
n.
** C
ompa
res
2006
-07
data
with
200
7-08
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
ty c
hapt
er a
nd a
re
also
men
tione
d in
oth
er c
hapt
ers.
Issu
e –
Air
Po
lluti
on
Co
nd
itio
nR
egio
nal
Air
Qu
alit
y
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
day
s th
at a
ir
po
lluti
on
max
imu
m g
oal
s w
ere
exce
eded
Muc
h of
the
Sta
te-le
vel a
ir qu
ality
mon
itorin
g is
con
fined
to
the
Gre
ater
Met
ropo
litan
ar
ea w
hich
incl
udes
Syd
ney,
Wol
long
ong
and
New
cast
le. D
ECC
W h
as r
ecen
tly b
egun
m
onito
ring
at o
ne s
ite in
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
, Ba
thur
st; h
owev
er, o
zone
and
par
ticul
ates
are
th
e on
ly a
ir po
lluta
nts
mea
sure
d at
thi
s si
te.
Part
icul
ates
can
incl
ude
part
icle
s, d
ust,
sm
oke,
pl
ant
spor
es, b
acte
ria a
nd s
alt.
Par
ticul
ate
mat
ter
may
be
a pr
imar
y po
lluta
nt, s
uch
as
smok
e pa
rtic
les,
or
a se
cond
ary
pollu
tant
fo
rmed
fro
m t
he c
hem
ical
rea
ctio
n of
gas
eous
po
lluta
nts.
Hum
an a
ctiv
ities
res
ultin
g in
par
ticul
ate
mat
ter
in t
he a
ir in
clud
e m
inin
g; b
urni
ng o
f fo
ssil
fuel
s; t
rans
port
atio
n; a
gric
ultu
ral a
nd
haza
rd r
educ
tion
burn
ing;
the
use
of
inci
nera
-to
rs; a
nd t
he u
se o
f so
lid f
uel f
or c
ooki
ng a
nd
heat
ing.
Par
ticul
ate
mat
ter
can
be u
sefu
lly
clas
sifie
d by
siz
e. L
arge
par
ticle
s us
ually
set
tle
out
of t
he a
ir qu
ickl
y w
hile
sm
alle
r pa
rtic
les
may
rem
ain
susp
ende
d fo
r da
ys o
r m
onth
s.
Rain
fall
is a
n im
port
ant
mec
hani
sm f
or
rem
ovin
g pa
rtic
les
from
the
air.
The
size
of
a pa
rtic
le a
lso
dete
rmin
es it
s po
tent
ial i
mpa
ct o
n hu
man
hea
lth. L
arge
r pa
rtic
les
are
usua
lly t
rapp
ed in
the
nos
e an
d th
roat
and
sw
allo
wed
. Sm
alle
r pa
rtic
les
may
re
ach
the
lung
s an
d ca
use
irrita
tion
ther
e.
Fine
par
ticle
s ca
n be
car
ried
deep
into
the
lu
ngs
and
irrita
te t
he a
irway
s. W
hen
expo
sed
to p
artic
ulat
e po
llutio
n, p
eopl
e su
ffer
ing
from
hea
rt d
isea
se m
ay e
xper
ienc
e sy
mpt
oms
such
as
ches
t pa
in, a
nd s
hort
ness
of
brea
th.
BEL
OW
Haz
ard
redu
ctio
n
burn
ove
r Ba
thur
st
Part
icul
ate
pollu
tion
can
also
agg
rava
te
exis
ting
resp
irato
ry d
isea
ses
such
as
asth
ma
and
chro
nic
bron
chiti
s (D
ECC
W, 2
009)
. Th
eN
atio
nal E
nviro
nmen
t Pr
otec
tion
Mea
sure
(NEP
M) s
ets
max
imum
goa
ls o
r st
anda
rds
for
each
pol
luta
nt t
ype,
exc
ept
for
visi
bilit
y, w
hich
is s
et b
y D
ECC
W. W
hen
thes
e go
als
are
exce
eded
, the
y ar
e re
cord
ed.
The
grap
h fo
r Ba
thur
st (F
igur
e 6)
sho
ws
the
num
ber
of d
ays
per
year
tha
t pa
rtic
ulat
e m
atte
r ex
ceed
ed t
he s
tand
ards
.PM
10 is
use
d to
defi
ne a
ir pa
rtic
les
that
ar
e up
to
10 m
icro
met
ers
in d
iam
eter
and
ar
e am
ong
the
coar
ser
part
icle
s th
at c
an b
e m
easu
red
in a
ir qu
ality
ana
lysi
s. A
s sh
own
in F
igur
e 6,
the
num
ber
of d
ays
that
the
air
pollu
tion
max
imum
for
par
ticul
ates
(PM
10)
was
exc
eede
d fo
r 20
08 w
as o
nly
one
day,
sl
ight
ly le
ss t
han
the
two
days
for
200
7.
How
ever
, as
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 6
), w
hen
com
parin
g 20
07-0
8 w
ith
2008
-09
ther
e w
as a
n in
crea
se in
exc
eeda
nces
an
d th
us a
wor
seni
ng t
rend
.
Air
Qu
alit
y C
om
pla
ints
Ind
icat
or
- N
um
ber
of
air
qu
alit
y co
mp
lain
ts
to lo
cal C
ou
nci
ls
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 6
) at
the
star
t of
thi
s ch
apte
r, th
e nu
mbe
r of
com
plai
nts
to t
he lo
cal C
ounc
ils a
bout
air
qual
ity m
atte
rs
(not
incl
udin
g od
our
issu
es) r
educ
ed s
igni
fi-ca
ntly
fro
m 1
94 c
ompl
aint
s in
200
7-08
to
66 c
ompl
aint
s in
200
8-09
. Thi
s co
mpa
rison
in
volv
ed t
he s
ame
elev
en C
ounc
ils. N
ote
that
Fig
ure
6 N
umbe
r of
days
tha
t ai
r po
llutio
n
goal
s w
ere
exce
eded
at
Bath
urst
024681012
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
Ann
ual e
xcee
denc
es o
f PM
10
Number of days
Sour
ce: D
ECC
W w
ebsi
te
odou
r m
ay h
ave
been
incl
uded
in t
he 2
007-
08
air
qual
ity d
ata.
Ther
e w
ere
a to
tal o
f 10
4 ai
r qu
ality
co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed in
200
8-09
fro
m a
ll 17
pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
. The
typ
es o
f ai
r qu
ality
co
mpl
aint
s ac
ross
the
Cou
ncil
area
s ar
e sh
own
in F
igur
e 7.
Bu
rn-o
ffs
wer
e th
e m
ain
spec
ified
air
qual
ity c
ompl
aint
with
com
plai
nts
abou
t w
ood
smok
e an
d du
st a
lso
sign
ifica
nt. T
he h
igh
num
ber
of a
ir qu
ality
com
plai
nts
for
Dub
bo
appe
ar t
o du
e to
asb
esto
s co
mpl
aint
s, s
pray
pa
intin
g an
d em
issi
ons
from
foo
d ou
tlets
.Th
ere
wer
e 10
3 ai
r qu
ality
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
on
the
EPA
Pol
lutio
n Li
ne a
cros
s th
e
Wat
er
2020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Air
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt21
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
regi
on. N
ote
that
som
e of
the
se c
ould
be
the
sam
e as
tho
se s
ent
to t
he lo
cal C
ounc
ils.
Od
ou
r C
om
pla
ints
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
od
ou
r co
mp
lain
ts
Som
e co
mpl
aint
s ca
n be
rel
ated
to
odou
r fr
om
sour
ces
such
as
food
out
lets
and
fac
torie
s.
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r as
the
200
7-08
dat
a fo
r od
our
com
plai
nts
wer
e in
clud
ed in
air
qual
ity
com
plai
nts.
The
17 p
artic
ipat
ing
loca
l Cou
ncils
re
port
ed t
hat
ther
e w
ere
120
odou
r co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed in
200
8-09
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
. Fig
ure
8 sh
ows
the
num
ber
of o
dour
com
plai
nts
repo
rted
by
each
C
ounc
il. T
he la
rge
num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed b
y D
ubbo
City
Cou
ncil
wer
e m
ostly
The
atm
osph
ere
surr
ound
ing
the
eart
h co
nsis
ts
of a
com
plex
mix
of g
ases
that
supp
ort l
ife o
n
eart
h by
pro
vidi
ng a
ir fo
r us
to b
reat
he a
nd
mai
ntai
ning
a su
itab
le te
mpe
ratu
re. T
his b
alan
ce
incl
udes
nit
roge
n (7
8%),
oxy
gen
(21%
), c
arbo
n
diox
ide
(0.0
4%),
sm
all t
race
am
ount
s of o
ther
gase
s and
wat
er v
apou
r.
05
1015
2025
3035
40
Woo
d Sm
oke
Oth
erDu
stBu
rn-o
ffs
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s
Fig
ure
7 T
ypes
of
air
qual
ity c
ompl
aint
s to
loca
l Cou
ncils
attr
ibut
ed t
o C
ounc
il’s
retic
ulat
ed s
ewer
sy
stem
. The
larg
e nu
mbe
r fo
r W
arru
mbu
n-gl
e Sh
ire C
ounc
il re
late
to
keep
ing
anim
als
such
as
hors
es in
res
iden
tial a
reas
, and
an
inci
dent
at
a lo
cal a
batt
oir.
Twen
ty fi
ve o
dour
co
mpl
aint
s fr
om t
he r
egio
n w
ere
rece
ived
by
the
EPA
Pol
lutio
n Li
ne in
200
8-09
.
Thre
atG
ener
al A
ir P
ollu
tio
n S
ou
rces
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
pre
mis
es o
n t
he
Nat
ion
al P
ollu
tio
n In
ven
tory
The
Nat
iona
l Pol
luta
nt In
vent
ory
(NPI
) list
s po
lluta
nt e
miss
ions
from
var
ious
indu
stria
l fac
ility
so
urce
s, a
nd d
iffus
e so
urce
s. D
iffus
e so
urce
s ar
e fr
om s
mal
l fac
ilitie
s, tr
ansp
ort a
nd h
ouse
hold
s.A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
6),
the
num
ber
of N
PI in
dust
ry p
ollu
tion
emitt
ers
in t
he r
egio
n (f
or t
he s
ame
Cou
ncils
) ros
e fr
om
42 in
200
6-07
to
49 in
the
last
NPI
rep
ortin
g pe
riod
(200
7-08
). Th
is t
rend
app
ears
to
be a
di
rect
res
ult
of in
dust
rial e
xpan
sion
in t
he la
rger
ce
ntre
s su
ch a
s Ba
thur
st, D
ubbo
and
Ora
nge.
Th
e nu
mbe
r of
diff
use
pollu
ters
rem
aine
d co
nsta
nt a
lthou
gh t
his
may
be
due
to is
sues
w
ith r
epor
ting
pollu
tion
sour
ces
regu
larly
.
Solid
Fu
el H
eate
rs a
nd
Bac
kyar
d B
urn
ing
Dom
estic
woo
d he
atin
g, in
dust
rial p
rem
ises
an
d di
esel
veh
icle
s ar
e th
e m
ajor
sou
rces
of
part
icul
ate
pollu
tion
in u
rban
are
as (D
ECC
, 20
06).
Ther
e is
litt
le d
ata
avai
labl
e re
latin
g to
th
e nu
mbe
r of
woo
d he
ater
s in
use
, alth
ough
so
me
Cou
ncils
do
have
com
plai
nt r
ecor
ds
rela
ting
to w
ood
smok
e (s
ee F
igur
e7)
.O
pen
burn
ing
is a
lso
a si
gnifi
cant
sou
rce
of p
artic
le p
ollu
tion.
It is
regu
late
d by
the
Pr
otec
tion
of t
he E
nviro
nmen
t O
pera
tions
(C
lean
Air)
Reg
ulat
ion
2002
. The
Reg
ulat
ion
proh
ibits
bur
ning
of
cert
ain
artic
les
and
vege
tatio
n in
urb
an a
reas
and
regu
late
s co
nditi
ons
in w
hich
bur
ning
can
be
unde
rtak
en
in r
ural
are
as. T
he b
urni
ng o
f de
ad a
nd d
ry
vege
tatio
n in
urb
an a
reas
of
the
Cen
tral
and
W
este
rn re
gion
may
be
perm
itted
in s
ome
circ
umst
ance
s, d
epen
ding
on
the
polic
ies
of t
he
loca
l Cou
ncil
and
Rura
l Fire
Ser
vice
.
Fire
sBu
shfir
es e
mit
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e, o
ther
gas
es, a
nd a
lso
sign
ifica
nt
Num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s in
200
90
1020
3040
50W
ellin
gton
War
rum
bung
leW
arre
nO
rang
eO
bero
nN
arro
min
eM
id-W
este
rnLa
chla
nG
ilgan
dra
Dubb
oCo
wra
Coon
ambl
eCa
bonn
eBo
urke
Boga
nBl
ayne
yBa
thur
st
Fig
ure
8 N
umbe
r of
odou
r co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed
by e
ach
loca
l Cou
ncil
amou
nts
of p
artic
ulat
es. B
ushfi
re m
anag
emen
t ac
tiviti
es in
volv
ing
the
pres
crib
ed u
se o
f fir
e (f
or
haza
rd re
duct
ion)
are
hig
hly
regu
late
d, b
oth
oper
atio
nally
and
with
rega
rds
to p
oten
tial e
nvi-
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s. T
he lo
cal a
rea
Bush
Fire
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans
cont
ain
refe
renc
es t
o sm
oke
man
agem
ent,
and
the
nee
d fo
r op
erat
iona
l pl
ans
to c
onsi
der
the
effe
cts
of s
mok
e on
ne
arby
resi
denc
es, a
nd s
ensi
tive
loca
tions
suc
h as
hos
pita
ls, a
ged
care
fac
ilitie
s, s
choo
ls a
nd
tour
ist
cent
res.
The
se p
lans
sta
te t
hat
all b
urn
plan
s m
ust
incl
ude
mea
sure
s to
redu
ce t
he
impa
ct o
f sm
oke
as f
ar a
s pr
actic
able
.Th
e im
pact
of
smok
e re
sulti
ng f
rom
w
ildfir
e is
impo
ssib
le t
o m
anag
e an
d m
ay h
ave
sign
ifica
nt im
plic
atio
ns f
or lo
cal a
nd r
egio
nal
air
qual
ity. G
iven
the
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns
that
are
con
duci
ve t
o ve
ry h
igh
and
extr
eme
fire
dang
er a
cros
s th
e C
entr
al a
nd W
este
rn
Cou
ncil
area
s, t
he o
ccur
renc
e of
wild
fire
unde
r th
ese
cond
ition
s w
ill t
ypic
ally
res
ult
in
larg
e qu
antit
ies
of s
mok
e be
ing
blow
n fo
r lo
ng d
ista
nces
dow
nwin
d of
the
fire
. Thi
s ha
s th
e po
tent
ial t
o se
vere
ly im
pact
on
air
qual
ity
with
in t
he r
egio
n, a
ffec
ting
resi
dent
s, t
ouris
ts
and
busi
ness
es a
like.
The
com
posi
tion
of
smok
e fr
om a
n in
tens
e w
ildfir
e m
ay b
e su
b-st
antia
lly d
iffer
ent
from
tha
t of
a lo
w in
tens
ity
pres
crib
ed b
urn,
and
exp
osur
e m
ay h
ave
impl
icat
ions
for
the
hea
lth o
f pe
rson
s w
ith
resp
irato
ry il
lnes
s (D
ECC
, 200
6).
Ag
ricu
ltu
reSo
me
agric
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
can
impa
ct o
n th
e at
mos
pher
e, in
clud
ing
stub
ble
burn
ing,
sp
ray
drift
and
dus
t ca
used
by
tilla
ge. S
tubb
le
burn
ing,
bel
ieve
d to
hav
e re
turn
ed n
utrie
nts
to t
he s
oil f
ollo
win
g ha
rves
t of
a c
rop,
pr
oduc
es s
mok
e an
d as
h ac
ross
larg
e ar
eas
of la
nd a
s w
ell a
s re
leas
ing
larg
e am
ount
s of
ca
rbon
dio
xide
. Thi
s pr
actic
e is
bec
omin
g le
ss
favo
ured
as
cons
erva
tion
farm
ing
tech
niqu
es
prom
ote
rete
ntio
n of
org
anic
mat
ter.
Spra
y dr
ift f
rom
app
licat
ion
of h
erbi
cide
s an
d pe
stic
ides
, inc
ludi
ng a
eria
lly a
pplie
d sp
rays
(c
rop
dust
ing)
is p
enal
ised
und
er p
ollu
tion
regu
latio
n ho
wev
er it
stil
l occ
urs
on a
reg
ular
ba
sis
and
affe
cts
both
bio
dive
rsity
and
hum
an
heal
th. P
loug
hing
or
tillin
g th
e so
il in
dry
co
nditi
ons
caus
es d
ust,
and
in t
he r
ecen
t dr
y cl
imat
e du
st s
torm
s ha
ve b
een
reco
rded
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea. D
ust
has
sign
ifica
nt h
uman
he
alth
impa
cts.
Mo
tor
Veh
icle
sA
lthou
gh v
ehic
le n
umbe
rs a
nd k
ilom
etre
s tr
avel
led
are
incr
easi
ng, i
mpr
oved
tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d tig
hter
reg
ulat
ory
cont
rols
are
exp
ecte
d to
re
duce
per
cap
ita m
otor
veh
icle
em
issi
ons
each
ye
ar. V
ehic
le e
mis
sion
s co
ntrib
ute
to r
educ
ed
loca
l air
qual
ity d
ue t
o pa
rtic
ulat
e po
lluta
nts,
vo
latil
e or
gani
c co
mpo
unds
and
nitr
ous
oxid
es.
Ind
oo
r A
ir P
ollu
tio
nIn
door
air
incl
udes
air
in h
omes
, sch
ools
, sh
oppi
ng c
entr
es, v
ehic
les,
and
indo
or
wor
kpla
ces.
Aus
tral
ians
spe
nd a
ppro
xim
atel
y 85
% o
f th
eir
time
indo
ors,
muc
h of
it a
t ho
me
(DEC
C, 2
006)
. The
qua
lity
of in
door
ai
r de
pend
s on
fac
tors
suc
h as
the
typ
e of
bu
ildin
g m
ater
ials
use
d; t
he t
ypes
of
prod
ucts
us
ed in
door
s (in
clud
ing
pain
t, e
lect
rical
ap
plia
nces
, fur
nitu
re a
nd c
lean
ing
prod
ucts
); th
e pr
oxim
ity t
o ou
tdoo
r so
urce
s of
air
pollu
tion;
typ
es o
f in
door
hea
ting
or c
oolin
g us
ed; b
uild
ing
vent
ilatio
n ra
tes;
the
use
of
the
build
ing
(incl
udin
g w
heth
er s
mok
ing
occu
rs);
and
diur
nal,
seas
onal
and
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns.
Man
y po
lluta
nts,
suc
h as
nitr
ogen
dio
xide
, ca
rbon
mon
oxid
e, fi
ne p
artic
les
and
form
alde
-hy
de, c
an b
e pr
esen
t at
hig
her
conc
entr
atio
ns
indo
ors
than
out
door
s. T
he N
atio
nal O
ccu-
patio
nal H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mis
sion
set
s ex
posu
re s
tand
ards
for
wor
kpla
ces,
but
the
re
are
no A
ustr
alia
n st
anda
rds
for
indo
or a
ir in
ot
her
sett
ings
.
Co
mm
erci
al a
nd
Ind
ust
rial
So
urc
es
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
Envi
ron
men
t Pr
ote
ctio
n L
icen
ces
issu
ed
Und
er t
he P
rote
ctio
n of
the
Env
ironm
ent
Ope
ratio
ns A
ct 1
997
(PoE
O A
ct 1
997)
,
Wat
er
2220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Air
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt23
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
An
impo
rtan
t ha
zard
red
uctio
n ap
proa
ch
has
been
dev
elop
ed in
the
Cab
onne
Zon
e of
the
RFS
. Thi
s zo
ne c
over
s th
e fir
e di
stric
ts
of O
rang
e, B
layn
ey, C
abon
ne a
nd C
owra
. Fo
llow
ing
a si
gnifi
cant
fire
eve
nt in
Goo
bang
N
atio
nal P
ark
in 2
001/
2002
, the
loca
l fire
m
anag
emen
t co
mm
ittee
rev
iew
ed it
s ris
k m
anag
emen
t pl
an. T
he G
ooba
ng F
ire
high
light
ed m
any
shor
tcom
ings
in t
he p
lan
incl
udin
g a
lack
of
prac
tical
on-
grou
nd fi
re
man
agem
ent
solu
tions
, poo
r in
tegr
atio
n ac
ross
land
ten
ures
and
lim
ited
com
mun
ity
supp
ort
due
to a
lack
of
unde
rsta
ndin
g an
d in
put
durin
g its
for
mul
atio
n. T
hrou
gh t
he
loca
l Bus
h Fi
re M
anag
emen
t C
omm
ittee
(C
anob
olas
BFM
C) a
new
app
roac
h to
ris
k pl
anni
ng w
as d
evel
oped
tha
t ai
ms
to a
ssis
t in
solv
ing
thes
e is
sues
.Tw
o gu
idin
g pr
inci
ples
hav
e dr
iven
thi
s pr
oces
s.
1.A
land
scap
e, t
enur
e bl
ind
appr
oach
to
risk
man
agem
ent
plan
ning
. Fo
r th
e fir
st t
ime
the
perf
orm
ance
of
agen
cies
, la
ndho
lder
s, b
rigad
es a
nd t
he C
anob
olas
BF
MC
as
a w
hole
can
be
mea
sure
d an
d as
sess
ed o
bjec
tivel
y, b
ased
on
prin
cipl
es
that
mee
t co
mm
unity
pro
tect
ion
and
ecol
ogic
al k
ey p
erfo
rman
ce in
dica
tors
si
mul
tane
ousl
y.2.
A c
omm
itmen
t to
a c
hang
e in
the
co
mm
unity
con
sulta
tion
proc
ess.
Tr
aditi
onal
ly a
genc
ies
have
inte
rpre
ted
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
as “
info
rmin
g”
the
publ
ic o
f a
pre-
dete
rmin
ed d
ecis
ion.
C
anob
olas
BFM
C h
ad t
aken
the
ap
proa
ch o
f “c
olla
bora
ting”
with
and
“i
nvol
ving
” th
e co
mm
unity
in d
evel
opin
g al
tern
ativ
es a
nd id
entif
ying
the
agr
eed
solu
tion.
It h
eld
80 c
omm
unity
mee
tings
ov
er a
n 18
mon
th p
erio
d, c
onsu
lting
w
ith o
ver
2500
peo
ple.
Thi
s ha
s le
d to
gre
ater
leve
ls o
f pr
oble
m o
wne
rshi
p by
all
part
icip
ants
and
a m
ore
dura
ble,
w
orka
ble
solu
tion
betw
een
all p
artie
s.
The
Can
obol
as P
roje
ct h
as c
ontr
ibut
ed
sign
ifica
ntly
to
the
futu
re d
irect
ion
of
fire
risk
man
agem
ent
plan
ning
and
the
le
sson
s le
arnt
fro
m t
he a
pplic
atio
n of
thi
s pr
oces
s ha
ve b
een
incl
uded
in t
he N
SW R
isk
Man
agem
ent
Plan
ning
Gui
delin
es. F
rom
its
appr
oval
in 2
004/
2005
, the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
pla
n ha
s ga
ined
con
tinua
l mom
entu
m
resu
lting
in r
ecor
d le
vels
of
haza
rd r
educ
tion
bein
g co
mpl
eted
with
in t
he C
anob
olas
Zon
e in
200
7/20
08 a
nd 2
008/
2009
.Th
e C
anob
olas
Zon
e Ri
sk M
anag
emen
t Pl
an w
as a
udite
d at
the
end
of
its f
ourt
h ye
ar o
f im
plem
enta
tion
in 2
008
and
achi
eved
the
hig
hest
aud
it re
sult
achi
eved
in
NSW
to
date
. A
91.
6% im
plem
enta
tion
acro
ss 8
05
stra
tegi
es w
as r
ecor
ded
in t
he N
SWRF
S 20
08
Ann
ual R
epor
t.
Cas
eSt
ud
y: C
abo
nn
e R
FS Z
on
e h
azar
d r
edu
ctio
n a
pp
roac
h
indu
strie
s ov
er a
cer
tain
thr
esho
ld m
ust
be
licen
sed
to p
ollu
te a
ir or
wat
er. T
here
are
cu
rren
tly 2
02 a
ctiv
e En
viro
nmen
t Pr
otec
tion
Lice
nces
for
pre
mis
es a
cros
s th
e re
port
ing
area
, as
issu
ed b
y D
ECC
W u
nder
the
PoE
O
Act
199
7. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
6),
ther
e w
ere
158
activ
e lic
ence
s in
20
07-0
8 th
us in
dica
ting
a w
orse
ning
tre
nd
in t
he p
oten
tial f
or a
ir an
d w
ater
pol
lutio
n. It
al
so in
dica
tes
ongo
ing
vigi
lanc
e of
the
Sta
te
Gov
ernm
ent
in m
anag
ing
emis
sion
s.M
any
of t
hese
lice
nses
do
not
rela
te t
o ai
r an
d a
num
ber
are
issu
ed t
o C
ounc
il’s
own
oper
atio
nal f
acili
ties
such
as
sew
age
trea
tmen
t pl
ants
whi
ch m
ay d
isch
arge
to
wat
erw
ays.
Sm
alle
r in
dust
ries
may
als
o ca
use
pollu
tion,
an
d th
e lo
cal C
ounc
il ha
s re
gula
tory
con
trol
s ov
er t
hese
pre
mis
es.
The
Nat
iona
l Pol
lutio
n In
vent
ory
(see
re
sults
abo
ve) a
lso
reco
rds
emis
sion
s fo
r 93
co
mpo
unds
, and
is a
Nat
iona
l Env
ironm
en-
tal P
rote
ctio
n M
easu
re im
plem
ente
d by
the
na
tiona
l env
ironm
ent
depa
rtm
ent.
It in
clud
es
poin
t so
urce
and
diff
use
emis
sion
s, s
ome
repo
rted
dire
ctly
by
indu
stria
l sou
rces
and
som
e es
timat
ed b
y th
e re
leva
nt S
tate
Gov
ernm
ent.
Res
po
nse
Fire
sW
hile
fire
s ar
e re
gula
ted
by b
oth
pollu
tion
and
burn
ing
regu
latio
ns, e
duca
tion
play
s a
key
role
in t
he r
espo
nse
of lo
cal C
ounc
ils t
o th
is
issu
e. D
ECC
W h
as p
rodu
ced
a w
oods
mok
e re
sour
ce k
it fo
r C
ounc
il of
ficer
s, t
arge
ting
impr
ovem
ents
in r
esid
entia
l woo
d fir
e us
e to
lim
it sm
oke.
Cou
ncil
offic
ers
have
pow
ers
unde
r th
e Po
EO A
ct 1
997
to is
sue
notic
es
rega
rdin
g sm
oky
fires
. Som
e C
ounc
ils, s
uch
as B
athu
rst
Regi
onal
, are
als
o of
ferin
g re
bate
s to
enc
oura
ge h
ouse
hold
ers
to u
pgra
de t
heir
olde
r w
ood
heat
ers
to m
ore
effic
ient
for
ms
of
heat
ing
such
as
gas.
Haz
ard
redu
ctio
n bu
rns
and
limiti
ng t
he
impa
ct o
f sm
oke
from
the
se is
man
aged
by
Bush
fire
Risk
Man
agem
ent
Plan
s, d
evel
oped
by
the
loca
l Bus
hfire
Man
agem
ent
Com
mitt
ee
(BFM
C).
The
BFM
Cs
are
com
pris
ed o
f lo
cal
land
man
ager
s in
clud
ing
loca
l Cou
ncils
, D
ECC
W, t
he L
and
and
Prop
erty
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (f
orm
erly
the
NSW
Dep
artm
ent
of
Land
s) a
nd t
he R
ural
Fire
Ser
vice
(RFS
).Th
ese
plan
s no
w in
clud
e as
sess
men
t an
d m
anag
emen
t of
env
ironm
enta
l ass
ets
(thr
eate
ned
and
vuln
erab
le s
peci
es, s
igni
fican
t flo
ra a
nd f
auna
), as
wel
l as
hum
an s
ettle
men
t (b
uild
ings
, pro
pert
ies,
hou
ses)
, eco
nom
ic a
sset
s (s
uch
as p
rimar
y pr
oduc
tion
land
, com
mer
cial
fo
rest
s or
tou
rist
dest
inat
ions
) and
cul
tura
l as
sets
(Abo
rigin
al o
r no
n-A
borig
inal
her
itage
ar
eas
and
site
s). E
duca
tion
is a
lso
very
impo
rtan
t in
redu
cing
thi
s im
pact
, and
the
med
ia is
use
d in
pea
k se
ason
s to
rai
se a
war
enes
s of
fire
ris
ks
(adv
ertis
ing,
rad
io a
nnou
ncem
ents
, tel
evis
ion
adve
rtis
ing,
ris
k in
dica
tors
).
Emis
sio
n o
f A
ir P
ollu
tan
tsTh
e m
ajor
ity o
f em
issi
ons
are
regu
late
d by
th
e Po
EO A
ct 1
997,
and
whi
le lo
cal C
ounc
ils
have
som
e co
ntro
l ove
r lic
ense
d pr
emis
es in
th
e LG
A, m
any
emis
sion
sou
rces
are
man
aged
by
Sta
te r
egul
atio
n. F
or e
xam
ple,
whi
le m
otor
ve
hicl
es c
ontin
ue t
o co
ntrib
ute
a si
gnifi
cant
so
urce
of
atm
osph
eric
em
issi
ons,
fue
l st
anda
rds
and
vehi
cle
tech
nolo
gies
are
set
by
vario
us S
tate
and
Fed
eral
gui
delin
es.
Cou
ncils
may
als
o re
spon
d to
air
qual
ity
com
plai
nts
and
issu
e no
tices
or
war
ning
s un
der
the
PoEO
Act
199
7. D
ECC
W h
as
ackn
owle
dged
tha
t fu
rthe
r su
ppor
t is
re
quire
d fo
r C
ounc
ils t
o ha
ve a
rol
e in
air
qual
ity m
anag
emen
t, p
artic
ular
ly o
utsi
de o
f th
e gr
eate
r m
etro
polit
an a
rea
whe
re d
ata
is n
ot a
vaila
ble
from
the
Dai
ly R
egio
nal A
ir Q
ualit
y In
dex
(apa
rt f
rom
the
rec
ently
inst
alle
d Ba
thur
st m
onito
ring
site
). D
ECC
W h
as
deve
lope
d ed
ucat
ion
and
supp
ort
mat
eria
l for
C
ounc
il st
aff
to a
ssis
t w
ith a
ir qu
ality
issu
es,
whi
ch is
ava
ilabl
e at
ww
w.e
nviro
nmen
t.ns
w.
gov.
au/a
ir/in
dex.
htm
.M
any
Cou
ncils
are
als
o at
tem
ptin
g to
re
duce
the
ir ow
n em
issi
ons
from
sou
rces
su
ch a
s th
eir
mot
or v
ehic
le fl
eet.
For
exa
mpl
e,
Dub
bo C
ity C
ounc
il us
es E
10 in
the
ir pa
ssen
ger
fleet
and
is t
rialin
g bi
odie
sel i
n m
any
of it
s he
avy
vehi
cle
fleet
.Se
vera
l Cou
ncils
are
als
o ed
ucat
ing
resi
dent
s ab
out
way
s to
min
imiz
e ai
r po
llutio
n.
For
exam
ple,
Obe
ron
Cou
ncil
prov
ided
ho
meo
wne
rs w
ith a
pam
phle
t w
hich
out
lines
m
etho
ds t
o re
duce
woo
d sm
oke.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Futu
re c
halle
nges
will
incl
ude
how
to
man
age
incr
ease
d he
alth
pro
blem
s, p
artic
ular
ly
resp
irato
ry if
leve
ls o
f du
st a
nd p
olle
n in
crea
se
due
to d
rier
cond
ition
s th
at m
ay a
rise
due
to
clim
ate
chan
ge. D
rier
cond
ition
s co
uld
also
ca
use
an in
crea
se in
bus
hfire
eve
nts,
in b
oth
freq
uenc
y an
d se
verit
y, w
hich
will
hav
e a
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
on
air
qual
ity. A
n ex
ampl
e of
a r
ecen
t fir
e th
at h
ad r
egio
nal a
ir qu
ality
im-
plic
atio
ns w
as t
he G
oono
o Fo
rest
Fire
in 2
007
whi
ch b
urnt
thr
ough
26,
500
ha a
nd la
sted
for
13
day
s, c
over
ing
a la
rge
area
of
the
regi
on
with
sm
oke.
Fo
llow
ing
the
2009
Vic
toria
n bu
shfir
es,
ther
e ha
s be
en s
igni
fican
t pr
essu
re o
n th
e RF
S to
ste
p up
haz
ard
redu
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es,
risk
asse
ssm
ents
and
tar
getin
g th
ose
area
s id
entifi
ed a
s hi
gh r
isk.
How
ever
, the
re is
a
need
to
cons
ider
the
bal
ance
bet
wee
n sa
fety
an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty p
rote
ctio
n. A
cha
lleng
e w
ill b
e to
inco
rpor
ate
biod
iver
sity
con
side
ratio
ns in
to
fire
man
agem
ent
with
in lo
cal r
egul
ator
s. T
he
chal
leng
e is
to
impl
emen
t m
itiga
tion
stra
tegi
es
to r
educ
e th
e ris
k to
the
se a
reas
. Com
mun
ities
m
ay n
ot b
e re
cept
ive
to t
akin
g in
divi
dual
ac
tion
and
othe
r m
easu
res
can
have
impa
cts
on la
nd a
nd b
iodi
vers
ity.
Som
e ha
zard
red
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es a
roun
d pr
oper
ties
invo
lve
the
rem
oval
of
mos
t ve
geta
tion,
lead
ing
to in
crea
sed
eros
ion
and
sedi
men
tatio
n an
d lo
ss o
f ha
bita
t. In
crea
sing
th
e am
ount
of
haza
rd r
educ
tion
burn
ing
will
al
so le
ad t
o an
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
day
s w
here
sm
oke
may
impa
ct o
n lo
cal a
ir qu
ality
.A
fur
ther
cha
lleng
e fo
r C
ounc
ils is
the
ro
ll ou
t of
edu
catio
nal p
rogr
ams
to in
crea
se
awar
enes
s an
d en
cour
age
peop
le t
o ch
ange
pr
actic
es a
nd a
dvis
e C
ounc
il of
loca
l iss
ues.
Wat
er
2420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Air
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt25
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
This
chap
ter
repo
rts
on t
he q
ualit
y of
rec
eivi
ng w
ater
s an
d th
e co
nsum
ptio
n of
pot
able
wat
er in
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
. Ind
icat
ors
have
bee
n se
lect
ed t
o m
easu
re a
nd g
auge
issu
es
of w
ater
qua
lity
and
wat
er q
uant
ity. I
n th
is c
hapt
er ‘w
ater
’ ref
ers
to t
he r
iver
s, a
quat
ic
habi
tats
, cre
eks,
wet
land
s, g
roun
dwat
er, d
ams,
sto
rmw
ater
, pot
able
wat
er a
nd t
he c
atch
men
t
activ
ities
whi
ch m
ay im
pact
upo
n th
em. M
ost
Cou
ncils
with
in t
he r
epor
ting
area
are
the
ir ow
n
wat
er a
utho
rity
with
the
exc
eptio
n of
som
e of
the
sm
alle
r co
unci
ls s
uch
as W
ellin
gton
, Bla
yney
and
Cab
onne
who
are
ser
vice
d by
Cen
tral
Tab
lela
nds
Wat
er. W
ater
is e
ssen
tial f
or s
usta
inin
g lif
e. W
ater
ex
ists
in o
ur e
nviro
nmen
t in
man
y fo
rms
and
is
cons
tant
ly m
ovin
g as
par
t of
a d
ynam
ic s
yste
m
calle
d th
e ‘w
ater
cyc
le’ (
Figu
re 9
). W
ater
co
mes
to
land
thr
ough
rai
n, fl
owin
g ov
er t
he
surf
ace
of t
he e
arth
, poo
ling
in p
uddl
es o
r la
kes,
mov
ing
thro
ugh
cree
ks, s
trea
ms
and
river
s an
d al
so s
inki
ng in
to s
oil (
infil
trat
ion)
an
d re
plen
ishi
ng g
roun
dwat
er. W
ater
fro
m t
he
soil
is t
aken
up
by p
lant
s an
d us
ed b
y th
em
to g
row
. Wat
er le
aves
pla
nts
in t
he b
iolo
gica
l pr
oces
s of
tra
nspi
ratio
n an
d ev
apor
ates
fro
m
soil,
fre
shw
ater
bod
ies
and
the
ocea
n to
ret
urn
to t
he a
tmos
pher
e, r
eady
to
mak
e ra
in a
gain
.
Fig
ure
9 T
he n
atur
al
wat
er c
ycle
Tab
le 7
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
of in
dica
tor
tren
ds –
Wat
er Q
uant
ity
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Dam
leve
ls Av
erag
e da
m le
vels
20.3
%23
.4%
Coun
cil w
ater
co
nsum
ptio
n
Area
of i
rriga
ted
Coun
cil m
anag
ed p
arks
, spo
rtsgr
ound
s, pu
blic
open
spa
ce67
0 ha
583
ha
Trea
ted
wat
er u
sed
by C
ounc
il fo
r irri
gatio
n49
9 M
L50
1 M
L
Untre
ated
wat
er u
sed
by C
ounc
il fo
r irri
gatio
n21
1 M
L19
5 M
L
Wat
er e
xtra
ctio
nAc
tual
vol
ume
extra
cted
thro
ugh
surfa
ce w
ater
lice
nces
232
GL*
129
GL
Retic
ulat
ed fi
ltere
d co
nsum
ptio
n
Annu
al c
onsu
mpt
ion
(Tot
al fr
om W
TP)
26,6
20 M
L27
,468
ML
Annu
al m
eter
ed s
uppl
y22
,180
ML
22,7
08 M
L
Aver
age
annu
al h
ouse
hold
use
(kL/
hous
ehol
d)30
3 kL
294
kL
Tota
l num
ber o
f ser
vice
d pr
oper
ties
59,0
8862
,614
* da
ta is
for
200
5-06
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
.
Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e so
me
new
indi
cato
rs f
or 2
008-
09 f
or w
hich
no
com
paris
on c
ould
be
mad
e w
ith 2
007-
08. R
efer
to
App
endi
x fo
r C
ounc
ils in
clud
ed
in t
rend
dat
a.
Sour
ce: W
ater
s an
d Ri
vers
Com
mis
sion
, 199
8
Wat
erw
ays
acro
ss t
he c
atch
men
t ar
e im
port
ant
for
man
y re
ason
s:
envi
ronm
ent.
Mos
t ac
tiviti
es t
hat
occu
r on
the
land
are
ulti
mat
ely
refle
cted
in
the
heal
th o
f w
ater
way
s
of e
cosy
stem
s
cree
ks u
ltim
atel
y en
ter,
and
impa
ct
upon
, the
inte
grity
of
inte
rnat
iona
lly
impo
rtan
t w
etla
nds
such
as
the
Mac
quar
ie M
arsh
es
into
, drin
king
wat
er c
atch
men
ts.
With
the
dev
elop
men
t of
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
’s C
AP
(200
7), t
here
is g
reat
er r
espo
n-si
bilit
y as
wel
l as
grea
ter
oppo
rtun
ity f
or
loca
l Cou
ncils
, gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
and
the
co
mm
unity
to
wor
k co
llabo
rativ
ely
to lo
ok
afte
r ou
r w
ater
way
s.
Issu
e –
Wat
er q
uan
tity
Co
nd
itio
nTh
e up
per
reac
hes
of t
he B
ogan
and
the
C
astle
reag
h Ri
vers
are
larg
ely
unre
gula
ted
river
s an
d th
ere
are
two
mai
n da
ms
regu
latin
g flo
ws
in t
he M
acqu
arie
Val
ley.
Win
dam
ere
Dam
on
the
Cud
gego
ng R
iver
, ups
trea
m
of M
udge
e ha
s a
capa
city
of
368,
000m
L an
d Bu
rren
dong
Dam
loca
ted
upst
ream
of
Wel
lingt
on a
t th
e ju
nctio
n of
the
Mac
quar
ie
and
Cud
gego
ng R
iver
has
a c
apac
ity o
f 1,
189,
000m
L (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
007)
. Th
e M
acqu
arie
Riv
er h
as a
reg
ulat
ed
sect
ion
betw
een
Burr
endo
ng D
am a
nd
Pilic
awar
rina
in t
he M
arsh
es w
hich
incl
udes
Bu
lger
aga,
Duc
k an
d G
unni
ngba
r C
reek
s.
Oth
er w
ater
cou
rses
tha
t ar
e au
gmen
ted
by
river
reg
ulat
ion
incl
ude
the
Ewen
mar
sys
tem
, lo
wer
Bog
an R
iver
, Mar
ra, C
rook
ed a
nd
Mar
thag
uy C
reek
s an
d th
e lo
wer
Mac
quar
ie
Rive
r (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
007)
.
Tab
le 8
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
of in
dica
tor
tren
ds –
Wat
er Q
ualit
y
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Indu
stria
l/Ag
ricul
tura
l Po
llutio
n
Num
ber o
f Ero
sion
& Se
dim
ent C
ontro
l com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Coun
cil29
27
Tota
l vol
ume
of tr
ade
was
te d
ischa
rged
to s
ewer
786
ML
676
ML
Perc
enta
ge E
fflue
nt re
use
by C
ounc
ils58
%83
%
Stor
mw
ater
Po
llutio
nN
umbe
r of g
ross
pol
luta
nt tr
aps
inst
alle
d27
35
Tota
l cat
chm
ent a
rea
of G
PTs
2,18
1 ha
4,47
2 ha
Volu
me
of li
tter c
olle
cted
in G
PTs
278
t25
8 t
Surfa
ce &
G
roun
d W
ater
Q
ualit
y
E.co
li–
Perc
enta
ge s
ampl
es e
xcee
ding
AN
ZECC
gui
delin
es fo
r irri
gate
d cr
ops
and
dairy
24%
37%
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
– P
erce
ntag
e sa
mpl
es e
xcee
ding
AN
ZECC
gui
delin
es fo
r alg
al g
row
th0%
2%
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
– Pe
rcen
tage
sam
ples
exc
eedi
ng A
NZE
CC g
uide
lines
for a
lgal
gro
wth
51%
67%
Tow
n W
ater
Q
ualit
yN
umbe
r of d
rinki
ng w
ater
com
plai
nts
429
620
Num
ber o
f ins
tanc
es d
rinki
ng w
ater
gui
delin
es n
ot m
et70
35
Was
te w
ater
tre
atm
ent
Num
ber o
f sep
tic re
late
d co
mpl
aint
s11
18
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
.
Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e so
me
new
indi
cato
rs f
or 2
008-
09 f
or w
hich
no
com
paris
on c
ould
be
mad
e w
ith 2
007-
08. R
efer
to
App
endi
x fo
r C
ounc
ils in
clud
ed
in t
rend
dat
a.
Wat
er
2620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt27
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
Con
tinue
d de
man
d fo
r su
rfac
e w
ater
an
d th
e la
ck o
f ra
infa
ll (d
roug
ht) h
as p
lace
d si
gnifi
cant
pre
ssur
e on
not
onl
y to
wn
wat
er
supp
lies
but
also
wat
er li
cenc
es a
nd a
lloca
tion
for
agric
ultu
re a
nd in
dust
ry. M
any
tow
ns
acro
ss t
he r
epor
ting
area
s ha
d be
en o
n m
ediu
m t
o hi
gh le
vel w
ater
res
tric
tions
for
a
perio
d of
yea
rs, w
ith s
ome
unde
r em
erge
ncy
wat
er c
ontr
ols
due
to lo
w d
am s
tora
ge le
vels
. Re
gula
tion
of r
iver
flow
s ca
n ca
use
a ra
nge
of im
pact
s in
clud
ing:
spec
ies)
mov
ing
thro
ugh
the
habi
tat
rain
fall
and
min
or fl
oods
leav
ing
area
s w
ithou
t fr
esh
wat
er f
or lo
nger
per
iods
even
ts, l
imiti
ng t
he a
rea
affe
cted
, tim
e af
fect
ed a
nd d
epth
of
wat
er
AB
OV
E T
iger
Bay
Wet
land
s, W
arre
nsh
allo
w w
ater
(usu
ally
war
mer
) or
dam
re
leas
es (u
sual
ly c
olde
r)
river
s fr
om t
he fl
oodp
lain
s.
All
othe
r st
ream
s w
ithin
the
cat
chm
ent
are
unre
gula
ted
with
impa
cts
on t
he n
atur
al fl
ow
regi
me
larg
ely
a re
sult
of e
xtra
ctiv
e de
man
d an
d th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
tow
n w
ater
sup
ply
sche
mes
. Th
e le
vel o
f im
pact
with
in t
he c
atch
men
t w
ill
vary
acc
ordi
ng t
o ex
trac
tive
dem
and,
ava
ilabl
e flo
w a
nd g
roun
dwat
er le
vels
.W
ithin
the
Lac
hlan
Cat
chm
ent,
the
Lac
hlan
Ri
ver
rises
nea
r La
ke G
eorg
e an
d te
rmin
ates
in
the
Gre
at C
umbu
ng S
wam
p ne
ar O
xley
, 14
50 r
iver
kilo
met
res
to t
he w
est.
The
re a
re a
n un
usua
l num
ber
of e
fflue
nt s
trea
ms
alon
g its
lo
wer
sec
tion
incl
udin
g W
illan
dra,
Mer
row
ie
and
Mid
dle
Cre
eks.
The
se e
fflue
nt s
trea
ms
flow
inte
rmitt
ently
fro
m t
he L
achl
an R
iver
,
deliv
erin
g w
ater
as
far
as 1
60-1
80 k
ilom
etre
s w
est
of t
he m
ain
chan
nel.
The
Lach
lan
Rive
r its
elf
is o
nly
inte
rmitt
ently
con
nect
ed t
o th
e M
urru
mbi
dgee
Riv
er w
hen
both
riv
ers
are
in
flood
. Maj
or t
ribut
arie
s ab
ove
the
tow
nshi
p of
For
bes
incl
ude
the
Abe
rcro
mbi
e, B
ooro
wa,
Be
lubu
la a
nd C
rook
wel
l Riv
ers.
The
Bla
nd
and
Goo
bang
Cre
eks
flow
into
the
Lac
hlan
Ri
ver
upst
ream
of
Con
dobo
lin. T
he m
ain
dam
reg
ulat
ing
flow
s in
the
Lac
hlan
Riv
er
is W
yang
ala
Dam
whi
ch h
as a
cap
acity
of
1,22
0,00
0 M
L, (L
achl
an C
MA
, 200
7).
