Regional Justice

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200 JOURNAL OF INDIAN SCHOOL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY JAN-DEC. 2009

state status for some regions get strengthened bysuch debates andthese interest gro=ups also makeefforts to organise such debates for mobilising

public opinion in their favour. Our purpose in thispaper is to examine the issue of state reorgani-sation in a conceptual framework of regional

justice outlining at the same time historicalexperiences of the country in this connection.

Following is the plan of discussion in the paper;

First, in Section I we try to draw the attentionof the readers to the challenges involved in thereorganisation of states in India in general termsby way of developing a setting for discussion of the conceptual aspects of the issue.

Then, in Section II we present, in brief, someof the conceptual aspects of regional disparitiesand regional justice, which should receive someattention in any theory of regional justice, whichaccording to our view, is yet to develop fully.

In the above background, in Section III anattempt is made to briefly examine the views of eminent thinkers of our times, viz. John Rawls,author of Theory of Justice, a monumental work of our times on the subject, first published in 1972and Amartya Sen, authorofa numberof insightfulcontributions on such themes climaxing in TheIdea of Justice, first published in 2009, particu-

larly their relevance to the development of atheory of regional justice.

We then present briefly in Section IV ourviews about whether in India the issue of regional

justice was historically a less focused issue andthe reasons for this relatively less attention.

SectionV isdevoted toan extendeddiscussionof the problem of regional justice in the contextof Karnataka and the recent attempts to handlethis problem.

In the Concluding Section, a brief summaryof the discussion in the paper is presented withour own view about whether the problems of

regional injustice can be completely overcomeand the lessons that we have to draw from thehistorical experiences in this connection.

I. HARSH REALITIES

State reorganisation in India has not been aone-time affair of 1956 only. It has been contin-uing since then. In 1960, 1963, 1966, 1971, 1972,1975, 1987, and in 2000 newer states have comeinto existence in the country. Occasional eruptionof emotions and public agitations seem to remindus about the problem being live with simmeringdiscontent in the minds of people, which some-times getcapitalised by thepolitical interests.TheGovernment of India has recently admitted 1 thatdemands have been received by certain interestsfor creation of new states though the affected‘state governments’ have not expressed theirviews on this subject. The hard facts about statesreorganisation bring out the following;

* Linguistic States - a Boon or a Bane?

Linguistic state re organisation has provedto be both a boon and a bane in the country.Though the regional language is a powerfulunifying force amongst people, which wasrecognised by the well meaning leaders, thishas also given a handle -the easiest one atthat- for the self interest seeking politiciansto work on the emotions of the people tocreate disruptive forces. Anti Hindi agita-tions, anti out of the state language protests,antagonism not just for language but also forthe speakers of the languages, etc are the toowell known negative externalities experi-enced by the country. Resource costs of these negative externalities in terms of lossof life and property are a sourceof worry andconcern. These losses run into severalthousands of crores of rupees apart from theinvaluable human losses.



VOL. 21 NOS. 1-4 REGIONAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES AND THE ISSUE OF STATES .... 201

* Subtleties of Languages as the Basis forReorganisation; Recent Developments

Now the country has graduated into a stageof considering ‘subtleties’ of the same lan-guage and seeking some identity for each of these subtleties, rather than comparing one’slanguage with altogether a different lan-guage. Thus, the language of Kannada spo-ken in Kodagu or Coorg (a district of southKarnataka adjoining Kerala borders) - thelanguage kodava thakk, with influences of Malayalam, the spoken language of Kerala

and of Tamil, the language of Tamilnadu)has tended to unify people of that sub-regionof the state for claiming a separate state of Kodagu itself. Similarly, the language of Kannada spoken in Bombay Karnataka withinfluences of Marathi, the spoken languageof adjoiningMaharashtra, has led to demandfor a separate state for that region. There aredistinct features in the vocabulary, accent,slangs, etc in the language of Kannada spo-

ken in the districts of North Karnataka itself.In the same way, the erstwhileHyderabad-Karnatakahasalso beeninspiredto present demands for a separate state forthat region. Similar demands are made, asclarified by the minister of Government of India, in the case of different sub-regions of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, UttarPradesh, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Socio-economic factors such as job opportunities,

investment opportunities, infrastructuralfacilities, trade outlets, etc. are the majorforces giving a kick to ‘separatist’ demandsbased upon these subtleties of languagesthemselves providing additional strength tothe linguistic basis. In actual practice, mostoften, the non language factors consisting of socio economic compulsions dominate thescene and the linguistic factors become onlythe alibi for the separate-state agitations. In

all such agitations the underlying factorseems to be the feeling that there is lack of

fairness and justice to the region and peopletherein as at present and the hope that theseproblems get resolved with re organisation

of the states.

* Challenges Involved in Reorganisation of States

While revisiting the issue of reorganising of the states, the following challenges areworthy of consideration.

a. Should Linguistic Principles be Given

up while Reorganising the States?

The basic principle behind formation of a state is that there must be unified feelingamong the citizens of the state so that noexternally imposed irritants disturb theadministrative convenience and peace inthe region. Wherever major socio-economic, cultural and administrativeaspects pertaining to a specific region can

be more or less internalized, states can beformed subject to the fulfilment of viability conditions. This seems to be thespirit of the approach of the StatesReorganisation Commission of 1955.Language was considered as such a uni-fying force cutting across all ethnic,gender, class, etc lines. However, ourexperience during the past more than half a century has raised a major question

before us in this connection, viz., shouldlinguistic considerations be the only oreven the prime considerations in statereorganisation in our times?

Alternatively, can linguistic consider-ations be totally ignored while consider-ing the basis of fresh reorganisation?Simple geographical contiguity andadministrative convenience seem to be

the alternative bases if linguistic factorsare totally given up. It would be helpful






Though unequal treatmentof unequalscan be considered as a philosophicalbasis for handling this issue, the concrete

translation of this philosophy isextremely tricky. In a federal set upassistance from the federal governmentto the new states is a generally recom-mended method of equalisation. Thatthis may not work out perfectly isbrought out from the Indian experienceeven in the case of existing states. Thisis illustrated below under section V witha simple statistical analysis in the case of Karnataka state.

The way the federal financial system hasworked in India during the past severalyears raises some doubts in our mindabout how the new states are likely to betreated if the newly formed states happentobe resourcepoor. Since no state can beconsidered as self sufficient on the basisof its own resources in view of growingfunctional responsibilities and henceresource needs, dependence of the newstates on the centre appears to beunavoidable. Most of the resourcetransfers from the centre to the statesunder non plan and plan accounts arebased upon the method of reassessmentoftheresourcespositionoftheconcernedstate/s by the agencies like the quin-

quennial Finance Commission and theongoing Planning Commission. Thoughtransfers are mostly formula based, dis-cretion also has a significant role to playand the resource poor states and states of smaller sizes are generally less vocal andless assertive in negotiations in thecourse of resource reassessments anddetermination of quantum of resourcetransfers. As a result, such states are

likely to suffer in federal financial flows.This is likely to lead to more dependence

on the centre for resource flows andhence greater loss of autonomy of thenew states.

e. Equity Issues in the PostReorganisation Stage?

As stated earlier, the demands for newstates or new administrative units ariseprimarily on account of a ‘feeling’ aboutunfairness and injustice in the presentframework. Some of the questions thatbecomerelevant hereare- Wouldnotthe

issues of justice and fairness continueto be confronted in a post reorgani-sation situation also in the new statesin the comity of states and also withineach of these states? Since a state of perfect justice and fairness is hard toachieve once and for all can we visualisea mechanism for an ‘ongoing’ tacklingof such issues in the post reorganisationphase? The available literature in this

connection provides some insights aboutsuch issues of inter regional and intraregional inequities. There seems to besome consensus among main streameconomists that ‘economic growth andeconomic integration will, in the longrun, reduce income disparities betweenregions’ [Polese, 2008]. Some fivedecades ago a model was presented[Williamson, 1965, Pp. 3-54] to depict

initially rising and then falling regionaldisparities. However, as has been rightlysaid, ‘spatial income inequalities nevertotally disappear, if only because of thefriction of space and the costs of migra-tion. Some disparities are more stubbornthan others, with Italy, a classicalexample in Europe’ [Polese, op cit, p. 3].Incomeandeconomic product inequalityor equality is only one of several issues

in connection with inequality. Regionalinequalities encompass hosts of other






socio economic disparities amongregions within a country and also pro-mote forces of development, autonomy

and self, etc. Which forces are strongerin the caseof India?Howto managesuchforces is indeed a big challenge. Just asit normally happens in a town or a city,the developed localities or wards, getmore facilities and hence develop muchfaster than the less developed ones.

Consideration of the facts as above aboutstates reorganisation and challenges arisingfrom regionaldisparities would raise certainbasic issues about the conceptual aspectsrelating to why state re organisationdemands originate and how issues of regional justice are the underlying forces inthis connection. Apart from the questionof injustice to people in general and cer-tain communities in particular, there isalso a basic question of injustice to a

‘region’ as a whole. India, having sufferedthe problem of over exploitation of hernatural resources, inadequate initiatives todevelop her potentials, systematic efforts toalienate her from her own rich heritage andmisemployment and underutilisation of hermanpower resources, etc. over severalcenturiesunder colonial rule, canappreciatewhat it means if separate status is notaccorded for a region. It is significant thatIndia was personified as Bharata Mata,implying a separate identity for the countryasa whole.Sub regions withina countryalsohave identities of their own and it is properto recognise this.

II CONCEPTUAL INSIGHTS ABOUT‘REGIONAL JUSTICE’:

* Region as a reference point in discourseson justice and fairness

In discussions relating to what should be

considered as just and fair generally thereference point is the individuals, andnaturally so, since the goal of all socio

economic activity is considered to be thesatisfaction for the human being. Inci-dentally, a lesser attention is given inthesediscussionstothenonhumanbeingsalso - animals, birds and in the end plantlife also, in that order. This also is doneprimarily to ensure higher well being forthe humans. Plants need to be protectedbecause they preserve cleanliness in air,ensure timely rainfall providing water to

living beings;2

animals and birds need tobe preserved for they help maintainingecological balance, pollination, germi-nation, preservation of plants, etc, all of which are needed for ‘human well being’.The question of recognising each one of them with a separate identity of its ownis conveniently sidelined. In the sameway, the fact that each geographicalregion has its own individual status

does not receive the same attention asassigning a separate identity for eachindividual or group of individuals orcommunities. We have policies to safe-guard specific categories of people suchas SC, ST communities, minorities, etc.But, the special features and challengesof different geographical regions of acountrydo not receive an equal focus andattention. 3 However, this raises an

important question; can justice andfairness for human beings be achievedwithout considering justice and fair-ness for regions? In other words, in acomity of regions of unequal and henceunfair and unjust levels and rates of socioeconomic development, do people,though equally endowed and developed,experience the feeling of fairness and

justice? Thus, a rich person from a poor

state like Bihar though having the sameamount of income like a rich person from




a well developed state like Maharashtraor Punjab, would have a feeling of deprivation merely on account of the fact

that he lives in a poor state of Bihar. Suchfeelings of deprivation become moreconspicuous and acute if the regionshappen to be geographically contiguousand people keep moving from one regionto another of unequal socio economicprogress. Duesenbery’s demonstrationeffect in triggering interpersonal com-parisons of socio economic statusamongst persons and implications

therefrom work more forcefully if thesepersons live in the same region or ingeographically contiguous regions and also in situations where contacts and interactions among people are relativelyeasy and frequent. Such inter personalcomparisons of socio economic statusand difficulty in emulation of higherstatus due to lack of the necessarywherewithal, would be irksome irritants

and they become a source of discomfortand feeling of deprivation. It is a factualexperience that people from some of theborder regions of North Karnataka, forexample, feel deprived and uncomfort-able as soon as they enter the neigh-bouring Sangli and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra as the latter have asignificantly higher level of develop-ment, in terms of good roads, better

electricity supply and water supply, etc.,infrastructure, better developed educa-tion and health care institutions, moredisciplined transport system, etc. Higherdevelopmental status shows itself!Though these people may be speaking thesame language (as these border areas arebilingual areas) discrepancy in the statusof development within a cross-over of few kilo meters of distance would only

cause envy and irritation about back-wardness of the region where they live.

