Regional Organ is at Ions

8/2/2019 Regional Organ is at Ions

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Regional Organisations (ROs) are in a sense,international organizations(IOs), as they

incorporate international membership and encompassgeopoliticalentities that operationally

transcend a singlenation state. However, their membership is characterized by boundaries

and demarcations characteristic to a defined and unique geography, such as continents, or

geopolitics, such aseconomic blocks. They have been established to foster cooperation and

political and economic integration or dialogue amongst states or entities within a restrictivegeographical or geopolitical boundary. They both reflect common patterns of development

and history that have been fostered since the end ofWorld War IIas well as the

fragmentation inherent inglobalization. Most ROs tend to work alongside well-established

multilateral organizations such as theUnited Nations.[1]

While in many instances a regional

organizations are simply referred as international organizations, in many other it makes sense

to use the ROs term to stress the more limited scope of a particular membership.

Examples of ROs include theAfrican Union(AU),European Union(EU), theOrganization

of American States(OAS), theCaribbean Community(CARICOM), theArab League,

Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) andSouth Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation(SAARC).

The Role of Regional Organizations,ECOWASAfrica,Human Rights,Internal Displacement,Migration

Roberta Cohen, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy

The ECOWAS/IOM Workshop on International Migration in West Africa

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SEPTEMBER 30, 2002

Over the past decade, regional organizations around the world have been devoting increased

attention to the problem of internal displacement. There is good reason for their involvement.

Situations of conflict and displacement rarely remain confined within borders. They spill over into

neighboring countries and can upset regional stability, thereby often compelling a regional response.

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Roberta Cohen

The Brookings Institution

August 09, 2007

More Related Content

The efforts of regional organizations have been encouraged by the United Nations. UN resolutions of

the General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights have called upon regional bodies to

expand their cooperation with the Representative of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced

Persons and strengthen their activities with regard to internal displacement. In particular, these

resolutions have called upon regional organizations and the Representative to convene seminars on

the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.

In response, regional organizations have been strengthening their ties with the Representative and

have begun to disseminate and use the Guiding Principles. In holding the IOM/ECOWAS International

Workshop on Migration in West Africa, ECOWAS has indicated its interest in examining the role that it

can play in addressing situations of forced displacement. It may therefore prove instructive to take a

brief look at some of the activities of other regional organizations since they may be pertinent to

ECOWAS and the West African region.

One institutional response that will be of interest to ECOWAS can be found in the Americas. The

Organization of American States (OAS) appointed a focal point for internal displacement in 1996. Its

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a body of experts, made one of its members a Special

Rapporteur for internally displaced persons "in recognition of the grave situation of internally displaced

persons in several countries of the Hemisphere." Because of this appointment, the Inter-American

Commission has undertaken more systematic reporting of the situation of internally displaced persons

in the Western Hemisphere. For example, its 1999 report on Colombia, a country beset by civil war,

contained a lengthy chapter on the internally displaced, with recommendations addressed both to the

government and also to insurgent groups to improve their conditions.

In addition in 1998, the Inter-American Commission formally endorsed the Guiding Principles on

Internal Displacement as an authoritative guide to applicable international law. It now uses them as a

checklist for evaluating conditions in different countries.

The Commission has also made important decisions affecting the internally displaced. In the case of

Nicaragua, for example, it ruled that compensation should be awarded to the Miskito Indians for the

damage done to their property during their internal displacement. This decision helped shape future

approaches to the issue of compensation, both in the Americas and elsewhere.

Turning to Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), in September

2000, devoted an all-day meeting to migration and internal displacement in order to identify ways in

which OSCE institutions, field operations and participating states could enhance their response to

internal displacement. That same year, the OSCE Chair outlined areas in which the OSCE could

make a contribution. Of particular relevance to ECOWAS is the recommendation that OSCE staff

begin to monitor and report on affected populations, provide advice to governments on national laws

and best practices, and disseminate the Guiding Principles within the region and use them in the

activities of the organization.
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It should be noted too that OSCE engagement with the internally displaced includes direct

involvement in protection activities on the ground. Unlike most regional bodies, OSCE deploys staff to

the field for long periods to ease local tensions, encourage dialogue and reconciliation, and facilitate

returns of displaced populations. With regard to returns, it has in particular sought to ensure the

implementation of property laws and to promote the removal of administrative and legal barriers.