Alm
ost
half
of t
he s
ub-c
atch
men
ts in
the
La
chla
n C
atch
men
t ha
ve b
een
iden
tified
as
havi
ng h
igh
hydr
olog
ic s
tres
s an
d te
n of
the
se
are
cons
ider
ed t
o ha
ve h
igh
envi
ronm
enta
l va
lues
. In
som
e ar
eas
of t
he c
atch
men
t, r
iver
flo
w r
egul
atio
n, in
stre
am s
truc
ture
s an
d re
-qu
irem
ents
of
wat
er f
or ‘b
enefi
cial
use
s’ h
ave
alte
red
flow
reg
imes
, res
ultin
g in
bot
h hi
gher
an
d lo
wer
flow
s th
an t
he n
atur
al s
tate
and
co
nseq
uent
ly a
red
uctio
n in
wet
land
hea
lth,
area
and
wat
er q
ualit
y (L
achl
an C
MA
, 200
6).
The
Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent
is n
ot a
cat
chm
ent
in t
he t
radi
tiona
l sen
se, a
s it
enco
mpa
sses
a
serie
s of
riv
er s
yste
ms.
The
se in
clud
e th
e Ba
rwon
-Dar
ling,
Cul
goa,
Par
oo, W
arre
go,
Nar
ran,
Bok
hara
, Birr
ie, B
ullo
o O
verfl
ow a
nd
part
of
the
Boga
n Ri
vers
. Man
y of
the
se r
iver
s or
igin
ate
in Q
ueen
slan
d w
ith t
he C
onda
min
e-Ba
lonn
e sy
stem
con
trib
utin
g 20
% a
nd t
he
Mac
Inty
re a
nd B
orde
r Ri
vers
con
trib
utin
g 35
%
of t
ribut
ary
flow
s en
terin
g th
e Ba
rwon
-Dar
ling
syst
em. T
he G
reat
Art
esia
n Ba
sin
unde
rlies
m
uch
of t
he n
orth
ern
part
of
the
Wes
tern
C
atch
men
t ar
ea (W
este
rn C
MA
, 200
7).
Gro
undw
ater
is a
n im
port
ant
natu
ral
reso
urce
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
, and
th
e vo
lum
e of
wat
er s
tore
d in
the
por
es a
nd
frac
ture
s of
roc
ks b
elow
the
wat
erta
ble
vast
ly
exce
eds
the
volu
me
of f
resh
sur
face
wat
er
reso
urce
s (W
este
rn C
MA
, 200
7).
Ind
icat
or
– A
vera
ge
dam
leve
ls
Dam
sto
rage
leve
ls in
dica
te b
oth
the
curr
ent
rain
fall
and
the
pres
sure
s th
at w
ater
co
nsum
ptio
n pl
ace
on w
ater
sto
rage
s. F
our
dam
s in
the
reg
ion
– C
arco
ar, W
inda
mer
e,
Wya
ngal
a an
d Bu
rren
dong
– w
ere
used
to
indi
cate
dam
leve
ls. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
7),
aver
age
leve
ls f
or t
hese
dam
s ro
se s
light
ly f
rom
20.
3% c
apac
ity in
200
7-08
to 2
3.4%
in 2
008-
09. T
he lo
w fi
gure
s fo
r bo
th
year
s in
dica
te t
he e
xten
ded
drou
ght
acro
ss
the
regi
on.
The
fluct
uatio
ns in
dam
leve
ls t
hrou
ghou
t th
e re
port
ing
perio
d sh
ould
be
note
d in
re
latio
n to
the
se a
vera
ge fi
gure
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
in
200
8-09
, Win
dam
ere
Dam
was
hig
her
than
th
e 20
07-0
8 le
vel,
but
fell
over
the
sum
mer
to
less
tha
n th
e 20
07-0
8 le
vel.
The
Lach
lan
Rive
r w
as p
artic
ular
ly im
pact
ed b
y dr
ough
t th
roug
hout
the
rep
ortin
g pe
riod.
Wat
er is
ess
enti
al fo
r su
stai
ning
life
. Wat
er
exis
ts in
our
env
iron
men
t in
man
y fo
rms a
nd is
cons
tant
ly m
ovin
g as
par
t of a
dyn
amic
sys
tem
calle
d th
e ‘w
ater
cyc
le’
Thre
atIr
rig
atio
nIrr
igat
ion
plac
es s
igni
fican
t pr
essu
re o
n w
ater
re
sour
ces.
Whi
le m
any
irrig
ator
s ha
ve h
ad li
ttle
to
no
allo
catio
n ov
er t
he p
ast
year
, his
tori-
cally
ove
r al
loca
tion
of w
ater
lice
nces
has
see
n ad
ditio
nal s
tres
s pl
aced
on
aqua
tic h
abita
ts
such
as
the
Mac
quar
ie M
arsh
es d
espi
te
the
requ
irem
ent
for
envi
ronm
enta
l flow
s.
With
in t
he r
egio
n ho
wev
er, i
rrig
ator
s in
the
ta
blel
ands
hav
e no
t be
en s
ubje
ct t
o th
e sa
me
redu
ctio
ns in
wat
er a
lloca
tions
as
the
slop
es
and
plai
ns. S
tudi
es f
or t
he S
usta
inab
le R
iver
s A
udit,
und
erta
ken
by t
he M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
Aut
horit
y cl
early
indi
cate
d th
at t
he m
ore
regu
late
d th
e riv
er s
yste
m, t
he m
ore
degr
aded
th
e ha
bita
t. W
eirs
, dam
s an
d flo
odga
tes
all
affe
ct fi
sh m
ovem
ents
, red
uce
wat
er q
ualit
y an
d im
pact
on
ecos
yste
ms.
The
dem
and
for
grou
ndw
ater
ext
ract
ion,
par
ticul
arly
for
irr
igat
ion,
is in
crea
sing
and
pla
cing
add
ition
al
pres
sure
on
aqui
fers
and
eco
syst
ems.
Ind
icat
or
- A
ctu
al v
olu
me
extr
acte
d
thro
ug
h s
urf
ace
wat
er li
cen
ces
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 7
), th
ere
was
a d
ecre
ase
in t
he a
mou
nt o
f su
rfac
e w
ater
ex
trac
ted
from
232
GL
in 2
005-
06 (t
he la
st
avai
labl
e st
atis
tics)
to
129
GL
in 2
008-
09. T
his
refle
cts
the
redu
ced
allo
catio
ns t
o irr
igat
ors
as
a re
sult
of d
roug
ht c
ondi
tions
.
Wat
erW
ater
2820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt29
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
Ret
icu
late
d W
ater
Co
nsu
mp
tio
nRe
ticul
ated
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
is r
elat
ivel
y sm
all i
n co
mpa
rison
to
that
use
d fo
r irr
igat
ion.
In
the
reg
ion
it ac
coun
ts f
or a
bout
fou
r pe
rcen
t of
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
com
pare
d w
ith 8
8%
used
for
irrig
atio
n an
d ei
ght
perc
ent
for
stoc
k an
d do
mes
tic u
se (M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
Com
mitt
ee, 2
007)
. Nev
erth
eles
s, w
ith m
any
tow
ns a
nd r
egio
nal c
entr
es g
row
ing
(see
Intr
oduc
tion)
, the
re a
re in
crea
sing
pr
essu
res
on w
ater
use
d fo
r to
wn
wat
er
supp
lies.
Ind
icat
or
– A
nn
ual
to
wn
wat
er
con
sum
pti
on
Hou
seho
ld w
ater
use
is a
n in
dica
tor
of t
he
pres
sure
on
wat
er r
esou
rces
, par
ticul
arly
in
times
of
decl
ared
dro
ught
. As
show
n in
the
su
mm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
7),
the
annu
al t
own
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
as m
easu
red
from
wat
er
trea
tmen
t pl
ants
dec
reas
ed s
light
ly f
rom
20
07-0
8 to
200
8-09
for
the
loca
l Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
bot
h ye
ars.
Thi
s m
ay h
ave
been
in
resp
onse
to
wat
er r
estr
ictio
ns a
nd c
omm
unity
w
ater
sav
ing
prog
ram
s re
late
d to
the
dro
ught
in
mos
t ar
eas
or t
o ot
her
initi
ativ
es s
uch
as
Mid
-Wes
tern
’s tie
red
wat
er c
harg
es.
Retic
ulat
ed w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n fo
r 17
pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
in 2
008-
09 w
as
31,9
34M
L. F
igur
e 10
pro
vide
s a
brea
kdow
n of
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n in
200
8-09
com
pare
d w
ith w
ater
use
in
2007
-08.
For
som
e ce
ntre
s w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n ha
s de
crea
sed
whi
lst
in a
few
LG
As
such
as
Dub
bo a
nd O
rang
e it
has
incr
ease
d.
Meg
alit
res
(mL)
020
0040
0060
0080
0010
000
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Ind
icat
or
– A
nn
ual
met
ered
wat
er s
up
ply
As
show
n in
Tab
le 7
, the
ann
ual m
eter
ed
wat
er s
uppl
y ha
s in
crea
sed
mar
gina
lly a
cros
s th
e re
gion
.
Ind
icat
or
– A
vera
ge
ann
ual
ho
use
ho
ld u
se
As
show
n in
Tab
le 7
, the
dat
a fo
r av
erag
e an
nual
wat
er u
se p
er h
ouse
hold
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
sho
ws
a sl
ight
dec
reas
e in
200
8-09
com
pare
d w
ith 2
007-
08.
Even
tho
ugh
the
popu
latio
n es
timat
es
for
the
regi
on m
ay h
ave
incr
ease
d sl
ight
ly
in t
he p
ast
year
(see
Intr
oduc
tion)
, wat
er
cons
umpt
ion
has
drop
ped
as s
how
n by
the
in
dica
tors
abo
ve.
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal n
um
ber
o
f se
rvic
ed p
rop
erti
es
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 7
), th
e nu
mbe
r of
pro
pert
ies
serv
iced
by
tow
n w
ater
has
incr
ease
d ov
er t
he r
epor
ting
year
s.
This
exp
ansi
on o
f th
e re
ticul
ated
sys
tem
s w
ill in
crea
se p
ress
ure
on w
ater
sup
plie
s an
d th
us is
see
n as
a w
orse
ning
tre
nd f
or t
his
indi
cato
r, un
less
mor
e w
ater
sen
sitiv
e ur
ban
desi
gn p
ract
ices
are
ado
pted
in n
ew d
evel
op-
men
ts. T
he u
se o
f th
e N
SW G
over
nmen
t’s
BASI
X r
equi
rem
ents
(inc
ludi
ng w
ater
tan
ks)
for
new
hou
ses
and
wat
er s
ensi
tive
urba
n de
sign
in n
ew r
esid
entia
l dev
elop
men
ts c
an b
e us
ed a
s a
coun
ter
to t
his
tren
d th
roug
h w
ater
co
nsum
ptio
n m
inim
isin
g ac
tions
.
Co
un
cil W
ater
Co
nsu
mp
tio
nD
ue to
the
larg
e nu
mbe
r of s
ervi
ces
they
pro
vide
, lo
cal C
ounc
ils m
ay b
e la
rge
user
s of
wat
er in
co
mpa
rison
to b
usin
esse
s an
d ho
useh
olds
. Th
eir e
ffici
ent u
se o
f wat
er is
ther
efor
e cr
itica
l to
ove
rall
wat
er c
onsu
mpt
ion
as w
ell a
s th
eir
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
edu
catin
g an
d le
adin
g th
e co
mm
unity
in w
ater
use
min
imisa
tion.
Ind
icat
or
– Th
e ar
ea o
f ir
rig
ated
Co
un
cil
man
aged
par
ks, s
po
rtsg
rou
nd
, pu
blic
o
pen
sp
ace
As
a po
tent
ially
sig
nific
ant
use
of w
ater
, the
ar
ea o
f irr
igat
ed C
ounc
il fa
cilit
ies
prov
ide
an
indi
catio
n of
hig
h w
ater
dem
and.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 7
), th
ere
was
a
Fig
ure
10
Ann
ual w
ater
cons
umpt
ion
acro
ss t
he
LGA
s
AB
OV
E D
ubbo
wat
er
trea
tmen
t pl
ant
decl
ine
in t
he t
otal
are
a of
rec
reat
ion
faci
litie
s th
at w
ere
irrig
ated
by
the
loca
l Cou
ncils
re
port
ing
in b
oth
year
s ac
ross
the
reg
ion.
For
all 1
7 pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
in
2008
-09,
the
are
a of
Cou
ncil
faci
litie
s irr
igat
ed
was
912
ha.
Ind
icat
or
– T
reat
ed w
ater
use
d
by
Co
un
cil f
or
irri
gat
ion
Ind
icat
or
– U
ntr
eate
d w
ater
use
d b
y C
ou
nci
l fo
r ir
rig
atio
n
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 7
), th
e am
ount
of
trea
ted
wat
er u
sed
for
irrig
atio
n by
th
e lo
cal C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s w
as a
lmos
t th
e sa
me
in 2
007-
08 c
ompa
red
with
200
8-09
. On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
here
w
as a
sig
nific
ant
decr
ease
in t
he a
mou
nt o
f un
trea
ted
wat
er u
sed
by t
hose
loca
l Cou
ncils
re
port
ing
in b
oth
year
s.Fo
r th
e 13
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed o
n th
ese
indi
cato
rs in
200
8-09
, the
am
ount
of
trea
ted
wat
er u
sed
for
irrig
atio
n w
as 6
83 M
L an
d th
e am
ount
of
untr
eate
d w
ater
use
d w
as
715
ML.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
e an
d D
rou
gh
tC
limat
e ch
ange
may
hav
e a
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
on
wat
er re
sour
ces
and
the
curr
ent
exte
nded
dr
ough
t ha
s be
en n
oted
as
a po
tent
ial i
ndic
ator
of
clim
ate
chan
ge. C
limat
e ch
ange
influ
ence
s riv
er re
gula
tion
and
wat
er e
xtra
ctio
n w
hich
is
havi
ng s
ubst
antia
l eff
ects
on
flow
. Cur
rent
ly,
as s
easo
nal p
atte
rns
chan
ge, fl
ow v
aria
bilit
y ha
s re
duce
d an
d th
ere
are
few
er la
rge
flood
s w
ith lo
ng p
erio
ds b
etw
een
inun
datio
ns in
the
M
acqu
arie
Mar
shes
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
7).
Vario
us s
tudi
es o
f st
ream
flow
s in
the
M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
indi
cate
tha
t cl
imat
e ch
ange
is li
kely
to
redu
ce fl
ows
in t
he f
utur
e w
ith r
esul
ts o
f m
odel
ling
stud
ies
spec
ifica
lly
for
river
s w
ithin
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t in
dica
ting
sim
ilar
resu
lts (C
SIRO
, 200
7a).
Stre
am fl
ows
alon
g th
e M
acqu
arie
Riv
er
Cat
chm
ent
are
proj
ecte
d to
dec
line
by
Wat
erW
ater
3020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt31
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
11–3
0% u
pstr
eam
of
Burr
endo
ng D
am a
nd
14–3
7% d
owns
trea
m b
y 20
30, r
educ
ing
inflo
ws
to t
he d
am a
nd a
ffec
ting
futu
re
stor
age
leve
ls (C
SIRO
, 200
7a).
Like
wis
e w
ith t
he W
este
rn a
nd L
achl
an
Cat
chm
ents
, les
s w
ater
will
be
pres
ent
in
stre
ams
and
river
s w
hich
will
hav
e do
wns
trea
m
cons
eque
nces
for
sto
rage
s an
d w
ater
reso
urce
s.
The
mai
n co
ncer
n w
ithin
the
Wes
tern
C
atch
men
t is
a re
duct
ion
in fl
ows
alon
g th
e Ba
rwon
-Dar
ling
river
sys
tem
, inc
ludi
ng it
s tr
ibut
arie
s an
d as
soci
ated
floo
dpla
ins
and
wet
land
s (W
este
rn C
MA
, 200
7).
This
cat
chm
ent
is a
lso
subj
ecte
d to
wid
er
regi
onal
issu
es o
f w
ater
sup
ply
as m
uch
of t
he
surf
ace
wat
er fl
ows
in t
he W
este
rn C
atch
men
t or
igin
ate
in n
eigh
bour
ing
catc
hmen
ts a
nd/o
r st
ates
(CSI
RO, 2
007c
). Ex
istin
g lim
itatio
ns o
n su
rfac
e w
ater
will
pl
ace
a gr
eate
r pr
essu
re o
n gr
ound
wat
er
reso
urce
s as
soci
ated
with
the
und
erly
ing
Gre
at
Art
esia
n Ba
sin
as re
duce
d ru
n-of
f an
d ra
infa
ll w
ill le
ad t
o le
ss g
roun
dwat
er re
char
ge a
nd
sust
aina
ble
yiel
ds (C
SIRO
, 200
7c).
Res
po
nse
The
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
t ac
know
ledg
es t
hat
the
heal
th o
f th
e M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
is in
de
clin
e. A
vaila
ble
wat
er is
cur
rent
ly o
ver-
allo
cate
d, a
nd t
his
prob
lem
is li
kely
to
beco
me
wor
se a
s w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
decl
ines
due
to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
The
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
t’s R
esto
ring
the
Bala
nce
in t
he M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
Prog
ram
is
an
impo
rtan
t co
mpo
nent
of
Wat
er f
or t
he
Futu
re –
the
Fed
eral
Gov
ernm
ent’s
$12
.9
billi
on n
atio
nal p
lan
on w
ater
. Und
er W
ater
fo
r th
e Fu
ture
the
Gov
ernm
ent
has
com
mitt
ed
$3.1
bill
ion
over
10
year
s to
pur
chas
e w
ater
in
the
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n. T
he p
rogr
am w
ill
com
plem
ent
a ra
nge
of o
ther
mea
sure
s to
ac
hiev
e su
stai
nabl
e w
ater
man
agem
ent
in
the
Basi
n.Pu
rcha
sing
wat
er t
o pr
otec
t an
d re
stor
e riv
er s
yste
ms
and
wet
land
s in
the
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n (in
clud
ing
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
) ha
s be
en u
nder
way
sin
ce 2
007.
Dur
ing
2008
-09,
in t
he M
acqu
arie
-Bog
an c
atch
men
ts,
53,3
65 M
L of
gen
eral
sec
urity
wat
er e
ntitl
e-m
ents
was
pur
chas
ed f
rom
irrig
ator
s by
the
Fe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent.
A
furt
her
71,9
05 M
L w
as p
urch
ased
in t
he
Lach
lan
catc
hmen
t. N
o w
ater
was
pur
chas
ed
in t
he C
astle
reag
h ca
tchm
ent
(as
this
is la
rgel
y an
inte
rmitt
ent
syst
em).
Wat
er m
anag
emen
t in
NSW
is la
rgel
y re
gula
ted
by t
he N
SW S
tate
Gov
ernm
ent,
pa
rtic
ular
ly t
he u
se o
f gr
ound
wat
er a
nd
river
ext
ract
ion
licen
ces.
The
Dep
artm
ent
of
Wat
er a
nd E
nerg
y (f
orm
er) r
egul
ated
lice
nces
fo
r fa
rm d
ams,
bor
es a
nd o
ther
ext
ract
ions
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, in
the
rep
ortin
g ar
ea, d
irect
w
ater
har
vest
ing
of r
ainf
all b
y fa
rm d
ams
has
been
res
tric
ted
to 1
0% o
f th
e ru
noff
fr
om a
pro
pert
y be
fore
a w
ater
lice
nce
is
requ
ired.
Thi
s pl
aces
lim
its o
n th
e ab
ility
of
farm
sto
rage
s to
tra
p ru
noff
ent
erin
g riv
ers,
w
hich
may
allo
w e
nviro
nmen
tal fl
ows
to b
e m
aint
aine
d. T
here
is a
lso
curr
ently
a h
old
on
new
sto
ck a
nd d
omes
tic b
ore
licen
ces
for
resi
dent
s on
tow
n w
ater
, or
on p
rope
rtie
s le
ss t
han
12ha
, due
to
the
ongo
ing
drou
ght
and
lack
of
know
ledg
e ab
out
grou
ndw
ater
sy
stem
s.C
hang
es t
o St
ate
legi
slat
ion
com
men
ced
in 2
004
and
have
cul
min
ated
in n
ew r
iver
re
gula
tions
suc
h as
Wat
er S
harin
g Pl
ans.
The
se
plan
s in
clud
e en
viro
nmen
tal fl
ows
to h
elp
mai
ntai
n rip
aria
n he
alth
eve
n w
hen
flow
s ar
e lo
w d
ue t
o ex
trac
tion
and
drou
ght.
The
loca
l Cou
ncils
and
Cou
nty
Cou
ncils
m
anag
ing
wat
er c
urre
ntly
hav
e a
stro
ng r
ole
to p
lay
in e
duca
tion
thro
ugh
the
use
of w
ater
re
stric
tions
and
add
ition
al p
rogr
ams
such
as
Ora
nge
City
Cou
ncil’
s re
cent
Wat
er C
halle
nge,
w
hich
saw
bot
h re
gula
r pr
omot
ion
of t
he d
aily
pe
r pe
rson
usa
ge o
f w
ater
in t
he c
ity, a
nd a
co
mpe
titio
n be
twee
n 10
fam
ilies
to
redu
ce
wat
er u
se.
Man
y of
the
Cou
ncils
are
cur
rent
ly
prep
arin
g In
tegr
ated
Wat
er C
ycle
M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans,
whi
ch a
ddre
ss a
ran
ge
of w
ater
pol
icy
issu
es s
uch
as s
torm
wat
er
man
agem
ent,
rec
yclin
g an
d re
use
of w
ater
, de
man
d m
anag
emen
t an
d w
ater
res
tric
tions
in
a m
ore
holis
tic w
ay t
han
has
occu
rred
in t
he
past
. Thr
ough
wor
king
gro
ups,
som
e C
ounc
ils
are
shar
ing
idea
s an
d kn
owle
dge
to in
crea
se
unde
rsta
ndin
g an
d co
oper
ativ
e pr
ojec
ts a
cros
s th
e LG
As.
For
exa
mpl
e, t
he B
athu
rst
Ora
nge
Dub
bo (B
OD
) Alli
ance
of
Cou
ncils
is w
orki
ng
on c
omm
on w
ater
res
tric
tion
defin
ition
s.
Thes
e pr
ojec
ts a
re a
lso
seek
ing
to a
ddre
ss t
he
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
suc
h as
red
uced
w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
and
mor
e ex
trem
e st
orm
flo
ws.
The
Blac
kman
s Sw
amp
Cre
ek S
torm
wat
er H
arve
stin
g pr
ojec
t re
pres
ents
the
firs
t la
rge
scal
e, d
irect
-to-
pota
ble
stor
mw
ater
har
vest
ing
proj
ect
in N
SW, i
f no
t A
ustr
alia
. U
tilis
ing
Ora
nge’
s st
orm
wat
er s
yste
m, t
he p
roje
ct
is c
apab
le o
f pr
ovid
ing
betw
een
1300
-210
0ML
of
addi
tiona
l wat
er in
to t
he c
ity’s
raw
wat
er s
uppl
y ea
ch
year
, or
up t
o 40
% o
f th
e ci
ty’s
tota
l wat
er n
eeds
.Th
e ba
sic
conc
ept
of t
he B
lack
man
s Sw
amp
Cre
ek
Stor
mw
ater
Har
vest
ing
Proj
ect
invo
lves
cap
turin
g a
port
ion
of t
he h
igh
flow
s du
ring
stor
m e
vent
fro
m t
he u
rban
are
as
of O
rang
e. T
he C
ity m
akes
up
a la
rge
prop
ortio
n of
the
im
perv
ious
are
as o
f Bl
ackm
an’s
Swam
p C
reek
Cat
chm
ent.
Th
is w
ater
is t
hen
tran
sfer
red
into
the
nea
rby
Sum
a Pa
rk
Dam
to
augm
ent
the
city
’s bu
lk w
ater
sup
ply.
The
18 m
onth
, $5
mill
ion
proj
ect
was
initi
ated
aft
er
seve
ral y
ears
of
dry
cond
ition
s sa
w t
he c
ity’s
wat
er
stor
ages
dro
ppin
g to
pre
viou
sly
un-e
ncou
nter
ed le
vels
, w
ith t
he lo
wes
t se
en in
Aug
ust
2008
whe
re s
tora
ges
wer
e at
26.
7%.
A s
trat
egic
sol
utio
n, r
athe
r th
an a
qui
ck fi
x op
tion
was
sel
ecte
d w
hich
alo
ng w
ith t
he s
torm
wat
er
harv
estin
g sc
hem
e in
clud
ed a
pac
kage
of
dem
and
man
agem
ent
and
syst
ems
oper
atio
n pr
oced
ure
such
as
best
pra
ctic
e pr
icin
g, w
ater
res
tric
tions
, edu
catio
n pr
ogra
ms,
wat
er lo
ss r
emed
iatio
n st
rate
gies
, wor
king
w
ith h
igh
wat
er u
sers
to
redu
ce t
heir
wat
er u
se a
nd
inst
allin
g w
ater
effi
cien
t de
vice
s ac
ross
the
city
. As
a re
sult,
wat
er u
sage
dro
pped
to
less
tha
n 43
90M
L in
20
08, 3
8% le
ss t
han
in 2
002.
Th
e pu
blic
rea
ctio
n to
drin
king
har
vest
ed s
torm
wat
er
was
als
o te
sted
thr
ough
a s
erie
s of
com
mun
ity c
onsu
lta-
tions
, inc
ludi
ng o
n-lin
e su
rvey
s w
here
the
pre
dom
inan
t re
spon
se w
as n
ot o
ne o
f co
ncer
n ab
out
wat
er q
ualit
y bu
t of
urg
ing
Cou
ncil
to g
et o
n w
ith t
he w
ork
as s
oon
as p
ossi
ble.
It h
as b
een
deve
lope
d fr
om id
ea t
o re
ality
w
ithin
a v
ery
shor
t sp
ace
of t
ime
whi
le g
ivin
g pr
oper
co
nsid
erat
ion
to t
he n
eces
sary
legi
slat
ive,
env
ironm
en-
tal a
nd c
omm
unity
con
sulta
tion
proc
esse
s. T
he p
roje
ct
dem
onst
rate
s th
at w
ith s
uppo
rt, L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
can
use
loca
l res
ourc
es t
o so
lve
loca
l pro
blem
s.
The
first
rel
ease
of
harv
este
d st
orm
wat
er fl
ows
into
Sum
a Pa
rk D
am
on 2
1 A
pril
2009
Wat
er
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Bla
ckm
ans
Swam
pSt
orm
wat
erH
arve
stin
g
Wat
er
3220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt33
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
% s
ampl
es e
xcee
ding
AN
ZECC
gui
delin
es0
2040
6080
100
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Coon
ambl
eCa
bonn
eBl
ayne
yBa
thur
st
Wat
er
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
The
Salin
ity a
nd W
ater
Qua
lity
Alli
ance
is
curr
ently
pre
parin
g a
Wat
er S
ensi
tive
Des
ign
Polic
y fo
r ad
optio
n by
its
mem
ber
Cou
ncils
th
roug
h th
e Pl
anni
ng R
efor
m P
roce
ss.
The
Cou
ncils
hav
e re
cogn
ised
the
nee
d fo
r su
ch a
pol
icy
and
rais
ed k
ey is
sues
to
be
addr
esse
d, id
entif
ying
the
nee
d to
: max
imis
e th
e ef
ficie
nt u
se o
f ev
ery
drop
of
wat
er in
a
cost
eff
ectiv
e m
anne
r, m
inim
ise
the
impa
cts
of u
rban
sal
inity
, im
prov
e th
e qu
ality
of
stor
mw
ater
dis
char
ged
to r
ecei
ving
wat
ers
incl
udin
g; t
he M
acqu
arie
Riv
er, C
astle
reag
h Ri
ver,
Cud
gego
ng R
iver
, Bog
an R
iver
and
the
ir tr
ibut
arie
s an
d th
e M
acqu
arie
Mar
shes
, and
re
duce
floo
ding
and
dra
inag
e im
pact
s w
ithin
an
d do
wns
trea
m o
f de
velo
pmen
t si
tes
– in
clud
ing
Cou
ncil
activ
ities
.A
s st
ress
ed a
bove
, a m
ajor
cha
lleng
e fo
r C
ounc
ils a
nd c
omm
uniti
es is
dec
reas
ing
grou
nd a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
par
ticul
arly
in
the
light
of
clim
ate
chan
ge p
roje
ctio
ns. T
he
Nat
iona
l Wat
er In
itiat
ive
and
the
Aus
tral
ian,
St
ate
and
Terr
itory
Gov
ernm
ents
hav
e ag
reed
tha
t w
ater
use
rs s
houl
d be
ar t
he
risk
of s
uch
redu
ctio
ns in
wat
er a
vaila
bil-
ity. A
s a
cons
eque
nce,
wat
er u
sers
with
in
the
catc
hmen
t m
ay f
ace
futu
re lo
ng t
erm
re
duct
ions
in a
lloca
tions
and
hig
her
pric
es f
or
wat
er (C
SIRO
, 200
7c).
Cur
rent
ly t
he F
eder
al G
over
nmen
t is
bu
ying
bac
k irr
igat
ion
entit
lem
ents
to
prov
ide
mor
e w
ater
for
the
env
ironm
ent.
The
re w
ill
be f
utur
e ch
alle
nges
as
this
pro
gram
rol
ls
out,
par
ticul
arly
in r
elat
ion
to t
he im
pact
of
thes
e bu
y ba
cks
on t
he e
cono
my
and
soci
al
dyna
mic
s of
aff
ecte
d co
mm
uniti
es.
To m
aint
ain
play
ing
field
s to
a s
tand
ard
that
is s
afe
for
publ
ic u
se in
tim
es o
f de
crea
sing
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y -
an
impo
rtan
t fa
cet
of e
nsur
ing
the
heal
th a
nd s
ocia
l fab
ric
of t
he c
omm
unity
- m
ay r
equi
re m
ore
Cou
ncils
to
brin
g on
line
alte
rnat
ive
wat
er s
ourc
es s
uch
as s
torm
wat
er a
nd g
rey-
wat
er.
Issu
e –
Wat
er q
ual
ity
Co
nd
itio
nSu
rfac
e w
ater
an
d g
rou
nd
wat
er q
ual
ity
The
degr
ee a
nd f
requ
ency
of
wat
er q
ualit
y pr
oble
ms
varie
s en
orm
ousl
y th
roug
hout
the
re
gion
. It
is u
nlik
ely
that
any
of
the
stre
ams
with
in t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
do n
ot
at s
ome
time
suff
er q
ualit
y is
sues
tha
t re
nder
it
unab
le t
o be
use
d fo
r bo
th c
onsu
mpt
ive
and
non-
cons
umpt
ive
purp
oses
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
7). I
t is
oft
en a
ckno
wle
dged
tha
t in
mos
t ru
ral a
nd r
egio
nal a
reas
, it
is d
iffus
e po
llutio
n, n
ot p
oint
sou
rce
pollu
tion
that
has
th
e gr
eate
st im
pact
on
wat
er q
ualit
y.
Ind
icat
or
– E.
coli
- Pe
rcen
tag
e o
f sa
mp
les
exce
edin
g A
NZE
CC
gu
idel
ines
E.co
li is
fou
nd in
the
inte
stin
es o
f an
imal
s,
and
does
not
orig
inat
e fr
om o
ther
env
i-ro
nmen
tal s
ourc
es. F
or t
his
reas
on, E
. col
iis
a h
ighl
y sp
ecifi
c in
dica
tor
of f
aeca
l con
-ta
min
atio
n in
drin
king
wat
er. A
s sh
own
in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 8
), fr
om t
he s
ites
sam
pled
in b
oth
2007
-08
and
2008
-09,
th
ere
was
an
incr
ease
in t
he p
erce
ntag
e of
sa
mpl
es t
hat
exce
eded
AN
ZEC
C w
ater
qua
lity
guid
elin
es (a
nd t
hus
a w
orse
ning
tre
nd in
thi
s in
dica
tor)
. Not
e th
at t
he A
NZE
CC
gui
delin
e us
ed h
ere
is f
or r
aw h
uman
foo
d cr
ops
(e.g
. le
ttuc
es) i
n di
rect
con
tact
with
wat
er o
r fo
r w
ater
ing
of p
astu
re/f
odde
r fo
r da
iry a
nim
als
with
no
with
hold
ing
perio
d.Fi
gure
11
show
s th
e pe
rcen
tage
ex
ceed
ance
s of
thi
s A
NZE
CC
gui
delin
e fr
om t
he r
epor
ting
Cou
ncils
. It
show
s th
at
man
y of
the
str
eam
s in
the
reg
ion
have
hig
h E.
coli
read
ings
whi
ch h
ave
impl
icat
ions
for
dr
inki
ng a
nd r
ecre
atio
n. T
he r
easo
ns f
or t
hese
ex
ceed
ance
s co
uld
incl
ude
stoc
k w
ater
ing
clos
e to
and
in s
trea
ms,
poo
rly t
reat
ed s
ewag
e,
and
man
y un
regu
late
d se
ptic
sys
tem
s.
% s
ampl
es e
xcee
ding
AN
ZECC
gui
delin
es0
2040
6080
100
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Coon
ambl
eCa
bonn
eBl
ayne
yBa
thur
st
Ind
icat
or
–To
tal N
itro
gen
-%
of
sam
ple
s ex
ceed
ing
AN
ZEC
C g
uid
elin
es
Ind
icat
or
–To
tal P
ho
sph
oru
s -%
of
sam
ple
s ex
ceed
ing
AN
ZEC
C g
uid
elin
es
The
nutr
ient
s ni
trog
en a
nd p
hosp
horu
s ar
e es
sent
ial f
or p
lant
gro
wth
. Hig
h co
ncen
trat
ions
in
dica
te p
oten
tial f
or e
xces
sive
wee
d an
d al
gal
grow
th (i
nclu
ding
nox
ious
blu
e-gr
een
alga
e).
Incr
ease
d nu
trie
nt le
vels
in s
trea
ms
orig
inat
e fr
om t
he d
isch
arge
of
raw
and
tr
eate
d se
wag
e ef
fluen
t, f
rom
urb
an a
nd r
ural
ru
noff
and
fro
m s
ome
indu
stria
l dis
char
ges.
U
rban
sto
rmw
ater
con
tain
s an
imal
fae
ces
and
gard
en f
ertil
iser
s. T
he w
ides
prea
d an
d in
effic
ient
use
of
agric
ultu
ral f
ertil
iser
s an
d in
crea
sing
sto
ck a
cces
s to
cre
eks
and
river
s ca
n re
sult
in h
igh
nutr
ient
leve
ls in
rur
al r
unof
f.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le8)
,fo
r th
ose
Cou
ncils
rep
ortin
g in
bot
h ye
ars,
th
ere
was
onl
y a
slig
ht in
crea
se in
the
pe
rcen
tage
of
tota
l nitr
ogen
sam
ples
tha
t ex
ceed
ed t
he A
NZE
CC
wat
er q
ualit
y gu
idel
ines
fo
r al
gal g
row
th.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, t
here
was
a s
igni
fican
t in
crea
se in
the
per
cent
age
of t
otal
pho
spho
rus
sam
ples
tha
t ex
ceed
ed t
he A
NZE
CC
wat
er
qual
ity g
uide
lines
for
alg
al g
row
th. A
pos
sibl
e ca
use
of t
his
is t
he im
pact
of
‘the
firs
t flu
sh’
of n
utrie
nts
at t
he o
nset
of
a w
ette
r tim
e
Fig
ure
11:
E.co
li –
perc
enta
ge o
f sa
mpl
es
that
exc
eed
AN
ZEC
C
wat
er q
ualit
y gu
idel
ines
for
irrig
ated
cro
ps a
nd
dairy
Fig
ure
12
Tota
l
phos
phor
us –
per
cent
age
of s
ampl
es t
hat
exce
eded
AN
ZEC
C w
ater
qua
lity
guid
elin
es
expe
rienc
ed in
som
e pa
rts
of t
he r
egio
n at
the
st
art
of t
he r
epor
ting
perio
d.
Figu
re 1
2 pr
ovid
es d
etai
ls o
f th
e pe
rcen
tage
of
tota
l pho
spho
rus
sam
ples
tha
t ex
ceed
ed t
he A
NZE
CC
wat
er q
ualit
y gu
idel
ine
for
alga
l gro
wth
in 2
008
and
2009
acr
oss
the
regi
on.
Ret
icu
late
d W
ater
Qu
alit
y
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
dri
nki
ng
wat
er
com
pla
ints
AB
OV
EM
acqu
arie
Mar
shes
Wat
er
3420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt35
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
inst
ance
s d
rin
kin
g
gu
idel
ines
no
t m
et
The
qual
ity o
f dr
inki
ng w
ater
is v
ery
impo
rtan
t to
the
com
mun
ity, a
nd t
he n
umbe
r of
co
mpl
aint
s m
ade
rega
rdin
g w
ater
qua
lity
may
indi
cate
a d
eclin
e in
wat
er q
ualit
y or
an
incr
ease
in a
war
enes
s an
d ed
ucat
ion.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le8)
,th
e nu
mbe
r of
drin
king
wat
er c
ompl
aint
s (f
or t
hose
Cou
ncils
rep
ortin
g in
bot
h ye
ars)
in
crea
sed
from
429
in 2
007-
08 t
o 62
0 in
20
08-0
9.Th
e nu
mbe
r of
drin
king
wat
er c
ompl
aint
s ac
ross
16
part
icip
atin
g C
ounc
ils in
200
8-09
w
as 1
,321
. A b
reak
dow
n of
the
typ
e of
co
mpl
aint
s is
pro
vide
d in
Fig
ure
13.
As
show
n in
Fig
ure
13, b
y fa
r th
e m
ost
prev
alen
t ty
pe o
f dr
inki
ng w
ater
com
plai
nt
was
rel
ated
to
the
colo
ur o
f th
e w
ater
. Not
e th
at t
he h
igh
num
ber
of d
rinki
ng w
ater
co
mpl
aint
s re
gist
ered
by
War
rum
bung
le S
hire
C
ounc
il w
ere
mos
t lik
ely
due
to M
endo
oran
’s w
ater
sup
ply
whi
ch h
as lo
ngst
andi
ng
issu
es w
ith q
ualit
y. C
ounc
il an
d th
e St
ate
Gov
ernm
ent
have
com
mis
sion
ed a
new
wat
er
filtr
atio
n pl
ant
whi
ch is
due
to
com
e on
line
by
end
2009
(see
cas
e st
udy
in t
his
chap
ter)
.
Thre
atPo
lluti
on
Wat
er q
ualit
y is
aff
ecte
d by
bot
h po
int
sour
ce
(pre
mis
es) p
ollu
tion
and
diff
use
sour
ce
pollu
tion
(run
-off
fro
m a
ran
ge o
f ac
tiviti
es).
Whe
re t
here
are
no
reus
e pr
ogra
ms
in p
lace
, se
wag
e tr
eatm
ent
plan
ts (S
TPs)
and
indu
stria
l
010
020
030
040
050
0
Tast
eO
dour
Colo
ur
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBl
ayne
yBa
thur
st
Num
ber
and
type
Fig
ure
13
Type
of
drin
king
wat
er c
ompl
aint
s
prem
ises
are
typ
ical
ly t
he h
ighe
st c
ontr
ibut
ors
of p
oint
sou
rce
pollu
tion
in t
he r
epor
ting
area
. Th
e le
vel o
f tr
eatm
ent
of s
ewag
e w
ill r
educ
e th
e ef
fect
of
the
pollu
tion,
how
ever
mos
t ef
fluen
t w
ill h
ave
som
e le
vel o
f ni
trog
en a
nd
phos
phor
us. T
hese
can
impa
ct o
n th
e lo
cal
ecos
yste
m, i
nclu
ding
enc
oura
ging
alg
al b
loom
s su
ch a
s bl
ue-g
reen
alg
ae. S
TP p
ollu
tion
may
al
so p
eak
durin
g st
orm
flow
s w
hen
over
flow
s fr
om d
rain
s an
d ho
ldin
g po
nds
may
occ
ur.
Agr
icul
ture
can
con
trib
ute
sign
ifica
nt
nutr
ient
load
s as
a d
iffus
e so
urce
, thr
ough
fe
rtili
sers
, pes
ticid
es, s
edim
ent
and
man
ures
. Th
is c
an c
ontr
ibut
e nu
trie
nts
such
as
nitr
ogen
an
d ph
osph
orus
, pat
hoge
ns, o
rgan
ic
com
poun
ds (s
ome
toxi
c) a
nd s
uspe
nded
sol
ids
to w
ater
way
s. T
his
can
occu
r bo
th f
rom
run
off
acro
ss t
he la
ndsc
ape
and
also
whe
re s
tock
ha
ve u
ncon
trol
led
dire
ct a
cces
s to
wat
erw
ays.
U
rban
are
as m
ay a
lso
cont
ribut
e th
ese
pollu
tant
s pa
rtic
ular
ly d
urin
g st
orm
flow
s, a
nd
add
oils
, gre
ase,
met
als
and
furt
her
path
ogen
s to
the
wat
er.
Ind
icat
or
– Er
osi
on
an
d s
edim
ent
con
tro
l co
mp
lain
ts r
ecei
ved
by
Co
un
cil
One
mea
sure
of
the
thre
at t
o w
ater
way
s fr
om
sedi
men
t po
llutio
n is
the
num
ber
of e
rosi
on
and
sedi
men
t co
ntro
l com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
the
loca
l Cou
ncils
. The
com
plai
nts
can
rang
e fr
om s
edim
ent
spill
ing
out
of c
onst
ruct
ion
site
s to
obv
ious
plu
mes
of
sedi
men
t flo
win
g in
to
stre
ams.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le
8), t
he n
umbe
r of
com
plai
nts
drop
ped
slig
htly
fo
r th
ose
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
200
7-08
and
20
08-0
9. T
he t
otal
num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s fr
om
all p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
in 2
008-
09 w
as 6
8.
Ind
icat
or
– Lo
ad B
ased
Lic
ensi
ng
vo
lum
e
The
load
-bas
ed li
cens
ing
(LBL
) sch
eme,
set
s lim
its o
n th
e po
lluta
nt lo
ads
emitt
ed b
y ho
lder
s of
env
ironm
ent
prot
ectio
n lic
ence
s,
and
links
lice
nce
fees
to
pollu
tant
em
issi
ons.
LB
L is
a p
ower
ful t
ool f
or c
ontr
ollin
g, r
educ
ing
and
prev
entin
g ai
r an
d w
ater
pol
lutio
n in
NSW
.A
s on
ly o
ne C
ounc
il re
port
ed d
ata
for
LBL
in 2
007-
08, t
he t
rend
for
thi
s in
dica
tor
is q
ues-
tiona
ble.
In 2
007-
08, t
his
Cou
ncil
had
licen
ces
to e
mit
a vo
lum
e of
5,4
47kg
pol
luta
nts,
w
here
as t
his
figur
e ro
se t
o 12
,829
kg in
20
08-0
9.
In 2
008-
09, 1
4 pa
rtic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
had
se
rvic
es in
the
ir LG
As
prod
ucin
g a
volu
me
of
pollu
tant
s of
112
,453
kg.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
trad
e w
aste
ap
pro
vals
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal v
olu
me
of
trad
e w
aste
d
isch
arg
ed t
o s
ewer
.
Loca
l Cou
ncils
hav
e a
num
ber
of s
tatu
tory
re
spon
sibi
litie
s fo
r th
e ap
prov
al o
f liq
uid
trad
e w
aste
dis
char
ged
to t
he s
ewer
age
syst
em
unde
r th
e Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t A
ct 1
993.
Liq
uid
trad
e w
aste
mea
ns a
ll liq
uid
was
te o
ther
tha
n se
wag
e of
a d
omes
tic n
atur
e. L
iqui
d tr
ade
was
te m
anag
emen
t is
nee
ded
to:
1.Pr
otec
t co
mm
unity
ass
ets,
e.g
. sew
er
mai
ns, p
umpi
ng s
tatio
ns a
nd s
ewag
e tr
eatm
ent
faci
litie
s fr
om d
amag
e by
tr
ade
was
te2.
Prot
ect
the
envi
ronm
ent
– so
me
subs
tanc
es, s
uch
as m
etal
s or
pes
ticid
es
may
pas
s th
roug
h th
e tr
eatm
ent
faci
lity
unch
ange
d an
d ac
cum
ulat
e in
the
en
viro
nmen
t. O
ther
sub
stan
ces
may
ad
vers
ely
affe
ct t
he b
iolo
gica
l pro
cess
es
and
the
qual
ity o
f th
e tr
eate
d ef
fluen
t an
d bi
osol
ids.
3.Pr
otec
t pu
blic
and
wor
ker
heal
th a
nd
safe
ty-
peop
le w
orki
ng in
and
aro
und
the
sew
erag
e sy
stem
can
be
harm
ed if
tox
ic
subs
tanc
es a
re d
isch
arge
d in
to t
he s
ewer
.
The
tota
l num
ber
of t
rade
was
te a
ppro
vals
in
2008
-09
repo
rted
fro
m 1
4 of
the
par
ticip
atin
g C
ounc
ils w
as 3
92.
A n
ew in
dica
tor
was
the
tot
al v
olum
e of
tra
de w
aste
dis
char
ged
to t
he s
ewer
. B
ELO
W M
aqua
rie R
iver
,
Sand
y Be
ach,
Dub
bo
Twel
ve C
ounc
ils r
epor
ted
that
1,3
92 M
L of
tr
ade
was
te w
as d
isch
arge
d to
the
sew
er in
20
08-0
9.
Salin
ity
Land
use
has
a s
igni
fican
t im
pact
on
the
leve
l of
salin
ity in
str
eam
s th
roug
h re
mov
al
of v
eget
atio
n, ir
rigat
ion
and
disc
harg
es o
f sa
line
wat
er. W
hile
geo
logy
and
top
ogra
phy
also
aff
ects
sal
inity
, lan
d us
e is
the
prim
ary
fact
or t
hat
affe
cts
mob
ilisa
tion
of s
alts
into
w
ater
way
s an
d th
roug
h so
ils.
Salt
gene
rally
deg
rade
s aq
uatic
hab
itats
as
wel
l as
adve
rsel
y im
pact
ing
on s
oils
and
th
e cr
ops
and
vege
tatio
n ut
ilisi
ng t
hose
soi
ls.
Furt
her
disc
ussi
on o
n th
ese
salin
ity im
pact
s is
in
Lan
d.
