Regional Security and Regional Frameworks in Southeast Asia
Mely Caballero-Anthony
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Brunei Darussalam (7 January 1984) Cambodia (30 April 1999)
Indonesia (8 August 1967) Lao PDR (23 July 1997) Malaysia (8 August
1967) Myanmar (23 July 1997) Philippines (8 August 1967) Singapore
(8 August 1967) Thailand (8 August 1967) Viet Nam (28 July 1995)
ASEAN Today
Regional Security Environment Tensions, flashpoints Quagmire of
major power competition State of fluxtransitions Relatively benign
Economic powerhouse
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ASEAN Community ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) Aims
to ensure that the peoples and Member States of ASEAN live in peace
with one another and with the world at large in a just, democratic
and harmonious environment. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Aims to
transform ASEAN into a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive
region with equitable economic development, and reduced poverty and
socio-economic disparities. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC)
Aims to contribute to realising an ASEAN Community that is
people-oriented and socially responsible with a view to achieving
enduring solidarity and unity among the peoples and Member States
of ASEAN. It seeks to forge a common identity and build a caring
and sharing society which is inclusive and where the well-being,
livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced. Narrowing the
Development Gap (NDG) Progressing together through cooperation in
development.
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APSC Blueprint An Overview Political Cooperation: A Rules-based
Community of Shared Values and Norms Security Cooperation: A
Cohesive, Peaceful, Stable and Resilient Region with Shared
Responsibility for Comprehensive Security External Relations: A
Dynamic and Outward-looking Region in an Increasingly Integrated
and Interdependent World
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The Implementation Political Dimension: A Rules-based Community
of Shared Values and Norms A.1. Cooperation in Political
Development AICHR (ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human
Rights), established in October 2009 ASEAN Human Rights Declaration
adopted by the 21 st ASEAN Summit, November 2012 Concept Paper on
the Global Movement of the Moderates noted by the 20 th ASEAN
Summit, April 2012 A.2. Shaping and Sharing of Norms TAC 32 High
Contracting Parties The Guidelines for the implementation of the
DOC endorsed at ASEAN PMC Plus One Session with China, July 2011
Implementation of SEANWFZ Treaty: PoA on Strengthening the
Implementation of the SEANWFZ Treaty (2013-2017) adopted in June
2013 ASEAN Maritime Forum: since 2010 Expanded ASEAN Maritime
Forum: since 2012
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Security Dimension A Cohesive, Peaceful, Stable and Resilient
Region with Shared Responsibility for Comprehensive Security B.1.
Conflict Prevention / Confidence Building Measures The Bali
Declaration on ASEAN Community in a Global Community of Nations
(Bali Concord III, November 2011) Ha Noi Plan of Action to
Implement the ARF Vision Statement (2010-2020), July 2010 ADMM
Three Year Work Plan (2011-2013) B.2. Conflict Resolution and
Pacific Settlement of Disputes ASEAN Institute for Peace and
Reconciliation (AIPR) launched by the 21 st ASEAN Summit, November
2012 Concept Paper on the Establishment of an ASEAN Peacekeeping
Centres Network adopted by the 5 th ADMM, May 2011 B.3.
Post-Conflict Peace-Building Sharing of information
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Security Dimension B.4. Non-Traditional Security Issues ASEAN
Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) ASEAN Plan of Action to
Combat Transnational Crime ASEAN Work Plan on Combating Illicit
Drug Production, Trafficking and Use (2009-2015) B.5. Strengthen
ASEAN Cooperation on Disaster Management and Emergency Response
ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response
(AADMER) ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on
disaster management (AHA Centre) Standard Operating Procedure for
Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster
Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP) B.6. Effective and
Timely Response to Urgent Issues or Crisis Situations Affecting
ASEAN Bali Concord III
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External Relations Dimension A Dynamic and Outward-looking
Region in an Increasingly Integrated and Interdependent World C.1.