Thus, there is a comparative perspectivein the minds of people when they feel thesense of deprivation and ‘injustice’. Such

feelings of discomfort and deprivationarise to start with, more by observing theregion specific parameters of develop-ment than individual specific parameters.Feelings of ‘regional’ injustice andunfairness are therefore a real phenome-non, which need to be distinctly treatedas compared to feelings of injustice andunfairness for ‘persons and communi-ties’.

* What is meant by justice and fairness inthe context of different regions in a given nation?

Justice, however, is a very elusive con-cept, not easy todefineor easy toperfectlyoperationalise even in the context of human beings. That a particular situationis just or unjust or a particular action is

just or unjust needs to be explained inseveral sentences, outlining why it is so,and it is difficult to describe the phe-nomenon just by a single term. Sanskritlanguage, which has rich vocabulary andwhich is considered as mother of manylanguages,may help to some extent in thisconnection. The Sanskrit equivalents of the term justice are many, such as dhar-mya, i.e., righteousness, nyaayya, i.e.,

reasonableness, yogya, i.e., proper,sarvasamata, i.e., equitable, apaksha-

paata, i.e., impartiality, saamya ,4 i.e.,beingequal; etc. It isclear that these termsindicate implicitly (with the help of

yogavrutti, i.e., etymology) why a par-ticular state or action is one of justice.Though these terms in Sanskrit connotedifferent shades of meanings, it should beemphasized that all of them are essen-

tially related to the concept of justice.This would be clear by understanding the




meaning of the constituents of theseSanskrit terms. According to Indianepistemology things like justice, injus-

tice, goodness or badness, being properor improper, happiness and sorrow, etc,are perceivable only by conscience (andnot just the mind)- sakshi, i.e., con-science, which is considered as the sva-roopendriya, i.e., deep inner sense of theself, and not one of the five senses of perception. It is also worth noting thatgenerally the absence of justice ratherthan its presence is more quickly per-

ceived by this deep rooted organ-instrument of perception. Hence, thefeelings of injustice are deep rooted andreactions arising out of such feelingswould be quite strong and they last long.Also, cases of injustice rather than casesof justice are articulated by the societymore quickly and more emphatically,probably because generally the societyis more intolerant of injustice than

being appreciative of justice.

Ancient philosophers, particularly Greek philosophers were in search of themeaningof justice. Socrates, forexample,presented four definitions of justice- viz.

justice as ‘telling the truth rendering upwhat we have received; rendering to hisdue; complying with the interest of thestronger, that is of then ruling class as it

is expressed in law and minding one’sown business both in external relationswith others and in the internal ordering of the soul’. [Bird, 1968, p. 10] Justice isthus considered as a relational conceptand a social norm. Classical economistsof the West also had conceptualized jus-tice and injustice in their analysis of humanbehaviour. Forexample, out of thesix springs of human conduct as enunci-

ated by Adam Smith in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, 5 [Smith, 1993, p. 129]

such as self love, desire to be free, pro-pensity to truck barter and exchange,habit of labour, sense of propriety and

sympathy, the spring- ‘the sense of pro-priety’ seems to come closest to the var-ious Sanskrit equivalents of the term

justice. Regional dimension of justice,however, does not seem to explicitlyappear in Adam Smith’s perception of

justice and propriety though his frame-work of springs of human conduct surelyprovides an opportunity for its extensionto regions.

The term justice and their Sanskritequivalents essentially connote that jus-tice is a ‘relational concept’ and a matterinvolving more than one entity affectedby the subject matter (since at least twoentitiesare compared and one more entityto stand in judgment about justice orinjustice involved in actions affecting thetwo entities) and that it is linked to an

action from another party or mutualaction. For example, non-availability of minimum housing facility to an individ-ual connotes injustice since implicitly acomparisonis involved of theonewithouthousing facility with the one havinghousing. In a situation where there is nohousing facility for anyone -as in the caseof a hypothetical situation of nomads thequestion of injustice relating to housing

does not arise at all. In case the nomadscome in contact with the people who alsomight be erstwhile nomads but who havebeen settled in a village by the govern-ment through the provision of housingfacility, etc. and if the nomads feeldesirous of such a settled living and alsoput a claim to the government then theydevelop a feeling of injustice from thegovernment if this facility is still not

provided to them. Hence, while consid-ering justice and injustice, etc. what is




involved is a comparison of one’s statewith another’s state with regard to amatter that is part of one’s own preference

function and assessment of an action bythe third party relating to that matter. If these matters are region specific just as‘housing facility’ in tribal areas in forestregions then we are essentially in thedomain of regional justice. It is true thatindividual specific parameters are thestarting point also for considering aspectsof regional justice. However, theseparameters assume a different dimension

and bigger proportions when we areconsidering regional justice issues. In thefollowing paragraphs this distinction isfurther clarified by way of an illustration.

* Region specific parameters and individ-ual specific parameters for under-standing the aspects of regional justiceand individual justice:

While the parameters relating to theindividuals have implications for regionsit would be a big lapse in justice discus-sions if region specific parameters or theregional dimensions of individualspecific parameters are totally over-looked. The following chart presented onpage 14 brings out the contrasts of individual specific and region specificparameters. Three categories of parame-ters are mentioned in the chart, viz.Region specific parameters, individualspecific parameters and overlapparameters that have implications forboth the region and individuals. Forexample, when we are considering healthcare facilities individuals are not so muchconcernedwithwhether adequatenumberof PHCs is available in the region or not.

Theirconcern is whether when neededthehealth care facilities are available to them

ornot. If they are very well endowed withthen they can access these health carefacilities available in distant places as

well. Some parameters would haveimplications both for the region and theindividual. Only for illustrative purposesglobalisation and the related parametersare shown in the Chart as the ‘overlapparameters’. The chart is essentiallyillustrativeand notexhaustive. In the caseof region specific parameters, by andlarge, all those cases are included wherethere is a feature of what Richard Mus-grave,anotedPublicFinanceexpert,callsnon excludability and non rivalness inconsumption [Musgrave, 1958]. In thecase of individual specific parametersexclusion is possible and there is alsorivalness in consumption. Thus, whilediscussing the issues of regional justice,by and large, we need to focus on suchnon rival or non excludable or collective

consumptiongoods, withvarying degreesof non excludability, non rivalness inconsumption non appropriability, diffi-culty in attaching a price tag, etc. In thedebate relating to public goods, the termnon appropriability (used by Head)means difficulty in assigning a price tothe good with the help of which the payerof price would appropriate the good andnon payers are excluded. Hence, payersand non payers are rivals in consumingthe good. But, in the case of those goodsthat are specific to the region as a whole,what is involved is collective consump-tion by the region as a whole and there isno rivalness in consumption, nor is therea possibility of appropriating the good bypayment of price. Non excludability maydepend upon both the nature of the good

or service in question and also the size of the region where non excludability is




seen. For example, a police post, pro-viding protection to a locality maybecome less effective in a very large

locality. Hence, the question of regional justice is very much linked with the sizeof the region as well.

Chart: An Illustrative Chart of Region Specific and Individual SpecificParameters to Throw Light on Issues of Regional Justice.

Region Specific Nature of Questions for Individual Spe- Nature of Questions for Overlap Parame- Nature of Questions forParameters Eliciting Information; cific Parameters Eliciting Information; ters Eliciting Information;

Relevant Questions Relevant Questions Relevant Questions

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

1 Social Infra- Are there adequate edu- Access to elemen- What is the Net enrol- Influences of liber- Has FDI in educationstructure param- cational facilities within tary education, ment ratio in the commu- alization, privat- affected educational faci-eters the region? Are there higher education, nity in that region? Net ization and lities in the region andi. Education Neighbourhood schools, etc for particular enrolment ratio for male globalisation, performance of children

higher education institu- community, gen- and female categories? (LPG) on educa- of specific communities?tions, etc., in the region? der, etc. Out of school population, t ion. What is the effect of Are there schools with transition probabilities, LPG on cost of educationdrinking water and toilet attendance, achievement in the region and forfacilities in the region? ratios, etc. for different individuals? ...etc., etc. categories of population,

etc.

ii. Health and How many Primary Access to and uti- Various access indicators Influences of LPG Has FDI in particular andMedi care. Health Care Centres lization of medical about various medi - care on health and med- LPG in general in health

(PHCs) are provided in care facilities by services in the region for ical care facilities, and medical care affectedthe region in relation to house holds or different population costs of these availability of health andpopulation? How many individual mem- groups; Various utiliza- facilities, etc. medi- care facilities inCHCs? Referral Facili- bers of different tion indicators. the region, their costs toties? Population Bed population groups the households, etc. ruralratios in the regions? Access to and uti- urban discrimination andDrinking water facilities, lisation of Public health status of specificSanitation facilities in the water taps for communities, etc?region? Public Toilets, residents belong-their location, their func- ing to differenttional status, working populationcondition. categories, etc etc.

2. Physical Infra- What is the length of all Utilisation of Utilisation indicatorsstructure Param- season roads in the infrastructure byeters region? different popula-

tion groups

* Feelingsof inter regional injustice withrespect to socioeconomicopportunitiesseem to be the genuine factors behindthedemands for new statesor demandsfor newadministrative units within theexisting states. Justiceor injustice is botha matter of feeling and also a matter of actual physical facilities being availablein the region. Most often the counterargument against the protagonists of a

separate state is that inadequacy of faci-lities and opportunities, deprivation, etc.,

is all within the mind. 6 A contented soulhas no complaints, it is said. While thismight be true one cannot deny theimportance of basic needs for humanexistence in a modern civilised society.

* Having appreciated the need for recog-nising region as a separate unit in dis-cussions relating to issues of justice wemay now examine what may be the

essential aspects of a theory of regional justice and whether the available litera-




ture throws light on this issue. It is in thisbackground that the questions such ashow genuine isthedemandforanewstate

and how feasible is this demand can bebetter appreciated.

* A related matter worthy of considerationis what A K Sen says, ‘reasoning’ about

justice. This reasoning needs to beextended to regional justice as well. Isregional justice a negative function of regional disparities of goods and servicesavailable? What are the other determi-

nants of regional justice?

* A quick scanning of the literaturerelating to regional studies in generaland regional economics in particularseems to make it clear [For an excellentliterature review see Keshab Das, 2002]that even while studying the problemsof regional disparities the focus is mainlyon particular regions -either rural areas or

urbanareas,developed regions as a wholeor under developed regions as a whole,individual cities 7 or specific villages, etc.The entire literature in developmentaleconomics also focuses on disparities indevelopment of nations rather than interregional and intra regional disparities per se within a given nation. Even the uni-versity syllabi in different countriesrelating to regional economics and

regional studies seem to have only such afocus on ‘specific’ regions. However, thespecific issuesof regional disparitiesand regional justice per se do not seem tohave received adequate attention of con-ceptual research. In the context of publicfinance and that too in relation to theissues of federal resource transfers onecomes across some serious discussion of inter-state disparities though the issue of

intra state disparities with regard to dif-ferent parameters again appears to have

received less research interest inliterature. Thanks to Dr. D M Nanjun- dappa High Power Committee Report

for Karnataka -2002, the DandekarCommittee Report for Maharashtra afew decades earlier, the studies relatingto demands for newer states within theexisting states in India (such as a separatestate for North Karnataka, HyderabadKarnataka, Kodagu in Karnataka,Vidarbha and Marathwada in Maharash-tra, Telangana in A.P. Koshala in Orissa,etc), etc. in recent times, there have beensome serious research initiatives toexamine the problems of intra-regionaldisparities. A comprehensive theory of Regional justice is yet to emerge from all these initiatives. Obviously such a theoryexamines two dimensions of distributiveequity if only socio economic aspectsalone are considered, viz. a) ensuringavailability of absolute minimum levelsofsocio economic services for each entityin a group, (this is absolute equity ) andb) if availabilities vary from one entity tothe other, then initiatives are needed toensure minimum disparity in the avail-ability. This is relative equity. Such atheory has to be multi disciplinary in itsapproach and dynamic in its perspective.