Due
to
the
natu
re o
f th
e M
acqu
arie
Riv
er,
mos
t sa
lt ge
nera
ted
in t
he u
plan
ds a
nd s
lope
s is
dep
osite
d ba
ck in
to t
he la
ndsc
ape
thro
ugh
irrig
atio
n, fl
oodp
lain
ent
rapm
ent
or d
epos
ition
w
ithin
the
wet
land
s an
d ef
fluen
t sy
stem
s of
th
e w
este
rn a
reas
. So
me
prop
ortio
n of
the
sal
t is
als
o di
scha
rged
into
the
Bar
won
-Dar
ling
Rive
r sy
stem
. Sal
inity
in t
he B
arw
on-D
arlin
g is
hi
ghly
var
iabl
e an
d ca
n ra
nge
from
200
EC
un
its t
o m
ore
than
3,0
00 E
C u
nits
, alth
ough
th
e m
edia
n is
gen
eral
ly a
roun
d 50
0 EC
uni
ts
(Wes
tern
CM
A, 2
007)
. Th
e Bo
gan
Rive
r is
pre
dict
ed t
o ris
e fr
om
appr
oxim
atel
y 70
0 EC
uni
ts in
199
8 to
alm
ost
2000
EC
uni
ts in
205
0. T
he M
acqu
arie
Riv
er is
pr
edic
ted
to r
ise
from
600
to
1700
EC
uni
ts.
The
Wor
ld H
ealth
Org
anis
atio
n’s
reco
mm
ende
d lim
it fo
r sa
fe d
rinki
ng w
ater
is 8
00 E
C u
nits
(C
SIRO
, 200
7a).
The
Mac
quar
ie R
iver
at
War
ren
aver
aged
392
EC
uni
ts o
ver
a m
onth
tow
ard
the
end
of t
he re
port
ing
perio
d.
Wat
er
3620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt37
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
The
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n Sa
linity
Aud
it ha
s pr
edic
ted
incr
ease
s in
ave
rage
sal
inity
leve
ls
over
the
nex
t 50
-100
yea
rs, p
artic
ular
ly w
ithin
al
l par
ticip
atin
g C
MA
s. T
he ‘S
alin
ity A
udit
of
the
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n’ (H
umph
ries,
200
0)
iden
tified
the
Lac
hlan
Cat
chm
ent
as a
mon
gst
the
mos
t “a
t ris
k” f
or s
erio
us s
alin
ity p
robl
ems
in t
he b
asin
(Lac
hlan
CM
A, 2
006)
.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
eTh
e re
duce
d qu
antit
y of
wat
er in
str
eam
s an
d riv
ers
has
incr
ease
d th
e st
ress
es p
lace
d on
th
ese
syst
ems
by d
isch
arge
s su
ch a
s se
wag
e ef
fluen
t an
d tr
ade
was
te. D
ECC
W n
otes
tha
t:‘O
ngoi
ng d
roug
ht c
ondi
tions
occ
urrin
g ac
ross
muc
h of
NSW
sin
ce 2
003
have
lim
ited
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y. T
his
has
cont
ribut
ed t
o a
decl
ine
in r
iver
hea
lth in
dica
tors
suc
h as
m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
s ac
ross
man
y ar
eas
of
NSW
. In
the
mos
t re
cent
ass
essm
ents
, onl
y 22
% o
f m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
sam
ple
site
s w
ere
cons
ider
ed t
o be
in g
ood
cond
ition
, com
pare
d to
56%
of
site
s re
port
ed in
SoE
200
3.’ (
NSW
G
over
nmen
t, 2
005)
The
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
wat
er
quan
tity
such
as
low
er fl
ows
and
high
er t
em-
pera
ture
s w
ill a
lso
resu
lt in
thr
eats
to
wat
er
qual
ity. T
hese
cha
ract
eris
tics
crea
te a
mor
e fa
vour
able
env
ironm
ent
for
pote
ntia
lly h
arm
ful
alga
l blo
oms
in w
ater
sys
tem
s. R
epor
ted
alga
l bl
oom
s in
the
Bar
won
-Dar
ling
river
sys
tem
ha
ve b
een
rela
tivel
y hi
gh o
ver
the
past
15
year
s (C
SIRO
, 200
7c).
Incr
ease
s in
inte
nsity
and
fre
quen
cy o
f fir
e co
uld
also
con
tam
inat
e w
ater
cat
chm
ents
w
ith s
edim
ent
and
ash
and
alre
ady
exis
ting
salin
ity p
robl
ems
in t
he c
atch
men
ts m
ay
be e
xace
rbat
ed b
y ch
ange
s in
rai
nfal
l, te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd s
trea
m fl
ows
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
). Le
ss p
reci
pita
tion
and
decr
ease
s in
run
off
may
als
o re
duce
the
ext
ent
and
func
tion
of f
resh
wat
er w
etla
nds
with
in e
ach
of t
he
catc
hmen
ts t
hat
prov
ide
habi
tat
for
bird
s an
d ot
her
wild
life
and
func
tions
in p
rovi
ding
cle
an
wat
er (C
SIRO
, 200
7a a
nd b
).
Res
po
nse
The
NSW
Diff
use
Sour
ce W
ater
Pol
lutio
n St
rate
gy p
rovi
des
a fr
amew
ork
for
coor
dina
t-in
g ef
fort
s in
red
ucin
g di
ffus
e so
urce
wat
er
pollu
tion
acro
ss N
SW. T
he S
trat
egy
prom
otes
pa
rtne
rshi
ps, p
rovi
des
a gu
ide
for
inve
stm
ent,
an
d pr
ovid
es a
mea
ns t
o sh
are
info
rmat
ion
on
proj
ects
and
the
ir ou
tcom
es a
cros
s th
e St
ate.
Dev
elop
ing
and
impl
emen
ting
this
Str
ateg
y is
a jo
int
initi
ativ
e by
the
Sta
te’s
natu
ral
reso
urce
man
ager
s (a
t St
ate,
reg
iona
l and
loca
l go
vern
men
t le
vels
). It
build
s on
, and
sup
port
s,
a ra
nge
of e
xist
ing
diff
use
sour
ce w
ater
po
llutio
n m
anag
emen
t ac
tions
. The
mai
n ai
m
of t
he S
trat
egy
is t
o re
duce
diff
use
sour
ce
wat
er p
ollu
tion
inpu
ts in
to a
ll N
SW s
urfa
ce
and
grou
nd w
ater
and
con
trib
ute
tow
ards
th
e co
mm
unity
agr
eed
NSW
wat
er q
ualit
y ob
ject
ives
and
sta
te w
ide
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t ta
rget
s.A
Prio
rity
Act
ion
Plan
has
bee
n de
velo
ped
as p
art
of t
he N
SW D
iffus
e So
urce
Wat
er
Pollu
tion
Stra
tegy
. It
iden
tifies
agr
eed
proj
ects
th
at w
ill b
e pr
ogre
ssed
acr
oss
NSW
(inc
ludi
ng
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
) to
help
impr
ove
man
agem
ent
of p
riorit
y di
ffus
e so
urce
wat
er
pollu
tion
prob
lem
s. It
will
be
upda
ted
from
tim
e to
tim
e to
inco
rpor
ate
new
pro
ject
s.Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A h
as s
uppo
rted
a
wat
er q
ualit
y m
onito
ring
prog
ram
acr
oss
the
Cou
ncils
. Dat
a is
col
lect
ed b
y C
ounc
il of
ficer
s on
a s
ix-m
onth
ly b
asis
and
pro
vide
d to
the
CM
A, w
hich
col
late
s th
e da
ta (n
ote
that
thi
s da
ta is
use
d in
thi
s re
port
). Th
is is
al
so u
sed
by t
he S
alin
ity a
nd W
ater
Qua
lity
Alli
ance
, a w
orki
ng g
roup
of
Cou
ncils
acr
oss
the
catc
hmen
t sh
arin
g kn
owle
dge,
idea
s an
d en
gagi
ng in
coo
pera
tive
proj
ects
.
Ind
icat
or
– P
erce
nta
ge
effl
uen
t re
use
by
loca
l Co
un
cils
Efflu
ent
disc
harg
e co
ntrib
utes
nut
rient
s an
d ca
n de
oxyg
enat
e re
ceiv
ing
wat
ers.
Reu
se
of e
fflue
nt n
ot o
nly
redu
ces
the
impa
ct o
f ef
fluen
t on
rec
eivi
ng w
ater
s, b
ut a
lso
redu
ces
the
dem
and
for
pota
ble
wat
er a
nd t
here
fore
th
e ne
ed f
or a
dditi
onal
dam
sto
rage
s.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 8
), th
ose
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed e
fflue
nt r
euse
sc
hem
es in
200
7-08
had
incr
ease
d re
use
of e
fflue
nt in
200
8-09
. Of
the
repo
rtin
g C
ounc
ils, s
even
reu
sed
efflu
ent
durin
g th
e re
port
ing
perio
d.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
gro
ss p
ollu
tan
t tr
aps
inst
alle
d
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal c
atch
men
t ar
ea o
f g
ross
p
ollu
tan
t tr
aps
Bath
urst
’s ur
ban
wat
erw
ays
have
bee
n un
der
the
mic
rosc
ope
rece
ntly
for
the
dev
elop
men
t of
an
Urb
an
Wat
erw
ays
Man
agem
ent
Plan
. The
pla
n is
nee
ded
beca
use
of t
he g
row
ing
pres
sure
s be
ing
exer
ted
on
the
urba
n cr
eeks
of
Bath
urst
, the
deg
rade
d st
ate
of
man
y cr
eek
reac
hes
and
the
need
to
be s
trat
egic
in
appr
oach
ing
man
agem
ent
and
reha
bilit
atio
n of
the
se
impo
rtan
t na
tura
l res
ourc
es.
The
broa
d ob
ject
ives
of
the
proj
ect
are
to:
1.Ev
alua
te t
he p
rese
nt c
ondi
tion
of e
ach
stre
am in
te
rms
of h
ydro
logi
cal,
mor
phol
ogic
al, p
hysi
cal a
nd
ecol
ogic
al c
hara
cter
istic
s to
pro
vide
a b
asel
ine
agai
nst
whi
ch c
ondi
tion
of t
he s
trea
ms
can
be m
easu
red
into
th
e fu
ture
.
2.G
uide
the
fut
ure
deve
lopm
ent,
reh
abili
tatio
n an
d/or
res
tora
tion
wor
ks f
or e
ach
of t
he m
ain
urba
n w
ater
way
s w
ithin
Bat
hurs
t C
ity a
nd e
nsur
e th
eir
inte
grat
ed m
anag
emen
t in
the
long
ter
m.
Whi
le p
rimar
ily a
too
l to
guid
e C
ounc
il op
erat
ions
and
ac
tiviti
es, i
t ha
s be
en d
evel
oped
with
inpu
t fr
om t
he
com
mun
ity a
nd r
ecog
nise
s th
at r
espo
nsib
le m
anag
emen
t of
our
wat
erw
ays
invo
lves
the
com
mun
ity, p
rivat
e la
ndho
lder
s, in
dust
ry a
nd la
nd d
evel
oper
s.Th
e pl
an h
as b
een
deve
lope
d by
Cen
Wes
t En
viro
n-m
enta
l Ser
vice
s an
d Ba
thur
st R
egio
nal C
ounc
il, w
ith
fund
ing
from
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
.
Ragl
an C
reek
, Bat
hurs
t
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Urb
an W
ater
way
s M
anag
emen
t
Wat
er
3820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt39
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
Men
door
an, l
ocat
ed a
bout
396
km
wes
t of
Syd
ney
in W
arru
m-
bung
le S
hire
, has
a p
opul
atio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
400
and
ofte
n th
e qu
ality
of
its d
rinki
ng w
ater
fai
ls t
o m
eet
curr
ent
Aus
tral
ian
Drin
king
Wat
er G
uide
lines
. The
pro
blem
s oc
cur
with
res
pect
to
turb
idity
, col
our,
iron
and
man
gane
se a
nd t
he r
egul
ar p
rese
nce
of c
olifo
rms
and
occa
sion
al p
rese
nce
of E
-col
i hav
e le
ad t
o a
perm
anen
t bo
il al
ert
for
the
drin
king
of
tow
n w
ater
. The
exi
stin
g sy
stem
is d
efici
ent
in s
uppl
ying
dem
and
at t
imes
of
peak
usa
ge,
and
daily
ave
rage
usa
ge d
urin
g dr
y pe
riods
.O
n 26
Jun
e 20
08, t
he N
SW S
tate
Gov
ernm
ent
offe
red
Cou
ncil
a su
bsid
y of
$1,
691,
684
tow
ards
the
tot
al e
stim
ated
cos
t of
$3
,396
,955
for
the
aug
men
tatio
n of
the
Men
door
an W
ater
Sup
ply,
an
d a
cont
ract
was
aw
arde
d fo
r th
e fo
llow
ing
wor
ks:
plan
t (W
TP)
and
from
the
WTP
to
the
Cob
ra S
tree
t re
serv
oir.
The
aim
of
this
wor
k is
to
prov
ide
a w
ater
sup
ply
to t
he r
esid
ents
of
Men
door
an w
hich
com
plie
s w
ith t
he A
ustr
alia
n D
rinki
ng W
ater
G
uide
lines
and
is a
ble
to m
eet
aver
age
daily
dem
ands
.
Site
of
the
new
Men
door
an r
aw w
ater
pum
p st
atio
n
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Men
do
ora
n W
ater
Su
pp
lyA
ug
men
tati
on
Ind
icat
or
– V
olu
me
of
litte
r co
llect
ed in
g
ross
po
lluta
nt
trap
s
Litt
er c
olle
cted
in g
ross
pol
luta
nt t
raps
(G
PTs)
pro
vide
an
indi
catio
n of
pot
entia
l w
ater
qua
lity
impa
cts.
Inst
alla
tion
of G
PTs
is
a C
ounc
il re
spon
se t
o lit
ter
impa
cts.
The
se
devi
ces
trap
larg
er p
ollu
tant
s su
ch a
s lit
ter
and
coar
ser
sedi
men
ts in
sto
rmw
ater
dra
ins
and
outle
ts, b
ut t
hey
do n
ot t
rap
smal
ler
part
icle
s an
d he
avy
met
als.
Whi
le t
here
are
ong
oing
co
sts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith m
aint
enan
ce a
nd
clea
ning
of
thes
e tr
aps,
the
re a
re s
igni
fican
t be
nefit
s to
aqu
atic
eco
syst
ems
and
the
visu
al
impr
ovem
ent
of w
ater
way
s pl
ays
a si
gnifi
cant
ro
le in
com
mun
ity a
war
enes
s of
Cou
ncil
envi
-ro
nmen
tal p
rogr
ams.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le8)
,th
ere
was
an
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
GPT
s in
stal
led
by t
hose
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
bo
th y
ears
. Fift
y on
e G
PTs
wer
e re
port
ed t
o ha
ve b
een
inst
alle
d by
15
Cou
ncils
to
date
.Th
e to
tal c
atch
men
t ar
ea t
hat
drai
ned
to t
he G
PTs
also
ros
e fr
om 2
,181
hec
tare
s
to 4
,472
hec
tare
s th
us b
eing
an
impr
ovin
g tr
end
by h
elpi
ng m
inim
ise
litte
r m
ovem
ent
to
stre
ams.
The
volu
me
of li
tter
col
lect
ed in
the
GPT
s dr
oppe
d in
the
repo
rtin
g LG
As
from
278
ton
nes
in 2
007-
08 t
o 25
8 in
200
8-09
. In
2008
-09,
the
to
tal a
mou
nt o
f lit
ter
colle
cted
in G
PTs
from
11
coun
cils
tha
t re
port
ed w
as 3
91 t
onne
s.
Salin
ity
It is
ack
now
ledg
ed t
hat
the
first
res
pons
e re
quire
d to
man
age
salin
ity im
pact
s is
dat
a.
Map
ping
pro
ject
s ha
ve b
een
unde
rtak
en b
y a
rang
e of
Sta
te a
genc
ies;
how
ever
, the
re is
no
sing
le s
ourc
e of
thi
s in
form
atio
n ac
ross
larg
e re
gion
s su
ch a
s th
is r
epor
ting
area
. Res
pons
es
to d
ryla
nd a
nd ir
rigat
ion
salin
ity s
ourc
es
are
outli
ned
in t
he L
and
chap
ter.
Ong
oing
m
onito
ring
prog
ram
s by
Sta
te a
genc
ies
also
al
low
for
incr
ease
d kn
owle
dge
and
unde
r-st
andi
ng o
f sa
linity
pro
cess
es.
The
Dub
bo C
ity C
ounc
il pr
ogra
m is
an
exam
ple
of a
res
pons
e to
urb
an s
alin
ity a
nd is
ou
tline
d in
the
Lan
d ch
apte
r.
Was
te w
ater
tre
atm
ent
Ther
e ar
e a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
sep
tic s
yste
ms
bein
g us
ed a
cros
s th
e re
gion
(est
imat
ed t
o be
at
leas
t 20
,000
). If
poor
ly m
aint
aine
d, s
eptic
sy
stem
s ca
n be
a s
ourc
e of
nut
rient
s fo
r lo
cal
stre
ams
and
pote
ntia
lly c
ause
pro
blem
s su
ch
as b
lue-
gree
n al
gae
bloo
ms
and
issu
es f
or
publ
ic h
ealth
.
Ind
icat
or
– Se
pti
c re
late
d c
om
pla
ints
One
way
to
gaug
e pr
oble
ms
rela
ted
to t
he
man
agem
ent
of s
eptic
sys
tem
s is
thr
ough
th
e nu
mbe
r of
sep
tic r
elat
ed c
ompl
aint
s to
C
ounc
ils.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le
8), t
he n
umbe
r of
sep
tic r
elat
ed c
ompl
aint
s in
crea
sed
for
thos
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in
both
yea
rs.
Som
e C
ounc
ils in
the
reg
ion
have
st
rate
gies
to
mon
itor
and
educ
ate
user
s in
the
m
anag
emen
t of
sep
tic s
yste
ms.
Fo
r ex
ampl
e, D
ubbo
City
Cou
ncil,
whi
ch
has
3,00
0 on
-site
sew
age
syst
ems
in it
s ar
ea,
adop
ted
an O
n-Si
te S
ewag
e M
anag
emen
t St
rate
gy in
200
6 w
hich
out
lines
a p
ropo
sed
educ
atio
n an
d m
onito
ring
prog
ram
.
Dri
nki
ng
wat
er q
ual
ity
An
exam
ple
of a
Cou
ncil
proj
ect
to im
prov
e th
e su
pply
of
retic
ulat
ed w
ater
is p
rovi
ded
in
the
case
stu
dy –
Men
door
an W
ater
Sup
ply
Aug
men
tatio
n ab
ove.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Futu
re c
halle
nges
rel
ated
to
wat
er q
ualit
y in
th
e re
gion
incl
ude:
of w
ater
Oth
er p
oten
tial c
halle
nges
are
the
on-
goin
g co
mm
unity
and
bus
ines
s ed
ucat
ion
arou
nd
wat
er r
esou
rces
, bet
ter
data
col
lect
ion
for
such
as
pect
s as
sep
tic t
ank
num
bers
and
acq
uirin
g th
e fu
ndin
g to
und
erta
ke t
hese
mea
sure
s.
Wat
er
4020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt41
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Wat
er
Biodi
vers
ity is
ess
entia
l to
func
tioni
ng e
cosy
stem
s w
hich
mai
ntai
n im
port
ant
proc
esse
s on
whi
ch a
ll lif
e de
pend
s. B
iodi
vers
ity a
lso
has
an in
trin
sic
valu
e an
d as
suc
h co
nser
vatio
n of
biod
iver
sity
is o
ne o
f th
e pr
imar
y pr
inci
ples
of
ecol
ogic
ally
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t (E
SD)
(Dep
artm
ent
of C
limat
e C
hang
e, 2
009)
. Bio
dive
rsity
indi
cato
rs h
ave
been
sel
ecte
d to
mea
sure
and
gaug
e lo
cal a
nd r
egio
nal i
ssue
s of
nox
ious
wee
ds a
nd p
ests
, Lan
dcar
e an
d re
late
d ac
tiviti
es
and
the
cond
ition
of
thre
aten
ed s
peci
es a
nd e
colo
gica
l com
mun
ities
.
The
plan
et h
as a
wid
e ra
nge
of o
rgan
ism
s th
at li
ve in
com
plex
inte
ract
ions
, bot
h w
ith
the
natu
ral a
nd b
uilt
envi
ronm
ents
. All
of t
he
form
s of
life
are
con
nect
ed in
web
s kn
own
as
ecos
yste
ms
whi
ch d
epen
d on
oth
er s
peci
es
and
ecos
yste
ms
for
surv
ival
. The
se e
cosy
stem
s ar
e dy
nam
ic a
nd c
hang
e ov
er t
ime
– bo
th
shor
t te
rm c
hang
es in
res
pons
e to
eve
nts
(suc
h as
pop
ulat
ions
red
ucin
g in
a b
ushfi
re
or d
roug
ht) o
r lo
ng t
erm
cha
nges
suc
h as
ev
olut
ion
or c
limat
e ch
ange
.Th
ere
are
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f ec
osys
tem
s ac
ross
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
, for
med
by
inte
rac-
tions
acr
oss
a ra
nge
of f
acto
rs in
clud
ing
soils
, ur
ban
deve
lopm
ent,
loca
l clim
ate,
veg
etat
ion
type
s, a
nd d
istu
rban
ce b
y ac
tiviti
es s
uch
as
farm
ing
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y.Bi
odiv
ersi
ty, a
s w
ith la
nd a
nd a
ir, p
rovi
de
impo
rtan
t re
sour
ces
that
we
need
to
surv
ive,
su
ch a
s ox
ygen
and
wat
er c
ycle
s, g
row
ing
food
s an
d fo
rest
s (t
imbe
r) a
nd e
ven
bact
eria
ke
epin
g th
e so
il he
alth
y. M
ost
of t
hese
re
sour
ces
are
at s
cale
s th
at w
e ca
nnot
see
an
d m
ay e
xten
d ar
ound
the
wor
ld (s
uch
as
wat
er c
ycle
s) o
r be
lim
ited
to a
sin
gle
plac
e or
ev
ent
(suc
h as
reg
ener
atio
n af
ter
bush
fires
). Th
e va
lue
of b
iodi
vers
ity e
xten
ds b
eyon
d th
e ca
tchm
ent
boun
darie
s, p
rovi
ding
nat
iona
l and
in
tern
atio
nal b
enefi
ts.
Exam
ples
of
biod
iver
sity
ser
vice
s an
d va
lues
in
clud
e: b
iolo
gica
l con
trol
and
pol
linat
ion;
re
cord
of
natu
ral h
isto
ry; f
ood,
med
icin
es,
timbe
r an
d in
dust
rial p
rodu
cts;
see
d di
sper
sal
and
polli
natio
n; o
rnam
enta
l pla
nts
and
bree
ding
sto
ck; e
co-t
ouris
m; g
enet
ic d
iver
sity
; ca
rbon
sin
ks a
nd g
reen
hous
e ga
s ab
sorp
tion;
nu
trie
nt c
yclin
g; fi
ltrat
ion
and
stor
age;
cle
an
air
and
wat
er; e
colo
gica
l ser
vice
s; w
ater
qu
ality
and
flow
eg.
sal
inity
con
trol
; sta
bilis
ing
proc
esse
s eg
. wea
ther
, clim
ate,
pes
t an
d bi
olog
ical
con
trol
; hea
lthy
soils
; nat
ure-
base
d re
crea
tion;
vis
ually
ple
asin
g ae
sthe
tics;
hea
lth
and
lifes
tyle
; sci
ence
and
edu
catio
n; s
pirit
ual
and
cultu
ral;
trad
ition
al o
wne
r va
lues
; cul
tura
l id
entit
y as
soci
ated
with
key
spe
cies
and
fut
ure
reso
urce
s (D
ECC
, 200
8).
Man
y sp
ecie
s of
pla
nts
and
anim
als
rely
on
spec
ific
habi
tats
in o
rder
to
surv
ive.
Onc
e th
ese
habi
tats
are
lost
or
degr
aded
thr
ough
act
iviti
es
such
as
agric
ultu
re, d
evel
opm
ent,
wee
d in
vasi
on o
r in
appr
opria
te fi
re r
egim
es, t
here
is
usu
ally
a s
igni
fican
t ef
fect
on
biod
iver
sity
. Th
is m
ay in
clud
e lo
ss o
f sp
ecie
s or
cha
nges
in
spe
cies
com
posi
tion,
suc
h as
veg
etat
ion
com
mun
ities
.
Issu
e –
Hab
itat
loss
Co
nd
itio
nA
rece
nt s
tudy
by
Gol
dney
, Ker
le a
nd F
lem
ing
(200
7) e
xam
ined
the
con
ditio
n of
flor
a an
d fa
una
in t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent.
As
show
n in
the
map
of
habi
tat
type
s (F
igur
e 14
), th
ere
is d
iver
se h
abita
t ac
ross
the
regi
on.
In t
he e
ast
of t
he re
gion
the
re a
re m
ainl
y dr
y eu
caly
pt f
ores
ts, i
nclu
ding
Box
-Gum
Woo
dlan
d,
Biol
ogic
al d
iver
sity
, or
biod
iver
sity
, is d
efine
d as
:
‘The
var
iety
of l
ife fo
rms,
the
diffe
rent
pla
nts,
anim
als a
nd m
icro
-org
anis
ms,
the
gene
s
they
con
tain
, and
the
ecos
yste
ms t
hey
form
.
Biod
iver
sity
incl
udes
gen
etic
div
ersi
ty, s
peci
es
dive
rsit
y an
d ec
osys
tem
div
ersi
ty’ N
SW G
over
nmen
t, 2
008
Tab
le 9
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
of in
dica
tor
tren
ds -
Bio
dive
rsity
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Habi
tat l
oss
Area
of v
eget
atio
n pr
otec
ted
and
reha
bilit
ated
thro
ugh
CMA
ince
ntiv
e fu
ndin
g
25,6
94 h
a72
,143
ha
Thre
aten
ed
spec
ies
Num
ber o
f fish
rest
ocke
d54
,300
132,
400
Num
ber o
f thr
eate
ned
spec
ies
108
117
Inva
sive
spec
ies
Num
ber o
f dec
lare
d no
xiou
s w
eeds
112
112
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
but
thes
e ch
ange
to
Popl
ar B
ox-W
hite
Cyp
ress
W
oodl
ands
and
mal
lee
in t
he w
est.
This
stu
dy e
stim
ates
tha
t th
ere
is o
nly
38%
of
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n/an
imal
hab
itat
rem
aini
ng
in t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
but
this
is n
ot
even
ly d
istr
ibut
ed –
62%
has
no
rem
aini
ng
vege
tatio
n.Th
e am
ount
of
rem
aini
ng v
eget
atio
n /
habi
tat
varie
s fr
om s
ix p
erce
nt in
the
Tul
lam
ore
area
to
89%
in t
he e
ast.
Thi
s do
es n
ot r
eflec
t th
e co
nditi
on o
f th
e re
mai
ning
veg
etat
ion
– so
me
of t
he h
ighl
y ve
geta
ted
land
in t
he w
est
HA
BITA
T TY
PES
Arid
Shr
ubla
nds
(AS)
: Che
nopo
d sh
rubl
ands
AS:
Tal
l Shr
ubla
nd/L
ow W
oodl
and
Dry
Scl
erop
hyll
Fore
sts
(DSF
): Pl
ains
DSF
: Ran
ges,
Tab
lela
nds
& S
lope
sFo
rest
ed W
etla
nds
Fres
hwat
er W
etla
nds
Gra
ssla
nds:
Allu
vial
Pla
ins
Gra
ssla
nds:
Ran
ges,
Tab
lela
nds
& S
lope
s G
rass
y W
oodl
ands
: Ran
ges
& T
able
land
sG
rass
y W
oodl
ands
: Slo
pes
& A
lluvi
al P
lain
sM
alle
e: S
anpl
ains
& D
unes
Sem
i-arid
Woo
dlan
ds (S
W):
Plai
nsSW
: Roc
ky O
utcr
ops,
Dun
esW
et S
cler
ophy
ll Fo
rest
s: R
ange
s &
Tab
lela
nds
Fig
ure
14
Map
of
habi
tat
type
s in
the
Lac
hlan
and
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
ts
(Sou
rce
Gol
dney
, Ker
le
and
Flem
ing,
200
7)
of t
he C
entr
al W
est
catc
hmen
t re
pres
ents
th
e de
nse
grow
th o
f w
oody
shr
ubs.
In t
he
mor
e hi
ghly
cle
ared
land
scap
es r
emai
ning
ve
geta
tion
tend
s to
be
conc
entr
ated
in t
he
hills
and
ran
ges,
alo
ng w
ater
cour
ses
and
road
re
serv
es. I
n ar
eas
with
mor
e ve
geta
tion
it is
po
ssib
le t
hat
the
size
of
the
rem
nant
s ar
e is
too
sm
all f
or p
opul
atio
ns o
f an
imal
s an
d pl
ants
to
surv
ive.
By c
ombi
ning
info
rmat
ion
abou
t re
mna
nt
vege
tatio
n an
d its
con
ditio
n an
d th
e st
atus
of
the
fau
na w
ith a
ran
ge o
f la
ndsc
ape
Biol
ogic
al d
iver
sity
, or
biod
iver
sity
, is d
efine
d as
:
‘The
var
iety
of l
ife fo
rms,
the
diffe
rent
pla
nts,
anim
als a
nd m
icro
-org
anis
ms,
the
gene
s the
y co
ntai
n, a
nd th
e ec
osys
tem
s the
y fo
rm. B
iodi
vers
ity
incl
udes
gen
etic
dive
rsit
y, sp
ecie
s div
ersi
ty a
nd e
cosy
stem
div
ersi
ty’
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent,
200
8
Wat
er
4220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt43
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
indi
cato
rs a
bout
the
hea
lth o
f th
e la
nd, t
he
stud
y de
velo
ped
an in
dica
tion
of la
ndsc
ape
cond
ition
acr
oss
the
catc
hmen
t. T
he s
tudy
fo
und
that
the
eas
tern
hal
f to
tw
o-th
irds
of t
he C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
is in
poo
r co
nditi
on a
nd m
ost
of t
he r
emai
nder
is in
m
oder
ate
cond
ition
. So
me
area
s ha
ve a
hig
h le
vel o
f re
mna
nt
vege
tatio
n bu
t th
e co
nditi
on o
f th
at
vege
tatio
n, m
uch
of w
hich
is h
eavi
ly g
raze
d,
redu
ces
the
cond
ition
val
ue.
Ind
icat
or
– A
rea
of
Nat
ion
al P
arks
in t
he
LGA
s
Ind
icat
or
– A
rea
of
Stat
e Fo
rest
in t
he
LGA
s
AB
OV
EO
rang
e A
mm
er-
dow
n-Pl
ough
man
s
Cre
ek—
long
ste
m
tube
stoc
k pl
antin
g in
May
200
7
The
area
of
land
tha
t is
pla
ced
unde
r pr
otec
tion,
or
rese
rved
, may
be
cons
ider
ed a
n in
dica
tor
of t
he a
mou
nt o
f pr
otec
ted
habi
tat
avai
labl
e in
the
Cou
ncil
area
. How
ever
man
y ty
pes
of h
abita
t ar
e no
t w
ell r
epre
sent
ed in
the
re
serv
e sy
stem
, as
rese
rves
ten
d to
be
on la
nd
that
has
low
eco
nom
ic v
alue
rat
her
than
land
th
at h
as r
epre
sent
ativ
e (e
colo
gica
l) va
lue.
In 2
008-
09, 7
11 h
a w
as a
dded
to
the
Nat
iona
l Par
k es
tate
with
in t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on. A
dditi
ons
wer
e m
ade
in W
inbu
rnda
le
Nat
ure
Rese
rve,
Dur
ridge
re a
nd Y
arro
bil
Com
mun
ity C
onse
rvat
ion
Are
as, a
nd B
oren
ore
Kar
st C
onse
rvat
ion
Rese
rve.
The
rese
rved
land
und
er S
tate
For
ests
in
clud
es b
oth
nativ
e fo
rest
s an
d pl
anta
tions
. A
lthou
gh m
anag
ed in
a v
arie
ty o
f di
ffer
ent
way
s ac
ross
the
reg
ion,
the
y do
pro
vide
larg
er
area
s of
hab
itat
in w
hat
is o
ther
wis
e a
high
ly
clea
red
land
scap
e.A
s re
port
ed b
y 15
Cou
ncils
in t
he r
egio
n,
the
area
und
er S
tate
For
est
was
189
,111
he
ctar
es in
200
8-09
. Unf
ortu
nate
ly d
ue t
o da
ta g
aps
it is
not
pos
sibl
e to
com
pare
the
se
figur
es w
ith t
hose
for
200
7-08
.
Ind
icat
or
- Pr
op
ort
ion
of
Co
un
cil r
eser
ves
that
are
bu
shla
nd
/rem
nan
t ve
get
atio
n
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r an
d it
mea
sure
s th
e am
ount
of
habi
tat
avai
labl
e in
tho
se r
eser
ves
man
aged
by
loca
l Cou
ncils
. In
2008
-09,
the
re
was
an
aver
age
of 5
3% o
f C
ounc
il re
serv
es
that
wer
e bu
shla
nd o
r re
mna
nt v
eget
atio
n w
hich
als
o pr
ovid
e im
port
ant
habi
tat
optio
ns
for
wild
life.
Thre
atLa
nd
Cle
arin
gTh
e C
entr
al W
est
regi
on h
as u
nder
gone
ex
tens
ive
clea
ring
sinc
e se
ttle
men
t fo
r ag
-ric
ultu
ral p
urpo
ses.
The
rem
nant
s of
nat
ive
vege
tatio
n th
at e
xist
in s
mal
l pat
ches
with
in
rese
rves
, sta
te f
ores
ts, o
r al
ong
the
ridge
line
and
trav
ellin
g st
ock
rout
es a
re a
t si
gnifi
cant
ris
k of
fur
ther
fra
gmen
tatio
n. T
he s
ame
thre
ats
faci
ng v
eget
atio
n su
ch a
s dr
ough
t,
dise
ase,
cle
arin
g an
d la
nd d
evel
opm
ent,
gr
azin
g an
d fir
e ar
e al
so t
hrea
teni
ng n
ativ
e fa
una
spec
ies
(BO
D, 2
007)
.Th
e re
mov
al o
f ve
geta
tion,
whe
ther
in
divi
dual
tre
es o
r la
rge
scal
e (b
road
acr
e)
land
cle
arin
g on
priv
ate
prop
erty
con
trib
utes
to
the
cha
ngin
g ch
arac
ter
and
viab
ility
of
rem
nant
veg
etat
ion
and
can
dram
atic
ally
aff
ect
the
heal
th o
f th
e la
ndsc
ape
and
loca
l am
enity
. In
form
atio
n on
the
num
ber
or a
rea
of t
rees
re
mov
ed is
not
reco
rded
by
loca
l Cou
ncils
, ho
wev
er t
he C
MA
s ha
ve a
ppro
ved
a nu
mbe
r of
cl
earin
g PV
Ps. S
ome
land
cle
arin
g is
app
rove
d by
Cou
ncils
or
the
Stat
e G
over
nmen
t un
der
deve
lopm
ent
appl
icat
ions
, suc
h as
resi
dent
ial
or in
dust
rial d
evel
opm
ent
(incl
udin
g m
inin
g).
For
exam
ple,
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
has
seve
ral l
arge
min
es w
hich
will
con
tinue
cl
earin
g si
gnifi
cant
are
as t
hrou
gh a
ppro
vals
and
ex
pans
ions
in t
he n
ext
few
yea
rs.
With
in t
he c
ateg
ory
of la
nd c
lear
ing,
oth
er
thre
ats
such
as
exce
ssiv
e fir
ewoo
d co
llect
ion
and
inap
prop
riate
dev
elop
men
t an
d la
nd u
se
AB
OV
ETh
e G
reen
Tre
e
Frog
is n
ot e
ndan
gere
d at
the
mom
ent
but
face
s an
unce
rtai
n fu
ture
due
to
habi
tat
loss
and
pol
lutio
n
also
thr
eate
n na
tive
habi
tat.
Are
as t
hat
are
used
for
agr
icul
ture
can
suf
fer
thro
ugh
stoc
k gr
azin
g on
rem
nant
veg
etat
ion
and
also
a lo
ss
of c
onne
ctiv
ity t
hrou
gh w
ildlif
e co
rrid
ors
as
deve
lopm
ent
expa
nds
and
fenc
es a
nd o
ther
ba
rrie
rs a
re p
ut in
pla
ce.
Fire
reg
imes
Bush
fires
, whe
ther
nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
(ligh
tnin
g, w
eath
er e
vent
s) o
r st
arte
d by
pe
ople
, hav
e a
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
on
biod
i-ve
rsity
. Thi
s m
ay b
e a
nega
tive
or p
ositi
ve
impa
ct d
epen
ding
on
the
loca
l spe
cies
and
co
mm
unity
as
they
all
have
an
optim
al fi
re
rang
e. A
too
fre
quen
t fir
e re
gim
e m
ay c
ause
sp
ecie
s an
d ha
bita
t lo
ss a
s so
me
nativ
e ve
geta
tion
is n
ot a
dapt
ed t
o fr
eque
nt fi
re. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, too
infr
eque
nt fi
re c
an a
lso
have
a n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
n sp
ecie
s as
man
y na
tive
Aus
tral
ian
tree
s an
d sh
rubs
req
uire
fire
to
ger
min
ate.
Inap
prop
riate
fire
reg
imes
als
o en
cour
age
the
spre
ad o
f no
xiou
s w
eeds
tha
t ca
n qu
ickl
y co
loni
se la
nd f
ollo
win
g a
fire.
Th
ese
com
mun
ities
the
n ou
t-co
mpe
te n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
for
spac
e an
d re
sour
ces.
All
land
man
ager
s in
the
cen
tral
and
w
este
rn r
egio
ns, i
nclu
ding
the
Cou
ncils
, hav
e a
resp
onsi
bilit
y un
der
the
Rura
l Fire
s A
ct 1
997
Wat
er
4420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt45
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
to m
anag
e bu
sh fi
re h
azar
ds o
n la
nd u
nder
th
eir
care
, con
trol
and
man
agem
ent.
Thi
s re
sults
in v
eget
ativ
e co
ver
and
dens
ity b
eing
re
duce
d th
roug
h pr
escr
ibed
bur
ning
and
m
echa
nica
l mea
ns. S
uch
prog
ram
s m
ay b
e un
dert
aken
by
Cou
ncils
in c
o-op
erat
ion
with
fir
e m
anag
emen
t ag
enci
es s
uch
as t
he N
SW
Rura
l Fire
Ser
vice
and
DEC
CW
.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
eC
limat
e ch
ange
will
als
o pl
ace
adde
d pr
essu
re
on b
iodi
vers
ity w
ith t
he im
pact
s of
incr
easi
ng
drou
ght
and
heat
, mor
e ex
trem
e w
eath
er
cond
ition
s an
d de
clin
ing
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y al
terin
g th
e na
tura
l env
ironm
ent.
It w
ill le
ad
to c
hang
es in
land
use
and
pro
mpt
nat
ive
and
exot
ic s
peci
es t
o m
ove
into
new
are
as.
Ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
such
as
wat
er fi
ltrat
ion,
so
il qu
ality
and
she
lter
will
als
o be
aff
ecte
d.
Aqu
atic
bio
dive
rsity
, in
part
icul
ar, i
s co
ntin
uing
to
suf
fer
from
the
poo
r co
nditi
on o
f riv
ers
and
flood
plai
ns in
the
cat
chm
ents
. Red
uctio
ns
in s
trea
m fl
ows
are
likel
y to
hav
e a
nega
tive
impa
ct o
n aq
uatic
bio
dive
rsity
and
wet
land
ec
osys
tem
s su
ch a
s th
e M
acqu
arie
Mar
shes
an
d its
ass
ocia
ted
wat
erbi
rds
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).A
rec
ent
repo
rt in
to t
he e
ffec
ts o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
on
biod
iver
sity
has
fou
nd t
hat
habi
tats
ar
e at
sig
nific
ant
risk
from
eve
n m
oder
ate
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd a
re a
lread
y un
der
stre
ss
from
oth
er t
hrea
ts s
uch
as t
hose
men
tione
d ab
ove
(DC
C, 2
009)
. As
wel
l as
a lo
ss o
f
gene
ral h
abita
t, o
ther
eco
syst
em f
unct
ions
th
at a
re e
xpec
ted
to b
e af
fect
ed in
clud
e de
syn-
chro
nisa
tion
of m
igra
tion
and
disp
ersa
l eve
nts,
un
coup
ling
of p
reda
tor-
prey
and
par
asite
-hos
t re
latio
nshi
ps, i
nter
actio
ns w
ith n
ew p
atho
gens
an
d in
vasi
ves
and
chan
ges
in s
peci
es d
istr
ibu-
tion
rang
es (E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
, 200
8).
The
geog
raph
ic d
istr
ibut
ion
of a
spe
cies
is
oft
en d
efine
d by
its
‘clim
ate
enve
lope
,’ re
flect
ing
spec
ies-
spec
ific
tole
ranc
es t
o ex
trem
es o
f te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd m
oist
ure
(CSI
RO,
2007
a). T
he P
urpl
e C
oppe
r Bu
tter
fly w
hich
is
foun
d w
ithin
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
is a
t pa
rtic
u-la
rly h
igh
risk
from
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s.
The
spec
ies
has
a sp
ecifi
c ‘c
limat
e en
velo
pe’
and
only
live
s at
ele
vatio
ns a
bove
900
m. A
s is
, th
ere
is r
elat
ivel
y lit
tle a
vaila
ble
habi
tat
in t
he
repo
rtin
g re
gion
, but
as
tem
pera
ture
s in
crea
se
and
envi
ronm
enta
l gra
dien
ts a
re a
ltere
d, t
he
smal
l ava
ilabl
e ha
bita
t m
ay n
ot h
ave
a su
itabl
e cl
imat
e to
sup
port
the
spe
cies
in t
he f
utur
e.
Res
po
nse
Lan
d c
lear
ing
Ther
e ha
ve b
een
sign
ifica
nt c
hang
es t
o na
tive
vege
tatio
n le
gisl
atio
n at
the
Sta
te le
vel,
with
th
e N
ativ
e Ve
geta
tion
Refo
rms
addr
essi
ng
vege
tatio
n m
anag
emen
t fr
om c
lear
ing
appr
oval
s to
PV
Ps. T
he o
utco
me
of t
hese
ch
ange
s ha
s be
en t
o re
duce
the
num
ber
of
clea
ring
appr
oval
s ov
er t
he p
ast
few
yea
rs
(NSW
SoE
, 200
6).
No
data
on
the
amou
nt o
f ill
egal
cl
earin
g is
ava
ilabl
e fo
r th
e re
port
ing
perio
d.
Follo
win
g th
e ch
ange
s to
legi
slat
ion,
the
NSW
A
udit
Offi
ce (2
006)
und
erto
ok a
n au
dit
of
com
plia
nce
unde
r th
e A
ct a
nd c
oncl
uded
tha
t ‘a
ppro
xim
atel
y 74
,000
ha
of n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
wer
e cl
eare
d in
200
5, m
ade
up o
f 44
,000
ha
appr
oved
cle
arin
g an
d 30
,000
ha
illeg
al c
lear
ing.
Mos
t of
the
ill
egal
cle
arin
g w
as o
n th
e pr
evio
usly
un
clea
red
wes
tern
edg
e of
far
mla
nd in
th
e St
ate…
Mos
t la
nd c
lear
ing
in N
SW w
as
done
bef
ore
regu
latio
n be
gan
in 1
995.
H
owev
er f
arm
ers
with
unc
lear
ed la
nd
at t
hat
date
wer
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e le
gisl
atio
n. A
min
ority
of
thes
e ha
ve c
lear
ed
illeg
ally,
par
ticul
arly
in w
este
rn a
reas
. Onl
y a
smal
l num
ber
of p
rose
cutio
ns f
or il
lega
l cl
earin
g ha
ve b
een
unde
rtak
en u
nder
the
N
ativ
e Ve
geta
tion
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct 1
997
in t
he p
erio
d 19
98 t
o 20
05.’
It is
like
ly t
hat
this
tre
nd h
as c
ontin
ued
as
ther
e ha
ve b
een
rece
nt p
rose
cutio
ns f
or
illeg
al c
lear
ing
with
in t
he r
egio
n in
clud
ing
at
Mac
quar
ie M
arsh
es.
Cou
ncils
als
o co
ntro
l cle
arin
g of
veg
etat
ion
in u
rban
are
as, w
here
the
Nat
ive
Vege
tatio
n A
ct 2
003
does
not
app
ly. D
evel
opm
ent
cons
ents
allo
w f
or m
inor
cle
arin
g fo
r ho
usin
g,
busi
ness
and
indu
stria
l dev
elop
men
t as
wel
l as
fire
pro
tect
ion
zone
s. T
his
is r
egul
ated
by
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent
requ
ire-
men
ts o
f le
gisl
atio
n su
ch a
s th
e Ru
ral F
ires
Act
199
7 an
d th
e En
viro
nmen
tal P
lann
ing
and
Ass
essm
ent
Act
197
9, w
hich
out
line
info
rmat
ion
addr
essi
ng e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
(Sta
tem
ents
of
Envi
ronm
enta
l Eff
ects
or
Envi
-ro
nmen
tal I
mpa
ct A
sses
smen
ts) t
o be
pro
vide
d w
ith d
evel
opm
ent
appl
icat
ions
and
bur
ning
pe
rmits
. Dev
elop
men
t co
nsen
ts m
ay in
clud
e co
nditi
ons
to m
itiga
te la
nd c
lear
ing
impa
cts.
At
the
Stat
e le
vel,
the
Biob
anki
ng S
chem
e,
adm
inis
tere
d by
DEC
CW
, was
intr
oduc
ed
in 2
008.
Thi
s sc
hem
e al
low
s fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty
offs
ets
of c
lear
ing
for
deve
lopm
ent.
As
it w
as
only
intr
oduc
ed in
200
8, n
o da
ta o
n th
e ar
ea
of v
eget
atio
n af
fect
ed is
ava
ilabl
e fo
r th
e re
port
ing
perio
d. A
t th
is s
tage
in t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on, a
lthou
gh s
ome
land
hold
ers
have
ex
pres
sed
inte
rest
, no
biob
anki
ng s
ites
have
be
en r
egis
tere
d an
d no
dev
elop
ers
have
sho
wn
inte
rest
in u
sing
bio
bank
ing
as o
ppos
ed t
o th
e cu
rren
t A
sses
smen
t of
Sig
nific
ance
pro
cess
.
Ro
adsi
de
veg
etat
ion
man
agem
ent
In la
rge
sect
ions
of
the
regi
on, e
spec
ially
tho
se
whe
re b
road
acre
far
min
g is
pre
vale
nt, r
oads
ide
rese
rves
and
Tra
velli
ng S
tock
Rou
tes
prov
ide
the
only
hab
itat
corr
idor
s. T
he m
anag
emen
t of
th
ese
rese
rves
gen
eral
ly f
alls
und
er t
he ju
risdi
c-tio
n of
the
NSW
Roa
ds a
nd T
raffi
c A
utho
rity
(mai
n ro
ads)
, loc
al C
ounc
ils (m
inor
roa
ds)
and
the
Live
stoc
k H
ealth
and
Pes
t A
utho
ritie
s (T
rave
lling
Sto
ck R
oute
s).