Indeed, OSCE member states have committed themselves to facilitate the voluntary return of

refugees and internally displaced persons in dignity and safety and their reintegration without

discrimination.

Another important area of OSCEs work is election monitoring, which includes efforts to ensure that

the political rights of internally displaced persons are respected.

A second European regional organization, the European Union, has played a significant political role

in the prevention of conflicts that produce mass displacement and also is a leading donor of

humanitarian assistance. Its current plans for the creation of a rapid reaction force to respond to

regional and international crises should have impact on the protection of internally displaced persons.

Still another European regional organization, the Council of Europe, whose main focus is human

rights, undertakes fact-finding missions to areas of displacement, publishes reports, adopts

resolutions, and deploys experts to the field. Most recently, the Council of Europe took a step that will

be of interest to ECOWAS. It appointed a rapporteur on internal displacement in Europe to collect

data and report on the conditions of the estimated 4 million displaced persons on the continent.

With regard to Africa, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now renamed the African Union (AU),

has held a series of widely attended meetings on internal displacement, designed to make its memberstates more aware of and more involved in resolving the problem. In 1994, the OAU Commission on

Human and Peoples Rights held a seminar on the protection of African refugees and internally

displaced persons. That same year the OAU together with the United Nations High Commissioner for

Refugees (UNHCR) organized a regional symposium on refugees and forced population

displacements. Both meetings recommended greater OAU involvement in addressing internal

displacement, in tackling its root causes, and in forging stronger linkages between conflict resolution

activities and programs on behalf of refugees and internally displaced persons. Subsequently, in

1996, the OAU co-sponsored a regional conference with UNHCR on displacement in the Great Lakes

region of Africa. And in 1998, in collaboration with our Project and UNHCR, the OAU cosponsored a

workshop in Addis Ababa on internal displacement in Africa to promote more effective strategies forprotecting and assisting internally displaced persons. Of particular interest to ECOWAS is that the

workshop recommended that the OAU establish a focal point on internal displacement to collect data

on the problem and monitor, disseminate and implement the Guiding Principles. Although OAU staff

expressed interest in a focal point, limited resources have been a prohibitive factor.

OAU meetings, I would note, have also paid special attention to the gender dimension of internal

displacement. Since women and children constitute the vast majority of the displaced, focusing on

their specific needs is essential. The first such meeting was held in 1995 and concentrated on the

legal status of refugee and internally displaced women in Africa and called for stronger legal

protections for them. The second OAU meeting, held in 1998, focused on the needs of internallydisplaced women and children during return and reintegration.


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Over the past few years, the OAU Commission on Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons has

also begun to monitor conditions of internally displaced persons in its visits to different countries. In

1999, it formally acknowledged with appreciation the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.

And the "Compendium of OAU Instruments and Texts on Refugees, Returnees and Displaced

Persons in Africa," published in 2000, includes the text of the Guiding Principles.

To anticipate and defuse the conflicts that cause mass displacement and encourage the return of

refugees and displaced persons, the OAU, like its counterparts in Europe, set up a mechanism for

conflict prevention, management and resolution.

Sub-regional organizations in Africa have also been devoting increased attention to internal

displacement. The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) will be holding a seminar at

the end of October on internal displacement in that region in cooperation with the Office of the

Representative of the Secretary-General and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs. As for ECOWAS, I would recall that it has positively received the Guiding Principles on

Internal Displacement. In April 2000, Foreign and other senior Ministers of the organization, at a

Conference on War-Affected Children in West Africa, adopted a declaration welcoming the Guiding

Principles on Internal Displacement and calling for their application by ECOWAS member states. This

declaration was subsequently adopted at the ECOWAS Summit of Authority of Heads of State and

Government held in Bamako in December 2000. ECOWAS recent creation of a conflict prevention

and management mechanism and its plans to establish a department of humanitarian affairs should

further enhance its role with regard to situations of internal displacement. Through its military arm,

ECOMOG, the organization has also become involved in efforts on the ground to create security for

civilian populations, including the internally displaced. At the same time, it has been acknowledged by

member states that ECOMOG forces, like all other peacekeepers, could benefit from training inhuman rights and humanitarian law, which encompasses the protection of displaced populations.