The aspects, which deserve focusing while

developing a ‘theory of regional justice’, arethe following:

a. What is the optimum size of a region so that costs are minimized and benefits are maxi-mized so far as access to and utilization of socio economic opportunities are concernedand the whole issue of governance of theregion is concerned?

b. Why is it that some regions in a given

country are more developed than others?Is it possible to develop taxonomy of the




determinants of development and depri-vation arranging them on manoeuvrabilityscale? Reversing the determinants of

deprivation may not necessarily lead to thedeterminants of development since thesefactors might not operate in such a simplisticfashion. This question is stated essentially ina static framework. In a dynamic framework the relevant question is- why is it that someregions develop faster than others? Whatare these determinants?

c. Regionalists seem to point out two types of disparities, viz. geographical disparities and

man-made disparities while examining theproblem of regional disparities. The prob-lems become more complicated when thegeographical regions and administrativeregions (like state, district, taluk etc) divergefrom each other. Economic region andadministrative region are not identical. 8

Under such circumstances what types of countervailing interventions are needed toreduce disparities? In a globalisation

framework international resource transfersassume special significance. However, itshould also be noted that the internationalagencies do not seem to take cognizance of inter regional disparities and intra regionaldisparities while providing developmentalassistance to a country and they seem toconsider the country as a whole as the unit fortheir calculations about inter country flowsof developmental assistance. Locational

identities are not considered important undersuch an approach. Development of urbancentres, metropolis, etc is facilitated throughinternational developmental assistance andpeople from poorer regions are encouragedto move to such developed centres in theirown interest. This can be termed as a policyof people to jobs. This is a case of selectivemigration of people. With regard to a marketstrategy of spontaneous movements of peo-

ple for attaining equilibrium in the self bal-ance approach many reservations were

expressed. "Migrants are misinformed andmigration is selective, thereby increasingwage differences between regions. Investors,

likewise, seem to overvalue already produc-tive regions, respond to agglomerative effi-ciencies and in other way contribute todisequilibria. Finally, diffusion of informationis veryslow,nationalbackwatersalways lagging behind the centres of inter-vention and innovation. The upshot; mech-anisms for interregional market equilibriumare rusty, and they need both oil and appliedforce; the standard approach to regional

planning..." [Goldsmith, 1978, as quoted inDas, it al. op. cit, p. 8] As against this, thenational initiatives, which are likely to bemore sensitive to theaspirations of thepeoplewherever they are living, are pressed intoservice for developing socio economicopportunities for them irrespective of theirlocation in the country. This is the policy of

jobs to people .9 Even in the national context,the policy of central grants to state adminis-

tration rather than to the decentralized subregional administrative units (like ZillaPanchayat or Taluk Panchayat or even theVillage Panchayat administration) seems tolead to concentration of economic opportu-nities in selected regions in contrast to thestate grants to these units, which are likely tolead to de-concentration of these opportuni-ties.

d. Measurement Issues: In any empirical

theory of regional justice and fairness mea-surement issues assume a special signifi-cance. Both types of criticisms of ‘measurement without theory and theorywithout measurement’ need to be properlytackled when a theory of regional justice isbeing developed. How to measure regional

justice? How is regional justice a function of regional disparities? How to measure interregional andintra regional disparities both

in thestaticanddynamic settings?Disparitieswith respect to which parameters, what Sen




mentions as ‘evaluative space’, [Sen, 1995,ch 3] is an important issue. Different initia-tives of the past in this connection seem to

develop various types of indicators of development for regions using few or moreparameters and using one or the other sta-tistical technique (like using various types of averages, gini coefficient, factor analysis orprincipal components analysis, etc) for con-solidating the region specific data about thechosen parameters. Obviously all suchinitiatives, though useful to someextent, facea number of practical and technical problemsrelating to the reliability of data aboutparameters, even the choice of parameters of development, dependability of the statisticaltechniques used, etc. All the chosen param-eters may not be of equal significance for theregion as a unit and also for the people livingin these regions. Normally all parameters aretreated as of equal weightage in the indicatorbased approaches for development, which is

not realistic.e. What are the costs of disparities? What is

meant by disparity costs and how to measurethem? Recognition of short period and longperiod costs would throw further light on theregional injustice issues. Disparities withregard to which parameters are costlier?

f. Are there anybenefits from disparities as hasbeen indicated by the phrase ‘opportunity in disparity’ , used by Amartya Sen? [Sen,2006] 10 When speaking about opportunitiesin disparities are we referring to both thedisparities amongst people and disparitiesamongst regions? Sen has an interestingdefence of inequality and injustice, thoughthese insights are presented in the context of personal justice rather regional justice [Sen,1992, See particularly the section 9.6 Alter-native Defences of Inequality Pp. 138-41].

g. If in reality disparities are inevitable, then isit possible to determine their tolerable levels

so that humanmiseries on account of regionaldisparities are proper and ‘feelings of dispa-rities’ in general are minimized?

h. A basic question in this connection is howfactual disparities and feelings of ‘injustice’are related. Is justice always a positivefunction of equality? Also, is injusticealways a positive function of disparity? Toboth these questions the answer is in thenegative. If so, how should the principles of equal treatment of equals leading to hori-zontal equity and unequal treatment of unequals leading to vertical equity be

translated into practice for achievingregional justice?

i. What role does history play in explaining thelevels of and changes in regional disparities?Socio cultural perspectives of regional dis-parity and justice need to supplement thepurely economic perspectives. This seems tobe a big lacuna in the regional studies avail-able at present [Das, op. cit. ]. All the issuesof disparities seem to have been linked to

resourcesparticularlythefinancial resources.Approaches for Managing the RegionalDisparities and various types of injustices:the roles of public sector, private sector and

joint sector and the NGOs. This may be yetanother issue of importance for the proposed theory of regional justice to consider. Sinceprivate sector by definition is guided more byprofit maximization considerations suchapproaches need to be carefully managed.

This indeed is of topical interest in the contextof privatisation and liberalisation.

j. Social accounting mechanisms and feelingsof regional justice: It appears that people’sinvolvement in matters relating to supplies of public services might provide significantinsights for efficient governance of theregion.

k. Is it possible to incorporate the issues of regional justice and fairness in the general

treatises on Theory of Justice developed inthe context of justice for people rather than






iii. Rawls’ two basic principles, viz. basicrights principle and the other about thedistribution of social and economic

inequalities do not explicitly bring in theregionaldimensions. Rawls articulates theseprinciples as follows. "Each person (italicsours) has an equal claim to a fully adequatescheme of equal basic rights and liberties,which scheme is compatible with the samescheme to all; and in this scheme the equalpolitical liberties, and only those liberties,are to be guaranteed their fair value". This istermed as the Rights Principle by Rawls.

The other principle is termed as the Differ-ence Principle. To quote him, "Social andeconomic inequalities are to satisfy twoconditions; a) they are to be attached topositions and offices open to all under con-ditions of fair equality of opportunity; and b)they are to be to the greatest benefit of theleast advantaged members of society"[Rawls, op. cit, Pp. 5-6]. The latterobviouslyis the antyodaya approach in Gandhian

framework. Such issues are referred to alsoin the context of Wicksell’s Qualified Majority Voting Principle in the debates about public choice in democracy. Undersuch a principle, certain public decisionsneed to be taken by considering the views of minority also and not just by considering theviews of the majority. Majority view isweighted by the minority view. 11

iv. In both the principles, the word ‘persons’

cannot simply be substituted by the term‘regions’ in order to derive the conceptualinsights about the issues relating to regionaldisparities.This is because thoughthe regionconsists of persons it is necessary torecognise that a separate identity existsalso for the region apart from individualsliving therein. - Even absolute equity andminimum relative inequity of persons withina region may not ensure fair deal for that

region in a comity of regions. In fact in thestateof extreme underdevelopment there are

glaring ‘equalities’ and only in the course of development inequalities seem to increase,as was highlighted in the famous Kuznet’s

Curve .12

A poor country with highinequality would not be of the same socioeconomic status as a rich country with thesame degree of inequality. It would not befair and just to treat equally these twocountries on the grounds that they have thesame degree of inequality. Hence, it wouldbe highly necessary to treat each region-country as an ‘individual’ with uniqueidentity of its own. Simple extension of

Rawlsian approach to the issues of regional justice might bring out a number of com-plications, as can be appreciated from a brief explanation below. In order that there is

justice, one has to ignore one’s own personalcircumstances, which Rawls terms as the‘veil of ignorance’. This veil of ignoranceisexpected toensure that there is no scopefor personal prejudices in determiningany action - personal or group action,and

hence that action is likely to be just. Thisveil of ignorance becomes too thick to bepierced through in the context of regions,since instead of ignorance about someindividuals in the context of a particularregion analysts have to assume existenceof ignorance about a number of individuals,a num ber of regions and a number of individuals in a number of regions and alsoignorance about a number of parameters

relating to the personal circumstances of allthese entities. Apart from facing a majorobjection to such an assumption that lots andlots of information is wasted and not used inthe process of rational decision making forensuring justice, there is also a great diffi-culty even in making an assumption thatpeople are ‘ignorant’ about all these aspects!Rawls dreams to reach a goal of creating‘a society where luck plays a minimal

role’. Under the veil of ignorance luck isgiven a tremendous role to play. This goal




might get further distanced once we movefrom the context of persons to the context of regions since in the case of the latter, number

of imponderables increases tremendouslymaking the approach increasingly compli-cated.

Regional disparity is, as stated earlier, objec-tionable obviously for reasons of justice. Theissue of justice cannot be over looked in thecontext of regional analysis andpolicy making,particularly when we consider a separateidentity for region and justice is interpreted as

fairness, a la John Rawls.

Definition of a region is indeed a trickyissue. Researchers in Regional Studies bringout various parameters that need to be con-sidered while identifying a region. Geograph-ical regions, administrative regions, climaticregions, political regions, etc, may not alwaysconverge. However, at an operational level,when we are considering the issue of regional

justice and the policies needed to reduce interregional and intra regional injustice, we aremainly considering administrative regions.

v. According to Rawls ‘the theory of justice asfairness argues for equal rights for all indi-viduals, and denies that injustice toward anyparticular group of individuals is justifiableunless this injustice is necessary to preventan even greater injustice.’ It is obvious that

fairness for people would be meaninglessunless there is fairness for the region wherethey live and vice versa. We observe that thestatus and standingof the region is a functionofthe status and standing of the people livingtherein and vice versa. The gradation of theregion on a value scale confers spill-overeffects for the people. Thus, in the case of Karnataka, people living in metros and bigcities like Bangaluru, Dharwad Hubli, etc,

are looked upon with awe and wonder andrespected by the people in small towns and

villages in contrast to people living inbackward regions of the state like Yadgir,Sindhanur, etc. This gradation of places and

people is in built in people’s perceptions andthis fact cannot be over looked. 13 Rawlsianview that "an injustice is tolerable onlywhen it is necessary to avoid an evengreater injustice" is not applicable in thecase of regions, since each region has tobother about itself rather than whathappens to other regions. This is partic-ularly true when we consider supply of basic goods to regions. Thus, supply of drinking water or subsistence goods andservices to all regions adequately is non -negotiable. For the purpose of providingamenities in the most deprived regions of Hyderabad Karnataka, for example, the lack of amenities in some parts of Bombay Kar-nataka, which is slightly more developed,cannot be tolerated. While one cannot denythe fact that adequate supply of subsistencegoods to Hyderabad Karnataka is also non-negotiable this provision should not be at thecost of adequate supplies to NorthKarnataka. The point is that in the case of deprived regions, supplies should becreated by special development efforts.Inadequacies in both the regions need to beconcurrently tackled. Hence, when we areconsideringregional justice issues,Rawlsianprescription for tolerance of injustice is

unacceptable.

vi The Idea of Justice 14 and other relevantworks of Amartya Sen; Amartya Sen, thetheoretician-analyst par excellence of ourtimes has presented several conceptualinsights about such issues in a number of hiscontributions. Some of his ideas relating toregional justice can be culled out from hisworks. A notable contribution of Sen in

examining justice issues in terms of freedomand capabilities rather than simply income






determining the placement of a particular regionin the hierarchy among the comity of regions of the country, though extra material considerations

were the overriding bases.