The
man
agem
ent
of t
hese
roa
dsid
e ve
rges
is
crit
ical
for
the
con
serv
atio
n of
the
se r
emna
nt
corr
idor
s an
d th
e fa
una
depe
nden
t on
th
em. I
n 20
06 a
nd 2
007,
the
NSW
Roa
dsid
e En
viro
nmen
t C
omm
ittee
(REC
), fu
nded
by
a N
SW E
nviro
nmen
tal T
rust
gra
nt, s
uppo
rted
C
ounc
ils a
cros
s N
SW t
o de
velo
p Ro
adsi
de
Vege
tatio
n M
anag
emen
t Pl
ans
(RV
MPs
) to
bett
er m
anag
e ro
adsi
de v
erge
s un
der
thei
r ju
risdi
ctio
n.RV
MPs
are
firs
tly d
evel
oped
thr
ough
as
sess
men
t of
the
roa
dsid
e ve
geta
tion,
es
peci
ally
thr
eate
ned
spec
ies.
The
pla
n th
en
iden
tifies
str
ateg
ies
to b
est
man
age
the
asse
ssed
veg
etat
ion
and
to f
urth
er m
onito
r an
d ev
alua
te t
he im
pact
of
the
stra
tegi
es.
The
stra
tegi
es in
the
pla
n co
uld
incl
ude
thos
e re
late
d to
fire
man
agem
ent,
wee
d m
anag
emen
t, p
rese
rvat
ion
of c
ritic
al h
abita
t an
d pr
ovis
ion
of c
lear
zon
es f
or d
river
saf
ety.
BEL
OW
Reve
geta
tion
of
Ragl
an C
reek
, Bat
hurs
t
AB
OV
E M
olon
g C
reek
Wat
er
4620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt47
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Loca
l Cou
ncils
in t
he r
egio
n ha
ve
deve
lope
d RV
MPs
, eith
er a
s a
resu
lt of
the
REC
pr
ojec
t or
by
thei
r ow
n vo
litio
n. In
200
8-09
, ac
cord
ing
to R
EC r
ecor
ds t
he f
ollo
win
g 13
lo
cal C
ounc
ils in
the
reg
ion
had
RVM
Ps o
r st
udie
s:Ba
thur
st R
egio
nal C
ounc
ilBl
ayne
y Sh
ire C
ounc
ilC
abon
ne C
ounc
ilC
owra
Shi
re C
ounc
ilD
ubbo
City
Cou
ncil
Lach
lan
Shire
Cou
ncil
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
Nar
rom
ine
Shire
Cou
ncil
Obe
ron
Cou
ncil
Ora
nge
City
Cou
ncil
War
ren
Shire
Cou
ncil
War
rum
bung
le S
hire
Cou
ncil
Wel
lingt
on C
ounc
il
Reh
abili
tati
on
Reha
bilit
atio
n pr
ojec
ts h
ave
been
dev
elop
ed
by o
rgan
isat
ions
incl
udin
g lo
cal C
ounc
ils,
Land
care
gro
ups
and
CM
As
to h
elp
redu
ce
the
impa
ct o
f la
nd c
lear
ing
on b
iodi
vers
ity.
An
exam
ple
of a
reh
abili
tatio
n pr
ojec
t is
pr
ovid
ed in
the
cas
e st
udy
belo
w.
Ind
icat
or
– H
abit
at a
reas
rev
eget
ated
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. Lo
cal C
ounc
ils r
epor
ted
that
248
hec
tare
s of
Cou
ncil
land
wer
e re
vege
tate
d in
200
8-09
.
Ind
icat
or
– A
rea
of
veg
etat
ion
pro
tect
ed
and
reh
abili
tate
d t
hro
ug
h C
MA
ince
nti
ve
fun
din
g
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
rep
orte
d th
at t
he a
rea
of v
eget
atio
n pr
otec
ted
and
reha
bilit
ated
th
roug
hout
its
area
ros
e fr
om 2
5,69
4 he
ctar
es
in 2
007-
08 t
o 97
,837
hec
tare
s (a
n in
crea
se in
20
08-0
9 of
72,
143
hect
ares
) as
a re
sult
of it
s fu
ndin
g in
cent
ives
for
land
hold
ers.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
The
Nat
ive
Vege
tatio
n A
ct a
ims
to e
nd
broa
dsca
le c
lear
ing
whi
ch im
pact
s on
env
i-ro
nmen
tal v
alue
s. T
here
is a
necd
otal
evi
denc
e to
sug
gest
tha
t pa
stur
e co
nditi
on a
nd s
oil
stab
ility
hav
e ge
nera
lly im
prov
ed s
ince
the
ca
tast
roph
ic d
eclin
es o
f 18
80-1
940
(Wes
tern
C
MA
, 200
7). T
he W
este
rn C
atch
men
t ha
s m
anag
ed t
o re
tain
the
maj
ority
of
its n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
and
coul
d pr
ovid
e a
refu
ge f
or
som
e sp
ecie
s w
hich
hav
e de
clin
ed in
the
w
heat
/she
ep b
elt
of t
he L
achl
an a
nd C
entr
al
Wes
t C
atch
men
ts t
o th
e ea
st. H
owev
er, t
here
ar
e as
yet
no
broa
dsca
le m
onito
ring
prog
ram
s in
pla
ce t
o as
sess
bio
dive
rsity
tre
nds.
Con
se-
quen
tly it
is d
ifficu
lt to
det
erm
ine
the
curr
ent
tren
ds o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty d
eclin
e/re
cove
ry a
s m
ost
chan
ges
take
dec
ades
to
beco
me
evid
ent
(Wes
tern
CM
A, 2
007)
.Re
cogn
ition
of
the
impa
ct o
f ex
tern
al
pres
sure
s on
rem
nant
veg
etat
ion
has
incr
ease
d
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Putt
a B
ucc
a W
etla
nd
Reh
abili
tati
on
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil,
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
and
the
C
udge
gong
Fie
ld N
atur
alis
ts h
ave
join
ed f
orce
s to
giv
e Pu
tta
Bucc
a w
etla
nds
a fa
celif
t.
The
area
, whi
ch h
as b
een
the
loca
tion
for
the
Mud
gee
Sew
age
Trea
tmen
t W
orks
Dep
ot, w
ill u
nder
go s
ite r
ehab
ilita
tion
as t
he
sew
age
depo
t is
rel
ocat
ed t
o a
diff
eren
t si
te. T
he p
roje
ct a
ims
to
enha
nce
the
natu
ral b
iodi
vers
ity o
f th
e ar
ea b
y re
habi
litat
ing
the
ripar
ian
corr
idor
alo
ng t
he C
udge
gong
Riv
er w
hich
will
impr
ove
wat
er q
ualit
y, in
crea
sing
the
vis
ual a
men
ity o
f th
e ar
ea, a
nd
deve
lopi
ng a
site
spe
cific
wor
king
man
agem
ent
plan
. Oth
er s
peci
fic
wor
ks w
ill in
clud
e w
illow
and
wee
d re
mov
al, f
eral
ani
mal
con
trol
an
d re
vege
tatio
n.Fu
ture
on-
grou
nd w
orks
are
like
ly t
o in
clud
e ad
ditio
nal r
eha-
bilit
atio
n w
orks
, wal
king
tra
cks,
boa
rdw
alks
and
bik
e pa
ths,
nat
ive
fish
prot
ectio
n pr
ogra
ms,
bird
wat
chin
g fa
cilit
ies
and
an in
terp
reta
-tiv
e ce
ntre
.
Wet
land
reh
abili
tatio
n w
ork
bein
g un
dert
aken
in P
ucca
Buc
ca W
etla
nds,
Mud
gee
awar
enes
s of
the
nee
d to
shi
ft t
owar
ds a
n ap
proa
ch w
hich
em
phas
ises
man
agem
ent
and
rese
arch
of
land
scap
e fu
nctio
n an
d th
e ro
le o
f va
rious
abi
otic
and
bio
tic e
lem
ents
in
eco
syst
ems
proc
esse
s at
the
land
scap
e sc
ale
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
7). O
ne o
f th
e fu
ture
cha
lleng
es is
to
deve
lop
a co
ordi
nate
d an
d st
rate
gic
appr
oach
to
man
agem
ent
of
the
who
le la
ndsc
ape.
A k
ey p
art
of t
his
will
in
clud
e st
rate
gies
tha
t re
late
to
the
rete
ntio
n,
rest
orat
ion,
enh
ance
men
t an
d re
vege
tatio
n of
ke
y ar
eas
to e
nsur
e im
prov
ed o
utco
mes
are
re
cogn
ised
thr
ough
the
cur
rent
NSW
Pla
nnin
g Re
form
Pro
cess
and
the
rev
iew
of
Cou
ncils
’ Lo
cal E
nviro
nmen
t Pl
ans.
Fu
ture
cha
lleng
es w
ill a
lso
incl
ude
educ
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
of t
he c
omm
unity
an
d la
nd m
anag
ers
rega
rdin
g en
dang
ered
sp
ecie
s an
d ho
w la
nd m
anag
emen
t in
fluen
ces
the
spre
ad a
nd h
ealth
of
spec
ies.
Thi
s in
clud
es
the
incr
easi
ng p
ress
ure
that
the
RFS
is u
nder
to
und
erta
ke e
xces
sive
haz
ard
redu
ctio
n w
ork
in t
he w
ake
of t
he V
icto
rian
bush
fires
. The
co
mm
unity
and
land
man
ager
s ne
ed t
o be
ed
ucat
ed in
rel
atio
n to
the
wid
er im
pact
s of
al
terin
g fir
e re
gim
es, e
spec
ially
on
thre
aten
ed
spec
ies
that
are
mos
t at
ris
k.Th
e bi
gges
t st
ep in
ove
rcom
ing
thes
e fu
ture
cha
lleng
es is
the
col
lect
ion
and
mai
nten
ance
of
data
of
natu
ral a
sset
s su
ch
as b
ushl
and
and
thre
aten
ed s
peci
es, a
nd
the
reco
gniti
on b
y C
ounc
ils o
f th
ese
asse
ts.
In 2
009,
the
CM
A p
lans
to
roll
out
the
Inve
stm
ent
Fram
ewor
k fo
r En
viro
nmen
tal
Reso
urce
s (IN
FFER
).IN
FFER
is a
too
l for
pla
nnin
g an
d pr
iorit
isin
g pu
blic
inve
stm
ents
in n
atur
al r
esou
rces
and
the
en
viro
nmen
t. It
foc
uses
on
achi
evin
g ou
tcom
es
cost
eff
ectiv
ely.
It is
rel
evan
t to
pro
ject
s w
here
th
e ai
m is
to
prot
ect
or e
nhan
ce s
peci
fic
iden
tified
nat
ural
res
ourc
e as
sets
. It
is n
ot
inte
nded
for
ass
essm
ent
of p
roje
cts
with
a
focu
s on
gen
eral
edu
catio
n, a
war
enes
s ra
isin
g,
capa
city
bui
ldin
g or
res
earc
h th
at is
unt
arge
ted
to s
peci
fic a
sset
s.
How
ever
, the
se a
ctio
ns c
an b
e in
clud
ed
in p
roje
cts
that
aim
to
prot
ect
or e
nhan
ce
part
icul
ar a
sset
s, a
nd in
deed
may
be
cruc
ial
com
pone
nts
of t
hese
pro
ject
s.IN
FFER
spe
cifie
s a
serie
s of
req
uire
men
ts
for
asse
t id
entifi
catio
n in
clud
ing:
ecol
ogic
al in
nat
ure
(sin
gle
or m
ultip
le c
ompo
nent
s ca
n be
dr
awn
on a
map
)
part
a s
ocia
l pro
cess
tha
t in
volv
es c
onsi
d-er
atio
n of
the
eco
logi
cal,
soci
al, c
ultu
ral
and
econ
omic
val
ues
from
a r
ange
of
pers
pect
ives
e.g
. sci
entifi
c ex
pert
s an
d th
e co
mm
unity
the
spat
ial e
xten
t of
thr
eate
ning
pro
cess
es
oper
atin
g on
the
ass
et –
the
fra
mew
ork
ackn
owle
dges
tha
t th
reat
s m
ay o
pera
te
prox
imat
e to
the
ass
et o
r at
som
e di
stan
ce.
INFF
ER d
oes
not
trea
t ec
olog
ical
pro
cess
es
asso
ciat
ed w
ith la
ndsc
apes
or
ecos
yste
m
serv
ices
pro
vide
d by
nat
ure
as a
sset
s. It
do
es h
owev
er, r
ecog
nise
the
se c
once
pts
as
impo
rtan
t in
the
det
aile
d an
alys
is o
f pr
ojec
ts.
It al
so d
oes
not
trea
t pe
ople
or
the
com
mun
ity
as a
n as
set.
A f
utur
e ch
alle
nge
will
lie
with
in t
he
oper
atio
n of
thi
s sy
stem
as
pote
ntia
l pro
blem
s co
uld
aris
e if
INFF
ER is
the
onl
y w
ay p
roje
cts
are
asse
ssed
by
vario
us le
vels
of
gove
rnm
ent.
A
n im
port
ant
face
t of
eco
logi
cal a
sset
pro
ject
s is
the
invo
lvem
ent
of t
he c
omm
unity
in t
he
asse
t id
entifi
catio
n pr
oces
s an
d th
e ex
iste
nce
of c
apac
ity b
uild
ing
proj
ects
.
AB
OV
EO
nce
wid
espr
ead,
Bark
ing
Ow
ls a
re n
ow
less
com
mon
in m
ainl
and
Aus
tral
ia a
nd t
heir
cons
er-
vatio
n st
atus
var
ies
from
stat
e to
sta
te
Wat
er
4820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt49
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
AB
OV
E B
ox-G
um
Woo
dlan
ds, o
nce
cove
red
som
e 10
mill
ion
hect
ares
of
sout
h-ea
ster
n
Aus
tral
ia. T
hey
prov
ide
habi
tat
for
the
Bush
Ston
e-C
urle
w a
nd t
he
Squi
rrel
Glid
er a
nd t
hey
are
an im
port
ant
sour
ce
of f
ood
and
habi
tat
for
thre
e na
tiona
lly
thre
aten
ed b
ird s
peci
es
(Reg
ent
Hon
eyea
ter,
Supe
rb a
nd S
wift
Par
rots
).
Issu
e -
Thre
aten
ed s
pec
ies
Co
nd
itio
nD
ue e
spec
ially
to
exte
nsiv
e cl
earin
g, t
here
are
nu
mer
ous
Thre
aten
ed S
peci
es a
nd E
ndan
gere
d Ec
olog
ical
Com
mun
ities
(EEC
s) a
cros
s th
e re
gion
.Bo
x-G
um W
oodl
and,
(als
o kn
own
as B
ox
Gum
Gra
ssy
Woo
dlan
d) is
one
of
the
mos
t th
reat
ened
com
mun
ities
in t
he S
tate
(1%
of
orig
inal
ext
ent
rem
aini
ng) a
nd is
list
ed o
n bo
th
Stat
e an
d na
tiona
l reg
iste
rs. I
t w
as w
idel
y fo
und
acro
ss t
he C
entr
al W
est
and
Lach
lan
regi
ons
how
ever
the
hig
h le
vel o
f cl
earin
g lin
ked
to a
gric
ultu
ral l
and
use
in t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on h
as c
ause
d si
gnifi
cant
dec
line.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
thre
aten
ed s
pec
ies
Thre
aten
ed S
peci
es, P
opul
atio
ns a
nd E
ECs
are
liste
d un
der
the
NSW
Thr
eate
ned
Spec
ies
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct 1
995,
and
the
Env
iron-
men
tal P
rote
ctio
n an
d Bi
odiv
ersi
ty C
onse
rva-
tion
Act
, 199
9. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
9),
in 2
007-
08 t
here
wer
e 10
8 th
reat
ened
spe
cies
list
ed in
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
are
a. T
his
figur
e ro
se t
o 11
7 in
200
8-09
th
us s
how
ing
a w
orse
ning
tre
nd f
or t
his
indi
cato
r. Th
e nu
mbe
r of
pop
ulat
ions
and
EE
Cs
stay
ed c
onst
ant.
In
200
8-09
, acr
oss
the
who
le o
f th
e re
port
ing
regi
on t
here
wer
e 12
6 th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s, z
ero
popu
latio
ns a
nd e
ight
en
dang
ered
eco
logi
cal c
omm
uniti
es li
sted
on
the
Stat
e an
d Fe
dera
l reg
iste
rs. S
peci
es a
nd
com
mun
ities
may
be
liste
d on
bot
h th
e St
ate
and
Fede
ral r
egis
ters
, suc
h as
the
Box
-Gum
W
oodl
and,
if t
hey
are
thre
aten
ed a
t a
natio
nal
leve
l. A li
st o
f th
reat
ened
spe
cies
, pop
ulat
ions
an
d EE
Cs
for
the
LGA
s in
the
reg
ion
can
be f
ound
at
http
://w
ww
.thr
eate
neds
peci
es.
envi
ronm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au/
inde
x.as
px.
Thre
atK
ey T
hre
aten
ing
Pro
cess
esA
key
thr
eate
ning
pro
cess
is d
efine
d in
the
Th
reat
ened
Spe
cies
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct 1
995
as
a pr
oces
s th
at t
hrea
tens
, or
coul
d th
reat
en,
the
surv
ival
or
evol
utio
nary
dev
elop
men
t of
spe
cies
, pop
ulat
ions
or
ecol
ogic
al
com
mun
ities
. Som
ethi
ng c
an b
e a
thre
aten
ing
proc
ess
if it:
spec
ies,
pop
ulat
ions
or
ecol
ogic
al
com
mun
ities
or e
colo
gica
l com
mun
ities
tha
t ar
e no
t cu
rren
tly t
hrea
tene
d to
bec
ome
thre
aten
ed.
Key
thr
eate
ning
pro
cess
es in
the
reg
ion
incl
ude:
Pest
an
imal
s –
Intr
oduc
ed a
nim
al s
peci
es
can
com
pete
with
, and
pre
y up
on, n
ativ
e an
imal
s. T
hey
can
also
dam
age
nativ
e pl
ants
and
deg
rade
nat
ural
hab
itats
W
eed
s –
Wee
ds c
ompe
te w
ith n
ativ
e pl
ants
for
res
ourc
es s
uch
as li
ght
and
nutr
ient
s an
d ca
n ag
gres
sive
ly in
vade
are
as,
disp
laci
ng n
ativ
e pl
ants
and
ani
mal
sD
isea
ses
– Ex
otic
fun
gal i
nfec
tions
, viru
ses
and
othe
r pa
thog
ens
can
wea
ken
and
kill
nativ
e sp
ecie
s
Rem
ova
l of
dea
d w
oo
d a
nd
tre
es –
The
re
mov
al o
f de
ad w
ood
can
have
a r
ange
of
envi
ronm
enta
l con
sequ
ence
s su
ch a
s lo
ss
of h
abita
t (f
or a
nim
als
that
use
hol
low
s fo
r sh
elte
r), d
isru
ptio
n of
eco
syst
em
proc
esse
s an
d so
il er
osio
n. T
he f
ores
ts a
nd
woo
dlan
ds o
f th
e W
este
rn S
lope
s an
d Ta
blel
ands
are
the
eco
logi
cal c
omm
uniti
es
mos
t th
reat
ened
by
woo
d re
mov
al a
s th
ey
cont
ain
popu
lar
firew
ood
spec
ies
Hab
itat
loss
/ch
ang
e –
From
larg
e-sc
ale
land
cle
arin
g to
the
gat
herin
g of
bus
hroc
k fo
r su
burb
an g
arde
ns, h
uman
s ha
ve
degr
aded
man
y na
tive
envi
ronm
ents
acr
oss
the
Stat
e.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
eC
limat
e ch
ange
has
the
pot
entia
l to
impa
ct
on a
wid
e ra
nge
of h
abita
ts, s
peci
es a
nd
popu
latio
ns. M
any
spec
ies
have
lim
ited
tole
ranc
es t
o ch
ange
s in
tem
pera
ture
and
ra
infa
ll co
nditi
ons,
and
eve
n sm
all c
hang
es
in t
he c
limat
e m
ay in
crea
se p
ress
ures
on
loca
l eco
syst
ems.
In a
dditi
on, w
hile
spe
cies
an
d po
pula
tions
may
nor
mal
ly b
e ad
aptiv
e to
som
e ch
ange
s, t
he a
dditi
onal
pre
ssur
es o
f la
nd c
lear
ing,
wee
d in
vasi
on a
nd o
ther
land
us
e ch
ange
s ha
ve r
educ
ed t
he a
bilit
y of
man
y sp
ecie
s to
ada
pt o
r m
igra
te (A
GO
, 200
3). T
he
CSI
RO h
as m
odel
led
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s fo
r th
e ca
tchm
ents
of
NSW
(on
beha
lf of
the
N
SW G
reen
hous
e O
ffice
) and
not
es t
hat
for
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
are
a, it
is li
kely
tha
t th
e cl
imat
e w
ill b
e w
arm
er a
nd d
rier
with
mor
e ex
trem
e he
at w
aves
, win
ds a
nd fi
res.
Som
e in
crea
ses
in s
easo
nal r
ainf
all m
ay o
ccur
. The
se
chan
ges
wou
ld h
ave
‘sig
nific
ant
impa
ct o
n th
e ca
tchm
ent’s
pla
nts
and
anim
als…
and
lead
to
chan
ges
in t
he d
istr
ibut
ions
of
tree
spe
cies
, po
ssib
le in
vasi
on b
y pe
sts
and
chan
ges
to t
he
habi
tat’
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
). Po
ssib
le im
pact
s on
thr
eate
ned
spec
ies
may
in
clud
e in
crea
sed
phys
iolo
gica
l str
ess,
cha
nges
in
fec
undi
ty (t
he a
bilit
y to
rep
rodu
ce),
chan
ges
in s
ex r
atio
s in
spe
cies
who
se t
empe
ratu
re
cont
rols
the
sex
of
thei
r of
fspr
ing,
and
cha
nges
in
com
petit
ive
abili
ty (E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
, 20
08).
Prel
imin
ary
rese
arch
sug
gest
s th
at
tem
pera
te f
ores
ts in
Aus
tral
ia m
ay in
crea
se
in p
rodu
ctiv
ity w
ith h
ighe
r te
mpe
ratu
res
and
incr
ease
d co
ncen
trat
ions
of
atm
osph
eric
ca
rbon
dio
xide
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
). Th
is h
as t
he
pote
ntia
l to
boos
t ce
rtai
n EE
Cs
with
in t
he
repo
rtin
g re
gion
; how
ever
, the
se b
enefi
ts
may
be
offs
et b
y ot
her
clim
atic
impa
cts
such
as
dec
reas
ed r
ainf
all,
incr
ease
d bu
shfir
es,
chan
ges
in p
ests
and
nut
rient
ava
ilabi
lity
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).
Fire
Reg
imes
Fire
is a
lso
a us
eful
too
l in
natu
ral r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
as it
may
enc
oura
ge s
ome
spec
ies
to r
egen
erat
e an
d re
mov
e so
me
wee
d th
reat
s. M
any
ecol
ogic
al c
omm
uniti
es t
hat
occu
r in
the
reg
ion
are
adap
ted
to t
he p
erio
dic
occu
rren
ce o
f fir
e. M
any
spec
ies
requ
ire fi
re
to s
timul
ate
and
faci
litat
e lif
e cy
cle
proc
esse
s.
Each
com
mun
ity w
ill h
ave
optim
al fi
re r
egim
e th
resh
olds
tha
t ar
e in
fluen
ced
by t
he s
peci
es
that
occ
ur w
ithin
it. T
he s
usta
inab
ility
of
both
th
e co
mm
unity
and
indi
vidu
al s
peci
es a
nd
popu
latio
ns c
an b
e dr
amat
ical
ly in
fluen
ced
by
the
inte
rval
s, s
easo
n an
d in
tens
ity a
t w
hich
fire
oc
curs
in t
hose
env
ironm
ents
. As
such
, hig
h fr
eque
ncy
fire
is li
sted
as
a K
ey T
hrea
teni
ng
Proc
ess
unde
r th
e A
ct.
Surf
ace
Wat
er R
un
off
Wat
er r
unof
f ca
n tr
ansp
ort
pollu
tion
from
so
urce
s su
ch a
s se
wag
e ef
fluen
t, in
tens
ive
agric
ultu
re (f
eedl
ots
and
irrig
atio
n) a
nd
AB
OV
E A
sto
rm b
rew
ing
over
Tul
lam
ore.
Ext
rem
e
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns a
re
beco
min
g m
ore
freq
uent
due
to c
limat
e ch
ange
.
The
last
tw
o ye
ars
have
seen
rec
ords
tum
blin
g fo
r
the
hott
est
days
and
the
leng
th o
f he
atw
aves
, par
-
ticul
arly
in t
he s
outh
ern
stat
es. T
he h
otte
st 1
4
year
s on
rec
ord
have
occu
rred
in t
he la
st 2
0
year
s
Wat
er
5020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt51
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
fert
ilise
r ru
noff
. The
incr
ease
in im
perv
ious
su
rfac
es f
rom
roa
ds, b
uild
ings
and
oth
er
deve
lopm
ent
incr
ease
s ru
noff
and
dec
reas
es
infil
trat
ion.
Run
off
colle
cts
and
conc
entr
ates
, ge
nera
ting
larg
e vo
lum
es o
f w
ater
with
a
high
vel
ocity
, whi
ch e
rode
s ex
pose
d so
il an
d ca
rrie
s it
into
str
eam
s al
ong
with
wee
d se
eds
and
nutr
ient
s. E
leva
ted
nutr
ient
leve
ls in
wat
er
and
soil
gene
rally
fav
our
the
grow
th o
f w
eeds
ov
er n
ativ
e pl
ants
in r
emna
nt v
eget
atio
n. T
his
can
enco
urag
e w
eed
infe
stat
ions
, par
ticul
arly
al
ong
wat
erw
ays,
and
mak
e it
hard
er f
or lo
cal
spec
ies
to c
ompe
te a
nd s
urvi
ve. D
iver
sity
of
aqua
tic m
acro
inve
rteb
rate
s in
man
y st
ream
s is
thr
eate
ned
by p
oor
wat
er q
ualit
y an
d se
dim
ent
deriv
ed f
rom
sto
rmw
ater
run
off.
Res
po
nse
DEC
CW
has
pre
pare
d a
Prio
ritie
s A
ctio
n St
atem
ent
(PA
S) t
o pr
omot
e th
e re
cove
ry o
f th
reat
ened
spe
cies
and
the
aba
tem
ent
of k
ey
thre
aten
ing
proc
esse
s in
New
Sou
th W
ales
. Th
e PA
S id
entifi
es a
num
ber
of b
road
st
rate
gies
to
help
thr
eate
ned
plan
ts a
nd
anim
als
reco
ver
in N
ew S
outh
Wal
es. E
ach
of t
hese
str
ateg
ies
has
mor
e sp
ecifi
c pr
iorit
y ac
tions
with
in t
hem
. The
y co
ver
such
thi
ngs
as:
spec
ies
(Bat
hurs
t is
cur
rent
ly in
volv
ed in
su
rvey
s of
the
Pur
ple
Cop
per
Butt
erfly
)
deve
lopm
ent
asse
ssm
ents
surv
ival
of
thre
aten
ed s
peci
es
awar
enes
s of
a s
peci
es o
r th
reat
in a
pa
rtic
ular
are
a.
The
PAS
iden
tifies
36
stra
tegi
es. T
hese
are
the
m
ain
guid
ing
tool
s fo
r sp
ecie
s re
cove
ry a
nd
thre
at a
bate
men
t in
NSW
.Re
cove
ry s
trat
egie
s id
entif
y w
hat
is
requ
ired
to r
ecov
er a
thr
eate
ned
spec
ies
Thre
at a
bate
men
t st
rate
gies
tac
kle
the
key
thre
aten
ing
proc
esse
s th
at a
re p
uttin
g so
m
any
spec
ies
on t
he b
rink
of e
xtin
ctio
n.
A t
otal
of
750
prio
rity
actio
ns h
ave
been
id
entifi
ed t
o he
lp r
ecov
er t
hrea
tene
d sp
ecie
s an
d ta
ckle
thr
eate
ning
pro
cess
es in
the
Cen
tral
W
est
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y Re
gion
. The
se p
riorit
y ac
tions
can
be
grou
ped
into
25
reco
very
str
ateg
ies
and
seve
n th
reat
ab
atem
ent
stra
tegi
es.
Of
the
750
prio
rity
actio
ns in
thi
s re
gion
, 73
7 ar
e fo
cuse
d m
ainl
y on
the
rec
over
y of
th
reat
ened
spe
cies
, pop
ulat
ions
and
eco
logi
cal
com
mun
ities
.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
fish
res
tock
ed
The
NSW
Dep
artm
ent
of P
rimar
y In
dust
ries,
in
con
junc
tion
with
loca
l Cou
ncils
and
rec
rea-
tiona
l fish
ers,
has
res
tock
ed s
ever
al s
trea
ms
in
the
regi
on w
ith n
ativ
e fis
h.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 9
), th
ere
has
been
a la
rge
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
fish
res
tock
ed c
ompa
ring
2007
-08
with
20
08-0
9. T
his
wou
ld m
ost
likel
y be
a m
ix
of t
hrea
tene
d an
d no
n-th
reat
ened
nat
ive
spec
ies.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
The
bigg
est
chal
leng
e to
Cou
ncils
by
far,
is s
ecur
ing
suffi
cien
t fu
ndin
g to
und
erta
ke
the
rese
arch
and
on-
goin
g m
anag
emen
t of
th
reat
ened
spe
cies
and
EEC
s. T
he F
eder
al
Gov
ernm
ent
is c
urre
ntly
mov
ing
away
fro
m
regi
onal
del
iver
y of
ince
ntiv
es w
hich
res
tric
ts
the
amou
nt o
f w
ork
that
can
be
unde
rtak
en
colla
bora
tivel
y ac
ross
a r
egio
n. E
nhan
cing
th
e to
ols
and
educ
atio
nal c
apac
ity o
f la
nd
man
ager
s is
als
o im
port
ant,
esp
ecia
lly w
hen
taki
ng in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
the
exac
erba
tion
of
impa
cts
from
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Issu
e –
Inva
sive
sp
ecie
s
Co
nd
itio
nA
det
aile
d st
udy
of p
est
anim
als
rece
ntly
re
port
ed t
hat
the
prim
ary
pest
s in
agr
icul
tura
l re
gion
s of
NSW
suc
h as
the
Cen
tral
Wes
tern
re
gion
are
fer
al p
igs,
fer
al g
oats
, wild
dee
r, fo
xes,
rab
bits
and
wild
dog
s/di
ngoe
s (D
PI,
2007
). Le
ss t
han
0.3%
of
NSW
is c
onsi
dere
d fr
ee f
rom
the
se s
peci
es.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
dec
lare
d n
oxi
ou
s w
eed
s
The
repo
rtin
g ar
ea h
as 1
12 d
ecla
red
noxi
ous
wee
ds (D
PI, 2
009)
, and
a s
igni
fican
t nu
mbe
r of
env
ironm
enta
l wee
ds p
rese
nt; h
owev
er
no r
epor
ts o
n ar
eas
affe
cted
or
num
ber
of
envi
ronm
enta
l spe
cies
are
ava
ilabl
e at
pre
sent
. Th
is n
umbe
r is
the
sam
e as
for
the
pre
viou
s re
port
ing
year
200
7-08
. Nox
ious
wee
ds
decl
ared
for
the
rep
ortin
g C
ounc
ils c
an b
e fo
und
by a
cces
sing
the
web
site
: htt
p://w
ww
.dp
i.nsw
.gov
.au/
agric
ultu
re/p
ests
-wee
ds/w
eeds
/no
xwee
d
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f n
oxi
ou
s w
eed
s
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. El
even
of
the
par-
ticip
atin
g C
ounc
ils r
epor
ted
that
the
re w
ere
2,64
9,10
2 he
ctar
es o
f no
xiou
s w
eeds
acr
oss
thei
r LG
As
in 2
008-
09.
Thre
atW
eed
sW
eeds
are
pla
nts
who
se g
row
th a
nd h
abit
resu
lts in
the
loss
of
envi
ronm
enta
l, ec
onom
ic
or s
ocia
l val
ues.
In t
he n
atur
al e
nviro
nmen
t,
wee
ds c
an o
ut c
ompe
te t
he n
ativ
e flo
ra
for
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
wat
er, n
utrie
nts
and
sunl
ight
, and
can
dis
plac
e a
rang
e of
sp
ecie
s. W
eeds
var
y in
the
ir im
pact
upo
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d ar
e br
oadl
y gr
oupe
d in
to t
wo
cate
gorie
s –
envi
ronm
enta
l or
noxi
ous
wee
ds.
Envi
ronm
enta
l wee
ds a
re t
hose
pla
nts
that
ha
ve o
r m
ay h
ave
esta
blis
hed
self-
prop
agat
ing
popu
latio
ns in
are
as o
f na
tive
vege
tatio
n,
outs
ide
of t
heir
natu
ral r
ange
. Nox
ious
wee
ds
are
thos
e th
at a
re d
ecla
red
unde
r th
e N
SWN
oxio
us W
eeds
Act
199
3 an
d m
ay b
e de
clar
ed
for
the
who
le S
tate
or
a lo
cal c
ontr
ol a
rea
only.
Nox
ious
wee
ds m
ust
be c
ontr
olle
d by
the
la
ndho
lder
.
Of
part
icul
ar c
once
rn in
the
rep
ortin
g ar
ea is
will
ow in
fest
atio
n al
ong
wat
er c
ours
es
and
drai
nage
line
s. W
illow
s ar
e de
clar
ed a
s a
wee
d of
nat
iona
l sig
nific
ance
due
to
thei
r pr
eval
ence
and
abi
lity
to s
prea
d. W
illow
s ha
ve s
igni
fican
t im
pact
s on
rip
aria
n ha
bita
t in
clud
ing
eros
ion,
sha
ding
of
wat
er s
urfa
ces,
in
crea
sing
nut
rient
s, s
uppo
rtin
g pe
st s
peci
es
and
out
com
petin
g na
tive
spec
ies.
A n
umbe
r of
will
ow c
ontr
ol p
rogr
ams
and
proj
ects
hav
e be
en im
plem
ente
d by
the
Cou
ncils
and
priv
ate
land
hold
ers
acro
ss t
he r
epor
ting
area
to
try
and
redu
ce t
he im
pact
s of
thi
s w
eed.
Inva
sive
nat
ive
scru
b (w
oody
wee
ds) i
s id
entifi
ed a
s a
maj
or c
once
rn in
par
ts o
f th
e W
este
rn C
MA
. As
a re
sult
of c
hang
es in
fire
re
gim
es a
nd in
crea
ses
in g
razi
ng, t
he s
crub
be
com
es t
he d
omin
ant
vege
tativ
e ty
pe w
hich
in
curs
pro
blem
s w
ith o
ther
veg
etat
ion
type
s co
mpe
ting
for
reso
urce
s an
d se
cond
ary
land
deg
rada
tion
proc
esse
s su
ch a
s su
rfac
e sc
ourin
g an
d sh
eet
eros
ion
(Wes
tern
CM
A,
2007
).
Fera
l an
d P
est
An
imal
sIn
trod
uced
spe
cies
suc
h as
rab
bits
hav
e be
en
show
n to
hav
e a
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
on
bio-
dive
rsity
thr
ough
com
petit
ion
for
reso
urce
s or
pre
datio
n. R
abbi
ts a
re r
espo
nsib
le f
or
conc
entr
ated
ove
rgra
zing
cau
sing
loss
of
grou
ndco
ver;
the
y al
so c
ause
loca
lised
ero
sion
th
roug
h bu
rrow
ing.
A
key
pre
dato
r is
the
intr
oduc
ed E
urop
ean
(red
) fox
. The
fox
has
pre
dato
ry c
hara
cter
-
RIG
HT
Mur
ray
Cod
finge
rling
s re
leas
ed in
the
Mac
quar
ie R
iver
at
Nar
rom
ine
AB
OV
E D
ense
Will
ow
alon
g th
e M
acqu
arie
Rive
r at
Wel
lingt
on,
degr
ades
the
rip
aria
n
corr
idor
, red
ucin
g
its h
abita
t va
lues
.
Reha
bilit
atio
n w
orks
have
sin
ce r
emov
ed t
he
will
ows
and
reve
geta
ted
the
bank
s, w
here
nece
ssar
y, w
ith lo
cal
nativ
e pl
ants
Wat
er
5220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Biod
iver
sity
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt53
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
istic
s of
bot
h ca
ts a
nd d
ogs
and
has,
alo
ng
with
rab
bits
, bee
n de
clar
ed a
key
thr
eate
ning
pr
oces
s ac
ross
NSW
und
er t
he N
SWTh
reat
ened
Spe
cies
Con
serv
atio
n A
ct 1
995
(TSC
Act
199
5). T
he f
ox is
hig
hly
adap
tabl
e an
d is
wid
espr
ead
in b
oth
rura
l and
urb
an
area
s an
d pr
eys
on a
wid
e ra
nge
of f
auna
in
clud
ing
mam
mal
s, b
irds,
rep
tiles
and
tur
tles.
O
ther
pre
dato
rs s
uch
as f
eral
cat
s an
d do
gs
foun
d th
roug
hout
the
rep
ortin
g ar
ea c
reat
e m
any
prob
lem
s fo
r th
e na
tura
l env
ironm
ent.
C
ats
hunt
at
all h
ours
, esp
ecia
lly a
t du
sk a
nd
nigh
t. T
heir
prey
com
mon
ly c
onsi
sts
of b
ats,
po
ssum
s, b
andi
coot
s, n
ativ
e ra
ts a
nd m
ice,
bi
rds,
liza
rds
and
snak
es. C
ats
also
com
pete
w
ith n
ativ
e pr
edat
ors,
suc
h as
the
thr
eate
ned
Spot
ted-
taile
d Q
uoll
and
can
carr
y ba
cter
ia
and
bloo
d pa
rasi
tes
whi
ch c
an b
e pa
ssed
on
to w
ildlif
e th
at h
ave
no r
esis
tanc
e. D
ogs
also
ha
ve a
dire
ct im
pact
on
thre
aten
ed f
auna
by
pre
ying
on
and
hara
ssin
g w
ildlif
e an
d di
stur
bing
bur
row
ing
faun
a. D
ogs
regu
larly
ur
inat
e on
tre
es t
o m
ark
out
terr
itory
, sen
ding
ou
t w
arni
ng s
igna
ls t
o na
tive
anim
als
to k
eep
away
, and
fae
ces
are
very
hig
h in
pho
spho
rus,
pr
omot
ing
grow
th o
f ex
otic
wee
ds a
nd b
eing
a
heal
th h
azar
d. W
ild d
ogs
also
inte
rbre
ed
with
the
nat
ive
ding
o, r
educ
ing
the
viab
ility
of
the
nat
ive
spec
ies.
Dog
s ar
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r at
tack
s on
sto
ck in
clud
ing
shee
p.O
ther
pes
ts li
sted
as
Key
Thr
eate
ning
Pr
oces
ses
incl
ude
pigs
, dee
r an
d go
ats,
and
the
impa
cts
of t
hese
may
ran
ge f
rom
the
spr
ead
of
wee
ds, v
ehic
le a
ccid
ents
and
com
petit
ion
for
reso
urce
s to
the
spr
ead
of li
vest
ock
and
exot
ic
dise
ase,
and
fen
ce a
nd c
rop
dam
age.
Pi
gs c
ause
dire
ct d
istu
rban
ce t
o ha
bita
t th
roug
h w
allo
win
g an
d ro
otin
g an
d ar
e w
ides
prea
d ac
ross
NSW
. The
y al
so p
rey
on
plan
ts a
nd a
nim
als
and
have
con
trib
uted
di
rect
ly t
o th
e de
clin
e of
sev
eral
spe
cies
of
fro
gs a
nd b
irds.
Whi
le g
oats
are
als
o w
ides
prea
d, t
hey
are
mor
e pr
eval
ent
in t
he
wes
tern
, mor
e ar
id a
reas
of
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea.
Goa
ts b
row
se h
eavi
ly o
n so
me
spec
ies
of n
ativ
e pl
ants
, inc
ludi
ng e
ndan
gere
d an
d th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s, c
ompe
te w
ith n
ativ
e th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s an
d al
so c
ause
ero
sion
, par
ticul
arly
on
stee
per
slop
es.
Goa
ts, r
abbi
ts, f
eral
cat
s, f
eral
pig
s an
d fo
xes
have
bee
n de
clar
ed u
nder
the
nat
iona
l En
viro
nmen
t Pr
otec
tion
and
Biod
iver
sity
C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
199
9 an
d a
natio
nal t
hrea
t ab
atem
ent
stra
tegy
for
eac
h ha
s be
en
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d.
Res
po
nse
Wee
ds
Nox
ious
wee
d co
ntro
l is
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
the
loca
l con
trol
aut
horit
y. In
man
y ca
ses
this
is t
he lo
cal C
ounc
il, h
owev
er, t
here
are
al
so t
wo
Cou
nty
Cou
ncils
in t
he r
epor
ting
area
, Upp
er M
acqu
arie
(Bat
hurs
t, B
layn
ey,
Lith
gow
and
Obe
ron)
and
Cas
tlere
agh
Mac
quar
ie (C
oona
mbl
e, G
ilgan
dra,
Wal
gett
, W
arre
n, W
arru
mbu
ngle
). Th
ese
prov
ide
wee
d co
ntro
l ser
vice
s, m
ainl
y al
ong
road
side
s, f
or
the
Cou
ncils
and
em
ploy
wee
ds o
ffice
rs t
o un
dert
ake
the
wor
ks, f
unde
d by
rat
es f
rom
th
e m
embe
r C
ounc
ils. I
n ad
ditio
n, c
omm
ittee
s co
mpr
ised
of
the
Cou
ncils
, Cou
nty
Cou
ncils
an
d ot
her
land
man
ager
s w
ork
to s
hare
in
form
atio
n an
d pl
anni
ng, s
uch
as M
acqu
arie
Va
lley
Wee
ds A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee a
nd
the
Lach
lan
Valle
y N
oxio
us P
lant
s A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee. T
hese
com
mitt
ees
wor
k to
ens
ure
colla
bora
tive
effo
rts
on k
ey w
eed
spec
ies
and
also
pro
vide
an
info
rmat
ion
chan
nel t
o St
ate
bodi
es s
uch
as t
he N
SW N
oxio
us W
eeds
A
dvis
ory
Com
mitt
ee.
Cou
ncils
als
o un
dert
ake
prog
ram
s to
co
ntro
l env
ironm
enta
l wee
ds a
nd w
ork
to
educ
ate
the
com
mun
ity in
the
impo
rtan
ce
of s
uch
cont
rol.
For
exam
ple,
man
y C
ounc
ils
supp
ort
Wee
dBus
ters
Wee
k ac
tiviti
es, a
natio
nal p
rogr
am t
o fo
cus
com
mun
ity
educ
atio
n an
d in
volv
emen
t in
wee
d m
anag
emen
t. T
he N
SW D
epar
tmen
t of
Pr
imar
y In
dust
ries
also
pro
mot
es s
choo
l ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
s su
ch a
s W
eed
War
riors
an
d W
eed
Att
ack,
aim
ed a
t in
trod
ucin
g st
uden
ts t
o w
eed
scie
nce
as p
art
of t
he
curr
icul
um (D
PI, 2
008)
.
Pest
sTh
e Li
vest
ock
Hea
lth a
nd P
est
Aut
horit
ies
(LH
PAs)
car
ry o
ut a
nnua
l pes
t an
imal
pro
gram
s in
clud
ing
wild
dog
and
fox
bai
ting,
pla
gue
locu
st c
ontr
ol, r
abbi
t co
ntro
l and
var
ious
ot
her
prog
ram
s in
con
junc
tion
with
priv
ate
land
hold
ers.
Cou
ncils
may
sup
port
or
coop
erat
e w
ith t
hese
pro
gram
s an
d pr
omot
e th
em t
hrou
gh e
duca
tion.
For
exa
mpl
e, B
ourk
e Sh
ire h
as a
n er
adic
atio
n pr
ogra
m a
cros
s its
re
serv
es; C
abon
ne S
hire
tar
gets
rab
bit
cont
rol
and
Dub
bo C
ity u
nder
take
s st
arlin
g co
ntro
l in
the
city
and
fox
bai
ting
acro
ss it
s re
serv
es.
Cou
ncils
als
o us
e a
rang
e of
pla
nnin
g to
ols
to b
ette
r m
anag
e pe
st s
peci
es. T
hese
incl
ude
Loca
l Env
ironm
enta
l Pla
ns, D
evel
opm
ent
Con
trol
Pla
ns a
nd u
se o
f a
rang
e of
Sta
te
Envi
ronm
enta
l Pla
nnin
g Po
licie
s (S
EPPs
) suc
h as
SE
PP 4
4 (K
oala
Hab
itat)
.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
The
Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent,
incl
udin
g Bo
urke
LG
A, h
as id
entifi
ed t
hat
a fu
ture
cha
lleng
e in
the
man
agem
ent
of la
nd r
esou
rces
is t
o m
itiga
te t
he s
prea
d of
scr
ub a
nd m
aint
ain
and
reha
bilit
ate
nativ
e pa
stur
e ve
geta
tion
com
mun
ities
(Wes
tern
CM
A, 2
007)
. Inv
asiv
e na
tive
scru
b (in
a r
ange
land
con
text
) is
ofte
n no
t w
ell u
nder
stoo
d an
d th
ere
appe
ars
to b
e a
com
mon
mis
conc
eptio
n th
at a
s th
e sp
ecie
s ar
e na
tive,
the
n th
e pr
oble
m is
onl
y a
man
agem
ent
issu
e fo
r gr
azie
rs.
The
real
ity is
tha
t in
vasi
ve n
ativ
e sc
rub
is a
sy
mpt
om o
f lo
ng t
erm
ran
gela
nd m
anag
emen
t th
at h
as im
plic
atio
ns f
or b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd
land
scap
e st
abili
ty, a
s m
uch
as e
cono
mic
pr
oduc
tion
(Wes
tern
CM
A, 2
007)
.O
ther
fut
ure
chal
leng
es f
or in
vasi
ve s
peci
es
are
sim
ilar
to t
hose
pre
viou
sly
men
tione
d in
bi
odiv
ersi
ty, i
nclu
ding
a la
ck o
f fu
ndin
g, a
sh
ift a
way
fro
m r
egio
nal d
eliv
ery
of f
undi
ng
ince
ntiv
es, t
he c
apac
ity o
f C
ounc
ils t
o ca
rry
out
miti
gatio
n w
orks
and
the
exa
cerb
ated
ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t G
reen
Tea
m is
a p
roje
ct o
f th
e Sa
linity
and
Wat
er
Qua
lity
Alli
ance
whi
ch u
nder
take
s en
viro
nmen
tal p
roje
cts
in L
GA
s w
ithin
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t, t
o ac
hiev
e on
gro
und
resu
lts
and
real
impr
ovem
ents
in t
he h
ealth
of
a nu
mbe
r of
key
nat
ural
ar
eas.