In conclusion, there are many steps that regional bodies can take to make their own roles more

effective in situations of internal displacement. From the various activities I have described, the

following five steps might be of particular interest and relevance to ECOWAS at this time:

1. The appointment of a focal point on migration, including internal displacement. The focal point

could collect data, monitor and report on new and protracted situations of internal displacement in

addition to other migration issues and work together with governments to find national and

regional solutions. Focal points, I would note, can be appointed in a voluntary capacity whenresources are limited. For example, the rapporteurs of the Council of Europe and Organization of

American States both serve in a voluntary capacity.

2. The promotion and dissemination of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, including

encouraging their use by member states as a guideline and yardstick for measuring conditions on

the ground, collecting data and as a framework for policies.

3. Working together with ECOWAS member states to ensure that their constitutions, laws and

national institutions address the subject of forced migration. To this end, the drafting of a model

law on internal displacement might prove useful. If it would be of assistance, the Office of the

Representative could collaborate with ECOWAS on such an initiative.


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4. The training of judges, lawyers, government officials and other relevant persons, including

peacekeepers, in the protection measures set forth in the Guiding Principles. Once again, the

Office of the Representative of the Secretary-General could be helpful in this regard. And,

5. The integration of internal displacement into all relevant programs, seminars and activities of the

organization.

ECOWAS ability to integrate the issue of internal displacement into its work could help its member

states better fulfill their own commitments to displaced populations. The scale and severity of the

problem in the West African region make it important for systematic attention to be given to the plight

of the internally displaced. It would seem not only to be the right thing to do but also should be done

to assure this regions collective peace and prosperity.

Security Council Highlights Importance of Regional Cooperation in Early Response,

Peacebuilding

Submitted by kitagawa on Thu, 01/14/2010 - 13:30.

At its open debate on UN cooperation with regional organizations held 13 January, the SecurityCouncil encouraged the PBC to continue to work closely with regional and sub-regional organizationsin the way of post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery.

Opening the debate on Cooperation between the UN and regional and sub-regionalorganizations, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized the critical importance of strongpartnerships at all levels in the face of current crises. His appearance on Wednesday followed a two-day retreat, during which the SG met with heads of regional and sub-regional organizations to exploreways of strengthening cooperation. They agreed, the SG said, that peacekeeping should be based onflexibility and efficiency, and to increase cooperation on peacebuilding.

Ramtame Lamamra, Commissioner for Peace and Security of the African Union Commission, said thedebate was timely and should open new possibilities for maximizing the impact of action by variousinternational actors in conflict prevention, management and resolution, peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Many speakers noted the varying capabilities of regional and sub-regional organizations, and calledfor a flexible and pragmatic framework for cooperation to be developed. Most speakers alsoemphasized the importance of regional and sub-regional organizations in post-conflict peacebuildingand recovery.

Concept PaperBefore the Security Council was aconcept paper (S/2010/9)developed by China, which holds the

presidency for this month. The document encourages strengthening cooperation with regional andsub-regional organizations as a means of promoting multilateralism and boosting internationalcollective security.

It also notes that the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and securitylies with the Security Council, in accordance with the UN Charter, but that Chapter VIIIon the roleof regional organizationsencourages regional measures in local dispute settlement.