Strengthening ASEAN Centrality in Regional Cooperation and
Community Building ASEAN Leaders in 2010 reaffirmed their
determination to ensure ASEAN Centrality through a two-pronged
approach which gives priority to the acceleration of ASEAN
integration while intensifying ASEANs external relations. C.2.
Promoting Enhanced Ties with External Parties Dialogue and
cooperation Projects and programmes 75 Non-ASEAN Ambassadors to
ASEAN 40 ASEAN Committees in Third Countries C.3.Strengthening
Consultations and Cooperation on Multilateral Issues of Common
Concern Bali Concord III
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Key Developments in 2013 Operationalization of the ASEAN
Institute for Peace and Reconciliation (AIPR) Adoption and
implementation of the SEANWFZ Plan of Action (2013- 2017) Continued
consultations on the signing of the Protocol to the SEANWFZ Treaty
by the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and its related documents Full
and effective implementation of the DOC through concrete projects
and activities Official consultations with China on the Code of
Conduct in the South China Sea Development and adoption of the
modalities for the ASEAN Regional Mine Action Centre (ARMAC);
Implementation of the Bali Concord III Plan of Action
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Territorial Disputes The Case of South China Sea The
Philippines Triple Action Plan UN Arbitration Case filed by Manila
against Beijings nine-dash line Asean-China informal consultations
on working towards the early conclusion of the Code of Conduct
(COC) based on consensus - China-ASEAN Special SOM in Beijing, Sept
2014 - Joint Working Group Meeting on DOC in Thailand, Oct
2014
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Maritime Security Issues The Case of Piracy ASEAN Maritime
Forum (AMF): the 5 th AMF was held in Hanoi in August 2014 - aims
to promote the key role of ASEAN in enhancing maritime co-
operation and building trust in the region through negotiations and
consultations Malacca Straits Sea Patrol (MSSP): Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand conduct coordinated naval and air
patrols while facilitating the sharing of information between ships
and the Monitoring and Action Agency (MAA) - piracy cases along the
Malacca Straits have dropped significantly - began in 2004 as
MALSINDO (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia) Malacca Straits
Coordinated Patrols
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Transnational Crimes The Case of Human Trafficking Conservative
estimate of trafficked women and children from Southeast Asia:
200,000-225,000 (about 1/3 of the global trafficking trade) (IOM)
Frameworks and Initiatives in ASEAN to Combat Human Trafficking -
1997 Declaration against Transnational Crime - 2004 Declaration
Against Trafficking in Person Particularly Women and Children -
2011 Joint Statement on Enhancing Cooperation Against Trafficking
in Persons in SEA (agreed to promote a victim-centred approach. and
ensure that such victims are treated humanely (Para 3 and 40) -
Drafting of a Convention on TIPs - The Bali Process - The Asian
Regional Initiative Against Trafficking (ARIAT) in Women and
Children - 2012, ASEAN Vision and ASEAN Human Rights Declaration
(AHRD)
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Climate Change and Natural Disasters Displaced people as a
result of natural disasters in Asia in 2013: 19 million people, or
87.1 per cent of the global total (Global Estimates 2014) Typhoon
Haiyan displaced 4.1 million people in the Philippines Cyclone
Nargis displaced 2.4 million people in Myanmar Expenditure
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Financing the deficit from disasters in Southeast Asia: The
Case of the Philippines (in billions PHP) UNISDR GAR 2013 p.85
Tacloban City, PHL in the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan
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Food Security in ASEAN Source: World Development Indicators,
2014 ASEANs populations have been growing rapidly, with high rates
of urbanization and rapid industrialization. However, labor has
been shifting away from agriculture, and the depth of the food
deficit persists. Source: World Development Indicators and FAO
Source: World Development Indicators and UN Population Division
Source: World Development Indicators and ILO
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ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Climate Change
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ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Disaster Response ASEAN Agreement
on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) as the
common platform for disaster management in ASEAN ASEAN Disaster
Emergency Response Simulation Exercise (ARDEX)- to test the
operational capability of the ASEAN Coordinating Center for
Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Center) ASEAN
Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise (ARF DiREx): a biennial
event which gathers civilian authorities and military actors from
27 countries, aimed at testing the civil-military coordination
efforts, creating synergy, and synchronizing efforts ADMM-Plus
HADR/Military Medicine Exercise - the most recent exercise in
Brunei saw the deployment of approximately 3200 personnel, seven
ships, 15 helicopters as well as military medical, engineering and
search and rescue teams and assets
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Pandemics The Case of SARS Estimated cost of SARS (in terms of
lost GDP in nominal terms for East and Southeast Asia) = $18
billion of 2003 GDP SARS mainly affected economies through tourism.