The
Gre
en T
eam
, whi
ch is
mad
e up
of
four
ski
lled
Nat
ural
Re
sour
ce M
anag
emen
t (N
RM) s
peci
alis
ts, h
ave
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f sk
ills
incl
udin
g bu
sh r
egen
erat
ion,
wee
d re
mov
al, p
lant
and
ani
mal
id
entifi
catio
n, r
eveg
etat
ion
and
ripar
ian
rest
orat
ion.
The
team
wor
k al
ongs
ide
Cou
ncil
staf
f an
d th
e co
mm
unity
, to
unde
rtak
e pr
ojec
ts t
hat
incl
ude
the
rem
oval
of
larg
e w
oody
wee
ds,
such
as
Will
ows
and
Box
Thor
n, t
he r
esto
ratio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of n
ativ
e ve
geta
tion
alon
g th
e riv
er b
anks
of
the
Mac
quar
ie,
Cas
tlere
agh,
Cud
gego
ng a
nd B
ogan
Riv
ers
as w
ell a
s th
e cr
eatio
n of
con
stru
cted
wet
land
s to
cap
ture
sto
rmw
ater
and
impr
ove
wat
er
qual
ity in
the
gre
ater
riv
er a
nd w
etla
nd s
yste
m. T
his
not
only
im
prov
es w
ater
qua
lity
but
also
pro
vide
s ha
bita
t fo
r m
any
spec
ies
of n
ativ
e bi
rds,
mar
supi
als,
inse
cts
and
nativ
e fis
h. A
dditi
onal
ly,
man
y of
the
pro
ject
s im
prov
e th
e ae
sthe
tics
and
amen
ity o
f th
e lo
cal a
rea.
Key
pro
ject
out
com
es a
re li
sted
in T
able
10.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t G
reen
Tea
m t
ake
to t
he w
ater
.
Cas
eSt
ud
y -
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t G
reen
Tea
m
Tab
le 1
0 K
ey P
roje
ct O
utco
mes
fro
m t
he G
reen
Tea
m
Act
ion
Out
com
e
Num
ber o
f will
ows
treat
ed5,
539
Will
ows
Area
of w
eed
treat
ed84
hec
tare
s
Area
pre
pare
d fo
r con
stru
cted
wet
land
s9
hect
ares
Area
of l
and
rege
nera
ted
and/
or re
vege
tate
d51
hec
tare
s
Leng
th o
f rip
aria
n ar
ea re
habi
litat
ed37
kilo
met
res
Num
ber o
f pla
nts
used
for r
eveg
etat
ion
26,0
77 p
lant
s
Num
ber o
f vol
unte
ers
enga
ged
263
volu
ntee
rs
Num
ber o
f vol
unte
er h
ours
1,64
7
Num
ber o
f sta
ff in
volv
ed32
BEL
OW
Rabb
its h
ave
been
dec
lare
d a
key
thre
aten
ing
proc
ess
acro
ss N
SW.
Wat
er
5420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt55
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Biod
iver
sity
This
chap
ter
repo
rts
on h
uman
set
tlem
ent
issu
es in
clud
ing
deve
lopm
ent,
cultu
ral h
erita
ge a
nd n
oise
. Im
prov
ing,
mai
ntai
ning
and
bal
anci
ng
the
dive
rse
soci
al, e
cono
mic
and
env
ironm
enta
l cha
ract
eris
tics
of
the
regi
on a
re c
ruci
al in
att
aini
ng a
goo
d qu
ality
of
life
for
the
com
mun
ity
as a
who
le. G
ener
ally,
loca
l Cou
ncils
hav
e th
is r
espo
nsib
ility
, with
som
e
regu
latio
n an
d gu
idan
ce f
rom
the
Sta
te a
nd F
eder
al g
over
nmen
ts.
Loca
l Cou
ncils
are
res
pons
ible
for
urb
an
plan
ning
, inf
rast
ruct
ure,
som
e as
pect
s of
en
viro
nmen
tal a
nd h
erita
ge r
esto
ratio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion
of r
esou
rces
, pr
ovis
ion
of c
omm
unity
fac
ilitie
s, a
nd
com
mun
ity s
ervi
ces.
Thi
s w
ide
rang
e of
re
spon
sibi
litie
s re
quire
s so
und
info
rmat
ion
on
whi
ch t
o m
ake
deci
sion
s.C
ultu
ral h
erita
ge in
corp
orat
es b
oth
Indi
geno
us a
nd n
on-In
dige
nous
her
itage
. A
borig
inal
her
itage
site
s in
clud
ing
occu
pa-
tiona
l, ce
rem
onia
l and
mid
den
site
s ca
n be
fo
und
on p
ublic
and
priv
ate
land
whe
re d
is-
turb
ance
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t ha
s be
en li
mite
d.
Non
-Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge r
efer
s to
use
of
the
Tab
le 1
1 Su
mm
ary
tabl
e of
indi
cato
r tr
ends
– H
uman
Set
tlem
ent
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Popu
latio
n an
d Se
ttlem
ent
Patte
rns
Num
ber o
f de
velo
pmen
tco
nsen
ts a
nd b
uild
ing
appr
oval
s
4,08
03,
789
Abor
igin
al H
erita
geLi
sted
Abo
rigin
al s
ites
263
263
Non
-Abo
rigin
al H
erita
geN
umbe
r of h
erita
ge
item
s on
Nat
iona
l Tr
ust R
egist
er92
3*92
7
Noi
se P
ollu
tion
Indu
stria
l noi
se
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Cou
ncil
1716
Urba
n no
ise
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Cou
ncil
164
723
* da
ta is
for
200
6
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
As a
pop
ulat
ion
grow
s, th
e de
man
ds fo
r
infr
astr
uctu
re in
crea
ses.
Supp
lyin
g th
is
infr
astr
uctu
re r
esul
ts in
land
use
cha
nges
that
can
have
neg
ativ
e im
pact
s on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
land
sin
ce E
urop
ean
sett
lem
ent.
Her
itage
si
tes
incl
ude
old
com
mer
cial
/indu
stria
l, ic
onic
arc
hite
ctur
e an
d m
ilita
ry h
erita
ge
still
pre
sent
in t
he
repo
rtin
g re
gion
. H
erita
gein
dica
tors
hav
e be
en
sele
cted
to
gaug
e th
e m
anag
emen
t of
bot
h A
borig
inal
and
non
-A
borig
inal
her
itage
in
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
an
d w
ithin
indi
vidu
al
Cou
ncil
area
s.N
oise
pol
lutio
n en
com
pass
es b
oth
soun
d an
d vi
brat
ion
and
is
defin
ed in
the
PoE
O A
ct 1
997
as:
‘The
em
issi
on o
f of
fens
ive
nois
e,
whi
ch m
eans
noi
se t
hat
by r
easo
n of
its
leve
l, na
ture
, cha
ract
er o
r qu
ality
, or
the
time
at
whi
ch it
is m
ade,
or
by a
ny o
ther
circ
umst
anc-
es, i
s ha
rmfu
l (or
like
ly t
o be
har
mfu
l) to
or
inte
rfer
es u
nrea
sona
bly
(or
is li
kely
to
inte
rfer
e un
reas
onab
ly) w
ith t
he c
omfo
rt o
r re
pose
of
a pe
rson
out
side
the
pre
mis
es f
rom
whi
ch t
he
nois
e is
em
itted
.’ Po
EO A
ct 1
997
Issu
e –
Pop
ula
tio
n a
nd
se
ttle
men
t p
atte
rns
Co
nd
itio
nA
s a
popu
latio
n gr
ows,
the
dem
ands
for
in
fras
truc
ture
suc
h as
hou
sing
, ene
rgy,
wat
er,
tran
spor
t an
d w
aste
dis
posa
l als
o in
crea
ses.
Su
pply
ing
this
infr
astr
uctu
re r
esul
ts in
land
use
ch
ange
s th
at c
an h
ave
nega
tive
impa
cts
on t
he
envi
ronm
ent.
Incr
easi
ng t
he d
ensi
ty o
f ex
istin
g ur
ban
area
s (‘b
row
nfiel
d’ d
evel
opm
ent)
can
ha
ve a
dvan
tage
s ov
er n
ew ‘g
reen
field
’ site
s,
with
eco
nom
ies
of s
cale
, low
er im
pact
s on
surr
ound
ing
nativ
e ve
geta
tion
and
agric
ultu
ral
land
s an
d in
crea
sed
acce
ss t
o fa
cilit
ies
such
as
recr
eatio
n ar
eas.
It is
impo
rtan
t fo
r C
ounc
ils t
o en
sure
res
pons
ible
and
app
ropr
iate
dec
isio
ns
are
mad
e re
latin
g to
land
use
, in
acco
rdan
ce
with
Loc
al E
nviro
nmen
tal P
lans
(LEP
s), r
ural
/ur
ban
stra
tegi
es a
nd S
tate
Env
ironm
en-
tal P
lann
ing
Polic
ies
(SEP
Ps).
A s
igni
fican
t po
tent
ial i
mpa
ct is
fro
m t
he u
rban
frin
ge,
whe
re h
ousi
ng a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d in
fras
truc
ture
ca
nnot
onl
y af
fect
the
land
but
als
o ot
her
land
use
s su
ch a
s ag
ricul
ture
. Thi
s ar
ea is
als
o kn
own
as ‘p
eri-u
rban
’, an
d is
oft
en t
ypifi
ed
by c
onfli
ct o
ver
land
use
whe
re t
he z
ones
in
terf
ace.
Ind
icat
or
– La
nd
use
co
nfl
ict
com
pla
ints
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. O
ne w
ay t
o m
easu
re
the
impa
ct o
f ch
angi
ng la
ndus
e pa
tter
ns a
nd
Cou
ncil
zoni
ngs
is t
hrou
gh c
ompl
aint
s ab
out
land
use
mat
ters
to
Cou
ncil.
Fift
een
of t
he p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
re
port
ed t
hat
ther
e w
ere
67 la
ndus
e co
nflic
t co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed in
200
8-09
.
Thre
atC
han
gin
g p
op
ula
tio
ns
Cha
ngin
g po
pula
tion
will
hav
e an
impa
ct
on t
he p
lann
ing
and
prov
isio
n of
infr
astr
uc-
ture
and
ser
vice
s in
loca
l Cou
ncil
area
s. F
or
exam
ple,
as
a po
pula
tion
ages
the
re w
ill b
e a
grea
ter
need
for
ret
irem
ent
hom
es a
nd
poss
ibly
‘rur
al r
esid
entia
l’ pr
oper
ties
on t
he
outs
kirt
s of
tow
ns.
Ind
icat
or
– Po
pu
lati
on
ch
ang
e
As
show
n in
Fig
ure
15 a
nd in
the
Lan
d ch
apte
r, th
e LG
As
in t
he r
egio
n ha
ve
expe
rienc
ed a
gen
eral
slig
ht r
ise
in p
opul
atio
n ov
er t
he p
ast
year
s. T
he n
eed
for
land
to
be
used
for
res
iden
tial a
nd in
dust
rial
AB
OV
E T
albr
agar
Str
eet,
Dub
bo
Wat
er
5620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt57
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
020
040
060
080
010
00
Rura
lRe
siden
tial (
inclu
ding
Rur
al R
esid
entia
l)
Oth
erIn
dust
rial
Com
mer
cial
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCa
bonn
eBo
urke
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Num
ber
deve
lopm
ent,
as
urba
nisa
tion
incr
ease
s, p
lace
s pr
essu
res
on s
torm
wat
er s
yste
ms
and
was
te
infr
astr
uctu
re s
uch
as la
ndfil
ls, w
hich
in t
urn
puts
add
ition
al s
tres
s on
the
env
ironm
ent.
Ind
icat
or
– M
edia
n a
ge
Med
ian
age
of t
he p
opul
atio
n is
ano
ther
m
easu
re t
hat
need
s to
be
cons
ider
ed in
re
latio
n to
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s. A
‘you
ng’
popu
latio
n w
ill h
ave
cert
ain
need
s (e
.g. n
ew
scho
ols,
rec
reat
ion
faci
litie
s) w
here
as a
n
0
1000
0
2000
0
3000
0
4000
0
5000
0
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
Fig
ure
15
Popu
latio
n
chan
ge a
cros
s th
e
repo
rtin
g re
gion
1996
-200
8
Sour
ce: A
ustr
alia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istic
s
Sour
ce: A
ustr
alia
n Bu
reau
of
Stat
istic
s
Med
ian
age
010
2030
4050
2006
2001
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
City
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
City
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
agei
ng p
opul
atio
n as
dis
cuss
ed a
bove
will
hav
e ce
rtai
n so
cial
nee
ds t
hat
all h
ave
chan
ging
en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts.
Figu
re 1
6 sh
ows
the
chan
ge in
the
m
edia
n ag
e of
pop
ulat
ions
in e
ach
LGA
in t
he
repo
rtin
g re
gion
and
dem
onst
rate
s th
at t
he
popu
latio
ns in
all
the
LGA
s in
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
are
age
ing
as t
he m
edia
n ag
es f
or e
ach
have
incr
ease
d fr
om 2
001-
2006
.In
200
8, C
entr
oc w
ith t
he W
este
rn
Rese
arch
Inst
itute
(WRI
) pro
duce
d a
repo
rt o
n po
pula
tion
proj
ectio
ns f
or it
s m
embe
r C
ounc
ils
show
ing:
basi
s fo
r th
e 16
Cen
troc
mem
ber
coun
cils
ov
er t
he n
ext
25 y
ears
bas
ed o
n re
sear
ch
that
has
indu
stry
cre
dibi
lity
into
the
fut
ure
Cen
troc
on
deve
lopm
ents
in t
he C
entr
oc
regi
on
popu
latio
n pr
ojec
tions
fro
m N
SW
Dep
artm
ent
of P
lann
ing
(DoP
).
Info
rmat
ion
supp
lied
by t
he m
embe
r C
ounc
ils
rega
rdin
g fu
ture
maj
or d
evel
opm
ents
was
us
ed t
o ge
nera
te e
stim
ates
of
empl
oym
ent
and
the
asso
ciat
ed p
opul
atio
n im
pact
und
er
thre
e sc
enar
ios
nam
ely:
Sc
enar
ioA
– 1
00%
of
new
min
ing,
hea
lth-
rela
ted
and
high
tec
hnol
ogy
jobs
are
as
sum
ed t
o be
fille
d by
peo
ple
mig
ratin
g in
to t
he L
GA
. 50%
of
othe
r ne
w jo
bs a
re
assu
med
to
be fi
lled
by p
eopl
e m
igra
ting
into
the
LG
A w
ith t
he b
alan
ce b
eing
fille
d by
the
exi
stin
g w
orkf
orce
. Sc
enar
io B
– 5
0% o
f ne
w m
inin
g, h
ealth
-re
late
d an
d hi
gh t
echn
olog
y jo
bs a
re
assu
med
to
be fi
lled
by p
eopl
e m
igra
ting
into
the
LG
A. 2
5% o
f ot
her
new
jobs
are
as
sum
ed t
o be
fille
d by
peo
ple
mig
ratin
g in
to t
he L
GA
with
the
bal
ance
bei
ng fi
lled
by t
he e
xist
ing
wor
kfor
ce.
Scen
ario
C –
10%
of
new
min
ing,
hea
lth-
rela
ted
and
high
tec
hnol
ogy
jobs
are
as
sum
ed t
o be
fille
d by
peo
ple
mig
ratin
g in
to t
he L
GA
. 5%
of
othe
r ne
w jo
bs a
re
assu
med
to
be fi
lled
by p
eopl
e m
igra
ting
into
the
LG
A w
ith t
he b
alan
ce b
eing
fille
d by
the
exi
stin
g w
orkf
orce
(WRI
, 200
8).
Fig
ure
16
Med
ian
age
ofpo
pula
tion
in e
ach
LGA
- 2
001
com
pare
d
with
200
6
Tabl
e 12
sho
ws
the
pred
icte
d po
pula
tion
for
the
Cen
troc
reg
ion
unde
r th
e di
ffer
ent
scen
ario
s. T
he m
id-r
ange
sce
nario
sug
gest
s an
ave
rage
ann
ual g
row
th o
f 0.
91%
bet
wee
n 20
11 a
nd 2
021
or a
n av
erag
e gr
owth
of
0.54
% p
en a
nnum
bet
wee
n 20
11 a
nd 2
031
(WRI
, 200
8).
The
pred
ictio
ns, h
owev
er, a
re b
ased
on
hist
oric
al d
ata
and
are
only
est
imat
es s
o th
e fu
rthe
r in
to t
he f
utur
e th
ey a
re m
ade,
the
le
ss r
elia
ble.
It is
als
o w
orth
not
ing
that
the
pr
edic
tions
mad
e in
the
rep
ort
vary
sig
nifi-
cant
ly t
o th
ose
mad
e by
the
ABS
, mos
t no
tabl
y in
the
LG
As
of C
abon
ne a
nd B
layn
ey w
here
th
ey a
re u
nder
estim
ated
and
Lac
hlan
and
W
ellin
gton
whe
re t
hey
are
over
estim
ated
. O
vera
ll, t
he d
ata
pres
ente
d in
the
rep
ort
tend
s to
be
cons
iste
ntly
slig
htly
hig
her
than
the
ABS
es
timat
ed r
esid
ent
popu
latio
n.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Key
are
as w
here
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s of
de
velo
pmen
t m
ay o
ccur
incl
ude
resi
dent
ial,
min
ing/
heav
y in
dust
ry a
nd r
ural
/resi
dent
ial
deve
lopm
ents
. In
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
, a p
artic
ular
pr
essu
re is
tha
t of
the
rur
al s
mal
l hol
ding
, w
here
exi
stin
g ag
ricul
tura
l lan
d is
sub
-div
ided
to
mee
t de
man
d fo
r sm
alle
r he
ctar
e re
side
ntia
l lo
ts in
an
othe
rwis
e ru
ral l
ands
cape
, red
ucin
g th
e av
aila
ble
area
s of
prim
ary
prod
uctio
n an
d th
eref
ore
incr
easi
ng p
ress
ure
on a
gric
ultu
ral
land
. This
als
o re
quire
s pr
ovis
ion
of s
ervi
ces
such
as
was
te c
olle
ctio
n an
d in
fras
truc
ture
suc
h as
w
ater
(tan
k or
tow
n), s
ewer
/sep
tic a
nd r
oads
. Th
e in
terf
ace
betw
een
thes
e ar
eas
may
als
o ca
use
nois
e an
d ot
her
com
plai
nts
such
as
odou
r an
d ai
r po
llutio
n.
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f n
ew r
oad
co
nst
ruct
ion
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f ro
ad u
pg
rad
es
Thes
e ar
e ne
w in
dica
tors
and
can
be
used
to
gaug
e th
e ex
tent
of
deve
lopm
ent
expe
rienc
ed
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n.In
200
8-09
, 15
of t
he p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
re
port
ed t
hat
ther
e w
as 4
6 km
of
new
road
co
nstr
uctio
n (lo
cal C
ounc
il ro
ads)
and
repo
rted
th
at 1
,635
km
of
loca
l Cou
ncil
road
s ha
d be
en
upgr
aded
.
Tab
le 1
2 Pr
ojec
ted
popu
latio
n fo
r th
e C
entr
oc r
egio
n
2011
2016
2021
2026
2031
DoP
Proj
ectio
ns (2
005)
206,
610
209,
180
212,
230
215,
230
217,
680
WRI
Sce
nario
A21
5,69
123
5,63
024
9,94
425
3,10
625
4,72
0
WRI
Sce
nario
B21
1,18
922
2,75
223
1,25
423
3,84
423
5,38
9
WRI
Sce
nario
C20
7,58
421
2,44
421
6,28
721
8,41
421
9,88
6
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
dev
elo
pm
ent
con
sen
ts a
nd
bu
ildin
g a
pp
rova
ls
The
num
ber,
type
and
loca
tion
of
deve
lopm
ent
appl
icat
ions
can
pro
vide
so
me
info
rmat
ion
on t
he p
oten
tial l
evel
of
deve
lopm
ent
impa
cts
on b
oth
the
built
and
na
tura
l env
ironm
ent.
Whi
le t
he n
umbe
r of
dev
elop
men
t ap
plic
atio
ns lo
dged
with
C
ounc
ils d
o flu
ctua
te w
ith e
cono
mic
cy
cles
and
oth
er f
acto
rs s
uch
as t
he s
ize
of p
opul
atio
n an
d pr
esen
ce o
f in
dust
ries;
as
a g
ener
al t
rend
the
y re
flect
the
like
ly
leve
ls o
f de
velo
pmen
t im
pact
s on
the
LG
A.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le
11),
ther
e w
as a
dec
reas
e in
the
num
ber
of d
evel
opm
ent
cons
ents
and
bui
ldin
g ap
prov
als
from
200
7-08
to
2008
-09
for
the
14 lo
cal c
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in e
ach
year
(thu
s th
e im
prov
emen
t tr
end
for
the
envi
ronm
ent)
.Fi
ftee
n of
the
Cou
ncils
rep
orte
d th
at
ther
e w
ere
3,90
9 de
velo
pmen
t co
nsen
ts a
nd
build
ing
appr
oval
s gi
ven
in 2
008-
09. F
igur
e
Fig
ure
17
Type
s of
deve
lopm
ent
cons
ents
and
build
ing
appr
oval
s
acro
ss t
he r
egio
n in
2008
-09
Wat
er
5820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt59
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
17 s
how
s th
at m
ost
of t
hese
con
sent
s an
d ap
prov
als
wer
e fo
r re
side
ntia
l pre
mis
es.
Res
po
nse
Ther
e ar
e a
suite
of
plan
ning
too
ls t
hat
Cou
ncils
in t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on a
re u
sing
to
ensu
re t
hat
deve
lopm
ent
is s
ensi
tive
to t
he
envi
ronm
ent.
Sta
te E
nviro
nmen
tal P
lann
ing
Polic
ies
(SEP
Ps) d
eal w
ith is
sues
sig
nific
ant
to
the
Stat
e an
d pe
ople
of
New
Sou
th W
ales
. Th
ey a
re f
orm
ulat
ed b
y th
e M
inis
ter
for
Plan
ning
and
may
be
exhi
bite
d in
dra
ft f
orm
fo
r pu
blic
com
men
t be
fore
bei
ng g
azet
ted
as a
le
gal d
ocum
ent.
LEPs
gui
de p
lann
ing
deci
sion
s fo
r LG
As.
Th
roug
h zo
ning
and
dev
elop
men
t co
ntro
ls,
LEPs
allo
w C
ounc
ils t
o m
anag
e th
e w
ays
in w
hich
land
is u
sed.
LEP
s ar
e th
e pr
imar
y pl
anni
ng t
ool t
o sh
ape
the
futu
re o
f
com
mun
ities
and
als
o ov
erse
e th
e es
timat
ed
$20
billi
on w
orth
of
loca
l dev
elop
men
t th
at is
de
term
ined
eac
h ye
ar.
On
31 M
arch
200
6, t
he N
SW G
over
nmen
t ga
zett
ed a
sta
ndar
d in
stru
men
t fo
r pr
epar
ing
new
LEP
s, a
lso
know
n as
the
LEP
tem
plat
e.
Thes
e pl
ans
acro
ss N
SW w
ill n
ow u
se t
he
sam
e pl
anni
ng la
ngua
ge, m
akin
g it
easi
er f
or
com
mun
ities
to
unde
rsta
nd w
hat
is p
ropo
sed
for
thei
r lo
cal a
rea.
Cou
ncils
are
abl
e to
incl
ude
loca
lised
pla
nnin
g ob
ject
ives
and
pro
visi
ons
spec
ific
to t
heir
area
, as
wel
l as
dete
rmin
e zo
ning
, add
ition
al la
nd u
ses,
her
itage
item
s,
and
deve
lopm
ent
stan
dard
s su
ch a
s he
ight
an
d m
inim
um lo
t si
zes.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Cou
ncils
acr
oss
the
regi
on h
ave
been
pro
vide
d w
ith E
nviro
nmen
tally
Sen
sitiv
e A
rea
map
ping
B
ELO
W A
borig
inal
art
wor
k
on r
oad
pylo
ns
to g
uide
fut
ure
deve
lopm
ents
aw
ay f
rom
im
port
ant
natu
ral a
reas
. The
cha
lleng
e fo
r C
ounc
ils w
ill b
e to
ens
ure
that
the
info
rmat
ion
in t
he m
aps
is r
ecog
nise
d, r
evie
wed
and
up
date
d to
incl
ude
new
are
as a
s th
ey a
re
disc
over
ed a
nd t
o en
sure
the
sen
sitiv
e ar
eas
are
prop
erly
pro
tect
ed.
ESD
prin
cipl
es a
re e
ssen
tial i
n m
anag
ing
and
impr
ovin
g se
rvic
es a
nd f
acili
ties
with
in
urba
n ce
ntre
s an
d sh
ould
incl
ude
attr
ibut
es
such
as
prot
ectio
n of
the
env
ironm
ent,
cul
ture
, co
mm
unity
invo
lvem
ent,
fac
ility
acc
ess,
em
ploy
men
t op
port
uniti
es a
nd h
uman
hea
lth
and
safe
ty.
The
grea
test
cha
lleng
es in
ach
ievi
ng
ESD
in t
he r
egio
n in
clud
e co
nser
va-
tion
of b
iodi
vers
ity o
n pr
ivat
e an
d pu
blic
la
nd, a
nd p
ress
ures
on
wat
er r
esou
rces
w
here
oft
en a
ny d
evel
opm
ent
is s
een
as
good
dev
elop
men
t. T
he c
halle
nge
here
is
mai
ntai
ning
a b
alan
ce b
etw
een
keep
ing
tow
ns a
nd v
illag
es a
live
and
bein
g ab
le t
o do
it s
usta
inab
ly. A
war
enes
s of
the
issu
es
surr
ound
ing
ESD
and
the
edu
catio
n of
its
prin
cipl
es t
o la
nd m
anag
ers
and
the
wid
er
com
mun
ity is
a v
ital s
tep
in o
verc
omin
g th
is
futu
re c
halle
nge.
Issu
e -
Man
agem
ent
of
Ab
ori
gin
al h
erit
age
Co
nd
itio
nTh
e m
ajor
Abo
rigin
al g
roup
s in
the
Cen
tral
W
est
Cat
chm
ent
are
the
Wira
djur
i, K
awam
bara
i, W
eilw
an a
nd W
onga
ibon
. Sm
all
grou
ps in
clud
e th
e D
haru
k, D
arki
nung
and
th
e G
amila
roi w
hich
has
tra
ditio
nal l
ands
tha
t ex
tend
into
the
bou
ndar
ies
of t
he C
entr
al
Wes
t C
atch
men
t (C
entr
al W
est
CM
A, 2
007)
. Th
e W
este
rn C
atch
men
t in
clud
es t
he
Abo
rigin
al la
ngua
ge g
roup
s of
Nge
mba
, W
ilyal
i, N
awal
gu, N
giya
mpa
a, G
urnu
, Ba
rund
ji, G
aran
ggab
a, B
aran
biny
a, W
alyw
an,
Yuw
alar
i, M
urra
war
i, W
anyw
algu
, Wad
igal
i, W
angk
umar
a, M
alya
ngab
a, B
andj
igal
i, Ya
waa
lara
ay, G
amila
rray
and
Bar
kint
ji (W
este
rn C
MA
, 200
7).
The
Lach
lan
catc
hmen
t is
com
pris
ed
of 1
3 Lo
cal A
borig
inal
Lan
ds C
ounc
ils a
nd
eigh
t di
ffer
ent
Abo
rigin
al n
atio
ns in
clud
ing
Wira
djur
i, N
guna
wal
, Won
gaib
on, Y
itha
Yith
a,
Dha
rug,
Mad
i Mad
i, G
undu
ngur
ra a
nd B
arin
dji
(Lac
hlan
CM
A, 2
007)
.
The
land
has
gre
at s
igni
fican
ce t
o th
e A
borig
inal
peo
ple
for
the
role
it p
lays
in s
ocia
l an
d po
litic
al r
elat
ions
and
the
cul
tura
l con
-st
ruct
ion
and
tran
smis
sion
of
know
ledg
e, a
s w
ell a
s its
spi
ritua
l val
ues.
In N
SW, t
he in
land
riv
ers
and
surr
ound
ing
area
s th
at s
uppo
rted
th
e la
rges
t A
borig
inal
com
mun
ities
, had
the
m
ost
inno
vativ
e so
ciet
ies
and
wer
e th
e m
ost
activ
e tr
ader
s of
mat
eria
l goo
ds a
nd in
telle
c-tu
al p
rope
rty
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
7).
Unt
il re
cent
ly, A
borig
inal
obj
ects
(‘si
tes’
) w
ere
narr
owly
defi
ned.
How
ever
, the
re is
an
incr
easi
ng m
ove
to r
ecor
d lo
catio
ns t
hat
are
impo
rtan
t to
Abo
rigin
al p
eopl
e, r
ecog
nisi
ng
linka
ges
to t
he p
ost-
Euro
pean
set
tlem
ent
perio
d an
d th
e im
port
ance
of
cont
empo
rary
pl
aces
to
them
. A
cur
rent
list
of
Indi
geno
us s
ites
in t
he
repo
rtin
g re
gion
on
the
Stat
e H
erita
ge R
egis
ter
indi
cate
s th
ere
are
27 r
ecog
nise
d si
tes.
H
owev
er, m
any
‘inta
ngib
le’ s
ites
and
plac
es
whi
ch h
ave
high
sen
sitiv
ity a
nd s
igni
fican
ce t
o A
borig
inal
com
mun
ities
may
not
be
reco
rded
w
ith G
over
nmen
t.
Som
e of
the
site
s in
clud
e:
Ale
ctow
n A
rea
Burd
enda
Car
ved
Tree
sBu
rra
Bee
Dee
Res
erve
Euro
med
ah C
arve
d Tr
ees
Had
don
Rig
Car
ved
Tree
sK
iriib
illi C
arve
d Tr
ees
Loui
sian
a C
arve
d Tr
eeN
agun
die
Arc
haeo
logi
cal A
rea
Nar
rom
ine
Car
ved
Tree
sN
ew O
akle
igh
Car
ved
Tree
sSt
ocky
ard
Park
Car
ved
Tree
sTa
ra C
ave
Are
aTe
rram
unga
min
e Re
serv
e Th
e Sp
rings
Car
ved
Tree
sW
arre
n C
arve
d an
d Sc
arre
d Tr
ees
Wat
erlo
o C
arve
d Tr
ees
Yura
nigh
’s G
rave
.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
Ab
ori
gin
al s
ites
on
A
HIM
S re
gis
ter
The
Abo
rigin
al H
erita
ge In
form
atio
n M
anag
emen
t Sy
stem
(AH
IMS)
reg
iste
r of
A
borig
inal
site
s is
man
aged
by
DEC
CW
and
in
clud
es t
hose
site
s lis
ted
abov
e. T
here
wer
e 26
3 si
tes
regi
ster
ed o
n A
HIM
S fr
om a
cros
s th
e re
port
ing
regi
on in
200
8-09
(no
chan
ge f
rom
th
e 20
07-0
8 fig
ure)
.
Wat
er
6020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt61
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
Cas
eSt
ud
y: W
ellin
gto
n W
ork
ing
Far
ms
Pro
ject
Thre
atR
estr
icti
on
sRe
stric
tions
on
Abo
rigin
al p
eopl
e to
pra
ctis
e th
eir
ritua
ls a
nd c
erem
onie
s ha
ve a
sig
nific
ant
impa
ct o
n A
borig
inal
her
itage
. Thi
s m
ay
incl
ude
loss
of
acce
ss t
o si
gnifi
cant
site
s or
pl
aces
or
lack
of
abili
ty t
o ca
rry
out
cere
mon
ies
and
cultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
.
Site
Deg
rad
atio
nEn
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
from
fire
, nat
ural
w
eath
erin
g an
d sa
linity
can
res
ult
in
detr
imen
tal p
hysi
cal i
mpa
cts
on h
erita
ge
plac
es a
nd it
ems
and
may
cau
se p
erm
anen
t lo
ss o
r da
mag
e. L
ikew
ise,
van
dalis
m a
nd w
ilful
de
stru
ctio
n or
igno
ranc
e of
loca
tion/
sign
ifi-
canc
e ca
n al
so r
esul
t in
per
man
ent
dam
age
or
loss
.
Dev
elo
pm
ent
This
incl
udes
phy
sica
l and
aes
thet
ic im
pact
s fr
om r
oad
wor
ks a
nd r
oad
real
ignm
ent,
la
nd c
lear
ing,
uns
ympa
thet
ic a
ltera
tions
and
ad
ditio
ns a
nd a
djac
ent
deve
lopm
ent.
Fur
ther
im
pact
s m
ay o
ccur
fro
m in
crea
sed
dem
and
for
tour
ism
and
rec
reat
ion,
par
ticul
arly
aff
ectin
g na
tura
l are
a he
ritag
e.
Cha
nges
to
land
ow
ners
hip
can
also
af
fect
her
itage
, as
new
land
owne
rs m
ay n
ot
reco
gnis
e he
ritag
e si
gnifi
canc
e, a
nd m
ay
also
cha
nge
land
use
aff
ectin
g he
ritag
e. F
or
exam
ple,
cle
arin
g of
land
for
cro
ppin
g w
ill
impa
ct o
n si
tes
of s
igni
fican
ce o
r ch
ange
the
lo
cal c
hara
cter
of
a pl
ace.
Lack
of
Kn
ow
led
ge,
Ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d R
eco
gn
itio
nW
e ha
ve lo
st a
gre
at d
eal o
f kn
owle
dge
abou
t A
borig
inal
her
itage
, and
thi
s m
ay c
ause
a
lack
of
appr
ecia
tion
and
reco
gniti
on o
f th
e im
port
ance
of
herit
age
item
s an
d pl
aces
. The
re
is o
ften
a r
eluc
tanc
e to
ack
now
ledg
e po
tent
ial
herit
age
site
s as
it is
fel
t th
is m
ay im
pact
on
futu
re la
nd u
se.
Inad
equ
ate
Res
ou
rces
Com
mun
ities
and
Cou
ncils
fac
e a
limit
in t
he
reso
urce
s av
aila
ble
to p
rote
ct, i
dent
ify a
nd
mai
ntai
n he
ritag
e. T
his
may
incl
ude
an in
abili
ty
to r
espo
nd t
o th
reat
s to
her
itage
item
s or
to
con
duct
her
itage
ass
essm
ents
. It
can
also
ca
use
negl
ect,
whe
ther
kno
wn
or u
nkno
wn.
M
any
of t
hese
pre
ssur
es a
re d
ifficu
lt to
quan
tify
in a
gen
eral
sen
se a
cros
s th
e re
gion
, as
the
y m
ay a
ffec
t so
me
herit
age
site
s m
ore
than
oth
ers.
Res
po
nse
Key
res
pons
es in
clud
e th
e lis
ting
of p
lace
s an
d ite
ms
with
her
itage
val
ues,
legi
slat
ive
and
plan
ning
con
trol
s to
pro
tect
the
m,
and
part
ners
hip
prog
ram
s to
sup
port
th
e in
volv
emen
t of
Abo
rigin
al a
nd o
ther
co
mm
uniti
es in
her
itage
con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t.D
ECC
W h
as a
lso
rele
ased
dra
ft g
uide
lines
an
d pr
opos
ed a
men
dmen
ts t
o th
e N
atio
nal
Park
s an
d W
ildlif
e A
ct, 1
974
that
will
st
reng
then
pro
secu
tions
for
dis
turb
ance
or
dest
ruct
ion
of A
borig
inal
her
itage
site
s. T
he
sugg
este
d pe
nalti
es n
ow in
clud
e a
max
imum
pe
nalty
for
a k
now
ing
offe
nce
of $
550,
000
for
an in
divi
dual
or
$1.1
mill
ion
for
a co
rpor
atio
n an
d th
e m
axim
um p
enal
ty f
or a
str
ict
liabi
lity
offe
nce
is $
110,
000
for
an in
divi
dual
or
$220
,000
for
a c
orpo
ratio
n.Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A h
as a
fun
ded
Cul
tura
l Her
itage
pro
gram
whi
ch s
eeks
to
impr
ove
man
agem
ent
and
know
ledg
e of
A
borig
inal
her
itage
. The
Abo
rigin
al R
efer
ence
G
roup
(ARG
), co
mpr
ised
of
com
mun
ity
mem
bers
acr
oss
the
catc
hmen
t, h
as a
lread
y un
dert
aken
the
fol
low
ing
proj
ects
:
trai
ning
cultu
ral h
erita
ge a
sses
smen
t on
priv
ate
prop
erty
as p
art
of a
rip
aria
n im
prov
emen
t pr
ojec
t
Her
itage
Ince
ntiv
e pr
ogra
m, p
rovi
ding
fu
ndin
g fo
r la
ndho
lder
s to
iden
tify,
pro
tect
an
d pr
eser
ve v
alue
s an
d si
tes
on t
heir
prop
ertie
s.
Thirt
y th
ree
proj
ects
wer
e fu
nded
und
er t
his
ince
ntiv
e in
the
last
fina
ncia
l yea
r. N
ine
wer
e fo
r no
n-In
dige
nous
pro
ject
s an
d ni
ne w
ere
for
a pr
ojec
t, jo
intly
fun
ded
by D
ECC
W f
or
cultu
ral h
erita
ge m
appi
ng.
The
final
fift
een
wen
t to
priv
ate
land
hold
ers
to m
anag
e cu
ltura
l her
itage
on
thei
r pr
oper
ty, w
hich
was
a g
reat
out
com
e fo
r th
e re
gion
and
a m
uch
desi
red
aim
of
the
ince
ntiv
e pr
ogra
m.
For
seve
ral y
ears
, Wel
lingt
on C
ounc
il ha
s su
ppor
ted
the
conc
ept
of d
evel
opin
g a
wor
king
far
m o
n th
e ou
tski
rts
of
Wel
lingt
on w
here
you
ths
are
able
to
expe
rienc
e tr
aini
ng
and
wor
king
on
a re
al f
arm
. Th
e U
nive
rsity
of
New
So
uth
Wal
es o
pera
tes
a pr
oper
ty a
djac
ent
to W
ellin
gton
on
the
Mac
quar
ie R
iver
and
in 2
006
it w
as d
ecid
ed
to p
artn
er w
ith W
ellin
gton
Cou
ncil
in d
evel
opin
g th
e co
ncep
t of
the
Wor
king
Far
m w
ith e
mph
asis
on
trai
ning
fo
r sc
hool
stu
dent
s an
d yo
uth
at r
isk.
Cou
ncil
form
ed a
Sec
tion
355
Com
mitt
ee w
ith r
ep-
rese
ntat
ives
fro
m s
ever
al o
rgan
isat
ions
and
com
mun
ity
grou
ps w
hich
now
incl
ude
UN
SW, W
ellin
gton
Hig
h Sc
hool
s, B
arna
rdos
, Dep
artm
ent
of J
uven
ile J
ustic
e,
Burn
side
, Gal
lang
gaba
ng A
borig
inal
Cor
pora
tion,
Con
-se
rvat
ion
Agr
icul
ture
and
No-
Till
Farm
ing
Ass
ocia
tion
(CA
NFA
), C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (C
WC
MA
), ST
IPA
Nat
ive
Gra
ss A
ssoc
iatio
n,
TAFE
, and
Com
mun
ity R
epre
sent
ativ
es.
The
NSW
Sta
te G
over
nmen
t pr
ovid
ed f
undi
ng t
o de
velo
p a
Stra
tegi
c M
anag
emen
t Pl
an in
200
8. T
o da
te,
Wel
lingt
on H
igh
Scho
ol h
as c
omm
ence
d ac
tiviti
es o
n th
e fa
rm a
s pa
rt o
f its
agr
icul
tura
l stu
dies
cur
ricul
um.
Seve
ral h
ecta
res
of c
rop
wer
e pl
ante
d th
is y
ear
usin
g do
nate
d fa
rmin
g eq
uipm
ent
from
Che
ster
field
Aus
tral
ia.
The
stat
e of
the
art
tra
ctor
incl
uded
GPS
ste
erin
g an
d th
e st
uden
ts e
njoy
ed d
rivin
g th
e tr
acto
r. B
urns
ide
and
Barn
ardo
s ha
ve a
lso
com
men
ced
utili
sing
the
far
m
faci
litie
s to
allo
w
yout
h at
ris
k to
ex
perie
nce
outd
oor
time
activ
ities
. Th
e M
inis
ter
for
Juve
nile
Jus
tice
has
rece
ntly
pro
vide
d ad
ditio
nal f
undi
ng
to in
vest
igat
e th
e fe
asib
ility
of
utili
sing
the
far
m
for
cour
t di
vers
ion
activ
ities
.O
ne o
f th
e fir
st t
asks
of
the
Com
mitt
ee w
as
to c
arry
out
a
cultu
ral h
erita
ge
surv
ey t
o id
entif
y se
nsiti
ve s
ites
part
icul
arly
for
the
tr
aditi
onal
ow
ners
in
the
Abo
rigin
al
Com
mun
ity.
Gal
lang
gaba
ng A
borig
inal
Cor
pora
tion
com
pile
d th
is s
urve
y in
200
8.Th
e C
omm
ittee
is a
lso
liais
ing
with
the
Wel
lingt
on
Wor
king
Par
ty w
hich
rep
rese
nts
all A
borig
inal
Gro
ups
in
the
Cou
ncil
Are
a. T
he N
anim
a V
illag
e is
an
imm
edia
te
neig
hbou
r of
the
far
m a
nd c
oope
ratio
n in
thi
s ar
ea is
vi
tal. Th
e U
nive
rsity
has
rec
eive
d si
gnifi
cant
fun
ding
in
orde
r to
est
ablis
h a
Gro
undw
ater
Res
earc
h an
d Tr
aini
ng
Cen
tre
on t
he f
arm
. Thi
s pr
ojec
t w
ill in
volv
e dr
illin
g se
vera
l bor
es in
ord
er t
o st
udy
grou
ndw
ater
sys
tem
s.
Furt
herm
ore,
UN
SW w
ere
succ
essf
ul in
obt
aini
ng a
gra
nt
for
a Bo
x-G
um W
oodl
and
Stew
ards
hip
Prog
ram
whi
ch
will
invo
lve
the
refo
rest
atio
n of
a 6
5 he
ctar
e ar
ea o
f th
e fa
rm. C
omm
unity
invo
lvem
ent
in t
his
proj
ect
will
be
enco
urag
ed.
Best
pra
ctic
e gr
azin
g m
anag
emen
t an
d re
habi
litat
ion
of a
n ar
ea o
f th
e M
acqu
arie
Riv
er r
ipar
ian
zone
are
als
o am
ong
plan
ned
proj
ects
.W
orki
ng F
arm
s is
a w
ork
in p
rogr
ess
and
still
in it
s ea
rly s
tage
s of
dev
elop
men
t bu
t ha
s po
tent
ial t
o pr
ovid
e a
mea
ning
ful c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he W
ellin
gton
Com
mun
ity
and
the
regi
on a
s a
who
le.
The
Wel
lingt
on W
orki
ng F
arm
s si
te w
ith D
irect
or T
echn
ical
Ser
vice
s
Ow
en J
ohns
, The
Hon
Gra
ham
Wes
t M
P an
d C
ounc
illor
Tom
Kno
wle
s (le
ft t
o rig
ht)
Wat
er
6220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt63
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
The
Stat
e G
over
nmen
t al
so h
as In
dige
nous
la
nd u
se a
gree
men
ts w
hich
allo
w f
or N
ativ
e Ti
tle c
laim
ants
and
the
land
use
rs t
o ag
ree
to
man
agem
ent
of t
he la
nd p
rior
to r
esol
utio
n of
a N
ativ
e Ti
tle c
laim
. Thi
s m
ay in
clud
e de
velo
pmen
t ac
tivity
, acc
ess
agre
emen
ts,
extin
guis
hmen
t of
nat
ive
title
and
com
pens
a-tio
n. T
he N
atio
nal N
ativ
e Ti
tle T
ribun
al k
eeps
a
regi
ster
of
curr
ent
agre
emen
ts, a
nd w
hile
th
ere
are
eigh
t in
NSW
(340
nat
iona
lly),
none
ar
e w
ithin
the
rep
ortin
g ar
ea.
Loca
l Cou
ncils
in t
he r
egio
n re
port
ed t
hat
they
had
liai
sed
with
Abo
rigin
al c
omm
uniti
es
over
sev
eral
pla
nnin
g is
sues
in 2
008-
09. T
hey
also
rep
orte
d th
at e
ight
Dev
elop
men
t C
ontr
ol
Plan
s an
d ru
ral s
trat
egie
s in
clud
ed a
ctio
ns
rela
ted
to t
he m
aint
enan
ce o
f In
dige
nous
he
ritag
e.Th
e La
chla
n C
MA
has
end
orse
d an
d as
sist
ed w
ith t
he e
stab
lishm
ent
of t
he L
achl
an
Regi
onal
Abo
rigin
al R
efer
ence
Gro
up. T
he
grou
p ha
s en
gage
d co
mm
uniti
es f
rom
th
roug
hout
the
cat
chm
ent
and
incl
udes
m
embe
rs f
rom
eac
h of
the
Abo
rigin
al
natio
ns a
nd L
ocal
Abo
rigin
al L
ands
Cou
ncils
. Th
e La
chla
n Re
gion
al A
borig
inal
Ref
eren
ce
Gro
up o
pera
tes
in a
con
sulta
tive
capa
city
by
prov
idin
g in
form
atio
n an
d re
com
men
datio
ns
to t
he L
CM
A b
oard
on
Abo
rigin
al c
ultu
ral
herit
age
in N
RM (L
achl
an C
MA
, 200
6).
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
As
note
d in
the
Thr
eats
sec
tion,
edu
catio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
is a
key
to
deve
lopi
ng a
gr
eate
r se
nse
of u
nder
stan
ding
and
app
re-
ciat
ion
of A
borig
inal
her
itage
. Ind
igen
ous
com
mun
ity in
volv
emen
t in
pro
ject
s, in
clud
ing
the
oppo
rtun
ity f
or v
olun
teer
ing,
cre
ates
and
im
prov
es t
he s
ense
of
com
mun
ity f
or t
he a
rea
and
is a
key
prin
cipl
e of
the
sus
tain
abili
ty o
f A
borig
inal
her
itage
.Se
curin
g ad
ditio
nal f
undi
ng a
nd r
esou
rces
fo
r m
appi
ng a
nd id
entifi
catio
n w
ork
on b
oth
Cou
ncil
and
priv
atel
y ow
ned
land
is a
noth
er
chal
leng
e bu
t it
is r
ecog
nise
d th
at t
he b
igge
st
step
is g
ettin
g m
any
land
hold
ers
to s
top
rega
rdin
g he
ritag
e ite
ms
as a
thr
eat
to t
heir
prop
ertie
s an
d fu
ture
land
use
.Th
e C
MA
s re
cogn
ise
the
conn
ectio
n A
borig
inal
peo
ple
have
with
the
land
scap
e in
clud
ing
land
, wat
er, v
eget
atio
n an
d bi
o-di
vers
ity, a
nd e
ndea
vour
to
have
Abo
rigin
al
com
mun
ities
con
trib
ute
to f
utur
e N
RM
plan
ning
for
the
cat
chm
ents
.