The paper suggests the debate may address ways to best utilize the advantages of organizations toprovide early warning as well as early responses to disputes and conflict. Topics also includedenhanced cooperation in the deployment of peacekeepers and how regional and sub-regionalorganizations could be more closely involved in peacebuilding, post-conflict stabilization and

reconstruction processes, including through the framework of the PBC.
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Background on the Security Council and regional cooperationPast Council actions on regional cooperation have centered largely on the role of the African Unionand peacekeeping operations. An open debate on 18 March 2009 resulted in a Presidential Statementcalling on the SG to report on practical ways to implement recommendations on building the capacityof the AU. The Council followed up on the SG report on 26 October, issuing another Statement whichcalled on the AU to develop a long-term capacity-building roadmap in consultation with the UN.

Attention was also paid to the need for predictable and flexible funding for AU-led peacekeepingoperations.

Regional role in peacebuildingMexico highlighted the effectiveness and importance of regional and sub-regional organizationsability to promote the peaceful settlement of disputes, including through mediation. They have playeda fundamental role in stabilization and prevention measures in post-conflict peacebuilding, as well asin understanding the root causes of local conflicts and other security challenges, a knowledge whichaffords a comparative advantage to those organizations. Mexico also highlighted the role of regionalorganizations in promoting socioeconomic development as a means of ensuring peace and stability inthe medium-term. The Security Council and the SG should focus on both conflict prevention andpeacebuilding, Mexico added.

Like Mexico, France, Turkey and other speakers highlighted the deep expertise regional and sub-regional organizations have and could exercise in the areas of peacebuilding and conflict prevention.The regional dimension would also reinforce regional ownership of such processes, Turkey said.

Among the suggestions was also a call from many speakers--Brazil, the United Kingdom and others--to expand the current scope of the Security Councils heavy focus on peacekeeping vis --vis regionalcooperation, to peacebuilding and longer term considerations of conflict prevention.

The United Kingdom said the partnership between the UN and the AU should broaden out to includethe scope for joint action in preventing conflict, as well as focus more on peacebuilding. The UK alsolooked forward to further advice from the SG and to the ongoing work of the AU-UN Task Force.

PBC referencesAustria, noting that close collaboration with regional and sub-regional organizations was crucial tothe work of the PBC, suggested stand-by arrangements of regional organizations would beparticularly relevant to peacebuilding. The UN should link or coordinate its rosters of experts withthose of regional organizations in order to increase the pool of available expertise, Austria said.

Japan similarly noted that cooperation with regional organizations had been significantly enhancedby the active support of the PBC. Japan further suggested considering the creation of a sub-region-specific, rather than a country-specific, configuration of the PBC to discuss shared challenges in thesub-region.

Presidential StatementThePresidential Statement (S/PRST/2010/1)emerging from the debate expressed the intention ofthe Council to consider further steps to promote closer and more operational cooperation betweenthe UN and regional and sub-regional organizations in conflict early warning, prevention,peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding, as well as to ensure the coherence, synergy andcollective effectiveness of such efforts.

The Council also recognized the role played by regional and sub-regional organizations in post-conflictpeacebuilding, recovery, reconstruction and development, and the importance of the PBCs interactionand cooperation with those organizations. It further encouraged the PBC to continue to work in closeconsultation with these organizations with a view to ensuring more consistent and integratedstrategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and recovery.
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Statements were made at the debate on behalf of: the League of Arab States, the African UnionCommission, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization,the European Union Delegation to the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, theOrganization of American States, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Organization forSecurity and Cooperation in Europe, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Shanghai CooperationOrganization.

Council Members speaking today were: Uganda, United Kingdom, Mexico, United States, Austria,

Russian Federation, Japan, France, Brazil, Turkey, Gabon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon and

China, in its national capacity.

United Nations Organization | International PeaceOrganisation UNO

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The United Nations Organization

Establishment: 24 October 1945

Membership: 192 member states

Headquarters: International territory in Manhattan, New York City, U. S. A

Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
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The United Nations Organisation (UNO) was founded in 1945 after World War II. The main aims

of UNO are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among

nations. Also International cooperation in solving problems of economic, social and humanitarian

nature; promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom and

to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations and to achieve the above aims. The sixprincipal organs of UNO are:

1. The General Assembly

2. The Security Council

3. The Economic and Social Council

4. The International Court of Justice

5. The Secretariat and

6. The Trusteeship Council

The United Nations Secretariat Building at the United Nations headquarters in New York City,

United States of America.