Mostof the centres ofpilgrimage in India seemto be located on the river banks and people usedto settle down in these places for obvious reasonsof plentyof water supply, petty business and tradeopportunities, possibilities of social and religiouslife, etc. However, it is remarkable that someindividuals particularly with reformist fervourpreferred less developed regions for their living

probably out of stoic ideology. This is clearlyevident from the selected parts of what is knownas Hyderabad Karnataka region. The districts of Bellary, Raichur, Bidar and Gulbarga in Karna-taka, for example, which are the parts with hottestclimate in the state and some of which are nowreckoned as the most backward districts of Kar-nataka, according to all types of indicators of development and deprivation, were surprisinglythe preferred districts for the saints and their

followers for several generations. Socialreformist cum Devotional movements like theones under the leadership of Bhakti BhandariBasavanna and others with highly meaningfulVachana Sahitya, the devotional saints, theinspirers and luminaries of Dasa Sahitya inKannada, like Purandara Dasa, Vijayadasa,Gopaladasa, Mohanadasa, Jagannathadasa, Pra-neshadasa, etc, prospered in this most deprivedregion of Karnataka itself. It must, however, be

noted that in this region very important rivers likeKrishna, Tungabhadra, etc, have been flowing forages, thoughwith scanty rainfall withinthe regionitself. It is quite likely that there were periods of some prosperity in this region though large partsof the year were and continue to be the periods of acute poverty for masses and this must be thereason for starting of such reformist and devo-tional movements in the region. Reformism wasprobably targeted at the relatively prosperous

people and devotionalism with an attitude of reconciling with deprivation and exploitation,

must have been targeted at the exploited masses.This region, therefore, has emerged as the regionrich with philosophical literature and culture,

attracting others, those interested in these valueseven from distant places as well.

That region was accorded a separate status of importance in the thinking and socio-religiouspractices in the country is evident also from thedos and don’ts in connection with foreign traveland crossing ofseasetc,which are still incurrencyamong some communities and some regions of the country. Even within the country differentregions are graded in people’s perceptions. Thus,gradation of regions in olden days was done notsimply in terms of economic considerations as atpresent, but in terms of comprehensive consid-erations of social, cultural and literary values.This was accepted by the people not only fromthe region itself but also from the other regions of the state. While rethinking about classificationof regions within a state or among the states,suchcomprehensive indicatorsdeserve seriousconsideration. 19

Thus, it appears that regional ‘economic’disparities did not receive much explicit attentionof thepeoplein general andscholars in particular in the past, though other aspects of the region did get recognised in grading theregions.No attempt seems to have been made in the past to develop acomprehensive numeraire for ranking regions

accordingto economic,cultural, etc, criteria. Thepresent approach of considering primarily eco-nomic parameters in lieu of socio culturalparameters is also highly unrealistic. It also isunjust and offensive, for, it terms certain regions‘backward’ even though they are likely to bemuch more advanced than other regions whenthese other parameters are taken into account. Of course, the policy makers cannot overlook theimportance of providing opportunities for eco-

nomic and human capital development in theregion.




Did rulers of the past take note of regional disparities and introduce specific measures to tackle the problem of regional injustice? Some

historical evidence throws light on this issue inthe case of at least some rulers of the past.Emperor Ashok, forexample, haddivided hisvastempire into four provinces with headquarters atTakshashila, Ujjayini, Tosali, and Suvarnagiri.Through welfare measures in the distant prov-inces implemented through provincial headsappointed by the Emperor, an attempt was madeby the King to integrate all provinces under thefold of the Empire. Prakrit was the official lan-guage in all the provinces and Brahmi wasadopted as the official script. This seems to hintat the principle of one language one state formulaadvocated by some for states reorganization.Several welfare measures were introduced evenin the distant provinces. The Girinar rock inscription of Rudradaman reveals that a bigirrigation lake was constructed by ChandraguptaMaurya in the remote region of the empire andthat it was got repaired by the local provincialGovernor under Ashoka. This lake served thepeople for nearly 900 years with frequent repairsand reconstruction from time to time with thegrant from the king of the empire. This brings outthe concern of the rulers for welfare and justtreatment of the region. This is brought out byinscriptional evidence. Planting of trees on theroad sides for shade for travellers, construction of wells, healing houses for humans and animals in

all the provinces, etc, bring out the urge of administration for regional justice. Kautilya’s Arthasastra shows that the presiding officers fordifferent economic activities and developmentalfunctionswere responsible for properfunctioningofthe various services inall parts of the state. Thiswas organised by constituting janapadas oradministrative units and appointing heads of the

janapadas . Pre Gupta and Gupta rule subse-quently (about 200 B.C. to 700 A.D.) also strove

to ensure availability of public services for thepeople in different parts of the empire and thus

provide regional justice. Historians quote differ-entTravel Accounts of foreign travellers of thosetimes in order to bring home this point

[Government of India, 1981]. During subsequentforeign rules, trendsof greater centralisation werewitnessed and the concept of regional justiceseems to have got sidelined though it cannot besaid that it was totally forgotten.

In Karnataka, a number of instances areavailable to show that historically the rulers hadlaid a great emphasis on regional justice. In thedecentralised administration of the past, the local

chieftains or Mandaleshvaras were autonomousthough they were answerable and subservient tothe powerful monarch of the kingdom. In such asystem, people also had a big voice about thewelfare schemes in the region and thereby theywere also instrumental in safeguarding regional

justice.. They used to raise voice for irrigationprojects, roads, etc, within the region where theylived. In Karnataka an instance is quoted aboutthe revolt of the people, which went right up to

theKing of Vijayanagaraempire, for, taxes leviedby a new chieftain in one of the provinces of thekingdom, after the old one was defeated in war,were higher than in the earlier regime and aninscriptionsays that theking wasconvincedaboutthis regional injustice and the said chieftain wasimmediately removed and old tax rates wererestored. 20 In the process of provision of regional

justice or more correctly in the process of ame-liorating regional injustice in the past the roles

played by the rulers, the affected people of theconcerned region and people in general have tobe appreciated. Old inscriptions amply bring outthe effective implementation of what the preva-lent jargon of PPP (public private partnership)indicates. Some of the VijayanagaraInscriptions 21 [Shrinivas and Gopal, 2008] showhow some taxes levied by the autonomous localnayakas, such as oppressive marriage tax, barbertax, etc were withdrawn for some regions initially

and for all the regions of the Kingdom subse-quently as a result of people’s representations to




the Vijayanagara king. In the same way, the kingused to pay attention to the water supply schemesin all the provinces of his kingdom and had

ensured that at least one water tank is constructedin every village through the funds of the gov-ernment treasury and/or munificent donationsfrom the rich people from the region. It isinteresting to note from inscriptions that, by andlarge, the maintenance of the tank was theresponsibility of the local people for which theking had entrusted the task to some of his officersagainst a grant of some land. In some cases the

king himself used to make a direct grant for thepurpose and ensured that there is no violation of

Raja Dharma of maintaining regional justice. Allthese inscriptional evidences go to show thatregional justice was one of the important con-siderations in the minds of administration in thepast. For want of adequate historical data,however, it may not be proper to make a generalstatement that all the regions of the state had

equally developed with comparable supplies of goods and services. The historical account andinscriptional evidences highlight the faith in Raja

Dharma and faith of the people in the king.Beyond this, the actual state of affairs might nothavebeen as rosy as the intentions of the king andof the people in maintaining regional justice.

In the above general conceptual backgroundand an account of historical practices in Karna-taka in particular, we may now focus on modernday Karnataka case in somewhat greater detail. Itmight appear from the discussion below that theconceptual aspects of regional justice have notbeen fully translated into actual practice. It is alsonot clear how the concept of Raja Dharma of ensuring regional justice and justice forall peoplegot sidelined in the context of this state also overthe period of time. It is not possible to trace the

factors responsible for this development in thisarticle. What we propose to do below therefore is

to examine the ‘recent’ attempts made in Kar-nataka to handle regional disparities persisting inthe state for several decades and thereby address

the issue of regional injustice.

V. FOCUS ON KARNATAKA

i. In Karnataka in the name of regional justicethere are occasional demands for a separatestate from Kodagu, as stated earlier, (a singledistrict adjoining Kerala and Tamil Nadustates), from Hyderabad Karnataka region(consisting of five districts after creation of Koppal district) and from Bombay Karna-taka region(consisting of sevendistricts nowafter creation of new districts from out of theerstwhile four districts of Dharwad, Karwar,Belgaum and Bijapur constituting BombayKarnataka region).

ii. The Sri Krishna Committee Report sub-mitted to the Government of India in January2011, which could surely help theprotagonistsof Telanganaas a separate state,might also help the supporters of setting upof Rayalaseema, Telangana and Karavaliregions of the present state of Andhra Pra-desh into three separate states. The mootpoint to be noted is that the acceptance of SriKrishna Committee Report is also likely tostrengthen the demands for creation of otherstates within the country. Karnataka forexample, which is as large as Andhra Pra-desh, it is argued, can be divided into threestates of smaller sizes under the names of Karavali-Malnad state, Uttara Karnatakastate and Dakshina Karnataka state. Thedemand of Kodagu, as a separate state, alsoneeds to be suitably considered. 22 Withregard to the issue of creation of smallerstates important sections of the CongressParty, the ruling party at the Centre and theBJP seem to be favourably inclined. RahulGandhi, the General Secretary of the Con-gress Party, who must be representing theview points of the youth of the Party, is




reported to haveargued out a casefor smallerstates, particularly keeping in mind the logicof administrative convenience. While sup-

porting the UP Congress Resolution. TheBJP has already gone on records of historyfor taking initiatives in setting up the newstate of Jharkhand by bifurcating Bihar, thenew state of Chattisgarh severing this regionfrom a very large Madhya Pradesh andcreating another state of Uttaranchal afterbreaking it away from a very large state of Uttar Pradesh. It should be noted that all thesix states emerging as a result of this initia-

tive are theHindi speaking states themselvesthough the language spoken therein mighthave subtle variations in intonation, vocab-ulary, literature, etc. In the same way, con-cedingthe demands forcreation ofVidarbha,Marathwada and Western Maharashtra fromout of the present large state of Maharashtra,also might not come in the way of promotionofthe languageof Marathi, it is said. Comingunder the administrative control of larger

number of states rather than only one statethe Kannada language also might get asubstantially additional boost, it is said bythe protagonists of creation of a few moreKannada speaking states from out of thepresently large state of Karnataka.

iii. The Congress, which is the major oppositionparty in the State, should take the initiative,it is argued, in placing forth the demand for

the setting up of three new states by bifur-cating Karnataka. The BJP, which wasresponsible for the setting up of three newstates in the north and is now supporting theformation of Telangana state, may notoppose the division of Karnataka.

iv. From this discussion, it emerges that there isno need to consider language as the onlyyardstickfor the formationof a state; nor was

there such inevitability even in the past. Onelanguage one state formula has not been

adopted in India right from the beginning.This is clearly brought out from the fact thatthough there are several states of Hindi

speaking people, this has not created anyproblem even from the point of view of promotinga language,buthas only benefiteddifferent Hindi speaking states from theadministrative point of view. Not one, butseveral states are always in the forefront inlobbying forHindi orHindi speaking people.

v. Three questions are relevant here, viz.a. Has there been really regional injus-

tice in the regions of Karnataka so thatthe demand of the concerned regionsfor separate statehood can be consid-ered to be genuine?

b. Is the demand feasible considering thefuture resource availability for theregion in such a way that there is noundue dependence on the Union gov-ernment for resources?

c. Would the rest of the state, whichlargely comprises the South Karna-taka region consisting of the remain-ing 16 out of the present 29 districts(that were largely part of the Mysoreregion) not turn out to be non viableafter reorganisation?

Except Kodagu and districts of South Karna-taka the districts demanding a separate state arelargely known as part of North Karnataka. Thesedistricts are relatively less developed from manypoints of view. Kodagu appears to be relativelybetter endowed and developed (though itsinfrastructural development is said to be still notvery satisfactory), with more than 90 per centliteracy, high familyplanning achievements, veryenviable martial traditions, etc, and with richcoffee plantations. Its claim for a separate state

seems to be mainly to preserve the benefits fromits endowments within itself. Through formation




of Kodagu as a state there is thus an intention tointernalize socio economic advantages of theregion.

We may briefly examine each of these threequestions below.

a. Do some regions of the state truly experi-ence regional injustice and unfairness?