Issu
e –
Man
agem
ent
of
no
n-
Ab
ori
gin
al h
erit
age
Co
nd
itio
nLo
cal h
erit
age
item
s
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
her
itag
e si
tes
on
th
e N
atio
nal
Her
itag
e Li
st a
nd
NSW
H
erit
age
Inve
nto
ry
The
Nat
iona
l Her
itage
Lis
t re
cord
s pl
aces
tha
t ar
e of
out
stan
ding
her
itage
val
ue t
o th
e na
tion.
Th
e St
ate
Her
itage
Inve
ntor
y co
mpr
ises
all
Tabl
e 13
: Num
ber
of h
erita
ge it
ems
and
plac
es li
sted
on
the
Nat
iona
l Her
itage
Lis
t an
d N
SW h
erita
ge In
vent
ory
Coun
cilN
umbe
r of h
erita
ge it
ems
and
plac
es
Bath
urst
274
Blay
ney
141
Boga
n7
Bour
ke40
Cabo
nne
60
Coon
ambl
e11
Cow
ra20
Dubb
o20
7
Gilg
andr
a2
Lach
lan
46
Mid
-wes
tern
493
Nar
rom
ine
27
Obe
ron
43
Ora
nge
128
War
ren
5
War
rum
bung
le41
Wel
lingt
on73
Tota
l for
the
regi
on1,
618
Her
itag
e is
…‘P
lace
s, ob
ject
s, cu
stom
s and
cult
ures
that
hav
e ae
sthe
tic,
nat
ural
, his
tori
c
or so
cial
sign
ifica
nce
or o
ther
spec
ial v
alue
s for
pres
ent a
nd fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
’N
SW D
epar
tmen
t of
Her
itage
, 200
8
item
s an
d pl
aces
list
ed o
n N
SW s
tatu
tory
re
gist
ers,
incl
udin
g th
e St
ate
Her
itage
Reg
iste
r an
d he
ritag
e sc
hedu
les
rela
ted
to L
EPs.
Not
e th
at s
ome
herit
age
plac
es a
re li
sted
on
both
na
tiona
l and
Sta
te h
erita
ge r
egis
ters
.Ta
ble
13 p
rovi
des
a lis
t of
her
itage
item
s an
d pl
aces
incl
uded
on
both
list
s. A
tot
al o
f 1,
618
item
s an
d pl
aces
wer
e lis
ted
in 2
008-
09
acro
ss t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
her
itag
e it
ems
on
N
atio
nal
Tru
st R
egis
ter
The
Nat
iona
l Tru
st o
f A
ustr
alia
is a
com
mu-
nity
-bas
ed o
rgan
isat
ion
with
inde
pend
ently
co
nstit
uted
tru
sts
in e
ach
Stat
e an
d Te
rrito
ry.
The
Nat
iona
l Tru
st R
egis
ter
is n
ot t
he s
ame
as t
he N
atio
nal a
nd S
tate
reg
iste
rs d
escr
ibed
ab
ove.
As
such
it p
rovi
des
anot
her
indi
cato
r re
late
d to
her
itage
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le11
),th
ere
was
an
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
he
ritag
e si
tes
liste
d on
the
Nat
iona
l Tru
st
Regi
ster
fro
m 2
006
to 2
008.
BEL
OW
The
hist
oric
Hav
ilah
Chu
rch,
Hav
ilah,
Mud
gee
Regi
on
Thre
atD
evel
op
men
tM
any
of t
he s
ame
aspe
cts
of d
evel
opm
ent
such
as
land
cle
arin
g, u
nsym
path
etic
al
tera
tions
and
cha
nges
to
land
ow
ners
hip,
th
at t
hrea
ten
Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge a
lso
thre
aten
no
n-A
borig
inal
her
itage
.
Lack
of
Kn
ow
led
ge,
Ap
pre
ciat
ion
an
d
Rec
og
nit
ion
Non
-Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge h
as n
ot u
nder
gone
th
e sa
me
leve
l of
depl
etio
n th
at A
borig
inal
he
ritag
e ha
s, h
owev
er t
he s
ame
prob
lem
s st
ill e
xist
with
a la
ck o
f ap
prec
iatio
n an
d re
cogn
ition
of
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f he
ritag
e ite
ms
and
plac
es.
Sim
ilar
to A
borig
inal
her
itage
the
re is
of
ten
a re
luct
ance
to
ackn
owle
dge
pote
ntia
l he
ritag
e si
tes
as it
is f
elt
this
may
impa
ct
on f
utur
e la
nd u
se, a
lthou
gh t
his
is s
low
ly
impr
ovin
g as
dev
elop
ers
and
prop
erty
ow
ners
re
alis
e th
e ae
sthe
tic a
nd e
cono
mic
val
ue in
ow
ning
, mai
ntai
ning
or
utili
sing
a h
erita
ge
liste
d pr
oper
ty o
r si
te.
Wat
er
6420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt65
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
Site
Deg
rad
atio
nEn
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
from
fire
, nat
ural
w
eath
erin
g an
d sa
linity
can
res
ult
in
detr
imen
tal p
hysi
cal i
mpa
cts
on h
erita
ge
plac
es a
nd it
ems
and
may
cau
se p
erm
anen
t lo
ss o
r da
mag
e. L
ikew
ise,
van
dalis
m a
nd
wilf
ul d
estr
uctio
n or
igno
ranc
e of
loca
tion/
sign
ifica
nce
can
also
res
ult
in p
erm
anen
t da
mag
e or
loss
.
Inad
equ
ate
Res
ou
rces
Com
mun
ities
and
Cou
ncils
fac
e a
limit
in t
he
reso
urce
s av
aila
ble
to p
rote
ct, i
dent
ify a
nd
mai
ntai
n he
ritag
e. T
his
may
incl
ude
an in
abili
ty
to r
espo
nd t
o th
reat
s to
her
itage
item
s or
to
con
duct
her
itage
ass
essm
ents
. It
can
also
ca
use
negl
ect,
whe
ther
kno
wn
or u
nkno
wn.
M
any
of t
hese
pre
ssur
es a
re d
ifficu
lt to
qu
antif
y in
a g
ener
al s
ense
acr
oss
the
regi
on,
as t
hey
may
aff
ect
som
e he
ritag
e si
tes
mor
e th
an o
ther
s.
Res
po
nse
Dev
elo
pm
ent
In o
rder
to
list
site
s, h
erita
ge s
tudi
es n
eed
to
be c
ondu
cted
to
dete
rmin
e th
e lo
catio
n, s
ig-
nific
ance
and
val
ue o
f th
e si
te o
r ite
m. M
any
Cou
ncils
in t
he r
epor
ting
area
hav
e he
ritag
e of
ficer
s ap
poin
ted
to c
oord
inat
e st
udie
s an
d lis
ting
of s
ites,
as
wel
l as
prov
idin
g ad
vice
on
indi
vidu
al d
evel
opm
ent
impa
cts.
The
se o
ffice
rs
also
iden
tify
key
area
s th
at r
equi
re p
rote
ctio
n an
d se
ek f
undi
ng f
or r
ehab
ilita
tion
proj
ects
to
impr
ove
long
ter
m m
anag
emen
t of
the
pla
ce.
Cou
ncils
als
o ha
ve t
he a
utho
rity
to
impl
emen
t D
evel
opm
ent
Con
trol
Pla
ns (D
CPs
) w
hich
app
ly t
o ar
eas
or s
ites
and
prov
ide
an
addi
tiona
l lev
el o
f pr
otec
tion
for
thos
e ar
eas.
Th
ese
are
ofte
n ap
plie
d to
her
itage
tow
ns a
nd
villa
ges.
For
exam
ple,
Bla
yney
Shi
re C
ounc
il im
plem
ente
d a
DC
P fo
r th
e hi
stor
ic v
illag
e of
M
illth
orpe
. Thi
s D
CP
requ
ires
new
bui
ldin
gs
to r
eflec
t th
e lo
ok a
nd c
hara
cter
of
the
villa
ge
(incl
udin
g m
ater
ials
, roo
f lin
es a
nd c
olou
rs).
LEPs
can
als
o be
use
d to
pro
vide
sta
tuto
ry
prot
ectio
n. F
or e
xam
ple,
Mid
-Wes
tern
Re
gion
al C
ounc
il ha
s lis
ted
herit
age
cons
erva
-tio
n zo
nes
in G
ulgo
ng (a
lso
a N
atio
nal T
rust
lis
ted
tow
n), M
udge
e, R
ylst
one
and
Har
grav
es.
The
LEP
prov
ides
som
e st
atut
ory
prot
ectio
n to
co
mpl
emen
t lis
ting
on L
ocal
, Sta
te o
r Fe
dera
l re
gist
ers.
Ind
icat
or
– H
erit
age
bu
ildin
gs
on
sta
tuto
ry h
erit
ages
list
s th
at w
ere
dem
olis
hed
/ d
estr
oye
d
Ind
icat
or
– A
ctio
ns
to p
rote
ct
no
n-A
bo
rig
inal
her
itag
e it
ems
Ind
icat
or
– H
erit
age
bu
ildin
gs
on
sta
tuto
ry h
erit
age
lists
th
at
are
ren
ova
ted
or
imp
rove
d
Thes
e ar
e ne
w in
dica
tors
in
trod
uced
in 2
008-
09 a
nd
prov
ide
a ga
uge
of t
he le
vel o
f pr
otec
tion
thro
ugh
man
agem
ent
of n
on-A
borig
inal
her
itage
ite
ms.
Six
teen
of
the
17 C
ounc
ils
repo
rted
on
all t
hese
indi
cato
rs.
Cou
ncils
rep
orte
d th
at t
wo
herit
age
build
ings
acr
oss
the
regi
on h
ad b
een
dest
roye
d or
de
mol
ishe
d in
the
rep
ortin
g pe
riod.
The
y re
port
ed t
hat
22 a
ctio
ns (e
.g.
man
agem
ent
plan
s) h
ad b
een
prep
ared
in
2008
-09
to p
rote
ct n
on-A
borig
inal
her
itage
ite
ms.
Six
ty e
ight
her
itage
bui
ldin
gs o
n st
atut
ory
lists
wer
e re
nova
ted
or im
prov
ed
durin
g th
e ye
ar.
Co
mm
un
ity
edu
cati
on
Cou
ncils
hav
e al
so u
nder
take
n co
mm
unity
ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
s to
incr
ease
the
co
mm
unity
’s aw
aren
ess
of t
he s
igni
fican
ce o
f a
site
or
plac
e. T
his
incl
udes
inte
rpre
tive
sign
age
on h
isto
ric b
uild
ings
or
plac
ing
herit
age
orde
rs
on a
site
or
item
. War
ren
Shire
Cou
ncil
has
rece
ntly
acq
uire
d fu
ndin
g fo
r a
Com
mun
ity
Base
d H
erita
ge S
tudy
whi
ch is
com
men
cing
fr
om la
te 2
009.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
As
with
Abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge, c
omm
unity
in
volv
emen
t on
pro
ject
s, in
clud
ing
the
oppo
rtun
ity f
or v
olun
teer
ing,
cre
ates
and
im
prov
es t
he s
ense
of
com
mun
ity f
or t
he
area
and
is a
key
prin
cipl
e of
the
sus
tain
abil-
ity o
f he
ritag
e. H
owev
er, s
ecur
ing
fund
ing
for
ongo
ing
mai
nten
ance
, res
tora
tion
and
impr
ovem
ent
can
ofte
n be
diffi
cult.
Man
y of
the
pro
pert
ies
that
are
her
itage
list
ed a
re
unde
r no
obl
igat
ion
to b
e m
aint
aine
d an
d ca
n of
ten
quic
kly
fall
into
dis
repa
ir.
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
War
rum
bu
ng
le S
hir
e C
om
mu
nit
y H
alls
War
rum
bung
le S
hire
’s dr
aft
LEP
Her
itage
Sch
edul
e in
clud
es t
he
mai
nten
ance
of
13 h
alls
in t
he r
egio
n th
at r
ange
fro
m m
agni
ficen
t In
ter-
War
Fre
e C
lass
ical
and
Inte
r-W
ar M
edite
rran
ean
styl
e bu
ildin
gs
to r
ustic
hal
ls c
onst
ruct
ed w
ith t
imbe
r fr
ames
and
cor
ruga
ted
iron
clad
ding
.Th
e bu
ildin
gs o
wne
d by
Cou
ncil
and
vario
us lo
cal o
rgan
isa-
tions
are
an
impo
rtan
t pa
rt o
f th
e co
mm
unity
’s cu
ltura
l her
itage
an
d re
flect
var
ious
bui
ldin
g st
yles
and
com
mun
ity d
evel
opm
ent
over
a p
erio
d of
mor
e th
an 1
00 y
ears
as
appl
ied
acro
ss a
div
erse
la
ndsc
ape.
The
effe
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t of
the
se h
alls
whi
ch in
clud
e hi
stor
ic
com
mun
ity h
alls
, mem
oria
l hal
ls, M
echa
nics
’ Ins
titut
es a
nd S
choo
ls
of A
rt, a
ims
to e
ncou
rage
the
com
mun
ity t
o be
act
ivel
y in
volv
ed in
th
e co
nser
vatio
n an
d pr
omot
ion
of c
ultu
ral h
erita
ge a
nd e
nsur
es
that
Cou
ncil
can
be s
een
taki
ng le
ader
ship
in t
he r
espo
nsib
le
man
agem
ent
of t
he c
omm
unity
’s he
ritag
e as
sets
.C
onse
rvat
ion
and
rest
orat
ion
wor
ks f
or a
num
ber
of t
he
build
ings
hav
e be
en im
plem
ente
d in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
gui
danc
e se
t do
wn
in c
onse
rvat
ion
docu
men
ts.
A ‘W
ork
For
the
Dol
e’ T
eam
is c
urre
ntly
und
erta
king
suc
h w
orks
on
the
Pur
lew
augh
Mec
hani
cs In
stitu
te. C
omm
unity
org
anis
atio
ns
man
agin
g sm
alle
r ha
lls h
ave
been
pro
vide
d w
ith s
impl
e C
onse
r-va
tion
Act
ion
Plan
s th
at s
et o
ut t
he r
equi
rem
ents
for
eff
ectiv
ely
man
agin
g th
e bu
ildin
gs.
This
pro
gram
has
cre
ated
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r po
sitiv
e di
alog
ue
betw
een
Cou
ncil
and
the
com
mun
ity in
rel
atio
n to
her
itage
m
anag
emen
t an
d ha
s le
d to
pos
itive
out
com
es in
the
ong
oing
car
e of
our
pre
ciou
s co
mm
unity
hal
ls.
The
War
kton
Sch
ool o
f A
rts
AB
OV
E B
arki
ng d
ogs
are
ofte
n a
sour
ce o
f no
ise
com
plai
nts
Issu
e –
No
ise
po
lluti
on
Co
nd
itio
nH
ealt
h Im
pac
tsN
oise
is a
typ
e of
pol
lutio
n th
at h
as d
irect
ph
ysio
logi
cal a
nd p
sych
olog
ical
eff
ects
on
peop
le. N
oise
can
hav
e a
rang
e of
impa
cts
from
min
or a
nnoy
ance
to
mor
e se
rious
da
mag
e to
hea
ring.
So
me
rese
arch
ers
now
bel
ieve
tha
t de
afne
ss in
eld
erly
peo
ple
is n
ot ju
st a
pro
cess
of
age
ing
but
can
be la
rgel
y at
trib
uted
to
long
-ter
m e
xpos
ure
to lo
ud n
oise
. Whe
n th
is
occu
rs, i
rrev
ersi
ble
phys
iolo
gica
l cha
nges
to
the
hear
ing
mec
hani
sm o
f th
e ea
r ca
n re
sult.
In
less
sev
ere
case
s no
ise
can
lead
to
anxi
ety,
sl
eepl
essn
ess,
em
otio
nal s
tres
s an
d ne
ighb
our-
hood
dis
pute
s. N
oise
can
cau
se im
pact
s on
se
nsiti
ve la
nd u
ses
incl
udin
g re
side
ntia
l are
as,
scho
ols,
hos
pita
ls a
nd p
arks
.
Envi
ron
men
tal I
mp
acts
Noi
se a
lso
affe
cts
the
habi
tat
of s
ome
nativ
e fa
una
spec
ies.
Thi
s m
ay in
clud
e im
pact
s on
br
eedi
ng c
ycle
s an
d a
redu
ctio
n in
the
num
ber
of s
peci
es in
a lo
calit
y (m
ovin
g to
avo
id n
oise
). So
me
type
s of
fau
na a
re m
ore
susc
eptib
le t
o no
ise
and
vibr
atio
n th
an o
ther
s. F
or e
xam
ple
rept
iles
that
rel
y on
vib
ratio
n as
a p
rimar
y se
nse
will
avo
id a
reas
of
part
icul
ar n
oise
wav
e
Wat
er
6620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt67
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
patt
erns
or
vibr
atio
ns a
s th
ey d
isru
pt t
he a
bilit
y to
hun
t an
d av
oid
pred
atio
n.
Ind
icat
or
– In
du
stri
al n
ois
e co
mp
lain
ts
rece
ived
by
Co
un
cil
As
show
n in
Tab
le 1
1, t
here
was
litt
le c
hang
e in
the
num
ber
of in
dust
rial n
oise
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
the
loca
l Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed
in b
oth
2007
-08
and
2008
-09.
Six
teen
of
the
part
icip
atin
g C
ounc
ils r
epor
ted
that
the
re
wer
e 69
indu
stria
l noi
se c
ompl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed in
20
08-0
9.
Ind
icat
or
– U
rban
no
ise
com
pla
ints
b
y C
ou
nci
l
As
show
n in
Tab
le 1
1 fr
om t
hose
Cou
ncils
re
port
ing
in b
oth
year
s th
ere
was
a la
rge
incr
ease
in t
he n
umbe
r of
urb
an n
oise
co
mpl
aint
s fr
om 1
64 in
200
7-08
to
723
in
2008
-09.
Thi
s m
ay r
eflec
t tr
ends
in in
crea
sing
ur
bani
satio
n, h
owev
er, a
s it
is a
rel
ativ
ely
larg
e in
crea
se in
com
plai
nts,
ano
ther
pos
sibl
e ex
plan
atio
n is
tha
t be
tter
rep
ortin
g an
d da
ta
colle
ctio
n m
echa
nism
s fo
r th
is in
dica
tor
have
be
en p
ut in
pla
ce.
As
show
n in
Fig
ure
18 m
ost
of t
he
com
plai
nts
rela
te t
o ba
rkin
g do
gs. T
he t
otal
nu
mbe
r of
urb
an n
oise
com
plai
nts
from
all
part
icip
atin
g C
ounc
ils in
200
8-09
was
656
.
Thre
atIn
crea
sin
g U
rban
isat
ion
In
crea
sing
urb
anis
atio
n le
ads
to in
crea
ses
in
urba
n an
d ru
ral n
oise
incl
udin
g tr
affic
noi
se
050
100
150
200
250
Spor
ting
& en
terta
inm
ent v
enue
sO
ther
Car &
bui
ldin
g al
arm
sBa
rkin
g do
gs
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBl
ayne
yBa
thur
st
Num
ber
and
type
Fig
ure
18
Type
of
urba
n
nois
e co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed
by C
ounc
ils
and
asso
ciat
ed n
oise
fro
m in
crea
sed
hous
ing
dens
ity. I
nter
mitt
ent
and
intr
usiv
e no
ises
in
clud
e th
e ‘s
cree
chin
g’ o
f br
akes
, the
use
of
engi
ne b
rake
s on
hea
vy v
ehic
les,
agr
icul
tura
l m
achi
nery
, ind
ustr
ial n
oise
and
acc
eler
atio
n no
ise
at t
raffi
c lig
hts.
Rai
l mov
emen
ts a
lso
prov
ide
inte
rmitt
ent
nois
e, w
ith m
any
villa
ges
and
tow
ns lo
cate
d on
the
rai
l lin
es. N
oise
fro
m
bark
ing
dogs
in r
esid
entia
l are
as is
a c
once
rn
to t
he c
omm
unity
and
is t
he m
ost
com
mon
ty
pe o
f no
ise
com
plai
nt t
o C
ounc
ils in
the
re
port
ing
regi
on (s
ee F
igur
e 18
). D
omes
tic a
ir co
nditi
oner
s an
d m
usic
, whi
ch a
re n
ot a
lway
s on
and
the
refo
re in
term
itten
t, a
re a
noth
er
sour
ce o
f no
ise
that
may
hav
e a
psyc
holo
gica
l im
pact
on
the
resi
dent
s of
an
area
.
Ind
ust
rial
No
ise
Com
plai
nts
conc
erni
ng t
he n
oise
fro
m
mac
hine
ry o
n co
mm
erci
al a
nd in
dust
rial
prem
ises
are
occ
asio
nally
mad
e to
Cou
ncil
or t
he D
ECC
W E
nviro
nmen
t Re
port
ing
Line
. C
ompl
aint
s ar
e m
ore
freq
uent
in c
ases
whe
re
com
mer
cial
ope
ratio
ns a
re s
ituat
ed c
lose
to
res
iden
ces
such
as
smal
l nei
ghbo
urho
od
shop
ping
cen
tres
usi
ng e
xter
nal r
efrig
era-
tion
equi
pmen
t, o
r w
here
agr
icul
tura
l act
ivity
ta
kes
plac
e cl
ose
to r
esid
entia
l hou
ses.
Som
e in
dust
ries
may
als
o ha
ve t
he c
apac
ity t
o op
erat
e on
a m
uch
larg
er s
cale
and
the
refo
re
may
hav
e lo
ng r
each
ing
impa
cts.
Noi
se f
rom
ag
ricul
tura
l act
iviti
es a
nd h
eavy
indu
strie
s su
ch a
s m
inin
g al
so h
as t
he p
oten
tial t
o ca
use
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
s ac
ross
a b
road
er la
ndsc
ape.
Th
e op
enin
g of
a n
ew m
ine
in M
id-W
este
rn
Regi
onal
Cou
ncil
area
has
see
n no
ise
impa
cts
incr
easi
ng s
igni
fican
tly in
a p
revi
ousl
y qu
iet
rura
l vill
age
area
. Alth
ough
the
re w
ere
no
repo
rted
noi
se c
ompl
aint
s to
Cou
ncil,
the
re
wer
e 32
3 co
mpl
aint
s re
port
ed t
o th
e D
ECC
W
durin
g th
e re
port
ing
year
.
Res
po
nse
The
PoEO
Act
, mak
es D
ECC
W t
he a
ppro
pria
te
regu
lato
ry a
utho
rity
and
ther
efor
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r re
gula
ting
nois
e fr
om a
ctiv
ities
sch
edul
ed
unde
r th
e Po
EO A
ct a
nd f
or p
rem
ises
occ
upie
d by
pub
lic a
utho
ritie
s. L
ocal
Cou
ncils
are
larg
ely
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
man
agem
ent
of n
oise
in
rela
tion
to n
on-s
ched
uled
act
iviti
es, w
ith lo
cal
polic
e al
so in
volv
ed in
nei
ghbo
urho
od n
oise
m
atte
rs. N
SW M
ariti
me
enfo
rces
noi
se c
ontr
ols
for
mar
ine
vess
els.
Prem
ises
con
duct
ing
sche
dule
d ac
tiviti
es
are
requ
ired
to h
old
an E
nviro
nmen
t Pr
otec
tion
Lice
nce
thro
ugh
whi
ch D
ECC
W c
an
appl
y ap
prop
riate
noi
se c
ontr
ol c
ondi
tions
. C
ounc
ils c
an c
ontr
ol n
oise
thr
ough
con
ditio
ns
dete
rmin
ed b
y C
ounc
il as
par
t of
dev
elop
men
t co
nsen
t, is
sued
und
er t
he p
lann
ing
legi
slat
ion,
an
d th
roug
h N
otic
es o
r D
irect
ions
issu
ed
unde
r th
e Po
EO A
ct. T
he P
oEO
(Noi
se C
ontr
ol)
Regu
latio
n 20
08co
mm
ence
d on
1 M
arch
20
08 a
nd a
ddre
sses
com
mon
noi
sy a
ctiv
ities
th
at o
ccur
in r
esid
entia
l situ
atio
ns. I
t lim
its
the
time
of d
ay t
hat
nois
y eq
uipm
ent
(suc
h as
law
n m
ower
s, s
tere
os a
nd le
af b
low
ers)
ar
e pe
rmitt
ed t
o be
hea
rd in
nei
ghbo
urin
g re
side
nces
. It
also
has
pro
visi
ons
rega
rdin
g m
otor
veh
icle
s (in
clud
ing
nois
e lim
its) a
nd
addr
esse
s no
ise
from
mar
ine
vess
els.
Mos
t C
ounc
il-re
gula
ted
pote
ntia
lly n
oisy
ac
tiviti
es a
re n
ot t
he s
ubje
ct o
f sp
ecifi
c lim
its
or c
ontr
ols.
It is
an
offe
nce
unde
r th
e Po
EO
Act
whe
n no
ise
is e
mitt
ed f
rom
pre
mis
es
beca
use
of t
he o
ccup
ier’s
fai
lure
to
mai
ntai
n or
op
erat
e pl
ant.
N
oise
Con
trol
Not
ices
or
Noi
se A
bate
men
t D
irect
ions
may
als
ore
quire
em
issi
ons
to b
e re
duce
d or
cea
se in
cer
tain
circ
umst
ance
s (f
or
exam
ple,
if o
ffen
sive
noi
se is
bei
ng e
mitt
ed
from
cer
tain
pre
mis
es).
It is
an
offe
nce
not
to
com
ply
with
the
Not
ice
or D
irect
ion.
Nui
sanc
e do
gs a
nd c
ats
are
cove
red
by t
he C
ompa
nion
Ani
mal
s A
ct 1
998
adm
inis
tere
d by
the
Min
iste
r fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t.Tr
ansp
orta
tion
nois
e is
han
dled
by
vario
us
agen
cies
, with
airc
raft
noi
se e
xclu
sive
ly a
C
omm
onw
ealth
Gov
ernm
ent
resp
onsi
bilit
y,
with
the
exc
eptio
n of
airc
raft
on
the
grou
nd
at p
rivat
e or
loca
l Cou
ncil-
oper
ated
airp
orts
. Ra
il no
ise
and
nois
e fr
om t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of
free
way
s an
d to
llway
s is
gen
eral
ly re
gula
ted
by
licen
ces
issu
ed b
y D
ECC
W. N
oise
fro
m g
ener
al
traf
fic o
n ro
ads
is m
anag
ed b
y th
e Ro
ads
and
Traf
fic A
utho
rity
(RTA
) and
cou
ncils
. Noi
se f
rom
in
divi
dual
veh
icle
s is
regu
late
d by
the
RTA
, po
lice
and
DEC
CW
. The
max
imum
pen
alty
for
no
ise
offe
nces
und
er t
he P
oEO
Act
is $
60,0
00
for
corp
orat
ions
and
$30
,000
for
indi
vidu
als,
pl
us d
aily
pen
altie
s fo
r co
ntin
uing
off
ence
s.Th
e N
oise
Gui
de f
or L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
aim
s to
pro
vide
pra
ctic
al a
dvic
e to
Cou
ncil
offic
ers
in t
he d
ay-t
o-da
y m
anag
emen
t of
lo
cal n
oise
pro
blem
s an
d th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of
exis
ting
polic
y an
d le
gisl
atio
n.
The
Gui
de f
ocus
es o
n ho
w t
o as
sess
and
m
anag
e th
e no
ise
issu
es d
ealt
with
by
Cou
ncil
offic
ers,
suc
h as
nei
ghbo
ur-t
o-ne
ighb
our
prob
lem
s an
d th
ose
resu
lting
fro
m c
omm
erci
al
or in
dust
rial p
rem
ises
.Im
port
antly
, the
Gui
de is
als
o ai
med
at
plan
ners
. It
outli
nes
plan
ning
con
side
ra-
tions
tha
t ca
n ha
ve a
sig
nific
ant
bear
ing
on
prev
entio
n of
fut
ure
nois
e pr
oble
ms.
The
G
uide
is a
dvis
ory
in n
atur
e an
d C
ounc
il of
ficer
s ar
e en
cour
aged
to
use
it to
dev
elop
the
ir pr
oced
ures
and
pol
icie
s to
dea
l with
noi
se
issu
es r
elev
ant
to lo
cal c
ircum
stan
ces.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
As
indu
stria
lisat
ion
and
urba
nisa
tion
cont
inue
, es
peci
ally
in r
egio
nal c
entr
es, t
here
will
be
a ch
alle
nge
to m
inim
ise
intr
usiv
e an
d of
fens
ive
nois
e. O
f pa
rtic
ular
con
cern
will
be
issu
es
rela
ting
to b
arki
ng d
ogs
and
to c
lose
r liv
ing
thro
ugh
med
ium
and
hig
h de
nsity
hou
sing
. Th
e in
terf
ace
betw
een
resi
dent
ial a
nd in
dust
ry
may
cau
se f
utur
e no
ise
prob
lem
s.A
noth
er c
halle
nge
is t
o en
sure
LEP
s ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt n
oise
issu
es w
hen
land
is
rez
oned
, by
prov
idin
g ad
equa
te b
uffe
rs
betw
een
prim
ary
prod
uctio
n, r
ural
sm
all
hold
ings
and
res
iden
tial l
and
zone
s.
AB
OV
EIn
dust
rial n
oise
is
anot
her
com
mon
for
m o
f
com
plai
nt
Wat
er
6820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt69
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Hum
an S
ettle
men
t
Was
te is
cau
sed
by t
he d
ispo
sal o
f pr
oduc
ts a
t th
e pe
rcei
ved
end
of t
heir
life,
or
sim
ply
whe
n th
e us
er h
as n
o fu
rthe
r ne
ed f
or t
hem
. Was
te m
anag
emen
t ha
s in
crea
sed
rapi
dly
in t
erm
s of
the
issu
es a
nd a
ctiv
ities
tha
t ar
e no
w b
eing
und
erta
ken
by lo
cal
Cou
ncils
to
redu
ce t
he im
pact
of
pollu
tion
on t
he e
nviro
nmen
t.
Sign
ifica
nt w
ork
has
been
und
erta
ken
with
in
the
Regi
on t
hrou
gh N
etW
aste
, a v
olun
tary
re
gion
al w
aste
gro
up s
pons
ored
by
the
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t, C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d W
ater
(DEC
CW
). Th
roug
h N
etW
aste
, eco
nom
ies
of s
cale
ar
e ac
hiev
ed f
or m
embe
r C
ounc
ils t
hrou
gh
regi
onal
con
trac
ts a
nd p
roje
cts.
How
ever
, C
ounc
ils a
re a
lso
activ
ely
impr
ovin
g th
eir
was
te m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es o
n an
indi
vidu
al
scal
e, s
uch
as c
onve
rtin
g sm
all l
andfi
lls t
o
Tab
le 1
4 S
umm
ary
tabl
e of
indi
cato
r tr
ends
– W
aste
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Was
te
Gen
erat
ion
Aver
age
tota
l was
te g
ener
ated
per
pe
rson
per
ann
um1.
072
t1.
102
t
Tota
l was
te c
olle
cted
at r
ural
tips
&
trans
fer s
tatio
ns (e
xclu
ding
re
cycla
bles
)5,
971
t8,
164
t
Tota
l was
te re
ceiv
ed a
t prim
ary
land
fill
225,
769
t19
9,21
3 t
Aver
age
cost
of w
aste
ser
vice
per
pe
rson
per
ann
um$1
77$1
90
Num
ber o
f dru
ms
colle
cted
in
Drum
Mus
ter c
olle
ctio
ns99
,822
88,5
51
Redu
ceAm
ount
of o
ffice
pap
er u
sed
by
Coun
cils
(A4
ream
s)26
,969
19,8
93
Recy
cleN
umbe
r of r
ecyc
ling
serv
ices
avai
labl
e60
72
Volu
me
of m
ater
ial r
ecyc
led
15,8
34 t
21,0
44 t
Litte
ring
and
illeg
al d
umpi
ngAn
nual
vol
ume
of li
tter c
olle
cted
by
stre
etsw
eepe
r1,
417
t1,
359
t
Num
ber o
f ille
gal w
aste
disp
osal
co
mpl
aint
s to
Cou
ncil
306
337
Num
ber o
f Cle
an U
p Au
stra
lia s
ites
8398
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
tran
sfer
sta
tions
and
ong
oing
tra
inin
g of
op
erat
iona
l sta
ff. T
here
are
28
mem
ber
Cou
ncils
in N
etW
aste
, with
all
Cou
ncils
pa
rtak
ing
in t
his
repo
rt b
eing
mem
bers
of
the
grou
p, a
long
with
a n
umbe
r of
oth
er
surr
ound
ing
Cou
ncils
.
Issu
e –
Was
te g
ener
atio
n
and
po
lluti
on
Co
nd
itio
nSo
lid W
aste
Solid
was
te g
ener
ated
with
in t
he re
port
ing
area
or
igin
ates
fro
m t
he f
ollo
win
g ge
nera
l sou
rces
:
was
te a
nd g
arde
n or
gani
cs (i
nclu
ding
w
aste
fro
m t
he C
ounc
ils’ k
erbs
ide
colle
ctio
ns a
nd w
aste
tak
en d
irect
ly t
o la
ndfil
ls b
y re
side
nts)
was
te f
rom
con
stru
ctio
n an
d de
mol
ition
ac
tiviti
es g
ener
ally
ass
ocia
ted
with
de
velo
pmen
t
from
com
mer
cial
act
iviti
es in
the
are
a in
clud
ing
busi
ness
es a
nd r
esta
uran
ts.
This
was
te r
equi
res
tran
spor
t, r
ecyc
ling
and/
or
disp
osal
whi
ch u
ses
sign
ifica
nt e
nerg
y, a
s w
ell
as c
reat
ing
pote
ntia
l pol
luta
nts
in t
he f
orm
of
air
and
wat
er p
ollu
tion
and
gree
nhou
se g
as
emis
sion
s su
ch a
s m
etha
ne. N
oise
pol
lutio
n m
ay a
lso
occu
r at
som
e la
ndfil
ls o
r fr
om t
he
tran
spor
t of
was
te.
Ind
icat
or
– A
vera
ge
tota
l was
te g
ener
ated
p
er p
erso
n p
er a
nn
um
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal w
aste
co
llect
ed a
t ru
ral
tip
s an
d t
ran
sfer
sta
tio
ns
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal w
aste
rec
eive
d a
t p
rim
ary
lan
dfi
ll
Ind
icat
or
– A
vera
ge
cost
of
was
te s
ervi
ce
per
per
son
per
an
nu
m
Tota
l was
te in
dica
tes
cons
umpt
ion
patt
erns
an
d th
e pr
essu
res
plac
ed o
n ru
ral t
ips
and
prim
ary
land
fills
. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
14),
ther
e w
as a
slig
ht in
crea
se in
the
ave
rage
to
tal w
aste
gen
erat
ed p
er p
erso
n fo
r 20
08-0
9 co
mpa
red
with
200
7-08
(for
the
nin
e C
ounc
ils
that
rep
orte
d in
bot
h ye
ars)
. Fro
m t
he 1
4 C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
, the
ave
rage
tot
al
was
te g
ener
ated
per
per
son
for
2008
-09
was
0.
935
tonn
es. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
14)
, for
tho
se C
ounc
ils r
epor
ting
in
both
yea
rs, t
here
was
a la
rge
incr
ease
in t
he
volu
me
of t
otal
was
te (e
xclu
ding
rec
ycla
bles
) ta
ken
to r
ural
tip
s an
d tr
ansf
er s
tatio
ns. T
he
tota
l vol
ume
rece
ived
at
rura
l tip
s an
d tr
ansf
er
stat
ions
fro
m a
ll C
ounc
ils a
cros
s th
e re
gion
in
2008
-09
was
11,
598
tonn
es.
Ther
e w
as a
sig
nific
ant
decr
ease
in t
he
volu
me
of t
otal
was
te r
ecei
ved
at p
rimar
y la
ndfil
ls o
f th
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s. T
he t
otal
vol
ume
of w
aste
rec
eive
d at
pr
imar
y la
ndfil
ls a
cros
s th
e re
gion
in 2
008-
09
was
215
,837
ton
nes.
A b
reak
dow
n of
the
to
tal w
aste
rec
eive
d at
prim
ary
land
fills
by
LGA
is p
rovi
ded
in F
igur
e 19
. Com
parin
g th
e fig
ures
for
200
7-08
with
200
8-09
, the
re
Tonn
es/a
nnum
020
000
4000
060
000
8000
010
0000
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBo
gan
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Fig
ure
19
Tota
l was
te
rece
ived
at
prim
ary
land
fill
by L
GA
BEL
OW
Illeg
al d
umpi
ng a
t
Mac
quar
ie R
iver
, Bat
hurs
t
was
an
incr
ease
in t
he a
vera
ge c
ost
of w
aste
se
rvic
es t
o pe
ople
acr
oss
the
regi
on. F
rom
the
16
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
200
8-09
, the
av
erag
e co
st o
f w
aste
ser
vice
to
each
per
son
per
year
in t
he r
epor
ting
regi
on w
as $
197.
Haz
ard
ou
s C
hem
ical
sH
azar
dous
che
mic
als
incl
ude
com
mon
ho
useh
old
and
agric
ultu
ral m
ater
ials
suc
h as
pes
ticid
es, h
erbi
cide
s, p
aint
s, c
lean
ing
Wat
er
7020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt71
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Was
te
prod
ucts
, oils
, car
bat
terie
s an
d ph
arm
a-ce
utic
als.
Che
mic
als
have
the
pot
entia
l to
caus
e si
gnifi
cant
loca
l or
regi
onal
impa
cts
on
both
hum
an h
ealth
and
the
env
ironm
ent.
Th
ere
are
curr
ently
lim
ited
disp
osal
opt
ions
av
aila
ble
in t
he r
egio
n, h
owev
er ir
resp
onsi
ble
disp
osal
of
such
che
mic
als
can
caus
e ac
ute
and
deva
stat
ing
impa
cts
upon
the
nat
ural
en
viro
nmen
t, p
artic
ular
ly c
onta
min
atio
n of
aqu
atic
sys
tem
s, la
nd a
nd in
gest
ion
by
anim
als.
Som
e C
ounc
ils h
old
Hou
seho
ld H
azar
dous
C
hem
ical
Col
lect
ions
for
res
iden
ts, w
ith a
re
gion
al c
ampa
ign
coor
dina
ted
thro
ugh
Net
Was
te p
ropo
sed
to b
e un
dert
aken
in t
he
latt
er p
art
of 2
009.
Cou
ncils
in t
he r
egio
n ar
e al
so a
ctiv
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts in
the
Dru
mM
uste
r pr
ogra
m, w
hich
pro
vide
s a
colle
ctio
n se
rvic
e fo
r ag
ricul
tura
l che
mic
al c
onta
iner
s on
an
ongo
ing
basi
s th
roug
hout
the
cat
chm
ent.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
farm
ch
emic
al
dru
ms
colle
cted
th
rou
gh
Dru
mM
ust
er
colle
ctio
ns
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
4),
the
num
ber
of d
rum
s co
llect
ed t
hrou
gh t
he
Dru
mM
uste
r pr
ogra
m h
as d
ropp
ed in
the
LG
As
that
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s. It
is d
ifficu
lt to
dra
w
assu
mpt
ions
for
the
reas
ons
for
the
decl
ine,
ho
wev
er p
ossi
ble
cont
ribut
ing
fact
ors
may
be
seas
onal
influ
ence
s, w
hich
mea
ns le
ss c
hem
ical
is
use
d an
d ph
ysic
al d
rum
s re
quiri
ng c
olle
ctio
n.
It co
uld
also
be
due
to t
he f
act
that
far
mer
s ha
d al
read
y pr
evio
usly
dis
pose
d of
any
sto
red
surp
lus
of d
rum
s an
d ar
e no
w d
ispo
sing
of
drum
s as
the
y cu
rren
tly u
se t
he c
onte
nts.
Liq
uid
Was
teTh
ere
are
curr
ently
a s
igni
fican
t nu
mbe
r of
do
mes
tic a
nd c
omm
erci
al p
rem
ises
thr
ough
out
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea t
hat
rely
on
a se
ptic
tan
k ar
rang
emen
t fo
r th
eir
efflu
ent
disp
osal
. Th
ese
prem
ises
are
loca
ted
whe
re, d
ue t
o th
e un
avai
labi
lity
of s
ewer
mai
ns, o
r fo
r ot
her
site
-spe
cific
rea
sons
, a n
orm
al s
ewer
age
serv
ice
cann
ot b
e pr
ovid
ed. T
hese
oft
en o
ccur
in
sm
all v
illag
es, r
emot
e co
mm
uniti
es a
nd o
n fa
rms.
Tra
de w
aste
s ar
e th
ose
liqui
d w
aste
s pr
oduc
ed b
y in
dust
ry w
hich
are
dis
char
ged
to
sew
er a
nd m
ay c
onta
in a
ran
ge o
f po
lluta
nts
that
req
uire
tre
atm
ent
prio
r to
dis
char
ge. T
his
actio
n is
lice
nsed
und
er t
he P
oEO
Act
199
7
and
Cou
ncils
hav
e a
role
in m
onito
ring
and
com
plia
nce
of t
hese
dis
char
ges.
Was
te M
anag
emen
t Fa
cilit
ies
The
vario
us s
ourc
es a
nd t
ypes
of
was
te
men
tione
d ab
ove
are
the
reas
on C
ounc
ils
oper
ate
land
fills
and
was
te m
anag
emen
t fa
cilit
ies.
Tre
atin
g w
aste
and
bur
ying
was
te
in la
ndfil
l has
the
pot
entia
l to
impa
ct o
n na
tive
vege
tatio
n an
d ot
her
aspe
cts
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent.
Was
te m
anag
emen
t fa
cilit
ies
can
resu
lt in
env
ironm
enta
l im
pact
s su
ch a
s no
ise,
odo
urs,
win
dblo
wn
litte
r, m
etha
ne g
as
emis
sion
s, g
roun
dwat
er c
onta
min
atio
n, a
nd
eros
ion,
sed
imen
tatio
n an
d w
eed
infe
stat
ion
of a
djac
ent
wat
erw
ays.
Clo
sed
land
fill s
ites
can
pose
sim
ilar
envi
ronm
enta
l ris
ks a
nd la
nd
inst
abili
ty. T
here
are
bot
h op
erat
ing
land
fills
and
cl
osed
land
fills
acr
oss
the
repo
rtin
g C
ounc
ils.
Litt
erin
gO
ne o
f th
e m
ost
obvi
ous
form
s of
pol
lutio
n is
lit
ter.
Apa
rt f
rom
bei
ng u
nsig
htly
and
tak
ing
a lo
ng t
ime
to b
reak
dow
n, li
tter
can
be
was
hed
into
wat
erw
ays
thro
ugh
stor
mw
ater
sys
tem
s w
here
it p
oses
a r
isk
to a
quat
ic li
fe.
Ind
icat
or
– A
mo
un
t o
f lit
ter
colle
cted
by
Co
un
cil s
tree
tsw
eep
ers
From
the
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
bot
h ye
ars
ther
e w
as a
red
uctio
n in
the
vol
ume
of li
tter
col
lect
ed b
y C
ounc
il st
reet
swee
p-er
s (s
ee s
umm
ary
tabl
e fo
r de
tails
). H
owev
er,
this
cou
ld a
lso
be a
res
ult
of a
lack
of
reco
rd
keep
ing
thro
ugho
ut t
he y
ear.
The
tota
l vol
ume
of li
tter
col
lect
ed b
y st
reet
swee
pers
fro
m t
he
15 C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in 2
008-
09 w
as
1,35
9 to
nnes
.
Illeg
al d
um
pin
g
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
illeg
al w
aste
d
isp
osa
l co
mp
lain
ts t
o C
ou
nci
ls
The
num
ber
of c
ompl
aint
s ab
out
rubb
ish
dum
ping
doe
s no
t re
flect
the
fre
quen
cy o
f in
cide
nts,
nor
the
impa
ct o
f ill
egal
dum
ping
. H
owev
er, i
t do
es in
dica
te c
omm
unity
aw
aren
ess
of il
lega
l dum
ping
and
the
pot
entia
l im
pact
tha
t it
may
hav
e on
the
env
ironm
ent.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
4),
the
num
ber
of il
lega
l dum
ping
com
plai
nts
incr
ease
d fr
om t
hose
Cou
ncils
rep
ortin
g in
bo
th y
ears
. Fro
m 1
5 C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in
2008
-09
ther
e w
as a
tot
al o
f 36
4 co
mpl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed.
Thre
atPo
pu
lati
on
an
d c
on
sum
eris
mEv
er-a
ccel
erat
ing
hum
an c
onsu
mpt
ion
of
natu
ral r
esou
rces
lies
at
the
root
of
man
y of
ou
r gl
obal
env
ironm
enta
l pro
blem
s. C
urre
nt
cons
umpt
ion
patt
erns
str
ess
limite
d na
tura
l re
sour
ces,
con
trib
ute
to g
loba
l war
min
g, a
nd
crea
te w
aste
ful a
nd e
ven
toxi
c by
-pro
duct
s th
at a
ffec
t th
e qu
ality
of
life
and
the
heal
th
of c
omm
uniti
es a
roun
d th
e w
orld
. Add
gl
obal
pop
ulat
ion
grow
th t
o th
e m
ix, a
nd it
be
com
es in
crea
sing
ly c
lear
how
the
hea
lth o
f th
e ec
osys
tem
s w
e de
pend
on
for
surv
ival
are
be
ing
com
prom
ised
.Th
e A
ustr
alia
Inst
itute
’s W
aste
ful
Con
sum
ptio
n Re
port
sup
port
s cl
aim
s th
at n
ot
only
is w
aste
gen
erat
ion
at a
ll tim
e hi
ghs
but
was
tefu
l con
sum
ptio
n is
of
sign
ifica
nt c
once
rn.
That
is, s
igni
fican
t pe
rcen
tage
s of
all
good
s pu
rcha
sed
by A
ustr
alia
ns a
re n
ot a
ctua
lly
utili
sed
or c
onsu
med
and
end
up
as w
aste
. It
is
expe
cted
thi
s tr
end
will
sig
nific
antly
und
erm
ine
the
incr
ease
d re
cycl
ing
effo
rt u
nder
take
n by
th
e go
vern
men
t, c
omm
unity
and
bus
ines
s se
ctor
s in
NSW
and
nat
iona
lly.