Member States which contribute the most to the UN Budget

Name of the Country Contribution to the UN Regular Budget

United States of America 25.00 %

Japan 17.98 %

Germany 9.63 %


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Name of the Country Contribution to the UN Regular Budget

France 6.49 %

Italy 5.39 %

United Kingdom 5.07 %

Russia 2.87 %

Canada 2.82 %

Spain 2.57 %

The United Nations General Assembly hall at its headquarters in New York.

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UN General Assembly

It is the main organ of the UN consisting of representatives of all the members of the U.N. Each

member state has a single vote and all members are equally placed, unlike in the case of the

Security Council. It generally holds regular annual session in September. Decisions are taken

based on simple majority, but in cases of peace, security, election of new UN members and

budget, a two-thirds majority vote is required.

UN General Assembly elects the ten non-permanent members of the Security Council. It elects

members of The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and Trusteeship Council. It elects

along with the Security Council Judges of the International Court of Justice. It appoints UN
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10/16

Secretary General, based on the recommendation of the Security Council. It approves the UN

budget. It receives and considers reports from the other UN organs.

The United Nations Security Council Chamber in New York, also known as the Norwegian Room.

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UN Security Council
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It is the main organ of the UN with the basic responsibility for the maintenance of World Peace. It

has 15 countries as members. Five of them are permanent members - the United States of

America, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and China. The remaining ten are non-permanent

members, who are elected for a two-year term by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly.

Out of these ten seats, five are allocated to Afro-Asian region, two seats to Latin America, oneseat to Eastern Europe and remaining two seats to Western Europe and others.

The five permanent members of the Security Council have special voting rights known as 'Veto'

power. Any decision in the Security Council can be taken only with the support of at least nine

members including that of five permanent members. Thus, no decision can be taken in the

Council, even if one permanent member votes against the proposal.

Decisions taken by the UN Security Council are binding on all the members of the UN, since the

UN charter provides that the Council's decisions are made in the name of all UN members.

The Council powers include taking decisions to settle disputes among member states,

requisitioning military forces; from the members for peace keeping operations, approving

admission of countries as new members, recommending to the General Assembly on

appointment of Secretary General, etc., The Nobel Peace Prize was given to the UN Security

Council in 1988 for its role in establishing peace in the World by means of resolution of conflicts.

Some Peace Keeping Activities of the UNO

Name of the Mission Year of Establishment Objective

UN Mission for Ethiopia & Eritrea (UMEE) 2002

To monitor ceasefire between Ethiopia and

Eritrea as pact of a deal signed by two

countries and end their border conflict.

UN Mission in East Timor (UNMISET) 2002

To help East Timor, the newly formed

independent country in taking overall

operational responsibilities.

UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) 2004

To assist in bringing national reconciliation

and lasting peace among Burundians as

provided in Anusha Pact.

UN Stablisation Mission in Haiti

(MINUSTAH)2004 To restore normalcy in Haiti.

UN Mission in the Sudan 2005

To assist in implementing peace agreement

between Sudan Government and the

Sudan People's Liberation Movement.


12/16

The room of the United Nations Economic and Social Council at its headquarters, New York.

Economic and Social Council

The ECOSOC is the Chief Coordinating Agency of the UN in the economic and social sectors

between the UN and the specialised institutions of the UN. It consists of 54 members, meets

twice a year. Its main activities include conducting studies and making recommendations on

social, economic, educational, health and related matters in the world with special focus on the

least developed countries. It carries its activities through nine functional commissions, five

regional commissions and various standing committees. The nine functional commissions were

set up to focus on specific areas like human rights, population and development, social

development, status of women., etc., The main purpose of these commissions are to assist in

raising the level of economic activity in their respective regions and to strengthen the economic

relations of the States among themselves and with others.