Imbalances in developmental levels in dif-ferent sectors and in investments in NorthKarnataka and South Karnataka are quiteglaring. In fact, North Karnataka has beenfeeling neglected right from the period whenit was part of the erstwhile Bombay statebefore reorganisation or when it was part of the erstwhile Mysore state and even duringthe period when the state has been renamedas Karnataka. By way of illustration, some of the indicators of disparity are; Employmentshare of North Karnataka was 26 per cent

whereas that of South Karnataka was 78 percent during early 2000. 72 per cent of Industrial Projects cleared by the Govern-ment during the decade 1991-2001 were forSouth Karnataka whereas it was only 27 percent for North Karnataka. Even when pop-ulation differences of the regions are recog-nised, regional imbalances continue to benoticed as has been pointed out by a numberof research studies and even official com-mittees. Disparities are noticed with regardto Irrigation facilities, power supply,educational opportunities, health, housing,drinking water supply, etc. Maximum valuesfor selected socio economic indicators forNorth Karnataka districts are found to bemuch lower than the maximum values forSouth Karnataka districts. Similarly, theminimum values are much lower for North

Karnataka districts than the minimum valuesfor the other region. 23 It is these disparities,

which get registered in the minds of thepeople that cause irritation and agitationalforces.

Dr. D M Nanjundappa (DMN) Committee(High Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalances (HPC) - 2002) hasmade a thorough study of the inter regionaldisparities within Karnataka largely dividedfor administrative purposes into 4 divisionsviz., Gulbarga Division, Belgaum Division,Bangalore Division and Mysore Division.The former two divisions together comprise

North Karnataka and the latter two SouthKarnataka. The Committee has clearlybrought out that there have been glaringdisparities between North Karnataka andSouth Karnatakawith respect to several socioeconomic indicators. 24

This Committee made a definite value addi-tion to the understanding of regional dispa-rities in the state by compiling vast micro

level data and by adopting a novel approach,some of the salient points of which are out-lined below.

On the basis of six selected parameters of depri-vation, (1. percentage of families below povertyline; 2. percentage of unsafe deliveries; 3.percentage of severely malnourished children; 4.percentage of habitations not fully covered withdrinking water facility; 5. percentage of children

out of school in the age group of 6- 14; and 6.gender gap in literacy) deprivation distances areworked out for the districts of the state. 25

i. The Committee adopted taluka as the unit instead of the district. For details see thereport; a brief explanation is given below

ii. In order to rank the talukas according todevelopment and present them in a scale, 35indicators of development were used for

constructingan integrated or ComprehensiveComposite Development Index (CCDI). The




identified35 indicators of development coverdifferent sectors viz., agricultural and allied(9 indicators), industry, trade and finance (5

indicators), economic infrastructure (9 indi-cators), social infrastructure (7 indicators)and population characteristics (5 indicators)

Comparing the value of CCDI of the talukawith that of the state average all the 175 talukaswere arranged into four categories as relativelydeveloped, backward, more backward and mostbackward talukas. All talukas having CCDI lessthan state average are considered as backward

talukas. Thus, out of 175 talukas (currently 176talukas) 114 talukas were found to be havingCCDI less than the state average CCDI, i.e., 65percent of the talukas were found to be backwardunder this reckoning as of around the year 2000.Since the talukas might be positioned at varyingdistance from the state average, they were furtherclassifiedasmostbackward (0.52 <CCDI < 0.80),more backward (0.80 <CCDI < 0.89) and back-ward (0.89 <CCDI <1). Thus, 39 most backward

talukas, 40 more backward talukas and 35backward talukas emerged on the basis of thiscalculation. The Committee pointed out that asmanyas 26of these 39 most backward talukas arepart of North Karnataka showing that it has beenthe victim of regional injustice over the years.

Though these findings are revealing therecan be reservations about the Committee’sapproach regarding a number of points. Devel-

opment is essentially a complex multi-facetedphenomenon. In this background, it may beargued as to the extent to which this ‘ indicator based approach’ adopted by HPC would beproper in ranking talukas. A number of importantqualitative dimensions of development remainoverlooked in this indicator based approach. Ashas been so clearly observed in the case of Maharashtra, "Undue pre-occupation of theBoards with computation of disparities in infra-

structure has often led them to look for method-ological twists that would give their regions a

larger share of the Backlog Fund..." It is quitepossible that different authorities at the district / taluka level or even vested interests at the level

of the state headquarters present data for indica-tors in such a way that they can claim a largershare in the funds to be released by the stateauthorities. The Special Development Plan pro-posed by the HPC (to be briefly discussed below)does provide tremendous opportunities formanipulation of the data for indicators. Evenwith regard to the chosen 35 indicators one feelsthat they do not fully exhaust all the facets of development. Hence, one way of modifying the

methodology may consist of considering addi-tional indicators and construct afresh CCDI, onthe basis of which the talukas may further beordered in thedevelopment scale. It is quite likelythat the ordering of talukas may undergo a changewith such a reconstruction of CCDI.

Obviously, the data constraints mighthave compelledtheHPCto consider differentnumbers of indicators for eachofthe 5 sectors

identified. However, the logic of relevanceof the indicators should be a more dominantconsideration than the logic of availability of ready data. In fact, a great service would berendered by these HPCs if the relevant datacompilation is initiated by them at the microlevel, even at the level of villages. Bychoosing taluka as the unit of enquiry theCommittee has come closer to the Rawlsianapproach of examining the issue of justice, as

the taluka is nearer to the persons (the unitconsidered as relevant in the Rawlsianframework) than the state as a whole or thedistrict as the unit. This is particularlyadvantageous when we consider the indi-vidualspecificparameters, asoutlined above,while examining the issues of justice. Thisdoes not preclude the necessity of taking noteof the region specific parameters while dis-cussing the issues of regional justice.

Obviously, the village/town would be stillcloser to persons and hence data need to be




compiled for villages/towns of the state inorder to suggest measures for tackling theproblems of disparities with regard to the

individual specific parameters. Within thetown, ward wise information would providea more acceptable basis to tacklethe disparityproblem as such problems actually existinghave been a source of discontent amongpeople living in the same region. It is morelikely that the persons residing in the indi-vidual wards are a relatively more homoge-nous group. This factor of homogeneity maybe an important consideration in defining the

regional unit for the purpose of analysingregional injusticeby extendingRawls’ theoryof justice.

We may also appreciate the importance of a flexible approach in considering the newerindicators of development depending uponthe circumstances. It is not clear whether theimportant indicators like Net EnrolmentRatio (NER), Stage wise dropout rates, stage

wise stagnation rates, indicators of parentalinterest in education of their wards, etc, wereconsidered for education under the socialinfrastructure sector. Similarly, for health allthe relevant indicators do not seem to havereceivedthedueattention in themethodologyof calculating CCDI. A fresh look at theindictors of the sectors may therefore benecessary from this point of view. These andother important aspects deserve serious

consideration. It is true that data may not bereadily available on some of these aspects.However, special research studies need to beinitiated for identifying the relevant param-eters constituting the indicators. Similarly,serious data collection initiatives also need tobe taken to generate useful information baseabout these parameters on an on going basis.

It is also not clear whether the varying

numbers of indicators for each of the chosensectors would introduce some bias in the

nature and the value of CCDI. Since therecommendations of the Committee heavilydepend upon the talukawise CCDI, this

observation becomes all the more crucial.

In the same way, a fresh look at theconstruction of the deprivation index is alsorecommended. As indicated above, thereport mentions that six selected parametersof deprivation are considered by the Com-mittee. Should there be additional indicatorsof deprivation? Or, have some indicatorsbecome redundant? The Namoshi Commit-

tee26

was expected to look into these aspects.This Committee was asked to look into thisissue after intensive investigation of theground level situation in each district aftervisiting the districts and their interior places.It seems to suffice here to raise the issue ingeneral terms so that further studies are ini-tiated to look into the matter closely.

Absence of deprivation does not neces-

sarily mean development and also absence of development does not necessarily meandeprivation. In order to examine whether thisis a valid proposition it may be useful to seewhether the classification - most backward,more backward and backward talukas reck-oned on CCDI basis is consistent with theclassification according to CompositeDeprivation Index (CDI).

In the context of decentralization in gov-ernance, the village instead of the talukaemerges as a focal point. This must be truefor those functions which have been or whichshould have been devolved to village pan-chayats and for funds allocated for thosepurposes. For functions which impinge uponwider geographical regions (e.g. talukas,districts, groups of districts), for example,major irrigation systems covering larger

areas,different units more appropriate for thepurpose may be required to be used for




allocation of functions and funds. In thisbackground, the relevant data need to bedeveloped for the village as the unit, as

observed earlier.

Despite some of these reservations itshould be stated that the Committee has doneyeoman service in drawing the attention of all concerned about the dimensions of regional injustice within the state. It hasclearly shown with facts and figures that evenparts of South Karnatakasuffer fromregionalinjustice and hence the policy making has to

address this question objectively.

b. How viable would be the regions if they areconverted into new states?

This is an extremely tricky question andno simple answer can be given. Viability canbe assessed in terms of resource potentials of different types and their dynamics over time.Since different talukas in the specified

regions suffer from different degrees of backwardness,viabilityandsustenanceof theregions would not be of uniform levels in thepost reorganisation period. Since outlaysexpended in these regions are intended todevelop these regions, some insights can bedeveloped about whether in the post reorganisationstage the tempo of this effort canbe maintained. Normally, due to resourceconstraints, no undue escalation of outlays

can be expected from the efforts in the pastand hence the trends in outlays in recent pastcan provide some insights in this connection.

From the data for a long period from 1990to 2003 about the Panchayat Outlays 26 (De-tailed data given in Appendix) in the districtsof three regions, which demand statehood,viz. Bombay Karnataka, Hyderabad Karna-taka and Kodagu, it is clear that neither the

state government nor the Union governmenthasbeenabletomakestableoutlaysyearafter

year. Sometimes the outlays have also beenreduced. This shows that the financialresources position of the specified districts is

not at all stable. It should also be noted thatthe central allocation is invariably smallerthan the state government allocation indi-cating that during the post reorganisationstagethere isbound tobe increasingpressureson the resources of the Union government forthe purpose of maintaining the service levelsin the specified regions. When there aredemands on the central resources from otherregions and newly formed states of other

regions as well, there is a likelihoodof greateruncertaintyaboutresourceavailability for thenewly formed states- regions of the presentstate. As it is, the literacy rates, educationalfacilities, health care facilities and infra-structure in the specified regions are muchbelow the state average and those obtainingin the South Karnataka region. It wouldtherefore be risky to leave these regions tosuch a position of uncertain resource avail-

ability. Added to this, for the same reason,other resources like qualified manpowerresources, infrastructure, etc, are inade-quately available in these regions in order tosupport the development of these regions.

In order to see how far the actions of thepolitical interests and bureaucracy aftermaking people aware of the serious problemof regional disparities, have been consistent

with the declared goals of their reductionwithin a reasonably short period of time, weattempt here a further brief analysis of therationale of the release of funds to differentdistricts.

If we consider per capita district domesticproduct as an index of development of adistrict thenwe find that the per capita districtGDPs (for 2003-04 at 1993-94 prices, for

which the information was available) varyquite significantlyamongst all the27 districts




of the state as a whole and also amongstdistricts of different regions within the stateof Karnataka. Thus, the per capita GDP for

the state as a whole was Rs. 14249 for2003-04. Interestingly, per capita GDP forseven Bombay Karnataka districts was thelowest compared to even Hyderabad Karna-taka. Kodagu district stands distinctly apartfrom all other districts of all the regions of the state. While for Kodagu the per capitaGDP was Rs.15349, for South Karnatakaconsisting of 14 districts it was Rs. 14240, forHyderabad Karnataka consisting of five

districts it was next highest at Rs 11662 andfor Bombay Karnataka it was the lowest atRs.10698.

The coefficient of variation of selectedparameters also brings out interesting factsabout the state as a whole and for the specifiedregions. While for the state as a whole thecoefficient of variationof GDPpercapitawas22.4 per cent maximum variation is found in

SouthKarnatakawith thecoefficient at 46percent. This is followed by the HyderabadKarnataka with coefficient of variation at37.6 per cent. The least variation is found inBombay Karnataka implying that the level of development is more or less uniformly lowin the entire Bombay Karnataka region. Thatsome districts of South Karnataka are quitebackward deserving special attention, thepoint made by DM Nanjundappa Committee,

is clearly brought out from the high coeffi-cient of variation for this region. Per capitaGDP isas low asRs 8381for ChamarajNagardistrict whereas it is more than three timeshigher for Bangalore Urban (for obviousreasons) than that for Chamaraja Nagar dis-trict, being as high as Rs. 29362. And forDakshina Kannada district it is Rs. 27351.

We raise two questions in this connection;i. Were the funds released both by the state

government and the union government to the

district administrations in clear recognitionof the level of their development?

ii. Were the funds released in clear recognitionof inter regional disparities and inter districtdisparities of development within eachregion?