During SARS: tourist arrivals in Asia dropped by 3080 per cent for
various countries in the region After travel ban almost half the
planned international flights to ASEAN were cancelled The travel
and tourism sectors important role in the overall ASEAN economy=
account for 4.6 per cent of ASEAN GDP and 10.9 per cent including
related contributions Directly employs 9.3 million people, or 3.2
per cent of total employment, and indirectly supports some 25
million jobs Border control: after SARS, the efficacy of border
checks far underweighed the economic disruption
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ASEAN Regional Cooperation on Pandemics
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External Relations Dimension A Dynamic and Outward-looking
Region in an Increasingly Integrated and Interdependent World C.1.
Strengthening ASEAN Centrality in Regional Cooperation and
Community Building ASEAN Leaders in 2010 reaffirmed their
determination to ensure ASEAN Centrality through a two-pronged
approach which gives priority to the acceleration of ASEAN
integration while intensifying ASEANs external relations. C.2.
Promoting Enhanced Ties with External Parties Dialogue and
cooperation Projects and programmes 75 Non-ASEAN Ambassadors to
ASEAN 40 ASEAN Committees in Third Countries C.3.Strengthening
Consultations and Cooperation on Multilateral Issues of Common
Concern Bali Concord III
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APT 23 CHINACHINA USAUSA RUSSIARUSSIA JAPANJAPAN ROKROK NEW
ZEALAND AUSTRALIA INDIA UN EU CAN ADA External Relations Dynamic,
Outward-looking, Integrated
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ASEAN EAS ASEANPlusThree(APT) EAS www.themegallery.com Existing
ASEAN Mechanisms ASEAN + 1 ARF ADMM-PLUS
Current issues/debates 1. Modalities of Integration- --
Relevance of AC vision against new challenges and the evolving
regional architecture? What are the other modalities that could be
considered? Membership expansion? Inclusive vs exclusive?
Flexibility? More areas for further liberalization? 2.
Institutional design/ structure of ASEAN --strengthen existing
institutions and create new ones? Stronger mandates? Reinforce
socialisation norms with more rules-based system? Nexus of
institutions and regional identity to forge effective outcomes 3.
Shared benefits of integration -- how to achieve sustainable and
inclusive growth with countries at different levels of development?
Narrowing of development gaps, addressing some of the 21 st century
issues, notably climate change, food security, energy, etc.
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Current Issues/debates continued 4. ASEAN centrality in the
wider regional platform -- engaging more partners and forging
common positions, strengthening voice in various global fora 5.
Leadership/Visionaries -- strong/bold political leadership with the
commitment and energy to advance regional agenda; vision to see
future of regional community.
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Challenges (contd) Promote a greater sense of community &
ownership through more people-to-people contacts in SEA, including
with Track-2 and CSOs Advance modest gains in promoting normative
framework based on the democracy, human rights and human security.
Pro-active role in managing regional conflicts, Leadership through
ideas and initiatives, including pro-active ASEAN chair
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Task ahead---2015 and beyond 22 nd ASEAN Summit tasked the
ASEAN Community Councils to initiate work on a post-2015 vision ACC
to review ASEANs processes and institutions to safeguard ASEAN
centrality A High-Level Task Force to review and make
recommendations to strengthen all ASEAN organs, including ASEC
Review ASEANs engagement with external partners in accordance with
Art. 44 of the ASEAN Charter Review of the ASEAN Charter: decision
is to be made by end 2013 or 2014