The five regional commissions of ECOSOC

Name of the Commission Headquarters Year of Establishment Member States

Economic Commission for Africa

(ECA)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1958 53 member states

Economic Commission for

Europe (ECE)Geneva, Switzerland 1947 56 member states

Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean(ECLAC)

Santiago, Chile 1948 44 member States

Economic and Social

Commission for Asia and the

Pacific (ESCAP)

Bangkok, Thailand 1947 53 member States

Economic and Social

Commission for Western Asia

(ESCWA)

Beirut, Lebanon 1973 14 member States


13/16

The Peace Palace, seat of the International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice

The ICJ is Established in 1945 by the UN Charter. It is the main judicial organ of the UNO. It is

also commonly known as the World Court. ICJ has its headquarters at Hague, the Netherland. It

is composed of fifteen judges elected to six year terms by the United Nations General Assembly

and the United Nations Security Council. It is meant to adjudicate on the disputes referred to it by

the members and to give advisory opinion on matters referred to it by the UN Security Council or

Genera! Assembly. As stated in the UN Charter, all 192 member states of UN are parties to the

Court's statute. Non-UN members too can become parties to the Court's statute under the Article

93(2) procedure.

Ban Ki-moon, current UN Secretary General

UN Secretariat

The United Nations Secretariat is one of the six principal organs of the UNO. It is headed by the

UN Secretary General. It provides studies, information, and all facilities needed by United

Nations bodies for their respective meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the United

Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Economic

and Social Council, and other U.N. bodies.

United Nations Secretary Generals


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Name County Term of Office

Trygve Lie Norway 1945 - 1953

Dag Hammarskjold Sweden 1953 - 1961

U Thant Burma 1961 - 1971

Kurt Waldheim Austria 1972 - 1981

Javier Perez de Cuellar Peru 1982 - 1991

Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1992 - 1996

Kofi Annan Ghana 1997 - 2006

Ban Ki-moon South Korea 2007 - incumbent

The chamber of the UN Trusteeship Council, UN headquarters, New York, U.S.A

UN Trusteeship Council

The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the six principal organs of the U.N formed in

1945. It was established to ensure that non-self-governing territories were governed in the best

interests of the people living in there and of international peace and security. Most of the trust

territories were those former mandates of the League of Nations or the territories taken from

nations defeated at the end of the World War II and which have now attained independence

or self-governments, either as separate countries or by joining their neighbouring independent

nations. The Trusteeship Council was suspended from operation on 1 November 1994 as its

mission was fulfilled. Its future role and existence remains uncertain.

See also :

Successes and Failures of the United Nations

United Nations Organisation was established after World War II with a motto to maintain

world peace. And this in fact is known to every one of us in general. But the question is, was

this really successful in...
http://dilipchandra12.hubpages.com/hub/Successes-and-Failures-of-the-United-Nationshttp://dilipchandra12.hubpages.com/hub/Successes-and-Failures-of-the-United-Nationshttp://dilipchandra12.hubpages.com/hub/Successes-and-Failures-of-the-United-Nations


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Specialized Agencies of the United Nations Organisation

Specialized agencies of the United Nations Specialized agencies of the UN are seventeen

in number as per the terms of the UN Charter. They are autonomous organisations set up to

deal with specific issues....

UN International Organisations

UN General Assembly and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) have created some

international organizations to deal with specific areas of trade and development, relief and

welfare, environment, research and...

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Successes and Failures of the United Nations

Specialized Agencies of the United Nations Organization

CommentsFollow (0)

Manisha Bandara 14 months ago

Is ICC established under the UNO?ifnot what is the purpose of establishing that kind of court

insted of ICJ?

dilipchandra12Hub Author 14 months ago

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is independent of the United Nations. It is a permanent

tribunal to prosecute individuals accused of the most serious crimes of international concern.
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The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principle judicial organ of the United Nations does

not have criminal jurisdiction, it is a civil tribunal that deals primarily with disputes between

States.

nishant 2 weeks ago

nice

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Regional Organ is at Ions