Linking per capita district GDP withper capitagrant to the district government from differentfederating units like the state government and theunion government should help developinginsights about the issues being examined. Thecorrelation coefficient should help in developinginsights about the first question while the coef-ficient of variation should throw light on thesecond issue under consideration.

It can be seen that the per capita Zilla Pan-chayat Outlay coming from different layers of

federation is not equal over different districts andhence over different regions within the state.Thus, per capita outlay from all sources takentogetherhas been consistently lowest for BombayKarnataka region during the latest period of 1999-2000 to 2003-04. Maximum outlay is foundto be for the Kodagu district. Next in ordergenerally is theoutlay forSouth Karnataka regionand then for Hyderabad Karnataka region. Noclear cut explanations can be provided for whythere are year to year variations in the ZillaPanchayat outlays in different regions. Outlaysare mostly decided at the state secretariat leveland one cannot confidently assert that thedecentralised decision making has taken firmroots so as to reflect perfectly the priorities at thePanchayat level.




Table 1 Zilla Panchayat Per Capita Outlays 1990-91 to 2003-04 according to specific regions of Karnataka (Rs.)

Per CapitaGDP of

districts in1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 the speci-fied region

State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total (in Rs.)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

Bombay Karnataka

143.8 143.9 287.6 180.8 144.6 325.4 200.8 145.5 346.2 109.6 115.1 224.7 120.0 112.1 232.1 10698

Hyderabad Karnataka

155.0 142.7 297.7 191.5 151.6 343.2 210.4 152.7 363.1 116.1 131.4 247.5 125.6 130.7 256.4 11662

Kodagu (Actuals)

249.2 260.0 509.2 309.9 241.4 551.3 342.4 243.2 585.6 211.5 210.0 421.5 227.7 191.8 419.5 15349

South Karnataka

155.0 161.9 317.0 189.6 156.8 346.5 210.6 163.2 373.8 120.4 138.8 259.2 131.5 136.6 267.2 14240

Karnataka

156.5 158.3 314.8 193.5 157.4 350.9 214.4 161.9 376.3 120.5 135.4 255.9 131.5 132.8 263.7 14249

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka. Also see Annexure I and II.* Per Capita GDP for the year 2003-04 at 1993-94 prices

Break up of total outlay into that from stategovernment and the union government throwslight on whether they have acted rationally inrecognition of the per capita district GDP. It canbeseen that both thestate government andCentralgovernment have made maximum outlay forSouth Karnataka region and minimum outlay forBombay Karnataka region. Thus, here also there

is no evidence of the governmental outlays actingin a conscious way for correction of regionaldisparities, as ideally they should have beenmaximum for Bombay Karnataka region andminimum for South Karnataka region. Since anumber of schemes being implemented at thedistrict level are likely to be the Central or part of the Centrally sponsored schemes with therequirement of making a matching contributionby the state government to the outlays of the

central government, one tends to point the fingertowards the central government for this anoma-lous situation.

Another point that emerges from this simplestatistical exercise is that inter district variationof outlays, which ought to have been higher forHyderabad Karnataka compared to BombayKarnataka in recognition of higher interdistrictvariation of per capita district GDP in theformer, has been the other way round. In otherwords, there does not seem to be any evidence of conscious effort for correction for the level of backwardness of districts or inter district varia-tion of backwardness with the help of ZillaPanchayatoutlays both fromthe stategovernmentand the central government. This is madeout fromthe statistical exercise presented in the followingtable.




Table 2. Coefficients of Variation of Zilla Panchayat Per Capita Outlays 1990-91 to 2003-04According to Specific Regions of Karnataka (%)

1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 Per CapitaGDP of

State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total State Centre Total districts inthe speci-

fied region(in Rs.)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

Bombay Karnataka

15.3 18.8 16.0 15.5 20.3 17.4 15.7 20.1 17.4 15.3 19.2 17.1 15.3 18.3 16.2 10698

Hyderabad Karnataka

8.5 9.2 8.5 7.7 6.4 6.8 8.0 9.9 7.7 10.3 11.5 10.8 10.0 12.2 11.1 11662

South Karnataka

29.4 30.3 29.3 28.0 26.7 26.6 28.1 28.3 27.2 29.5 32.5 29.6 29.6 30.8 28.9 14240

Karnataka

25.2 27.6 25.8 24.2 23.8 23.5 24.3 25.0 23.9 27.2 28.6 26.9 27.0 26.9 25.9 14249

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka.* Per Capita GDP for the year 2003-04 at 1993-94 prices.

The above observations are more clearly broughtout by the coefficients of correlation between percapitaGDPand per capitagrantsmadebythe stategovernment and central government. Thesecoefficients are presented in Table 3;

Though it is true that higher grants are madeto zilla panchayats with smaller GDP per capita,as made out by the negative sign of the coeffi-

cients of correlation it is also revealing that thevalue of the coefficient is different when weconsider different regions of the state. Of course,

further study is needed to find out whether thisimplies violation of the principle of justice.However, it certainly arouses the interest of theresearchers in regional justice.In the same way, outlays should be more for theregionwith higher ‘coefficientof variation’ ofpercapita GDP and vice versa. However, this is notclearly seen in the case of different regions of Karnataka. Per capita outlays have not acted as

correctives for high backwardness and wide dis-parities of development within the regions of thestate.




T a b l e

3 . C o e f f i c i e n t s o f C o r r e l a t i o n o f Z

i l l a P a n c h a y a t P e r C a p i t a l O u t l a y s a n d

P e r C a p i t a

D i s t r i c t I n c o m e

f o r 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 t o 2 0 0 3 - 0 4

1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1 - 0 2

2 0 0 2 - 0 3

2 0 0 3 - 0 4

P e r C a p i t a

G D P o f

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

d i s t r i c t s i n t h e

s p e c i f i e d

r e g i o n ( i n

R s . )

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

B o m b a y

K a r n a t a k a

0 . 1 0 6 3

- 0 . 4 0 6 6

- 0 . 2 8 9 4

- 0 . 1 4 3 2

- 0 . 2 1 9 0

- 0 . 1 8 4 5

- 0 . 1 7 1 5

- 0 . 2 6 6 5

- 0 . 2 1 9 8

- 0 . 1 5 2 5

- 0 . 2 9 0 5

- 0 . 2 3 4 3

- 0 . 1 7 9 4

- 0 . 2 2 4 8

- 0 . 2 0 9 7

1 0 6 9 8

H y d e r a

b a d K a r n a t a k a

0 . 6 0 5 4

- 0 . 2 0 4 7

- 0 . 4 2 3 1

- 0 . 5 2 1 0

- 0 . 2 2 1 2

- 0 . 4 2 1 0

- 0 . 4 6 6 7

0 . 3 8 5 7

- 0 . 0 7 0 8

- 0 . 3 3 3 2

- 0 . 4 1 4 1

- 0 . 3 8 1 5

- 0 . 3 5 7 1

- 0 . 3 8 5 8

- 0 . 3 7 4 2

1 1 6 6 2

S o u t h K a r n a t a k a

0 . 7 1 9 1

- 0 . 7 0 8 2

- 0 . 7 2 5 6

- 0 . 7 5 6 4

- 0 . 7 0 4 1

- 0 . 7 5 6 6

- 0 . 7 4 9 8

- 0 . 7 1 1 2

- 0 . 7 6 0 1

- 0 . 7 0 4 9

- 0 . 6 4 0 5

- 0 . 7 0 2 3

- 0 . 6 9 9 2

- 0 . 6 5 9 3

- 0 . 7 0 1 4

1 4 2 4 0

K a r n a t a k a

0 . 4 6 9 9

- 0 . 4 1 5 2

- 0 . 4 5 0 1

- 0 . 4 9 2 4

- 0 . 4 2 4 2

- 0 . 4 7 3 2

- 0 . 4 8 7 6

- 0 . 4 0 4 2

- 0 . 4 6 5 0

- 0 . 4 0 2 2

- 0 . 3 8 6 1

- 0 . 4 0 8 7

- 0 . 4 0 5 8

- 0 . 4 0 1 0

- 0 . 4 1 6 3

1 4 2 4 9

r c e : D i r e c t o r a t e o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , G o v t . o f K a r n a t a k a . * P e r C a p i t a G D P f o r t h e y e a r 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 a t 1 9 9 3 - 9 4 p r i c e s

T a b l e 4 . C o - e f f i c i e n t s o f C o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n

S D P P e r C a p i t a o f Z

P a n d

P e r C a p i t a

O u t l a y

f r o m

G D P P e r

C o - e f f i c i e n t

1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1 - 0 2

2 0 0 2 - 0 3

2 0 0 3 - 0 4

a p i t a ( i n

o f v a r i a t i o n

R s . )

o f S D P P e r

C a p i t a

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

B o m b a y

K a r n a t a k a

1 0 6 9 8

1 8 . 9

- 0 . 1 0 6 3

- 0 . 4 0 6 6

- 0 . 2 8 9 4

- 0 . 1 4 3 2

- 0 . 2 1 9 0

- 0 . 1 8 4 5

- 0 . 1 7 1 5

- 0 . 2 6 6 5

- 0 . 2 1 9 8

- 0 . 1 5 2 5

- 0 . 2 9 0 5

- 0 . 2 3 4 3

- 0 . 1 7 9 4

- 0 . 2 2 4 8

- 0 . 2 0 9 7

H y d e r a

b a d K a r n a t a k a

1 1 6 6 2

3 7 . 6

- 0 . 6 0 5 4

- 0 . 2 0 4 7

- 0 . 4 2 3 1

- 0 . 5 2 1 0

- 0 . 2 2 1 2

- 0 . 4 2 1 0

- 0 . 4 6 6 7

0 . 3 8 5 7

- 0 . 0 7 0 8

- 0 . 3 3 3 2

- 0 . 4 1 4 1

- 0 . 3 8 1 5

- 0 . 3 5 7 1

- 0 . 3 8 5 8

- 0 . 3 7 4 2

S o u t h K a r n a t a k a

1 4 2 4 0

4 5 . 9

- 0 . 7 1 9 1

- 0 . 7 0 8 2

- 0 . 7 2 5 6

- 0 . 7 5 6 4

- 0 . 7 0 4 1

- 0 . 7 5 6 6

- 0 . 7 4 9 8

- 0 . 7 1 1 2

- 0 . 7 6 0 1

- 0 . 7 0 4 9

- 0 . 6 4 0 5

- 0 . 7 0 2 3

- 0 . 6 9 9 2

- 0 . 6 5 9 3

- 0 . 7 0 1 4

K a r n a t a k a

1 4 2 4 9

2 2 . 4

- 0 . 4 6 9 9

- 0 . 4 1 5 2

- 0 . 4 5 0 1

- 0 . 4 9 2 4

- 0 . 4 2 4 2

- 0 . 4 7 3 2

- 0 . 4 8 7 6

- 0 . 4 0 4 2

- 0 . 4 6 5 0

- 0 . 4 0 2 2

- 0 . 3 8 6 1

- 0 . 4 0 8 7

- 0 . 4 0 5 8

- 0 . 4 0 1 0

- 0 . 4 1 6 3

te : K o d a g u d i s t r i c t i s e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e t a b l e b e c a u s e i t i s a s i n g l e d i s t r i c t r e g i o n .




T a b l e 5 .

P e r c e n t o f B u d g e t R e l e a s e s

t o B u d g e t P r o v i s i o n - P e r t a i n i n g

t o D h a r w a d

Z i l l a P a n c h a y a t

l

M a j o r H e a d o f

A c c o u n t

2 0 0 9 - 1 0

2 0 0 9 - 1 0

2 0 0 8 - 0 9

2 0 0 7 - 0 8

2 0 0 6 - 0 7

2 0 0 5 - 0 6

o .