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
eA
s A
ustr
alia
gra
pple
s w
ith it
s re
spon
se t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
, the
re is
a m
ajor
con
cern
with
w
aste
pla
ced
in la
ndfil
l site
s. E
very
ton
ne
of d
egra
dabl
e w
aste
dum
ped
in A
ustr
alia
’s la
ndfil
l site
s to
day
will
stil
l be
a gr
eenh
ouse
ga
s lia
bilit
y in
205
0.
The
reas
on is
tha
t w
aste
mat
eria
ls w
ith
degr
adab
le o
rgan
ic c
arbo
n, in
clud
ing
food
, pa
per,
gard
en a
nd w
ood
was
tes
deco
mpo
se
and
emit
gas
whe
n bu
ried
in la
ndfil
l. Th
is
land
fill g
as c
onta
ins
met
hane
, whi
ch h
as a
gl
obal
war
min
g po
tent
ial 2
5 tim
es t
hat
of
carb
on d
ioxi
de.
Ind
icat
or
– G
reen
ho
use
gas
em
issi
on
s fr
om
lan
dfi
ll
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. It
was
est
imat
ed t
hat
129,
934
t C
O² e-
of
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s w
ere
emitt
ed f
rom
land
fills
of
twel
ve o
f th
e C
ounc
ils f
rom
the
reg
ion
in 2
008-
09.
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Emis
sio
ns
fro
m L
and
fill
Ass
essm
ent
The
regi
onal
col
labo
ratio
n of
Net
Was
te r
ecen
tly c
oord
inat
ed a
pr
ojec
t to
inve
stig
ate
the
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s be
ing
prod
uced
fr
om C
ounc
il la
ndfil
ls w
ithin
the
reg
ion
in r
espo
nse
to t
he F
eder
al
Gov
ernm
ent
Nat
iona
l Gre
enho
use
and
Ener
gy R
epor
ting
(NG
ER)
and
the
Car
bon
Pollu
tion
Redu
ctio
n Sc
hem
e (C
PRS)
. The
rep
ortin
g re
quire
men
ts a
re e
stab
lishe
d un
der
NG
ERS
and
the
first
rep
orts
for
re
gist
ered
ent
ities
are
due
on
31 O
ctob
er, 2
009.
It is
ant
icip
ated
th
at w
aste
fac
ilitie
s ov
er c
erta
in t
hres
hold
s w
ill h
ave
both
rep
ortin
g an
d ca
rbon
per
mit
impl
icat
ions
.H
yder
Con
sulti
ng w
ere
enga
ged
to u
nder
take
the
pro
ject
, w
ith e
leve
n of
the
Cou
ncils
tha
t ar
e re
port
ing
in t
his
Regi
onal
SoE
re
port
par
ticip
atin
g in
the
mod
ellin
g pr
ojec
t. T
he p
roje
ct in
volv
ed
mod
ellin
g th
e gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
from
the
nom
inat
ed
land
fills
usi
ng a
mod
el c
onsi
sten
t w
ith t
he In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
(IPC
C) F
irst
Ord
er D
ecay
Mod
el. T
his
mod
el
uses
an
equa
tion
to d
eter
min
e m
etha
ne e
mis
sion
s re
leas
ed p
er
year
by
calc
ulat
ing
emis
sion
s ge
nera
ted
in t
he c
urre
nt in
vent
ory
year
fro
m t
he w
aste
dep
osite
d in
pre
viou
s ye
ars.
With
the
acc
urac
y of
the
mod
ellin
g th
e pr
ojec
t id
entifi
ed a
ran
ge o
f is
sues
suc
h as
cl
imat
ic in
fluen
ces
with
indi
vidu
al C
ounc
ils p
ursu
ing
furt
her
inve
sti-
gatio
n as
req
uire
d.
An
impo
rtan
t ou
tcom
e of
the
pro
ject
has
bee
n re
info
rcem
ent
of t
he im
port
ance
for
Cou
ncils
to
dive
rt o
rgan
ics
from
land
fill –
th
e la
rges
t co
ntrib
utor
to
the
gene
ratio
n of
met
hane
, to
com
post
–
inst
ead
with
reg
iona
l opt
ions
bei
ng p
ursu
ed t
hrou
gh N
etW
aste
.
Was
te m
anag
emen
t at
land
fill
Res
po
nse
Wat
er
7220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Was
te
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt73
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
This
is b
ased
on
a st
udy
by C
entr
oc. N
ote
that
Ba
thur
st R
egio
nal C
ounc
il al
so h
ad e
mis
sion
s of
30,
400
tonn
es in
200
8-09
.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
4), t
here
is
a w
orse
ning
tre
nd f
or t
he re
port
ing
regi
on in
ge
nera
ting
was
te. I
f, a
s ex
pect
ed t
he re
gion
’s po
pula
tion
grow
s (s
ee H
uman
Set
tlem
ent
chap
ter)
, the
re w
ill b
e a
futu
re c
halle
nge
to s
tem
th
is t
rend
thr
ough
a r
ange
of
initi
ativ
es in
clud
ing
educ
atio
n an
d im
prov
ed re
cycl
ing
serv
ices
.A
noth
er c
halle
nge
rela
tes
to g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
from
land
fills
. Put
sim
ply,
if
actio
n is
not
tak
en t
o st
op t
he g
reen
hous
e
lega
cy o
f la
ndfil
l, up
to
85 p
er c
ent
of
Aus
tral
ia’s
carb
on b
udge
t in
205
0 w
ill
be a
ccou
nted
for
by
was
te a
nd t
here
fore
un
avai
labl
e fo
r fu
ture
wea
lth c
reat
ing
activ
ities
. Eve
n w
ith e
xist
ing
mea
sure
s su
ch
as t
he c
aptu
re o
f la
ndfil
l gas
em
issi
ons,
w
aste
cou
ld b
e a
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
ly la
rge
com
pone
nt o
f A
ustr
alia
’s na
tiona
l em
issi
ons
in t
he f
utur
e. T
his
mea
ns t
hat
othe
r se
ctor
s co
uld
have
to
exce
ed t
heir
emis
sion
s re
duct
ion
targ
ets
in o
rder
for
the
nat
ion
to m
eet
its
glob
al g
reen
hous
e ob
ligat
ions
. The
pro
ject
un
dert
aken
by
Net
Was
te (s
ee C
ase
Stud
y) is
a
step
tow
ards
add
ress
ing
this
fut
ure
chal
leng
e.
Issu
e –
Was
te t
reat
men
t an
dd
isp
osa
l
Co
nd
itio
nA
void
ing
the
crea
tion
of w
aste
is g
ener
ally
se
en a
s th
e be
st s
trat
egy
for
deal
ing
with
the
pr
oble
ms
it cr
eate
s. K
ey r
espo
nses
to
deal
with
w
aste
incl
ude
redu
cing
the
vol
ume
of w
aste
re
achi
ng la
ndfil
ls, m
inim
isin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
-ta
l im
pact
s of
was
te f
acili
ties,
and
enc
oura
ging
th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
new
was
te t
reat
men
t an
d re
cycl
ing
faci
litie
s.
Red
uci
ng
was
te d
isp
osa
l
Ind
icat
or
– O
ffice
pap
er u
sed
by
Co
un
cils
As
rela
tivel
y la
rge
empl
oyer
s an
d co
mm
unity
le
ader
s, lo
cal C
ounc
ils c
an b
e us
ed a
s on
e in
dica
tor
of c
hang
ing
offic
e pr
actic
es a
nd
incr
ease
d aw
aren
ess
to m
inim
ise
the
use
of
offic
e pa
per.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le14
), th
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s dr
astic
ally
red
uced
the
ir us
e of
offi
ce
pape
r –
a re
duct
ion
of 7
,076
rea
ms.
The
tot
al
num
ber
of A
4 re
ams
used
by
16 r
epor
ting
Cou
ncils
was
27,
648
A4
ream
s in
200
8-09
. C
entr
oc h
as p
rodu
ced
a C
ounc
il su
stai
n-ab
ility
cal
enda
r w
hich
incl
udes
the
use
of
doub
le-s
ided
prin
ting
as a
met
hod
of p
aper
us
e re
duct
ion.
Thre
atPa
ckag
ing
The
incr
easi
ng u
se o
f pa
ckag
ing
by p
rodu
cers
, pa
rtic
ular
ly in
the
last
30
year
s, m
eans
tha
t co
nsum
ers
are
left
with
was
te t
hat
may
, if
they
do
not
rec
ycle
, end
up
in la
ndfil
l.
AB
OV
E A
Bin
You
r Bu
tts
cam
paig
n bi
n
Aus
tral
ians
gen
erat
em
ore
than
32 m
illio
n to
nnes
of w
aste
eac
h ye
ar (H
yder
, 200
6). F
rom
th
is st
udy,
42%
is c
onst
ruct
ion
and
dem
oliti
on
was
te, 2
9% is
com
mer
cial
and
indu
stria
l w
aste
and
29%
is m
unic
ipal
or h
ouse
hold
w
aste
. Tot
al p
acka
ging
was
te g
ener
ated
in
Aus
tral
ia is
just
ove
r 4.2
mill
ion
tonn
es (N
atio
nal
Pack
agin
g C
oven
ant A
nnua
l Rep
ort,
2005
-06)
fr
om c
omm
erci
al, i
ndus
tria
l and
hou
seho
ld
sour
ces.
How
ever
, acc
ordi
ng to
Net
Was
te, i
n th
e re
port
ing
regi
on m
unic
ipal
sol
id w
aste
fluc
tuat
ed
from
51-
80%
of t
otal
was
te a
nd 1
8-25
% w
as
com
mer
cial
and
dem
oliti
on w
aste
. Pac
kagi
ng
was
te g
ener
ated
repr
esen
ts a
roun
d 13
% o
f th
e to
tal w
aste
str
eam
with
in A
ustr
alia
, with
be
vera
ge p
acka
ging
com
prisi
ng le
ss th
an th
ree
perc
ent.
Lack
of
awar
enes
sLa
ck o
f aw
aren
ess
of t
he h
iera
rchy
sho
wn
in
Figu
re 2
0 ca
n be
a m
ajor
hur
dle
in m
inim
isin
g th
e am
ount
of
was
te g
oing
to
land
fill.
Ong
oing
edu
catio
n pr
ogra
ms
and
othe
r in
itiat
ives
are
req
uire
d to
rai
se a
war
enes
s le
vels
an
d en
cour
age
beha
viou
rs r
elat
ed t
o th
e to
p la
yers
of
the
hier
arch
y.
Res
po
nse
Figu
re 2
0 ou
tline
s th
e hi
erar
chy
of a
void
, reu
se
and
recy
cle
as a
met
hod
of im
prov
ing
sust
ain-
Avoi
danc
e
Reus
e
Recy
cling
Reco
very
of e
nerg
y
Trea
tmen
t
Cont
ainm
ent
Disp
osal
Mos
tpr
efer
red
Leas
tpr
efer
red
Sour
ce: D
SE, V
icto
ria
Fig
ure
20
Was
te
Hie
rarc
hy
abili
ty. T
he fi
rst
step
is t
o re
duce
the
am
ount
of
was
te y
ou n
eed
to d
ispo
se o
f or
rec
ycle
by
avoi
ding
it in
the
firs
t pl
ace.
The
sec
ond
step
is
to
reus
e an
y m
ater
ials
bef
ore
disc
ardi
ng
or r
ecyc
ling.
The
thi
rd s
tep
is t
o re
cycl
e an
y m
ater
ial t
hat
you
can
so it
can
be
tran
sfor
med
in
to a
noth
er u
seab
le m
ater
ial.
Onl
y af
ter
the
first
thr
ee s
teps
are
co
mpl
eted
, sho
uld
any
left
over
was
te b
e di
spos
ed o
f to
land
fill.
Educ
atio
n of
loca
l com
mun
ities
is a
n im
port
ant
part
of
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Ker
bsi
de
Rec
yclin
gR
ollo
ut
in M
id-W
este
rn L
GA
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
has
rolle
d ou
t bl
ue-t
op p
aper
and
car
dboa
rd w
aste
re
cycl
ing
bins
for
res
iden
ts o
f C
harb
on,
Cla
ndul
la, G
ulgo
ng, R
ylst
one
and
Kan
dos,
as
a fi
rst
step
in a
sw
eepi
ng r
ecyc
ling
chan
ge
for
the
regi
on.
This
was
a fi
rst
ever
ker
bsid
e re
cycl
ing
pick
-up
for
thes
e re
side
nts
who
prio
r to
th
is, h
ad t
o ta
ke a
ll of
the
ir re
cycl
ing
to t
he
Kan
dos
Was
te T
rans
fer
Stat
ion.
The
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
m is
bei
ng s
tage
d to
sp
read
the
cos
t an
d al
low
the
reg
ion
to g
row
in
to t
he p
roce
ssin
g of
add
ition
al r
ecyc
labl
e m
ater
ial.
The
next
ste
p in
the
pro
cess
is t
he
roll-
out
of y
ello
w t
op b
ins
for
plas
tic a
nd
glas
s w
hich
is e
xpec
ted
with
in a
yea
r.
Mid
-Wes
tern
Reg
iona
l Cou
ncil
recy
clin
g ro
llout
Wat
er
7420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Was
te
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt75
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
thro
ugho
ut t
he r
egio
n, t
o pr
omot
e th
e im
port
ance
of
avoi
ding
the
cre
atio
n of
was
te
in t
he fi
rst
plac
e, t
hrou
gh a
ctiv
ities
suc
h as
pu
rcha
sing
item
s in
bul
k as
opp
osed
to
sing
le
serv
e ite
ms
and
com
post
ing
food
scr
aps
at
hom
e. It
is h
owev
er, e
qual
ly im
port
ant
that
ap
prop
riate
ser
vice
s ar
e in
pla
ce t
o m
anag
e w
aste
tha
t is
gen
erat
ed in
the
reg
ion
such
as
kerb
side
rec
yclin
g se
rvic
es a
nd e
ffici
ent
was
te
man
agem
ent
faci
litie
s.M
any
Cou
ncils
suc
h as
Mid
-Wes
tern
, O
rang
e an
d Bl
ayne
y ha
ve h
ad k
erbs
ide
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
ms
in p
lace
for
som
e ye
ars.
Ba
thur
st R
egio
nal C
ounc
il ha
s re
cent
ly
upgr
aded
ker
bsid
e do
mes
tic r
ecyc
ling
in t
he
city
allo
win
g re
side
nts
to s
epar
ate
recy
clab
les
from
was
te in
the
hom
e an
d ha
ve t
hese
co
llect
ed f
rom
the
hou
se. T
he m
ajor
ity o
f C
ounc
ils p
rovi
de r
ecyc
ling
colle
ctio
n po
ints
in
sm
alle
r vi
llage
s an
d lo
calit
ies
to e
ncou
rage
re
cycl
ing,
how
ever
the
via
bilit
y of
off
erin
g su
ch s
ervi
ces
is g
reat
ly a
ffec
ted
by v
olum
es o
f m
ater
ial a
nd d
ista
nce
from
maj
or c
entr
es.
Thro
ugh
Net
Was
te, D
ubbo
City
, Wel
lingt
on
and
Nar
rom
ine
Shire
Cou
ncils
are
cur
rent
ly
inve
stig
atin
g th
e po
ssib
ility
of
intr
oduc
ing
a ke
rbsi
de r
ecyc
ling
serv
ice
in t
heir
com
mun
ities
.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
recy
clin
g s
ervi
ces
avai
lab
le in
eac
h L
GA
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
4),
for
thos
e C
ounc
ils r
epor
ting
in b
oth
year
s,
the
num
ber
of r
ecyc
ling
serv
ices
ava
ilabl
e in
crea
sed
from
60
to 7
2. N
ote
that
thi
s tr
end
shou
ld b
e te
mpe
red
with
the
fac
t th
at k
erbs
ide
colle
ctio
ns h
ave
ceas
ed in
Nar
rom
ine
and
War
ren.
The
tot
al n
umbe
r of
rec
yclin
g se
rvic
es
acro
ss t
he w
hole
reg
ion
in 2
008-
09 w
as 8
9.
This
is t
he n
umbe
r of
col
lect
ion
serv
ices
acr
oss
the
regi
on a
nd g
ives
som
e in
dica
tion
of t
he
avai
labi
lity
of t
hese
ser
vice
s to
res
iden
ts.
Ind
icat
or
– V
olu
me
of
mat
eria
l rec
ycle
d
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
4) t
he
volu
me
of m
ater
ial r
ecyc
led
incr
ease
d ac
ross
th
e C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s. T
his
posi
tive
tren
d co
uld
have
bee
n du
e to
the
w
ork
of N
etW
aste
and
the
Cou
ncils
in r
aisi
ng
recy
clin
g aw
aren
ess
in t
he c
omm
unity
and
th
e in
crea
se in
the
rec
yclin
g se
rvic
es a
vaila
ble.
Fr
om 1
6 lo
cal C
ounc
ils, t
he t
otal
vol
ume
of
was
te r
ecyc
led
was
26,
047
tonn
es in
200
8-09
. N
ote
that
Ora
nge
has
a nu
mvb
er o
f re
cycl
ing
cont
ract
s w
ith s
urro
undi
ng L
GA
s.A
bre
akdo
wn
of t
he t
ype
of m
ater
ials
re
cycl
ed in
200
8-09
is p
rovi
ded
in F
igur
e 21
.Th
is s
how
s a
larg
e pr
opor
tion
of t
he m
ater
ial
recy
cled
is p
aper
and
car
dboa
rd. O
ther
item
s th
at c
an b
e co
llect
ed b
y ke
rbsi
de r
ecyc
ling
serv
ices
incl
ude
alum
iniu
m, s
teel
and
som
e pl
astic
s. N
ote
that
som
e C
ounc
ils h
ave
not
dif-
fere
ntia
ted
the
type
of
recy
clab
les
in F
igur
e 21
.Ed
ucat
ion
prog
ram
s ar
e an
inte
gral
co
mpo
nent
of
was
te r
educ
tion
and
recy
clin
g.
Net
Was
te im
plem
ents
sev
eral
edu
catio
n
Tonn
es/a
nnum
020
0040
0060
0080
0010
000
Was
te O
ilTy
res
Stee
l can
sPl
astic
Pape
r & c
ardb
oard
Oth
er/N
ot c
lass
ified
Met
al -
scra
p/ot
her
Gla
ssBa
tterie
sAl
umin
ium
can
s
War
rum
bung
leO
rang
eO
bero
nN
arro
min
eM
id-W
este
rnLa
chla
nG
ilgan
dra
Dubb
oCo
wra
Cabo
nne
Bour
keBa
thur
st
Fig
ure
21
Typ
e of
mat
eria
ls r
ecyc
led
BEL
OW
Rec
ycle
d
show
erhe
ads
for
colle
ctio
n
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Was
te 2
Art
Ever
y ye
ar t
he W
aste
2 A
rt E
xhib
ition
is c
oord
inat
ed
by N
etW
aste
thr
ough
out
the
regi
on t
o en
cour
age
the
conc
ept
of R
educ
e, R
euse
and
Rec
ycle
, whi
lst
chan
ging
at
titud
es a
bout
“ru
bbis
h” a
nd w
hat
we
thro
w a
way
. The
nu
mbe
r of
ent
ries
has
cont
inue
d to
gro
w e
very
yea
r w
ith
artw
orks
of
very
hig
h st
anda
rds.
Ten
of t
he C
ounc
ils r
epor
ting
thro
ugh
the
Regi
onal
So
E pa
rtic
ipat
ed in
the
rec
ent
exhi
bitio
n he
ld in
Gilg
andr
a in
May
200
9. O
ver
150
artw
orks
wer
e re
ceiv
ed w
ith t
he o
vera
ll w
inne
r be
ing
Hel
en S
tand
en
from
Par
kes,
who
se w
ork
is s
how
n be
low
.
Win
ning
ent
ry in
200
9 W
aste
2 A
rt c
ompe
titio
n: “
Just
han
gin’
wai
tin’ f
or a
bre
eze”
, con
stru
cted
out
of
scra
p m
etal
, wire
and
an o
ld c
loth
eslin
e
Wat
er
7620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Was
te
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt77
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
In 2
007,
sev
eral
Cou
ncils
incl
udin
g La
chla
n, t
he W
iradj
uri
Con
dobo
lin A
borig
inal
Cor
pora
tion,
the
Pal
eran
g A
gric
ultu
ral
Soci
ety,
Bet
terg
row
Pty
Ltd
and
the
Sou
th E
ast
offic
e of
the
D
ECC
W S
usta
inab
ility
Pro
gram
s D
ivis
ion
wer
e gr
ante
d $1
.96
mill
ion
from
the
NSW
Env
ironm
ent
Trus
t to
pro
ve t
he w
ider
ec
onom
ic v
iabi
lity
of t
he “
City
to
Soil”
pro
ject
. With
org
anic
m
akin
g up
40-
70%
of
urba
n w
aste
goi
ng t
o la
ndfil
l mad
e up
of
org
anic
mat
eria
l, th
e pr
ojec
t w
as d
esig
ned
to s
how
tha
t hi
gh
qual
ity o
rgan
ic w
aste
fro
m u
rban
com
mun
ities
can
be
colle
cted
, co
mpo
sted
and
use
d in
agr
icul
ture
with
pos
itive
eco
nom
ic a
nd e
n-vi
ronm
enta
l res
ults
for
far
mer
s. T
he p
roje
ct G
roun
dsw
ell,
born
fro
m
this
, is
a th
ree
year
pro
ject
whi
ch a
ims
to r
ebui
ld t
he r
ural
-urb
an
rela
tions
hip
by r
etur
ning
org
anic
mat
eria
l fro
m u
rban
com
mun
ities
to
far
mla
nd.
Com
mun
ities
suc
h as
Con
dobo
lin w
ere
prov
ided
with
City
to
Soil
whe
elie
bin
s, M
axA
ir K
itche
n To
p Bi
ns a
nd B
ioba
gs t
o co
llect
th
eir
food
scr
ap a
nd g
arde
n w
aste
. Priz
es w
ere
also
aw
arde
d to
th
ose
hous
ehol
ds w
ho k
ept
thei
r w
aste
fre
e of
unc
ompo
stab
le
item
s. A
n on
line
blog
site
was
als
o se
t up
to
post
pho
tos
and
med
ia
rele
ases
and
kee
p th
e co
mm
unity
up
to d
ate
with
the
pro
gres
sion
of
the
pro
ject
. Th
e fir
st b
atch
of
com
post
to
be p
roce
ssed
fro
m t
he p
roje
ct w
as
prod
uced
in e
arly
200
9 an
d w
ill b
e us
ed f
or a
var
iety
of
purp
oses
su
ch a
s co
mm
unity
gar
dens
, far
ms
and
also
sol
d ba
ck t
o th
e co
mm
unity
and
com
mer
cial
nur
serie
s.Th
e fe
edba
ck f
rom
the
orig
inal
City
to
Soil
tria
l in
2004
sho
wed
th
at w
hen
peop
le k
new
the
ir C
ity t
o So
il co
llect
ion
was
goi
ng t
o fa
rmer
s, t
hey
happ
ily s
epar
ate
out
thei
r ki
tche
n an
d ga
rden
was
te,
and
keep
the
ir C
ity t
o So
il co
llect
ion
free
fro
m c
onta
min
ants
and
th
ings
tha
t do
n’t
com
post
.M
ore
info
rmat
ion
can
be f
ound
on
the
proj
ect
blog
site
: htt
p://
ww
w.g
roun
dsw
ellp
roje
ct.b
logs
pot.
com
/
Lach
lan
City
to
Soil
com
post
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Gro
un
dsw
ell O
rgan
ics
prog
ram
s ac
ross
the
Cou
ncils
and
em
ploy
s an
En
viro
nmen
tal L
earn
ing
Adv
isor
to
desi
gn a
nd
impl
emen
t pr
ogra
ms
targ
etin
g sp
ecifi
c is
sues
. A
num
ber
of re
gion
al w
aste
man
agem
ent
prog
ram
s ar
e al
so im
plem
ente
d ac
ross
the
re
gion
thr
ough
Net
Was
te, s
uch
as t
he e
-was
te
recy
clin
g pr
ogra
m, t
o im
prov
e co
llect
ion
and
recy
clin
g of
ele
ctro
nic
was
te s
uch
as c
ompu
ters
. El
even
of
the
Cou
ncils
repo
rtin
g th
roug
h th
e Re
gion
al S
oE o
ffer
ed a
col
lect
ion
serv
ice
to t
heir
com
mun
ities
, with
Bat
hurs
t Re
gion
al C
ounc
il no
w o
ffer
ing
an o
ngoi
ng s
ervi
ce t
o re
side
nts
for
the
full
rang
e of
e-w
aste
mat
eria
l suc
h as
te
levi
sion
s, D
VD
s, p
ower
tool
s. A
nnua
l col
lect
ion
cam
paig
ns w
ill c
ontin
ue t
o be
hel
d th
roug
hout
th
e re
gion
. How
ever
Net
Was
te is
cur
rent
ly
wai
ting
on t
he o
utco
me
of a
dec
isio
n re
gard
ing
an E
xten
ded
Prod
ucer
Res
pons
ibili
ty (E
PR)
sche
me
for
e-w
aste
in t
he la
tter
par
t of
200
9.W
hile
the
re h
ave
been
no
larg
e ne
w la
ndfil
ls
built
ove
r th
e re
port
ing
year
, man
y C
ounc
ils
are
impr
ovin
g th
e te
chno
logi
es a
t th
e lo
cal
land
fill t
o m
inim
ise
the
impa
cts
of t
hose
site
s.
For
exam
ple,
met
hane
gas
col
lect
ion
has
been
im
plem
ente
d at
larg
er la
ndfil
ls s
ervi
cing
the
la
rger
citi
es w
ithin
the
repo
rtin
g ar
ea s
uch
as
Ora
nge
and
Bath
urst
. Sm
alle
r C
ounc
ils w
ho d
o no
t ha
ve
the
popu
latio
n ba
se t
o su
ppor
t hi
gh c
ost
tech
nolo
gy a
re a
lso
mak
ing
chan
ges,
suc
h as
est
ablis
hing
Rec
over
y Sh
ops.
Bou
rke
and
Gilg
andr
a ar
e tw
o ex
ampl
es o
f w
here
thi
s ha
s ha
ppen
ed, w
ith t
hese
fac
ilitie
s pr
ovid
ing
an
oppo
rtun
ity f
or p
eopl
e to
dro
p-of
f ite
ms
that
th
ey n
o lo
nger
wan
t, b
ut a
re s
till i
n w
orki
ng
orde
r an
d av
aila
ble
for
othe
r pe
ople
to
purc
hase
. It
is a
gre
at w
ay t
o re
use
item
s an
d re
duce
the
am
ount
of
was
te g
oing
to
land
fill.
Recy
clin
g te
chno
logi
es a
re a
lso
cont
inua
lly
impr
ovin
g, a
nd c
olla
bora
tions
suc
h as
N
etW
aste
are
abl
e to
ass
ist
Cou
ncils
to
utili
se
thes
e as
out
lined
in t
he G
ilgan
dra
Shire
C
ounc
il Fl
uore
scen
t Tu
be R
ecyc
ling
prog
ram
.C
omm
unity
invo
lvem
ent
in w
aste
act
iviti
es
incl
udes
par
ticip
atio
n in
Cle
an U
p A
ustr
alia
D
ay. I
n 20
08-0
9, f
ourt
een
of t
he p
artic
ipat
ing
Cou
ncils
rep
orte
d th
at t
here
wer
e 58
4 pe
ople
in
volv
ed in
com
mun
ity a
ctiv
ities
suc
h as
Cle
an
Up
Aus
tral
ia D
ay. T
hese
Cou
ncils
rep
ort
that
14
ton
nes
of r
ubbi
sh w
ere
rem
oved
thr
ough
th
ese
activ
ities
. The
act
iviti
es n
ot o
nly
prov
ide
the
com
mun
ity w
ith t
he a
bilit
y to
mak
e an
im
pact
on
thei
r lo
cal e
nviro
nmen
t bu
t al
so p
lay
an im
port
ant
role
in e
duca
ting
peop
le a
bout
th
e im
pact
s of
litt
er.
Net
Was
te h
as d
evel
oped
reg
iona
l and
sub
-re
gion
al w
aste
man
agem
ent
plan
s w
hich
wor
k to
war
ds p
rovi
sion
of
serv
ices
acr
oss
seve
ral
Cou
ncils
to
ensu
re c
ontin
uity
and
acc
ess
to
reso
urce
s in
mor
e re
mot
e ar
eas.
Fur
ther
det
ails
of
the
se p
lans
are
fou
nd a
t th
e N
etW
aste
w
ebsi
te,w
ww
.net
was
te.o
rg.a
u.To
att
empt
to
redu
ce t
he im
pact
of
pack
agin
g, t
he N
atio
nal P
acka
ging
Cov
enan
t w
as e
stab
lishe
d in
199
9. T
he C
oven
ant
is
a vo
lunt
ary
initi
ativ
e, b
y G
over
nmen
t an
d in
dust
ry, t
o re
duce
the
env
ironm
enta
l eff
ects
of
pack
agin
g on
the
env
ironm
ent.
It is
des
igne
d to
min
imis
e th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
aris
ing
from
the
dis
posa
l of
used
pac
kagi
ng, c
onse
rve
reso
urce
s th
roug
h be
tter
des
ign
and
prod
uctio
n pr
oces
ses
and
faci
litat
e th
e re
-use
and
recy
clin
g of
use
d pa
ckag
ing
mat
eria
ls. T
he C
oven
ant
esta
blis
hes
a fr
amew
ork
for
the
effe
ctiv
e lif
e cy
cle
man
agem
ent
of c
onsu
mer
pac
kagi
ng
and
pape
r pr
oduc
ts t
hat
will
be
deliv
ered
th
roug
h a
colla
bora
tive
appr
oach
. It
aim
s to
ac
hiev
e, w
ith t
he h
elp
of a
ll pa
rtic
ipan
ts, a
re
cycl
ing
targ
et o
f 65
% f
or p
acka
ging
and
no
furt
her
incr
ease
s in
pac
kagi
ng w
aste
dis
pose
d to
land
fill b
y th
e en
d of
201
0.
Com
pani
es, g
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es a
nd
Indu
stry
Ass
ocia
tions
sig
n th
e C
oven
ant
and
com
mit
to c
erta
in r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s w
hich
co
ntrib
ute
to a
chie
ve t
he C
oven
ant
Perf
orm
-an
ce G
oals
and
KPI
’s. A
nyon
e in
volv
ed in
the
pa
ckag
ing
supp
ly c
hain
is in
vite
d to
sig
n th
e C
oven
ant.
All
sign
ator
ies
to t
he C
oven
ant
reco
gnis
e th
at a
co-
oper
ativ
e ap
proa
ch b
etw
een
indu
stry
an
d al
l sph
eres
of
gove
rnm
ent
is e
ssen
tial t
o ac
hiev
e na
tiona
l con
sist
ency
in t
he li
fecy
cle
man
agem
ent
of p
acka
ging
and
pap
er a
nd
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
sus
tain
able
ker
bsid
e co
llect
ion
syst
ems.
The
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent
is a
sig
nato
ry t
o th
e C
oven
ant
as w
ell a
s 70
0 co
mpa
nies
, man
y of
whi
ch s
ell t
heir
good
s w
ithin
the
rep
ortin
g re
gion
.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Cou
ncils
pro
vide
a r
ange
of
was
te c
olle
ctio
n se
rvic
es t
o th
e co
mm
unity
. The
leve
l of
serv
ices
will
dep
end
on d
eman
d fr
om, a
nd
pote
ntia
l cos
t to
, the
com
mun
ity, r
esou
rces
an
d fa
cilit
ies
avai
labl
e, a
nd t
he p
rese
nce
of
coop
erat
ive
cont
acts
with
oth
er C
ounc
ils,
thro
ugh
Net
Was
te.
A f
utur
e ch
alle
nge
has
aris
en a
s a
resu
lt of
th
e cl
osur
e of
the
CD
EP re
cycl
ing
prog
ram
s du
e to
sev
eral
tow
ns in
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
bei
ng
clas
sifie
d as
not
bei
ng “
rem
ote”
. CD
EP w
as t
he
mai
n re
cycl
ing
prov
ider
for
man
y to
wns
suc
h as
N
arro
min
e, N
ynga
n an
d W
arre
n, s
o th
ere
is a
ne
ed f
or n
ew re
cycl
ing
serv
ices
to
be p
rovi
ded
in a
ll ar
eas
acro
ss t
he re
gion
.A
dditi
onal
ly, t
here
has
bee
n a
drop
in t
he
mon
etar
y va
lue
of r
ecyc
led
mat
eria
l, m
akin
g ec
onom
ic s
usta
inab
ility
of
recy
clin
g ha
rder
to
achi
eve
espe
cial
ly f
or s
mal
ler
Cou
ncils
.
AB
OV
E C
lean
-up
Aus
tral
ia
Day
, Bat
hurs
t
Wat
er
7820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Was
te
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt79
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Susta
inab
ility
is a
rel
ativ
ely
new
, yet
ext
rem
ely
impo
rtan
t, e
mer
ging
issu
e th
at is
part
icul
arly
rel
evan
t to
loca
l Cou
ncils
in t
he f
ace
of c
limat
e ch
ange
. In
the
best
defin
ition
for
loca
l Cou
ncils
, sus
tain
abili
ty c
an b
e se
en a
s m
eetin
g th
e ne
eds
of t
he p
rese
nt w
ithou
t co
mpr
omis
ing
the
abili
ty o
f fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
to
mee
t th
eir
need
s. It
is e
ssen
tial t
hat
it op
erat
es a
cros
s th
e th
ree
sphe
res
of t
he c
omm
unity
;
envi
ronm
enta
l, so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic, a
nd c
ombi
ne w
ith g
over
nanc
e, in
a q
uadr
uple
bott
om li
ne a
ppro
ach.
Env
ironm
enta
l sus
tain
abili
ty c
an b
e de
fined
as
cons
ervi
ng
natu
ral r
esou
rces
so
that
the
eco
logi
cal p
roce
sses
upo
n w
hich
we
depe
nd a
re
mai
ntai
ned
both
now
and
in t
he f
utur
e. T
his
Regi
onal
SoE
rep
ort
prov
ides
a p
latf
orm
for
mea
surin
g su
stai
nabi
lity
initi
ativ
es a
cros
s th
e re
gion
, whi
le a
lso
prov
idin
g a
snap
shot
of
curr
ent
and
futu
re t
rend
s.
Clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
will
pla
y a
sign
ifica
nt r
ole
in t
he f
utur
e, a
s C
ounc
ils a
re a
lread
y fa
ced
with
gro
win
g co
mm
unity
con
cern
and
aw
aren
ess
of t
his
issu
e as
wel
l as
with
incr
easi
ng e
nerg
y co
sts.
Le
gisl
atio
n is
als
o pr
edic
ted
to b
e a
big
driv
er,
part
icul
arly
for
tho
se C
ounc
ils t
hat
will
be
impa
cted
by
Nat
iona
l Gre
enho
use
and
Ener
gy R
epor
ting
Syst
em
(NG
ERS)
and
the
Car
bon
Pollu
tion
Redu
ctio
n Sc
hem
e (C
PRS)
.Lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s, w
hich
pla
y a
key
role
in le
adin
g by
exa
mpl
e,
need
a s
ound
und
erst
andi
ng o
f su
stai
nabi
lity
so t
hey
are
able
to
redu
ce e
nviro
nmen
tal i
mpa
cts
and
asso
ciat
ed c
osts
and
impr
ove
the
qual
ity o
f lif
e fo
r th
eir
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es.
Key
sus
tain
abili
ty is
sues
for
all
Cou
ncils
incl
ude:
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
man
agem
ent
deve
lopm
ent
cont
rols
del
iver
sus
tain
able
de
velo
pmen
t lo
cally
Com
mun
ity in
volv
emen
t is
als
o a
key
com
pone
nt o
f su
stai
nabi
lity.
Cou
ncils
reg
ular
ly
seek
the
inpu
t an
d in
volv
emen
t of
the
ir lo
cal
com
mun
ities
by
form
al a
nd in
form
al m
eans
. Fo
rmal
mea
ns in
clud
e C
ounc
il co
mm
ittee
s,
surv
eys,
res
pons
es t
o de
velo
pmen
t ap
-pl
icat
ions
and
oth
er d
ocum
ents
on
publ
ic
exhi
bitio
n. In
form
al m
eans
are
par
ticip
atio
n ra
tes
in e
duca
tion
prog
ram
s an
d w
orks
hops
, di
scus
sion
s w
ith C
ounc
il st
aff
and
resp
onse
s in
loca
l med
ia. T
he C
MA
s al
so g
ain
regu
lar
com
mun
ity f
eedb
ack
by s
imila
r m
eans
.
Tab
le 1
5 S
umm
ary
tabl
e of
indi
cato
r tr
ends
- S
usta
inab
ility
Issu
eIn
dica
tor
2007
-08
2008
-09
Tren
d
Clim
ate
Chan
gem
itiga
tion
Annu
al e
lect
ricity
co
nsum
ptio
n fo
r Cou
ncil
facil
ities
51,9
97 M
Wh
47,0
61 M
Wh
Num
ber o
f Cou
ncil
owne
d fa
ciliti
es c
onsu
min
g el
ectri
city
873
864
Annu
al g
as c
onsu
mpt
ion
for C
ounc
il fa
ciliti
es7,
952,
959
MJ
9,51
0,89
5 M
J
Num
ber o
f Cou
ncil
oper
ated
facil
ities
co
nsum
ing
gas
8982
Tota
l fue
l con
sum
ptio
n of
Co
uncil
’s he
avy
vehi
cle
fleet
3,79
4 M
L 3,
875
ML
Coun
cil fa
ciliti
es
cons
umin
g G
reen
pow
er/
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y
1214
3
impr
ovem
ent
no o
r lit
tle c
hang
ew
orse
ning
tre
ndN
ote
– th
e ab
ove
tren
ds a
re f
or d
ata
in 2
007-
08 a
nd 2
008-
09 f
rom
the
sam
e so
urce
s. T
hey
shou
ld b
e re
ad in
ter
ms
of li
mita
tions
out
lined
in t
he d
iscu
ssio
n be
low
. Not
e al
so t
hat
ther
e ar
e
som
e ne
w in
dica
tors
for
200
8-09
for
whi
ch n
o co
mpa
rison
cou
ld b
e m
ade
with
200
7-08
. Ref
er
to t
he A
ppen
dix
for
Cou
ncils
incl
uded
in t
rend
dat
a.
Issu
e –
Sust
ain
able
pra
ctic
es
Co
nd
itio
nH
ou
seh
old
sH
ouse
hold
s ar
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r a
sign
ifica
nt
prop
ortio
n of
the
res
ourc
es w
e co
nsum
e ea
ch
year
in N
SW. A
s a
resu
lt, t
he d
ecis
ions
we
mak
e ab
out
sust
aina
bilit
y in
the
hom
e ca
n m
ake
a re
al d
iffer
ence
to
our
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s ar
ound
the
Sta
te.
user
s in
the
wor
ld. H
ouse
hold
wat
er u
se
acco
unts
for
70%
of
Sydn
ey’s
tota
l wat
er
cons
umpt
ion.
Nat
ionw
ide,
hou
seho
lds
are
the
seco
nd la
rges
t us
er o
f m
ains
wat
er
afte
r ag
ricul
ture
chem
ical
s th
an w
ere
foun
d in
a t
ypic
al
chem
istr
y la
b a
cent
ury
ago
and
mor
e th
an
300
man
ufac
ture
d ch
emic
als
have
bee
n fo
und
in h
uman
bod
ies
prod
ucer
s in
the
wor
ld. W
e th
row
aw
ay
3.3
mill
ion
tonn
es o
f fo
od a
yea
r-
the
equi
vale
nt o
f a
quar
ter
of t
he n
atio
ns f
ood
supp
ly
spen
ds $
1500
on
ener
gy b
ills
each
yea
r. 90
% o
f th
at e
nerg
y co
mes
fro
m f
ossi
l fue
ls
such
as
coal
, whi
ch c
reat
es g
reen
hous
e ga
s po
llutio
n an
d ca
uses
glo
bal w
arm
ing
and
clim
ate
chan
ge.
(Sou
rce:
DEC
CW
web
site
)
Mor
e da
ta is
requ
ired
on t
he s
usta
inab
ility
leve
ls
of h
ouse
hold
s ac
ross
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
.
AB
OV
EFa
rmer
Mic
hael
Inw
ood
from
the
Bat
hurs
t
regi
on, w
ith s
uppo
rt f
rom
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
to e
ncou
rage
on-
farm
inno
vatio
n, h
as r
etro
fitte
d
a co
mm
erci
ally
ava
ilabl
e
vehi
cle,
by
repl
acin
g a
petr
ol e
ngin
e w
ith a
sol
ar
pow
ered
ele
ctric
mot
or.
Mic
hael
is s
how
n he
re
with
his
ret
rofit
ted
ute,
unde
rtak
ing
min
imum
till
prac
tice,
usi
ng a
pur
pose
-
built
dis
c se
eder
Wat
er
8020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt81
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
ty
Ag
ricu
ltu
reTh
ere
are
num
erou
s de
finiti
ons
of s
usta
inab
le
agric
ultu
re. O
ne t
hat
embr
aces
env
iron-
men
tal,
econ
omic
and
soc
ial a
spec
ts is
tha
t fo
und
in t
he W
ollo
ndill
y Sh
ire C
ounc
il LE
P:
‘Sus
tain
able
Agr
icul
tura
l is
the
use
of la
nd
for
agric
ultu
re, w
hich
can
be
mai
ntai
ned
and
man
aged
so
that
the
land
rem
ains
env
iron-
men
tally
sus
tain
able
(tha
t is
, env
ironm
enta
l po
llutio
n an
d la
nd d
egra
datio
n ar
isin
g fr
om
the
use
is m
inim
ised
); so
cial
ly s
usta
inab
le (t
hat
is, l
and
use
confl
ict
and
loss
of
amen
ity o
f th
e su
rrou
ndin
g ar
ea a
risin
g fr
om t
he u
se is
m
inim
ised
); an
d ec
onom
ical
ly s
usta
inab
le (t
hat
is, t
here
is a
cap
abili
ty o
f m
akin
g a
net
farm
pr
ofit
from
the
use
)’.Th
ere
are
seve
ral w
ays
that
land
hold
ers
in
the
repo
rtin
g re
gion
can
mak
e ag
ricul
ture
mor
e su
stai
nabl
e. A
wel
l man
aged
per
enni
al p
astu
re
has
deep
er ro
ots
and
can
surv
ive
on p
oore
r
seas
ons
by u
tilis
ing
soil
moi
stur
e at
gre
ater
de
pth
than
one
bas
ed o
n an
nual
spe
cies
. Pr
ovid
ed a
dequ
ate
grou
nd c
over
is
mai
ntai
ned,
the
pot
entia
l for
var
ious
for
ms
of s
oil d
egra
datio
n (r
isin
g w
ater
tab
les,
sa
linity
and
soi
l aci
dific
atio
n) a
re a
lso
redu
ced.
Per
enni
al p
astu
res
can
also
lim
it nu
trie
nt r
un-o
ff in
to s
trea
ms,
be
mor
e co
mpe
titiv
e ag
ains
t w
eed
inva
sion
, inc
reas
e so
il ca
rbon
and
impr
ove
soil
stru
ctur
e, p
astu
re
com
posi
tion
and
fert
ility
.Pe
renn
ial p
astu
res
have
the
pot
entia
l to
sust
aina
bly
supp
ort
high
leve
ls o
f liv
esto
ck
prod
uctio
n, p
rovi
ded
they
are
wel
l man
aged
an
d w
ell m
atch
ed t
o so
ils, a
spec
t, t
opog
raph
y,
clim
ate
and
lives
tock
ent
erpr
ise
(Cen
tral
Wes
t C
MA
, 200
8a).
It is
als
o im
port
ant
that
the
re b
e a
futu
re
emph
asis
on
“no
till”
pra
ctic
es a
nd m
ore
cap
and
pipe
pro
ject
s in
art
esia
n ar
eas.
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
cert
ified
org
anic
p
rod
uce
rs
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. O
rgan
ic f
arm
ing
can
be
sust
aina
ble
and
thus
can
pro
vide
an
indi
cato
r of
the
mov
e to
war
ds s
usta
inab
le a
gric
ultu
re in
th
e re
gion
.Th
is is
a n
ew in
dica
tor.
Ther
e w
ere
42
cert
ified
org
anic
pro
duce
rs in
the
reg
ion
in
2008
-09.
Thre
atA
war
enes
s an
d a
ccep
tan
ceA
lthou
gh it
has
bee
n em
brac
ed b
y go
vern
men
ts w
orld
wid
e si
nce
the
Rio
Sum
mit
of 1
992,
aw
aren
ess
and
acce
ptan
ce o
f th
e ne
ed t
o m
ove
tow
ards
sus
tain
abili
ty c
an b
e a
maj
or b
arrie
r. Su
stai
nabi
lity
is a
long
-ter
m
goal
and
indi
vidu
als
and
com
mun
ities
can
find
it
diffi
cult
to m
ove
tow
ards
mor
e su
stai
nabl
e pr
actic
es p
artic
ular
ly w
hen
face
d w
ith s
hort
er-t
erm
ex
tern
al p
ress
ures
suc
h as
dr
ough
t an
d gl
obal
fina
ncia
l do
wnt
urns
.
Res
po
nse
Sust
ain
able
ag
ricu
ltu
re
Ind
icat
or
– Ex
ten
t o
f su
stai
nab
le f
arm
ing
in
itia
tive
s u
nd
erta
ken
w
ith
CM
A f
un
din
g
This
is a
new
indi
cato
r. Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A
repo
rts
that
as
a re
sult
of it
s in
cent
ive
fund
ing
sust
aina
ble
farm
ing
initi
ativ
es h
ave
been
un
dert
aken
acr
oss
324,
818
hect
ares
of
the
regi
on.
Co
un
cil s
ust
ain
abili
tyTh
ree
of t
he lo
cal C
ounc
ils
repo
rted
tha
t th
ey h
ad
sust
aina
bilit
y pl
ans.
Fou
r C
ounc
ils s
aid
they
inte
grat
ed
sust
aina
bilit
y in
to t
heir
proj
ect
obje
ctiv
es. F
our
Cou
ncils
rep
orte
d th
at t
hey
inco
rpor
ated
sus
tain
abil-
ity in
to C
ounc
il pl
ans
and
inst
rum
ents
.
Reg
ion
al C
olla
bo
rati
on
sTh
e de
velo
pmen
t of
reg
iona
l col
labo
ratio
ns is
on
e w
ay t
o m
ove
tow
ards
sus
tain
abili
ty.
Net
Was
te is
a r
egio
nal c
olla
bora
tion
betw
een
Cen
tral
and
Ora
na R
egio
nal O
rgan
i-sa
tions
of
Cou
ncils
and
spo
nsor
ed b
y D
ECC
W.