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

)

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

2 0 5 9

P u b l i c W o r k s

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

-

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0

. 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

2 2 0 2

G e n e r a l E d u c a t i o n

9 7 . 0

8 9 . 0

9 4 . 7

7 6 . 2

5 6 . 7

7 0 . 6

1 0 0 . 0

8 1 . 0

9 5 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

7 8 . 2

9 2 . 7

1 0 0 . 0

8 3 . 9

9 4 . 7

1 0 8 . 1

9 6 . 0

1 0 3 . 9

2 2 0 4

S p o r t s a n d Y o u t h

S e r -

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

9 7 . 5

8 1 . 8

8 5 . 0

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 7

9 9 . 9

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

v i c e s

2 2 0 5

A r t a n d

C u l t u r e

- 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

7 3 4 . 5

7 3 4 . 5

-

7 7 . 7

7 7 . 7

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

2 2 1 0

M e d i c a l a n d

P u b l i c

1 0 0 . 0

9 7 . 0

9 9 . 5

7 8 . 8

7 8 . 3

7 8 . 7

1 0 0 . 0

7 5 . 2

9 5 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

9 6 . 1

9 9 . 2

1 0 0 . 0

9 7 . 2

9 9 . 4

1 0 0 . 0

9 6 . 0

9 9 . 3

H e a l t h

2 2 1 1

F a m i l y W e l f a r e

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

4 4 . 3

9 1 . 0

8 9 . 4

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 2

9 9 . 2

-

9 9 . 1

9 9 . 1

-

9 9 . 3

9 9 . 3

-

9 4 . 6

9 4 . 6

2 2 2 5

W e l f a r e o f S c h e d u l e d

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 8

1 0 0 . 0

9 8 . 9

9 6 . 7

9 8 . 2

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

-

9 5 . 4

2 1 . 2

9 7 . 8

9 6 . 5

9 7 . 5

8 7 . 7

2 9 1 . 2 1 2 0 . 1

C a s t e s ,

S c h e d u l e d T r i b e s

& O t h e r B a c k w a r d

C l a s s e s

2 2 3 5

S o c i a l S e c u r i t y a n d

W e l -

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

8 5 . 2

9 0 . 2

8 9 . 7

1 0 0 . 0

9 7 . 3

9 7 . 7

-

1 0 0 . 0

8 6 . 7

9 9 . 9

9 8 . 1

9 8 . 3

1 5 7 . 5

8 7 . 3

9 4 . 3

f a r e

2 4 0 1

C r o p

H u s b a n d r y

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 2

9 9 . 6

9 3 . 2

9 8 . 2

9 5 . 7

1 0 0 . 0

7 4 . 4

8 7 . 1

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 1

9 9 . 5

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 0

9 9 . 5

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 1 . 9 1 0 1 . 2

0

2 4 0 2

S o i l a n d W a t e r C o n s e r v a -

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

7 8 . 9

-

7 8 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 3 . 4 1 0 3 . 0 1 0 0

. 0 1 5 2 4 . 1 5 7 6 . 1

t i o n

1

2 4 0 3

A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 6

9 9 . 2

9 9 . 6

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

8 8 . 5

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

2

2 4 0 5

F i s h e r i e s

1 0 0 . 0

9 4 . 1

9 7 . 3

9 2 . 3

9 4 . 0

9 3 . 1

1 0 0 . 0

8 4 . 0

9 1 . 3

1 0 0 . 0

9 2 . 7

9 6 . 2

1 0 0 . 0

8 0 . 9

9 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 1 3 . 0 1 0 7 . 1

3

2 4 0 6

F o r e s t y a n d

W i d e L i f e

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

9 5 . 1

9 9 . 0

9 5 . 9

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

4

2 4 2 5

C o - O p e r a t i o n

( 1 )

- 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 4 6 . 3

1 4 6 . 3

-

1 6 5 . 7 1 6 5 . 7

-

3 9 . 1

3 9 . 1

5

2 5 1 5

O t h e r R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t

7 8 . 3

8 5 . 8

8 1 . 5

6 3 . 4

4 5 . 8

5 6 . 0

1 1 3 . 9 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 7 . 2

7 0 . 2

5 0 6 . 2

3 0 3 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 6 7 1 . 2 3 1 1 . 5 1 0 0

. 0 1 2 8 . 7 1 1 4 . 2

P r o g r a m m e s

6

2 7 0 2

M i n o r I r r i g a t i o n

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

9 4 . 5

-

9 4 . 5

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

-

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

7

2 8 5 1

V i l l a g e a n d

S m a l l I n d u s -

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

8 8 . 4

9 7 . 4

8 9 . 7

1 0 0 . 0

6 4 . 6

9 4 . 8

1 0 0 . 0

9 0 . 9

9 8 . 3

9 9 . 9

6 0 . 4

9 0 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

5 6 . 6

8 9 . 3

t r i e s ( 1 )

8

2 8 5 2

I n d u s t r i e s ( 1 )

9 9 . 5

-

9 9 . 5

0 . 0

-

0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

9 9 . 9

-

9 9 . 9

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

9

3 0 5 4

R o a d s a n d

B r i d g e s

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 9

9 9 . 6

1 0 0 . 3

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 6 5 . 6 1 6 5 . 6

0

3 4 2 5

O t h e r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h

- 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

8 4 . 7

8 4 . 7

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

-

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1

3 4 5 1

S e c r e t a r i a t E c o n o m i c

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

9 8 . 5

9 0 . 9

9 7 . 0

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0

. 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0

S e r v i c e s




T a b l e

6 . P e r c e n t o f E x p e n d i t u r e

t o B u d g e t

P r o v i s i o n - P e r t a i n i n g

t o D h a r w a d

Z i l l a P a n c h a y a t

M a j o r H e a d o f

A c c o u n t

2 0 0 9 - 1 0

2 0 0 8 - 0 9

2 0 0 7 - 0 8

2 0 0 6 - 0 7

2 0 0 5 - 0 6

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

N o n

P l a n

T o t a l

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

P l a n

)

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

2 0 5 9

P u b l i c W o r k s

9 9 . 9

. - -

9 9 . 9

9 3 . 3

. - -

9 3 . 3

9 5 . 2

. - -

9 5 . 2

8 7 . 9

. - -

8 7 . 9

1 0 7 0 . 2

. - -

1 0 7 0 . 2

2 2 0 2

G e n e r a l E d u c a t i o n

7 6 . 2

5 6 . 7

7 0 . 6

7 6 . 7

7 7 . 1

7 6 . 8

8 5 . 8

7 5 . 6

8 2 . 4

8 1 . 4

8 5 . 3

8 2 . 7

8 2 . 4

1 0 5 . 2

9 0 . 3

2 2 0 4

S p o r t s a n d Y o u t h

S e r v i c e s

9 7 . 5

8 1 . 8

8 5 . 0

7 9 . 1

8 9 . 2

8 7 . 4

9 5 . 0

9 5 . 0

9 5 . 0

8 9 . 8

6 8 . 4

7 5 . 7

6 7 . 7

6 6 . 2

6 6 . 7

2 2 0 5

A r t a n d

C u l t u r e

. - -

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

. - -

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

. - -

0 . 0

0 . 0

. - -

7 7 . 7

7 7 . 7

. - -

4 0 6 . 5

4 0 6 . 5

2 2 1 0

M e d i c a l a n d

P u b l i c H e a l t h

7 8 . 8

7 8 . 3

7 8 . 7

7 9 . 9

5 3 . 7

7 4 . 6

8 4 . 7

5 3 . 9

7 8 . 3

8 5 . 0

6 8 . 6

8 1 . 3

1 0 2 . 6

7 4 . 3

9 7 . 6

2 2 1 1

F a m i l y W e l f a r e

4 4 . 3

9 1 . 0

8 9 . 4

4 5 . 2

8 1 . 9

8 0 . 9

. - -

8 2 . 9

8 2 . 9

. - -

7 9 . 8

7 9 . 8

. - -

8 3 . 5

8 3 . 5

2 2 2 5

W e l f a r e o f S c h e d u l e d

C a s t e s ,

9 8 . 9

9 6 . 7

9 8 . 2

9 8 . 3

9 7 . 1

9 8 . 0

9 5 . 7

9 7 . 4

9 6 . 1

9 9 . 4

1 0 6 . 0

1 0 1 . 1

1 0 9 . 4

9 0 . 6

1 0 6 . 4

S c h e d u l e d T r i b e s & O t h e r B a c k -

w a r d

C l a s s e s

2 2 3 5

S o c i a l S e c u r i t y a n d

W e l f a r e

8 5 . 2

9 0 . 2

8 9 . 7

8 1 . 0

8 8 . 8

8 7 . 7

8 4 . 4

8 0 . 0

8 0 . 6

8 8 . 8

7 5 . 5

7 7 . 4

1 2 0 . 7

8 7 . 3

9 0 . 6

2 4 0 1

C r o p

H u s b a n d r y

9 3 . 2

9 8 . 2

9 5 . 7

9 4 . 3

7 2 . 8

8 3 . 4

9 1 . 6

8 9 . 5

9 0 . 5

7 5 . 9

9 1 . 1

8 3 . 9

1 0 2 . 4

9 7 . 4

9 9 . 3

2 4 0 2

S o i l a n d W a t e r C o n s e r v a t i o n

7 8 . 9

. - -

7 8 . 9

7 5 . 3

. - -

7 5 . 3

9 3 . 6

. - -

9 3 . 6

8 0 . 0

1 0 3 . 3

1 0 0 . 5

1 0 0 . 9

1 5 0 8 . 8

5 7 1 . 6

2 4 0 3

A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y

9 9 . 6

9 9 . 2

9 9 . 6

9 4 . 5

9 9 . 4

9 5 . 1

9 4 . 4

9 9 . 0

9 5 . 1

9 7 . 3

1 0 0 . 1

9 7 . 6

1 0 1 . 2

1 1 5 . 6

1 0 2 . 8

2 4 0 5

F i s h e r i e s

9 2 . 3

9 4 . 0

9 3 . 1

9 7 . 5

8 2 . 1

8 9 . 2

8 5 . 0

9 2 . 4

8 8 . 8

8 5 . 8

7 8 . 6

8 2 . 1

1 9 1 . 1

4 7 . 2

1 1 2 . 2

2 4 0 6

F o r e s t y a n d

W i d e L i f e

9 5 . 1

9 9 . 0

9 5 . 9

9 3 . 5

9 8 . 0

9 4 . 4

9 5 . 5

3 7 . 1

9 3 . 1

. - -

9 4 . 8

9 4 . 8

. - -

8 8 . 9

8 8 . 9

2 4 2 5

C o - O p e r a t i o n

( 1 )

. - -

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

. - -

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

. - -

8 5 . 4

8 5 . 4

. - -

1 6 5 . 7

1 6 5 . 7

. - -

3 9 . 1

3 9 . 1

2 5 1 5

O t h e r R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t P r o -

6 3 . 4

4 5 . 8

5 6 . 0

6 8 . 0

4 3 . 6

5 6 . 3

7 0 . 7

5 0 6 . 2

3 0 3 . 9

6 6 . 3

6 7 2 . 1

2 9 0 . 6

8 5 . 9

1 2 8 . 8

1 0 7 . 1

g r a m m e s

2 7 0 2

M i n o r I r r i g a t i o n

9 4 . 5

. - -

9 4 . 5

9 2 . 3

. - -

9 2 . 3

9 6 . 5

. - -

9 6 . 5

1 0 5 . 8

. - -

1 0 5 . 8

1 2 5 . 8

. - -

1 2 5 . 8

2 8 5 1

V i l l a g e a n d

S m a l l I n d u s t r i e s ( 1 )

8 8 . 4

9 7 . 4

8 9 . 7

6 8 . 7

6 4 . 3

6 8 . 1

7 6 . 7

9 4 . 8

8 0 . 1

8 1 . 0

5 2 . 8

7 4 . 5

8 5 . 4

4 1 . 1

7 4 . 4

2 8 5 2

I n d u s t r i e s ( 1 )

0 . 0

. - -

0 . 0

2 7 . 1

. - -

2 7 . 1

9 8 . 8

. - -

9 8 . 8

9 5 . 7

. - -

9 5 . 7

8 7 . 0

. - -

8 7 . 0

3 0 5 4

R o a d s a n d

B r i d g e s

1 0 0 . 9

9 9 . 6

1 0 0 . 3

9 8 . 7

9 4 . 5

9 6 . 1

. - -

9 4 . 6

1 5 8 . 8

. - -

1 0 0 . 1

1 0 0 . 1

. - -

1 5 1 . 6

1 9 7 . 9

3 4 2 5

O t h e r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h

. - -

8 4 . 7

8 4 . 7

. - -

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

. - -

9 8 . 4

9 8 . 4

. - -

7 3 . 2

7 3 . 2

. - -

5 0 . 0

5 0 . 0

3 4 5 1

S e c r e t a r i a t E c o n o m i c S e r v i c e s

9 8 . 5

9 0 . 9

9 7 . 0

9 6 . 2

8 8 . 5

9 4 . 5

9 2 . 9

9 3 . 0

9 3 . 0

1 0 2 . 0

7 8 . 5

9 8 . 9

1 0 4 . 8

2 9 . 2

8 8 . 0




It is not enough if allocations of outlays aremadekeeping in mind the goalof regional justice.What is required is their fuller utilization and

translation of the expenditures in terms of goodsand services. From the data collected for one of the Zilla Panchayats (Dharwad Zilla Panchayat)for recent period (please see the tables 5 and 6) itwas noticed that there is no hundred per centrelease of thebudgeted funds andhundred percentutilization of outlays in the case of manydepartments. Even with regard to non plan headsreleases are less than budget allocations withregard to some heads in some years. Since nonplan head indicates committed liabilities suchsliding of releases is somewhat strange! Withregard to some departments the utilization per-centage was as low as around 40per cent. On planaccount occasionally releases and expendituresare found to be more than the budgeted amounts.All such deviations only go to show that bud-geting at the Zilla Panchayat levels is not donewith high level of seriousness or at the

decentralized levels many unforeseen develop-ments are likely to be faced and they are likely tomake financial decisions and actions therefromvery much uncertain. Discussions with officialsat these levels reveal that the decisions are takenat thestateheadquartersandtheofficialsonly takeactions to implement these decisions.