Net
Was
te is
foc
used
on
was
te a
nd r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
proj
ects
, inc
ludi
ng r
egio
nal
cont
ract
s, e
duca
tion
prog
ram
s, k
now
ledg
e sh
arin
g an
d w
aste
pla
nnin
g at
bot
h re
gion
al
and
sub-
regi
onal
leve
ls. N
etW
aste
has
un
dert
aken
pro
ject
s su
ch a
s D
rum
Mus
ter,
“But
t It
Then
Bin
It”,
Com
mun
ity S
harp
s M
anag
emen
t, H
ouse
hold
Che
mic
al W
aste
C
olle
ctio
n, U
sed
Oil
Reco
very
, Was
te t
o A
rt
and
E-W
aste
Rec
yclin
g. N
etW
aste
coo
rdin
ates
w
orks
hops
for
Cou
ncils
, the
com
mun
ity,
busi
ness
and
sch
ools
, pro
mot
ing
was
te
redu
ctio
n an
d re
cycl
ing.
C
entr
oc
is c
ompr
ised
of
16 m
embe
r C
ounc
ils, a
nd h
as u
nder
take
n a
rang
e of
pr
ojec
ts t
o he
lp w
ith r
egio
nal c
oord
inat
ion
of
know
ledg
e an
d re
sour
ces
acro
ss t
he C
ounc
ils.
This
incl
udes
tra
inin
g pr
ogra
ms,
gro
up
cont
ract
s an
d co
ordi
natin
g fu
ndin
g fo
r co
llab-
orat
ive
proj
ects
. The
Cou
ncils
cov
ered
by
this
re
port
und
er C
entr
oc a
re B
athu
rst,
Bla
yney
, C
abon
ne, C
owra
, Lac
hlan
, Ora
nge,
Obe
ron
and
Wel
lingt
on.
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
The
Gre
at C
om
po
st C
oo
k O
ff
Cen
troc
has
par
tner
ed w
ith lo
cal v
iney
ards
to
prom
ote
the
bene
fits
of c
ompo
stin
g ac
ross
the
reg
ion.
The
pro
ject
beg
an w
ith a
vin
eyar
d fr
om M
udge
e be
ing
aske
d to
tria
l mak
ing
com
post
and
writ
e a
repo
rt o
n its
exp
erie
nces
. It
has
now
gro
wn
into
a f
ull s
cale
com
petit
ion
betw
een
vine
yard
s fr
om M
udge
e, O
rang
e, C
owra
and
Bat
hurs
t co
mpe
ting
to m
ake
the
best
com
post
. Gre
en w
aste
fro
m C
ounc
ils h
ad t
o be
us
ed a
s a
prim
ary
ingr
edie
nt a
nd t
he t
rial c
ompo
st r
epor
t fr
om
Mud
gee
was
pro
vide
d to
all
part
icip
atin
g.Ve
geta
bles
wer
e th
en g
row
n in
the
com
post
by
loca
l co
mm
unity
gar
dene
rs a
nd s
choo
ls a
nd f
orm
ed t
he b
asis
of
a re
gion
al c
ook-
off
with
che
fs a
s pa
rt o
f an
ann
ual C
ompo
st B
all
whi
ch c
eleb
rate
s co
mpo
st a
nd lo
cal p
rodu
ce. T
he fi
nal s
tep
in t
he
prog
ram
has
bee
n th
e di
strib
utio
n of
“G
row
you
r ow
n C
ompo
st”
kits
pro
vide
d to
hom
e ga
rden
ers
and
win
e m
akes
with
info
rmat
ion
on s
tart
ing
a co
mpo
st h
eap
or w
orm
far
m.
The
aim
of
the
proj
ect
is t
o ra
ise
the
profi
le o
f co
mpo
stin
g,
and
clea
n gr
een
vine
yard
s, a
s w
ell a
s pr
omot
e th
e re
gion
as
clea
n an
d gr
een
and
deliv
er a
suc
cess
ful a
nd f
un, c
o-op
erat
ive
regi
onal
pr
ojec
t th
at w
ill p
ositi
on t
he r
egio
n fo
r fu
rthe
r fu
ndin
g.
BEL
OW
Sus
tain
able
agric
ultu
re w
ill p
lay
a si
gnifi
cant
rol
e in
miti
gatin
g an
d ad
aptin
g
to c
limat
e ch
ange
Wat
erTo
war
ds S
usta
inab
ility
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt83
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
8220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
BO
D A
llian
ce: T
he la
rger
Cou
ncils
of
Bath
urst
, Ora
nge
and
Dub
bo h
ave
form
ed
an a
llian
ce t
o im
prov
e co
oper
ativ
e sh
arin
g of
kn
owle
dge,
res
ourc
es a
nd p
roje
cts
acro
ss t
he
thre
e C
ounc
il ar
eas.
One
of
the
first
pro
ject
s fo
r th
e A
llian
ce h
as b
een
the
deve
lopm
ent
of
the
BOD
Env
ironm
enta
l Sus
tain
abili
ty A
ctio
n Pl
an, w
hich
incl
udes
six
man
agem
ent
actio
n pl
ans
in t
he a
reas
of
wat
er, s
alin
ity, b
iodi
ver-
sity
, ene
rgy,
was
te a
nd p
ollu
tion.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t Sa
linit
y an
d W
ater
Q
ual
ity
Alli
ance
(Alli
ance
) rep
rese
nts
a gr
oup
of t
hirt
een
Cou
ncils
in t
he C
entr
al W
est
that
wor
k co
llabo
rativ
ely
to a
ddre
ss w
ater
qu
ality
and
sal
inity
issu
es u
sing
a w
hole
-of
-cat
chm
ent
appr
oach
. The
goa
l of
the
Alli
ance
is t
o ac
hiev
e re
al o
n gr
ound
Nat
ural
Re
sour
ce M
anag
emen
t (N
RM) o
utco
mes
, whi
le
deve
lopi
ng p
olic
y w
ithin
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t to
en
sure
tha
t N
RM r
elev
ant
issu
es a
re a
ddre
ssed
. Th
e A
llian
ce a
lso
build
s on
the
cap
acity
of
Cou
ncils
and
the
Com
mun
ity t
o un
ders
tand
th
e im
port
ance
of
man
agin
g an
d im
prov
ing
thei
r en
viro
nmen
t.
The
Cen
tral
Wes
t an
d L
ach
lan
Lo
cal
Go
vern
men
t R
efer
ence
Gro
up
s es
tabl
ish
form
al a
nd c
onst
ruct
ive
rela
tions
hips
bet
wee
n th
e co
unci
ls a
nd t
he C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
ritie
s to
enh
ance
and
pro
mot
e st
rate
gic
and
sust
aina
ble
natu
ral r
esou
rce
man
agem
ent
(NRM
) acr
oss
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t an
d La
chla
n C
atch
men
ts. T
he R
efer
ence
Gro
ups
reco
gnis
e th
e im
port
ance
of
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent
in t
he
man
agem
ent
of n
atur
al re
sour
ces,
as
a pl
anne
r, m
anag
er a
nd lo
cal c
omm
unity
lead
er. T
his
colla
bora
tion
ensu
res
that
the
re is
a s
trat
egic
an
d lo
ng-t
erm
app
roac
h to
NRM
thr
ough
co
oper
ativ
e pl
anni
ng a
nd o
n-gr
ound
act
ion.
Low
er M
acq
uar
ie W
ater
Uti
litie
s A
llian
ce r
epre
sent
s a
grou
p of
six
Cou
ncils
, w
ithin
the
Cen
tral
Wes
t an
d W
este
rn
Cat
chm
ent
Are
as, w
ho a
re c
omm
ited
to
prov
idin
g a
unifi
ed a
ppro
ach
to t
he s
usta
inab
le
deliv
ery
of w
ater
sup
ply
and
sew
erag
e se
rvic
es, a
nd t
o ac
hiev
e an
d m
aint
ain
gaze
tted
Be
st P
ract
ice
for
Wat
er U
tiliti
es.
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
A
fut
ure
chal
leng
e w
ill b
e th
e ca
paci
ty o
f C
ounc
ils t
o lis
ten
to a
nd in
terp
ret
com
mun
ity
aspi
ratio
ns in
cre
atin
g su
stai
nabi
lity
polic
ies,
as
wel
l as
secu
ring
fund
ing
for
ongo
ing
com
mun
ity e
duca
tion,
reb
ates
and
pro
gram
s.
As
note
d ab
ove,
ano
ther
cha
lleng
e w
ill b
e th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
sus
tain
abili
ty in
dica
tors
for
ho
useh
olds
, bus
ines
ses,
far
ms
and
Cou
ncils
in
the
regi
on. T
here
will
als
o be
a c
halle
nge
for
Cou
ncils
and
the
ir co
mm
uniti
es in
dev
elop
ing
and
impl
emen
ting
sust
aina
bilit
y st
rate
gies
w
ithin
the
Inte
grat
ed P
lann
ing
and
Repo
rtin
g Fr
amew
ork
(see
Intr
oduc
tion)
.
Issu
e –
Clim
ate
chan
ge
Co
nd
itio
nC
SIRO
rec
ently
pro
vide
d ev
iden
ce t
o sh
ow t
hat
clim
ate
chan
ge is
occ
urrin
g in
Aus
tral
ia.
0.9°
C f
rom
191
0 to
200
4. T
here
hav
e be
en
mor
e he
atw
aves
and
few
er f
rost
s
on t
he e
aste
rn s
eabo
ard
and
in t
he s
outh
of
the
con
tinen
t, b
ut in
crea
sed
in t
he
nort
hwes
t
inte
nse,
and
ext
rem
e ra
infa
ll ev
ents
hav
e in
crea
sed
in t
he n
orth
east
and
sou
thw
est
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).
The
CSI
RO r
epor
t al
so p
redi
cted
tha
t in
NSW
by
the
yea
r 20
30:
in a
roun
d 19
90
and
few
er f
rost
day
s be
low
0ºC
will
be
redu
ced
in c
entr
al a
nd s
outh
east
NSW
.
Alth
ough
clim
ate
chan
ge is
a g
loba
l pro
blem
, it
will
hav
e ve
ry d
iffer
ent
effe
cts
on a
loca
l sca
le.
Cou
ncils
mus
t be
read
y to
find
way
s to
ada
pt t
o th
e un
avoi
dabl
e im
pact
s to
infr
astr
uctu
re, b
iodi
-ve
rsity
and
the
com
mun
ity. S
ome
of t
he k
ey
thre
ats
that
the
regi
on m
ay e
xper
ienc
e in
clud
es;
a ris
e in
ann
ual t
empe
ratu
res
and
occu
rren
ce
of h
eatw
aves
, inc
reas
e in
bus
hfire
and
sto
rm
activ
ity a
nd re
duct
ions
in p
reci
pita
tion.
Fr
om t
he B
OD
Alli
ance
’s En
viro
nmen
tal
Sust
aina
bilit
y A
ctio
n Pl
an (2
007)
, som
e of
th
e pr
edic
ted
loca
l im
pact
s fr
om in
crea
sed
tem
pera
ture
and
eva
pora
tion
incl
ude;
dam
age
to v
eget
atio
n an
d qu
ality
of
wat
er
supp
lies
supp
lies
and
wat
er q
ualit
y th
roug
h, f
or
exam
ple,
blo
oms
of b
lue-
gree
n al
gae
from
in
crea
se n
utrie
nt c
once
ntra
tions
incr
ease
in t
urbi
d ru
n-of
f fo
llow
ing
rain
fall
even
ts
spec
ies
resu
lting
in le
ss b
iodi
vers
ity
requ
iring
mor
e se
rvic
ing
heat
str
ess,
par
ticul
arly
am
ong
vuln
erab
le
sect
ions
of
the
com
mun
ity s
uch
as t
he
elde
rly a
nd t
he v
ery
youn
g
to b
e re
sche
dule
d
build
ings
coo
l
heat
-pro
tect
ive
clot
hing
for
out
door
sta
ff
fire
fight
ing
incr
easi
ng g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
and
plac
ing
stre
sses
on
ener
gy a
nd e
mer
genc
y w
ater
infr
astr
uctu
re.
Som
e of
the
pre
dict
ed lo
cal i
mpa
cts
from
ch
ange
s to
sto
rm a
ctiv
ity a
nd r
ainf
all i
nclu
de:
wee
d in
vasi
on
pollu
tant
bei
ng c
arrie
d by
sto
rmw
ater
wat
er q
ualit
y fo
r aq
uatic
spe
cies
and
dr
inki
ng w
ater
sup
plie
s
was
hout
s
wat
er s
uppl
y, s
ewer
s an
d co
mm
unic
atio
ns
aest
hetic
s an
d re
crea
tiona
l am
enity
lead
ing
to fl
oodi
ng o
f pr
ivat
e pr
oper
ty
and
flyin
g de
bris
dela
ys in
the
sup
ply
of g
oods
to p
ublic
bui
ldin
gs f
rom
win
d, h
ail.
aspe
cts
of t
he la
ndsc
ape
lead
ing
to
less
tou
rism
and
sig
nific
ant
impa
cts
on a
gric
ultu
reB
ELO
WSu
nset
ove
r th
e
Cen
tral
Wes
t
Wat
er
8420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
tyRe
gion
al S
tate
of t
he E
nviro
nmen
t Rep
ort
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt85
appr
opria
te s
tand
ards
to
redu
ce li
abili
ty
emer
genc
y re
spon
se
Thre
ats
Ener
gy
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n
Ind
icat
or
– A
nn
ual
ele
ctri
city
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
for
Co
un
cil f
acili
ties
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
Co
un
cil o
wn
ed
faci
litie
s u
sin
g e
lect
rici
ty
As
one
of t
he h
ighe
st s
ourc
e of
gre
enho
use
gase
s th
at C
ounc
ils h
ave
a di
rect
impa
ct o
n,
elec
tric
ity c
onsu
mpt
ion
is a
n ar
ea f
or p
riorit
y ac
tion.
Not
e th
at t
he r
egio
n is
a la
rge
prod
ucer
of
bla
ck c
oal a
nd t
here
is a
hea
vy r
elia
nce
on
coal
for
ele
ctric
ity.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le 1
5),
the
amou
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
con
sum
ed b
y th
ose
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
bot
h ye
ars
incr
ease
d fr
om 2
007-
08 t
o 20
08-0
9. T
his
wor
seni
ng t
rend
ha
ppen
ed e
ven
thou
gh t
he n
umbe
r of
Cou
ncil-
owne
d fa
cilit
ies
usin
g el
ectr
icity
dec
lined
.Th
e to
tal a
mou
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
con
sum
ed
at f
acili
ties
run
by t
he 1
1 re
port
ing
Cou
ncils
in
200
8-09
was
53,
327
MW
h.A
bre
akdo
wn
of t
he e
lect
ricity
use
d in
its
faci
litie
s by
rep
ortin
g C
ounc
ils is
pro
vide
d in
Fi
gure
22.
Ind
icat
or
– A
nn
ual
gas
co
nsu
mp
tio
n f
or
Co
un
cil f
acili
tiesMW
h 0
3000
6000
9000
1200
015
000
2009
2008
Wel
lingt
onW
arru
mbu
ngle
War
ren
Ora
nge
Obe
ron
Nar
rom
ine
Mid
-Wes
tern
Lach
lan
Gilg
andr
aDu
bbo
Cow
raCo
onam
ble
Blay
ney
Bath
urst
Fig
ure
22
Elec
tric
ity
cons
umpt
ion
for
Cou
ncil
faci
litie
s
Ind
icat
or
– N
um
ber
of
Co
un
cil o
wn
ed
faci
litie
s co
nsu
min
g g
as
As
with
ele
ctric
ity, t
he u
se o
f ga
s pr
ovid
es
an in
dica
tion
of c
ontr
ibut
ions
mad
e by
C
ounc
ils t
o gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
As
natu
ral g
as g
ener
ally
has
a lo
wer
car
bon
foot
prin
t, c
hang
es t
o th
e nu
mbe
r of
pre
mis
es
usin
g el
ectr
icity
or
gas
coul
d gi
ve p
oten
tial
gree
nhou
se e
mis
sion
red
uctio
ns.
As
show
n in
the
sum
mar
y ta
ble
(Tab
le15
),th
ere
was
an
incr
ease
in t
he u
se o
f ga
s at
th
e fa
cilit
ies
of t
hose
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed
in b
oth
year
s. A
lso,
the
re w
as a
dec
line
in
the
num
ber
of f
acili
ties
usin
g ga
s fr
om t
hose
C
ounc
ils t
hat
repo
rted
in b
oth
year
s.In
200
8-09
, the
tot
al a
mou
nt o
f ga
s co
nsum
ed b
y 10
rep
ortin
g co
unci
ls w
as
19,6
89,7
55 M
egaj
oule
s.
Ind
icat
or
– To
tal f
uel
co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f C
ou
nci
l’s h
eavy
veh
icle
flee
t
As
with
ele
ctric
ity a
nd g
as c
onsu
mpt
ion,
hea
vy
vehi
cle
fleet
fue
l use
is a
sig
nific
ant
sour
ce o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons.
A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
15)
th
ere
was
litt
le c
hang
e in
the
am
ount
of
fuel
co
nsum
ed f
or h
eavy
veh
icle
s by
Cou
ncils
tha
t re
port
ed in
bot
h ye
ars.
In 2
008-
09, 1
3 co
unci
ls
in t
he r
egio
n re
port
ed t
hat
they
use
4,6
49 M
L of
fue
l.
Incr
ease
s in
ext
rem
e ev
ents
an
d w
eath
erIn
crea
ses
in t
he in
tens
ity o
f ra
infa
ll ev
ents
co
uld
incr
ease
bot
h fla
sh fl
oodi
ng a
nd
the
stra
ins
on w
ater
infr
astr
uctu
re s
uch
as
sew
erag
e an
d dr
aina
ge s
yste
ms,
par
ticul
arly
in
pop
ulat
ion
cent
res.
Fo
r ex
ampl
e, c
limat
e ch
ange
may
dou
ble
flood
-rel
ated
dam
ages
in p
opul
atio
n ce
ntre
s of
NSW
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).Re
gard
less
of
chan
ges
in s
uch
extr
emes
, hi
gher
tem
pera
ture
s an
d lo
wer
ave
rage
ra
infa
ll is
like
ly t
o le
ad t
o in
crea
sed
pres
sure
on
urb
an w
ater
and
ene
rgy
supp
lies,
unl
ess
mod
erat
ed b
y de
man
d m
anag
emen
t m
easu
res
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).
Res
po
nse
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
e M
itig
atio
nSe
vera
l Cou
ncils
acr
oss
the
regi
on a
re im
ple-
men
ting
actio
ns t
o re
duce
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
Bat
hurs
t Re
gion
al
Cou
ncil
has
rece
ntly
est
ablis
hed
an in
tern
al
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Com
mitt
ee, r
eflec
ting
grow
ing
com
mun
ity c
once
rn r
egar
ding
re
duci
ng e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n an
d gr
eenh
ouse
em
issi
ons
thro
ugh
effic
ienc
y. W
ork
has
focu
sed
on e
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
such
as
build
ing
and
stre
et li
ghtin
g re
view
s, la
ndfil
l gas
cap
ture
an
d pu
rcha
se o
f gr
een
ener
gy f
or C
ounc
il as
sets
(BO
D, 2
007)
. D
ubbo
City
Cou
ncil
has
addr
esse
d m
any
area
s of
con
cern
thr
ough
the
Citi
es f
or
Clim
ate
Prot
ectio
n Pr
ogra
m, a
chie
ving
all
five
mile
ston
es in
the
pro
gram
and
ach
ievi
ng
reco
gniti
on o
f co
mpl
etin
g ex
tens
ion
activ
ities
. Th
e m
ilest
ones
Dub
bo C
ounc
il ha
s su
cces
sful
ly
com
plet
ed in
clud
e:M
ilest
on
e 1:
Est
ablis
h an
inve
ntor
y an
d fo
reca
st f
or k
ey s
ourc
es o
f gr
eenh
ouse
em
issi
ons
for
Cou
ncil
and
com
mun
ityM
ilest
on
e 2:
Set
goa
ls t
o ef
fect
ivel
y re
duce
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s
Cas
eSt
ud
y –
Ro
of
Full
of
Reb
ates
Dub
bo C
ity C
ounc
il, in
a b
id t
o ed
ucat
e th
e co
mm
unity
abo
ut e
nviro
nmen
tal
issu
es a
nd h
ow t
o ad
apt
to p
ress
ures
su
ch a
s cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
the
fina
ncia
l cr
isis
, hav
e in
stal
led
a 3k
W p
hoto
volta
ic
(PV
) sys
tem
on
the
roof
of
the
Mac
quar
ie
Regi
onal
Lib
rary
.W
ith it
s hi
gh p
atro
nage
fro
m a
ll se
ctor
s of
the
com
mun
ity, t
he c
entr
al
loca
tion
of t
he li
brar
y pr
ovid
es a
n id
eal
oppo
rtun
ity t
o de
mon
stra
te r
enew
able
en
ergy
tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d en
ergy
effi
cien
t pr
actic
es.
Com
plet
ed in
200
9, t
he 2
2m²
roof
ge
nera
tes
appr
oxim
atel
y 65
70 k
Wh
per
annu
m w
ith a
n es
timat
ed c
ost
savi
ngs
of
$107
7 pe
r ye
ar a
nd a
red
uctio
n of
6.5
to
nnes
of
CO
2 pe
r ye
ar.
The
inst
alla
tion
was
acc
ompa
nied
by
an e
duca
tion
prog
ram
abo
ut s
olar
ene
rgy
and
curr
ent
hous
ehol
d re
bate
s. C
ounc
il al
so r
an a
suc
cess
ful r
ebat
e pr
ogra
m f
or
resi
dent
s en
cour
agin
g th
em t
o in
stal
l PV
sy
stem
s on
the
ir ho
mes
.
Sola
r pa
nels
on
Maq
uarie
Reg
iona
l Lib
rary
–
Dub
bo B
ranc
h
Mile
sto
ne
3: D
evel
op a
nd a
dopt
a lo
cal
gree
nhou
se a
ctio
n pl
an t
o ac
hiev
e em
issi
on
redu
ctio
nsM
ilest
on
e 4:
Impl
emen
t gr
eenh
ouse
gas
ac
tion
plan
and
qua
ntify
ben
efits
Mile
sto
ne
5: M
onito
r an
d re
view
act
ion
plan
and
hig
hlig
ht t
he e
ffec
tive
wor
k do
ne
in r
educ
ing
emis
sion
s an
d sa
ving
mon
eyC
CP
Plu
s: A
dvan
ced
gree
nhou
se r
educ
tion
initi
ativ
es t
hrou
gh a
sui
te o
f ac
tions
suc
h as
ad
vanc
ing
actio
n pr
ojec
ts, o
rgan
isat
iona
l re
view
s an
d pl
anni
ng a
nd r
evie
w.
This
has
allo
wed
Cou
ncil
to s
et t
arge
ts f
or
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
red
uctio
n fo
r bo
th C
ounc
il’s
own
activ
ities
and
als
o fo
r th
e co
mm
unity
(BO
D, 2
007)
. The
cur
rent
co
rpor
ate
goal
is a
red
uctio
n of
35%
per
ca
pita
on
1998
leve
ls b
y 20
10 -
equ
ival
ent
to 2
5.5%
red
uctio
n. T
he c
omm
unity
goa
l is
redu
ctio
n of
20%
per
cap
ita o
n 19
98 le
vels
by
2010
– e
quiv
alen
t to
8.5
% r
educ
tion.
Wat
er
8620
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
ty
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt87
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Ind
icat
or
– C
ou
nci
l fac
iliti
es u
sin
g
Gre
enp
ow
er/r
enew
able
en
erg
y
The
conv
ersi
on t
o G
reen
pow
er is
one
way
tha
t C
ounc
ils c
an r
educ
e gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
at t
heir
faci
litie
s. A
s sh
own
in t
he s
umm
ary
tabl
e (T
able
15)
, the
re w
as a
n in
crea
se in
the
nu
mbe
r of
fac
ilitie
s us
ing
Gre
enpo
wer
fro
m 1
2 in
200
7-08
to
143
in 2
008-
09 b
y th
e C
ounc
ils
that
rep
orte
d in
bot
h ye
ars
(140
of
thes
e fa
cilit
ies
are
in O
rang
e C
ity).
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
e A
dap
tati
on
The
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent’s
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Impa
cts
and
Ada
ptat
ion
Rese
arch
Pro
gram
is s
uppo
rtin
g a
proj
ect w
ith D
ECC
W to
rese
arch
the
likel
y im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge o
n in
land
aqu
atic
ec
osys
tem
s of
out
stan
ding
bio
dive
rsity
val
ue.
Mos
t of
the
res
earc
h fo
r th
is p
roje
ct is
be
ing
unde
rtak
en in
the
Mac
quar
ie M
arsh
es
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).Th
e C
entr
al W
est
CM
A is
als
o le
adin
g a
rese
arch
pro
ject
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith t
he
Aus
tral
ia N
atio
nal U
nive
rsity
and
the
CSI
RO t
o de
velo
p an
inte
grat
ed c
atch
men
t m
odel
for
th
e M
acqu
arie
Riv
er.
This
mod
el w
ill b
e us
ed a
s a
deci
sion
su
ppor
t sy
stem
to
assi
st in
mak
ing
info
rmed
m
anag
ed d
ecis
ions
abo
ut c
atch
men
t m
anag
emen
t in
res
pons
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge
(CSI
RO, 2
007a
).
Futu
re c
hal
len
ges
Sust
aina
bilit
y ne
eds
to b
e in
corp
orat
ed in
to
the
core
bus
ines
s m
echa
nism
s fo
r al
l sec
tions
of
Cou
ncil,
not
just
the
env
ironm
enta
l
team
. Thi
s sh
ould
incl
ude
a cl
imat
e ch
ange
m
anag
emen
t ap
proa
ch t
o co
ver
adap
ting
to
and
miti
gatin
g th
e fu
ture
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
.C
ounc
ils a
re a
maj
or c
onsu
mer
of
ener
gy
so r
educ
ing
gree
nhou
se g
as (G
HG
) em
issi
ons
is o
ne o
f th
e ke
y st
eps
to m
itiga
ting
clim
ate
chan
ge. C
ounc
ils c
an r
educ
e th
e ca
rbon
fo
otpr
int
of t
heir
LGA
by
focu
sing
on
cutt
ing
emis
sion
s w
ithin
the
Cou
ncil
corp
orat
e an
d al
so e
duca
ting
the
com
mun
ity o
n ho
w t
o cu
t th
eir
own
emis
sion
s.O
ne o
f th
e ke
y so
urce
s of
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s is
the
dec
ompo
sitio
n of
org
anic
w
aste
in la
ndfil
l. Fu
ture
Cou
ncil
activ
ity,
toge
ther
with
the
ir lo
cal c
omm
unity
, with
in
this
are
a ca
n ac
hiev
e ra
pid
and
sign
ifica
nt
redu
ctio
ns in
em
issi
ons.
As
far
as r
oles
are
con
cern
ed, C
ounc
il ca
n be
:
falls
with
in it
s ar
ea o
f r
espo
nsib
ility
othe
rs
the
com
mun
ity.
A m
ajor
fut
ure
chal
leng
e, f
or in
dust
ry a
nd
othe
r or
gani
satio
ns a
cros
s th
e re
gion
will
be
resp
ondi
ng t
o th
e in
trod
uctio
n of
the
CPR
S (a
t th
e tim
e of
writ
ing
it w
as u
nsur
e of
the
for
m
the
CPR
S w
ill t
ake)
. A
noth
er f
utur
e ch
alle
nge
will
be
for
com
mun
ities
acr
oss
the
regi
on t
o ad
apt
to t
he
poss
ible
clim
ate
chan
ge s
cena
rios
desc
ribed
ab
ove.
BEL
OW
Roa
dsid
e Re
mna
nt
Box-
Gum
Woo
dlan
d
Whi
te R
ock
Road
Bat
hurs
t
Wat
er
8820
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
Tow
ards
Sus
tain
abili
ty
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt89
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
9020
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt91
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Refe
renc
es Aus
tral
ian
Bure
au o
f St
atis
tics
(200
9)
Popu
latio
n an
d C
omm
unity
Pro
file
Cen
sus
data
200
6 an
d po
pula
tion
proj
ectio
ns 2
008.
Ava
ilabl
e at
w
ww
.abs
.gov
.au
Aus
tral
ian
Gre
enho
use
Offi
ce (2
003)
. Clim
ate
Cha
nge
– A
n A
ustr
alia
n G
uide
to
the
Scie
nce
and
Pote
ntia
l Im
pact
s (e
dite
d by
Bar
rie P
ittoc
k). A
vaila
ble
from
D
epar
tmen
t of
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
w
ww
.clim
atec
hang
e.go
v.au
/sci
ence
/gu
ide
The
Aus
tral
ian
Inst
itute
(200
5). W
aste
ful
Con
sum
ptio
n in
Aus
tral
ia, C
live
Ham
ilton
, Ric
hard
Den
niss
, Dav
id B
aker
. D
iscu
ssio
n Pa
per
No
77.
BOD
Alli
ance
(200
7) E
nviro
nmen
tal S
usta
in-
abili
ty a
nd A
ctio
n Pl
an, p
repa
red
for
Bath
urst
, Ora
nge
and
Dub
bo A
llian
ce o
f C
ounc
ils, 2
007,
Eco
lens
.
Bure
au o
f M
eteo
rolo
gy (2
009)
Rai
nfal
l and
Te
mpe
ratu
re D
ata.
Ava
ilabl
e at
ww
w.b
om.g
ov.a
u
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
rity
(200
8a) C
atch
men
t In
form
atio
n. A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
.cw
.cm
a.ns
w.g
ov.a
u
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
rity
(200
8b) A
nnua
l Rep
ort
for
2007
-200
8. A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
.cw
.cm
a.ns
w.g
ov.a
u
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t A
utho
rity
(200
7) C
entr
al W
est
Cat
chm
ent
Cat
chm
ent
Act
ion
Plan
20
06-2
016
CSI
RO (2
007a
) Clim
ate
Cha
nge
in t
he C
entr
al
Wes
t C
atch
men
t. P
repa
red
by C
SIRO
fo
r th
e N
SW G
over
nmen
t. A
vaila
ble
at
ww
w.e
nviro
nmen
t.ns
w.g
ov.a
u/cl
imat
ech
ange
CSI
RO (2
007b
) Clim
ate
Cha
nge
in t
he L
achl
an
Cat
chm
ent.
Pre
pare
d by
CSI
RO f
or t
he
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent.
Ava
ilabl
e at
w
ww
.env
ironm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au/
clim
ate
chan
ge
CSI
RO (2
007c
) Clim
ate
Cha
nge
in t
he
Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent.
Pre
pare
d by
CSI
RO
for
the
NSW
Gov
ernm
ent.
Ava
ilabl
e at
w
ww
.env
ironm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au/
clim
ate
chan
ge
Dep
artm
ent
of C
limat
e C
hang
e (2
009)
A
ustr
alia
’s Bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
nd C
limat
e C
hang
e: A
str
ateg
ic a
sses
smen
t of
the
vu
lner
abili
ty o
f A
ustr
alia
’s bi
odiv
ersi
ty
to c
limat
e ch
ange
. Ava
ilabl
e at
:ht
tp://
ww
w.c
limat
echa
nge.
gov.
au/
impa
cts/
pubs
/bio
dive
rsity
-vul
nera
bilit
y-as
sess
men
t.pd
f
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t an
d C
limat
e C
hang
e (2
008)
. Wha
t is
Bio
dive
rsity
? A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
.env
ironm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t an
d C
limat
e C
hang
e (2
006)
. Sta
te o
f th
e En
viro
nmen
t. A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
.env
ironm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au.
soe/
soe2
006
Dep
artm
ent
of E
nviro
nmen
t, C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d W
ater
(200
9) E
nviro
nmen
tal I
ssue
s:
Air
qual
ity. A
vaila
ble
at h
ttp:
//ww
w.
envi
ronm
ent.
nsw
.gov
.au/
air/
inde
x.ht
m
Dep
artm
ent
of P
rimar
y In
dust
ries
(200
9)
Pest
s an
d W
eeds
Man
agem
ent:
Nox
ious
w
eeds
dec
lara
tion
data
base
. Ava
ilabl
e at
: ht
tp://
ww
w.d
pi.n
sw.g
ov.a
u/ag
ricul
ture
/pe
sts-
wee
ds/w
eeds
/nox
wee
d
Dep
artm
ent
of P
rimar
y In
dust
ries
(200
8).
Wee
d In
form
atio
n fo
r Sc
hool
s. A
vaila
ble
atw
ww
.dpi
.nsw
.gov
.au
Dep
artm
ent
of P
rimar
y In
dust
ries
(200
7).
Pest
Ani
mal
Sur
vey.
Ava
ilabl
e at
w
ww
.dpi
.nsw
.gov
.au
DLG
, 199
9, E
nviro
nmen
t G
uide
lines
, Sta
te
of t
he E
nviro
nmen
t Re
port
ing
for
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t. P
rom
otin
g Ec
olog
ical
ly
Sust
aina
ble
Dev
elop
men
t
Dep
artm
ent
of In
fras
truc
ture
, Pla
nnin
g an
d N
atur
al R
esou
rces
(200
5) C
osts
of
Urb
an
Salin
ity. L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
Salin
ity
Initi
ativ
e.
Dep
artm
ent
of S
usta
inab
ility
and
Env
ironm
ent
(200
9) A
vaila
ble
at: h
ttp:
//ww
w.d
se.v
ic.
gov.
au/d
se/in
dex.
htm
Euro
pean
Com
mun
ities
(200
8) T
he e
cono
mic
s of
eco
syst
ems
and
biod
iver
sity
– a
n in
terim
rep
ort,
Ava
ilabl
e at
htt
p://w
ww
.uf
z.de
/dat
a/ec
onom
ics_
ecos
yste
ms
_ bi
odiv
ersi
ty87
17.p
df
Gol
dney
, D, K
erle
, A a
nd F
lem
ing,
M (2
007)
Th
reat
enin
g Pr
oces
ses
– St
atus
of
vert
ebra
te f
auna
and
the
ir ha
bita
ts.
Hum
phrie
s, E
.J.,
(200
0). R
epor
t Su
mm
ary
Salin
ity R
isk
Ass
essm
ent
of t
he C
entr
al
Wes
t C
atch
men
t. A
join
t in
itiat
ive
of t
he
Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t C
omm
ittee
, the
Dep
artm
ent
of L
and
and
Wat
er C
onse
rvat
ion
and
the
Nat
ural
H
erita
ge T
rust
, Cen
tral
Wes
t C
atch
men
t M
anag
emen
t C
omm
ittee
Hyd
er (2
006)
Was
te a
nd R
ecyc
ling
in A
ustr
alia
, N
atio
nal P
acka
ging
Cov
enan
t A
nnua
l Re
port
200
5-06
Lach
lan
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (2
008)
. The
Cat
chm
ent.
Ava
ilabl
e fr
om
ww
w.la
chla
n.cm
a.ns
w.g
ov.a
u
Lach
lan
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (2
007)
Ann
ual R
epor
t 20
06-2
007.
A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
.lach
lan.
cma.
nsw
.gov
.au
Lach
lan
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (2
006)
Lac
hlan
Cat
chm
ent
Act
ion
Plan
. A
vaila
ble
at
ww
w.la
chla
n.cm
a.ns
w.g
ov.a
u
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n C
omm
ittee
(200
7).
Sust
aina
ble
Rive
rs A
udit:
Impl
emen
tatio
n Pe
riod
2 (2
005–
06) S
umm
ary
Repo
rt.
Mur
ray
Dar
ling
Basi
n M
inis
teria
l Cou
ncil
(199
9) T
he M
urra
y D
arlin
g Ba
sin
Salin
ity
Aud
it: A
100
yea
r pe
rspe
ctiv
e. C
SIRO
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atch
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t M
anag
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t A
utho
ritie
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n O
verv
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ma.
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NSW
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ernm
ent
(200
6) N
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tate
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rt 2
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hang
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2007
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Rep
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Ec
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1) T
he r
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arbo
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ater
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ent
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este
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ble
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ww
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au/P
orta
ls/1
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arin
g/U
sefu
l_Fa
ctsh
eets
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07_
wat
ercy
cle.
Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent
Man
agem
ent
Aut
horit
y (2
008)
Our
Cat
chm
ent.
Ava
ilabl
e fr
om
ww
w.w
este
rn.c
ma.
nsw
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Wes
tern
Cat
chm
ent
Man
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Aut
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7). W
este
rn C
atch
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t A
ctio
n Pl
an
2006
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6. A
vaila
ble
from
w
ww
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a.ns
w.g
ov.a
u
Wes
tern
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te (2
008)
Cen
troc
Po
pula
tion
Proj
ectio
ns
9220
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt93
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
t
Appe
ndix
– D
ata
cont
ribut
ed b
y Co
uncil
s
Issu
eSu
b-Is
sue
Indi
cato
rU
nit
of M
easu
re
Bathurst
Blayney
Bogan
Bourke
Cabonne
Coonamble
Cowra
Dubbo
Gilgandra
Lachlan
Mid-Western
Narromine
Oberon
Orange
Warren
Warrumbungle
Wellington
LAN
D
Land
Deg
rada
tion
Cont
amin
atio
nCo
ntam
inat
ed la
nd s
ites
Num
ber
Cont
amin
ated
land
site
s - p
oten
tially
con
tam
inat
ed s
ites
Num
ber
Cont
amin
ated
site
s re
habi
litat
edN
umbe
r
Eros
ion
Eros
ion
affe
cted
land
reha
bilit
ated
Loca
tion
& sq
km
Salin
itySa
linity
affe
cted
land
reha
bilit
ated
Loca
tion
& sq
km
AIR
Air P
ollu
tion
Air q
ualit
y co
mpl
aint
s to
Cou
ncil
Num
ber o
f com
plai
nts
Air q
ualit
y co
mpl
aint
s to
EPA
Pol
lutio
n Li
neN
umbe
r of c
ompl
aint
s
Indu
stria
l Pol
lutio
nPr
emise
s re
porti
ng to
Nat
iona
l Pol
luta
nt In
vent
ory
(NPI
)N
o. o
f fac
ilitie
s re
porti
ng
Odo
urO
dour
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Coun
cilN
umbe
r
Odo
ur c
ompl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed b
y EP
AN
umbe
r
Urba
n Ai
r Pol
lutio
nAi
r qua
lity
test
ing
resu
ltsAn
nual
exc
eeda
nces
of P
M 1
0
WAT
ER
Wat
er Q
uant
ityCo
uncil
Wat
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
Irrig
ated
cou
ncil
man
aged
par
ks, s
ports
grou
nds,
publ
ic o
Hect
ares
(Ha)
Trea
ted
wat
er u
sed
by C
ounc
il fo
r irri
gatio
nM
egal
itres
Untre
ated
wat
er u
sed
by C
ounc
il fo
r irri
gatio
nM
egal
itres
Surfa
ce &
Gro
und
Wat
er E
xtra
ctio
nAc
tual
vol
ume
extra
cted
thro
ugh
surfa
ce w
ater
lice
nces
Gig
alitr
es (G
L)
Tow
n W
ater
Con
sum
ptio
nAn
nual
con
sum
ptio
n (T
otal
from
WTP
)M
egal
itres
Annu
al m
eter
ed s
uppl
yM
egal
itres
Aver
age
annu
al h
ouse
hold
use
Kilo
litre
s pe
r hou
seho
ld
Tota
l num
ber o
f ser
vice
d pr
oper
ties
Raw
num
ber
Wat
er Q
ualit
yIn
dust
rial/A
gricu
ltura
l Pol
lutio
nEr
osio
n &
Sedi
men
t Con
trol c
ompl
aint
s re
ceiv
ed b
y Co
uncil
Load
Bas
ed L
icenc
ing
volu
me
Tota
l vol
ume
of p
ollu
tant
s
No.
of t
rade
was
te a
ppro
vals
Num
ber i
n la
st y
ear
Tota
l vol
ume
of tr
ade
was
te d
ischa
rged
to s
ewer
ML
% E
fflue
nt re
use
& lo
catio
n of
reus
e
Stor
mw
ater
Pol
lutio
nN
o. o
f par
ticip
ants
invo
lved
in s
torm
wat
er e
duca
tion
prog
ram
sN
umbe
r of p
artic
ipan
ts
Num
ber o
f gro
ss p
ollu
tant
trap
s in
stal
led
Tota
l num
ber o
f GPT
s cu
rrent
ly in
stal
led
Tota
l cat
chm
ent a
rea
of G
PTs
Hect
ares
Volu
me
of li
tter c
olle
cted
in G
PTs
Tonn
es
Surfa
ce &
Gro
und
Wat
er Q
ualit
yE.
coli
% s
ampl
es e
xcee
ding
AN
ZECC
gu
idel
ine
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
Tow
n W
ater
Qua
lity
Drin
king
wat
er c
ompl
aint
s
Drin
king
wat
er g
uide
lines
not
met
Num
ber o
f ins
tanc
es
Was
te w
ater
trea
tmen
tSe
ptic
rela
ted
com
plai
nts
Num
ber
BIO
DIV
ERSI
TY
Habi
tat L
oss
Area
of N
atio
nal P
arks
in L
GA
Hect
ares
Area
of S
tate
For
est i
n LG
AHe
ctar
es
Prop
ortio
n of
Cou
ncil
rese
rves
that
is
bush
land
/rem
nant
veg
etat
ion
Coun
cil R
eser
ves
- bus
hlan
d/re
mna
nt v
eget
atio
nHe
ctar
es
Habi
tat a
reas
reve
geta
ted
Hect
ares
Thre
aten
ed s
pecie
sFi
sh re
stoc
king
act
iviti
esN
umbe
r & li
st o
f spe
cies
Inva
sive
Spec
ies
Nox
ious
wee
ds e
xten
t
9420
08-2
009
Com
preh
ensiv
e Re
port
2008
-200
9 Co
mpr
ehen
sive
Repo
rt95
Regi
onal
Sta
te o
f the
Env
ironm
ent R
epor
tAp
pend
ix –
Dat
a co
ntrib
uted
by
Coun
cils
Issu
eSu
b-Is
sue
Indi
cato
rU
nit
of M
easu
re
Bathurst
Blayney
Bogan
Bourke
Cabonne
Coonamble
Cowra
Dubbo
Gilgandra
Lachlan
Mid-Western
Narromine
Oberon
Orange
Warren
Warrumbungle
Wellington
HU
MA
N S
ETTL
EMEN
T
Popu
latio
n &
Settl
emen
t Pa
ttern
sUr
ban/
Indu
stria
l Exp
ansio
nLa
ndus
e co
nflict
com
plai
nts
Num
ber
New
road
con
stru
ctio
nkm
Num
ber o
f dev
elop
men
t con
sent
s an
d bu
ildin
g ap
prov
als
Road
upg
rade
s
Noi
se P
ollu
tion
Indu
stria
l Noi
seN
oise
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Coun
cil
Urba
n no
iseN
oise
com
plai
nts
rece
ived
by
Coun
cil
Man
agem
ent o
f Non
-Abo
rigi-
nal H
erita
geId
entifi
catio
nLo
cally
list
ed h
erita
ge it
ems
Num
ber a
nd ty
pe
Cons
truct
ion
& De
velo
pmen
tHe
ritag
e bu
ildin
gs o
n st
atut
ory
herit
age
lists
that
are
de
mol
ished
/deg
rade
d pe
r yea
rN
umbe
r
Man
agem
ent
Actio
ns to
pro
tect
non
-abo
rigin
al h
erita
ge (i
nclu
ding
m
anag
emen
t pla
ns)
Num
ber
Herit
age
build
ings
on
stat
utor
y he
ritag
e lis
ts th
at a
re re
nova
ted/
impr
oved
per
yea
rN
umbe
r
WA
STE
Was
te G
ener
atio
n &
Disp
osal
Aver
age
tota
l was
te g
ener
ated
per
per
son
Tonn
es/a
nnum
(Com
pare
to
natio
nal a
vera
ge)
Tota
l was
te c
olle
cted
at r
ural
tips
&
trans
fer s
tatio
ns (e
xc re
cycla
bles
)To
nnes
/ann
um
Tota
l was
te re
ceiv
ed a
t prim
ary
land
fill
Tonn
es/a
nnum
Valu
e of
was
te s
ervi
ce p
er a
nnum
$ Pe
r hou
seho
ld
Emiss
ions
from
land
fill
t CO
2e-
Haza
rdou
s/Li
quid
Was
teDr
umm
uste
r col
lect
ions
No.
dru
ms
&/or
tonn
es
Was
te P
ollu
tion
Redu
ceO
ffice
pap
er u
sed
by C
ounc
il
Recy
cleRe
cycli
ng s
ervi
ces
avai
labl
e in
eac
h LG
A in
c pr
ivate
col
lect
ions
Num
ber
Litte
ring
Annu
al V
olum
e of
litte
r col
lect
ed b
y st
reet
swee
per
Tonn
es
Com
mun
ity w
aste
act
iviti
es e
.g. C
lean
Up
Aust
ralia
Day
etc
.N
o. o
f atte
ndee
s at
eve
nts/
no.
sit
es re
gist
ered
i
Illeg
al d
umpi
ngIll
egal
was
te d
ispos
al c
ompl
aint
s to
Cou
ncil
Num
ber &
tonn
es
TOW
ARD
SU
STA
INA
BILI
TY
Sust
aina
ble
Prac
tices
Sust
aina
ble
agric
ultu
reCe
rtifie
d or
gani
c pr
oduc
ers
Num
ber
Coun
cil &
com
mun
ity s
usta
inab
ility
Coun
cil s
usta
inab
ility
pla
n?Ye
s/N
o
Sust
aina
bilit
y ou
tcom
es in
tegr
ated
into
pro
ject
obj
ectiv
es?
Yes/
No
Sust
aina
blity
inco
rpra
ted
into
Cou
ncil
plan
s/in
stru
men
ts?
Yes/
No
Clim
ate
Chan
geM
itiga
tion
Clim
ate
Chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n/m
itiga
tion
in C
ounc
il pl
ans/
inst
rum
ents
?Ye
s/N
o
Coun
cil p
lan
focu
sed
on C
limat
e Ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion/
miti
gatio
n?Ye
s/N
o
Coun
cil p
roje
cts
with
Clim
ate
Chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n/m
itiga
tion
obje
ctiv
es?
Yes/
No
Annu
al e
lect
ricity
con
sum
ptio
n fo
r Cou
ncil
facil
ities
MW
h
Annu
al g
as c
onsu
mpt
ion
for C
ounc
il fa
ciliti
esG
igaj
oule
s
No.
of C
ounc
il ow
ned
facil
ities
con
sum
ing
elec
tricit
yN
umbe
r
No.
of C
ounc
il ow
ned
facil
ities
con
sum
ing
gas
Num
ber
Tota
l fue
l con
sum
ptio
n of
Cou
ncil’
s he
avy
vehi
cle fl
eet
Tota
l Kilo
litre
s pe
r ann
um
Den
otes
tho
se C
ounc
ils t
hat
wer
e co
mpa
red
in t
he t
rend
ana
lysi
s fo
r th
ese
indi
cato
rs
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