It is also worth noting that the scaling down of expenditures in relation to budget provisions is

prominently seen in the case of soft and lessvisible sectors like education, health, ruraldevelopment, etc, though they happen to beimportant developmental sectors. This is a causefor concern particularly when we are focusing onregional justice issues and the need for concertedand conscious efforts to develop these regions. Ina drought prone region, such as Dharwad district,such slides back in the case of crucial sectors likerural development, village and small industriesand industries are indeed disturbing. Sporadicincreases in release percentages and utilization

percentages in some years only bring out theerratic nature of policy making and implemen-tation initiatives in this connection.

It should be noted that Dharwad Zilla Pan-chayat is a relatively better administered regionand utilisation of funds should be fairlysatisfactory in this Zill Panchayat. However, thiscannot be said of all other Zilla Panchayats. Forsmaller Zilla Panchayats and those in still lessdeveloped regions, utilisation percentages arelikely to be poorer. Our illustrative exercises thusonly go to indicate that regional justice issueshave not prominently appeared while imple-menting different policies in the sub regions of the state and implementation has been by andlarge mechanical and routine in nature. Ourcontention is that there is no guarantee that in thepost reorganisation stage the things are likely tochange significantly. In other words, there is noguarantee that central grants to new states wouldbe adequate, the budgeted amounts would be in

accordance with the requirements of the newstates and the decentralised levels in the newstates, that there would be timely and hundred percent release of the budgeted amounts and that thereleased amounts would be fully utilised by therespective developmental departments. In thesame way, there is no guarantee that these fundswould be efficiently expended, leading to therequired production and supply of goods andservices to the people in all the regions of the

newly formed states.

Thus, since independent statehood for thespecified regions faces a number of corridors of uncertainty, the problem of regional injustice hasto be tackled in a different way. This is tackledby HPC by providing for a Special DevelopmentPlan, which aims at reaching the state averagelevels of various services in the backward talukasof the region within specified time period andconcerted efforts to lift the region from the stateof under development and wide disparities. DMN




Committee felt that other things remaining thesame, this approach is likely to be more effectivein ameliorating regional injustice in Karnataka.

The Special Development Plan and theApproach of Evaluation of Implementation

Forpromoting thebackwardareadevelopmentin Karnataka the Government had set up fourRegional Development Boards- HyderabadKarnataka Area Development Board in 1991,Border Area Development Board also in 1991,Malnad Area Development Board in 1993 andBayaluseeme Area Development Board in 1995.A thorough evaluation of the functioning of theseBoards [CMDR, ] brought out that all is not welland these Boards are functioning essentially aspower centres and the politicians’ handles. It isinteresting that a similar observation is made inthe case of Regional Boards of Maharashtra also.An evaluation concludes, "Establishment of decentralized institutions, however, is only a

necessary condition for accommodating regionalneeds and aspirations in the planning process, butnot a sufficient one". Noticing that these Boardsare not functioning properly and also that they areredundant in the background of statutory powersgiven to Panchayat Raj institutions under 73rdand 74th amendments to the Constitution bothCMDR in its study, commissioned by HPC, andHPC itself in its recommendations had suggestedtheir abolition. However, for obvious reasons theState Government has not accepted this recom-mendation. This probably shows howif smallerstates with homogenous perspectives are notcreated then there is an interest in perpetuat-ing a large state, having a number of regionsof varying development levels in it with suchdecentralized power hubs.

In order to bring the identified 114 backwardtalukas to the developmental level of the state asa whole, the HPC recommended investment of

Rs.31000 crore at 2002-03 prices. This is theallocation for the Special Development Plan. Inthe case of Maharashtra this type of outlay was

meant to cover the ‘backlog’. About this type of approach a number of observations can be made.

How far the gap filling is a genuinely usefulapproach in the process of development? Do thegaps also not go on changing over the period of time? Pro rata allocations only according to thegaps as recommended by HPC might conceal animportantpointthat filling of largergaps requires

proportionately larger resources-manpower, financial and physical- than smaller gaps. Thereis always a need for a Big Push in lifting abackward regionto the levels comparable to thoseof the advanced region of the state. Such issueswere unfortunately missed out in the DMNapproach of Special Development Plan. Anotherissue in question is whether this recommendedsum of Rs31000 crore is or is not anadditionality,over and above the usual budgetary allocation to

the backward talukas. Since this is the recom-mended outlay for a ‘special development plan’,a general impression is that it is an additionality.However, this has continued to be a disputedpoint. Some analysts of the recommendations of DMN HPC have opined that in view of deepdisparities a bigpush is required for tackling thesedisparities and this allocation of Rs 31000 croresmust be considered as an additionality. 27

Thedivision wise distribution of theallocationmightconceal the talukawise requirements. Also,formula based allocations, though desirable fromthe point of view of avoiding subjectivity and the‘luck factor’ (so emphatically condemned byRawls) it is worth noting that the process of socio-economic development is not basically aformula driven process. To put it differently, thepath of development is not a straight line but arandom zigzag, since, even if development mayhave logic of its own, it is also continuously




impacted by random events and shocks, so that asimple formula may not be in a position to capturethis process. If the formula is based upon very

complex and sophisticated model building then itis not easily accessible either to the executiveagencies in the process of implementation facil-itating proper implementation, nor to the evalu-ating agencies and people for evaluation.

The fact that the Dr. D M NanjundappaCommittee hasnot covered all the developmentaldepartments in its allocation calculus is itself amoot point for taking a fresh look at the meth-odology.

The Committee had suggested major sector-wise allocation pattern of Rs. 31000 crore of additional allocation for talukas. It is however notclear howthesectoral allocation pattern wasitself decided by the Committee. In other words, howthe priorities of sectors were decided by theCommittee. One gets an impression from the

approach adopted in the evaluation of theimplementation of the recommendations till date(being undertaken by the HPC under the thenChairmanship of Sri S. Namoshi) that the prio-rities were decided by the actual allocations of theprevious period by the sectoral departments.However, the priorities need to be decided beforethe allocations are made and not the other wayround. Sectoral allocations need to be decided onthe basisof a sound logic rather than a mechanicalprojection over the past. Under such an approachcertain sectors need to be considered as non-negotiableandcharged totheexchequer. If simpleprojectionsof thepast trends arethe basis forfreshallocations then the status quo of regional dis-parities is likely to be maintained, whichobviously is not the objective of DMN HPC.

The variations for many sectors in the actualallocation from the recommended allocation, asobserved over the years, onlygo toshow(a) either

the methodology for deciding the sectoral allo-cations was not realistic enough or (b) the actualimplementation of the recommendations came

under different pressures and stresses so that thedeviations resulted. In this background, HighPowered Committee appointed by Governmentof Karnataka to oversee the implementation of DMN HPC recommendations, may have to adopta different approach in arriving at the priorities of the sectors in order to make fresh recommenda-tions or to evaluate the implementation of theearlier recommendations in a more realistic

setting.

A major point for consideration is whether theimplementation and evaluation should have astatic framework of considering the recom-mendations made nearly a decade earlier. Thedelay in implementation of the recommendationsshould not be taken as a reason for adopting a lessrelevant basis for evaluation. Since developmentis essentially a dynamic process, a rolling approach seems to be necessary at all stages- of formulation of the developmental plans, theirimplementation and their evaluation. Also, noadjustments for price changes are made over adecade both in respect of Outlays decided for theSpecial Development Plan and their sectoraldistributions. Recent inflationary trends, partic-ularly food inflation show how any type of priceadjustment calculation also is likely to go wrong.

In the entire exercise, the role of the privatesector, public-private partnership , etc. which areassuming increasing significance in the devel-opmental policy making have not received anyattention. Consideration of these might changethe size of the overall allocation - normal andadditional andalsothesectoral allocations. Thereis also no recognition of resource availabilityfrom various other sources for the developmentalprogrammes like international funds flow.




Theapproach of evaluation of implementationof the recommendations heavily relies upon thefinancial aspects only. There are a number of

stages in the evaluation of the implementation of recommendations. Firstly, how much is actuallyallocated? Have the allocations been decided onthe basis of sound unit cost, etc calculations?Secondly, How much of the allocations is actuallyreleased to the sectoral functionaries in differentdivisions? How much of released resourcesactually reach the functional heads at the talukaand village levels? In this entire network, the laststage viz., the village level seems to be theweakest. What measures are taken to strengthenthe links till the last level? Thirdly, How much of the received resources are actually utilized by theconcerned functionaries? Absorption capacity of a particular department and a particular sector ina particular region plays a very important role inthis. Whims and fancies of either political lead-ership or bureaucracy in asking for more likeOliver Twist of Charles Dickens can also be a

major cause for the deficits in utilisation of resources. The recent figures for different divi-sions and sectors in Karnataka in this connectionshow that asking for more is the easiest step bututilising the asked for funds is the most difficultpart of action. And lastly, how do these financialresources get transformed into physicalachievements? Both in the HPC Report as wellas the approach for evaluation, the physical targetrealisation receives hardly any attention.

On the whole, though one should appreciatethe serious efforts made through a SpecialDevelopment Plan to remove the element of regional injustice, it is not clear whether theapproach of this special plan is fool proof.

Having considered the two of the three issuesraised earlier we may now briefly examine thethird issue of viability of the rest of the state afterstatehood is granted to some regions.

c. What would happen to the rest of the stateif demands for statehood of some regionswithin Karnataka are at all conceded?

This issue is of course hypothetical.However, it seems to be clear that in view of inherent geographical inequalities the newscenario might not present a totally differentpicture from the one obtaining at present. Inany case the central grants to other regionsmight not increase, if oneconsiders pressureson central resources. Probably the grants arelikely to get reduced, for the claims of thehitherto less developed regions in their newavatar as states for more financial assistancecannot be resisted. Also, the requirements of financial support per unit of outcome mightbe disproportionately higher in the new sit-uation since the economies of scale of oper-ation would not be experienced in asignificant way in the new situation. Underthe pre reorganisation stage the relatively

backward regions of the state ‘could’ benefitfrom cross subsidisation from richer regions.This is particularly relevant in the case of Hyderabad Karnataka, which continues to bebackward from many points of view. EvenBombay Karnataka region might experiencesuch gains. With these regions severing theirconnections from other regions afterbecoming separate states the cross subsidi-sationopportunities will disappear, imposingtremendous responsibilities on theadministration of these regions.

In the same way, since there is no effectivemethod of regulating manpower flows fromone region to another the present trends of flocking of competent manpower in moredeveloped regions might continue, deprivingthe newly constituted states of availability of

such manpower.Congestion in thedevelopedregions-statesandscarcity inothersare likely




to cause further problems. Thus, reorgani-sation of states would present many chal-lenges, some of which are old and some new

and hence it is not a smooth sailing event atall. For poorer regions getting constituted asstates such challenges are likely to be moreformidable while rest of the regions wouldface challenges of different sorts.

VI TO CONCLUDE

We briefly summarize the main conclusions of this paper as below.

1. Region has to be given a separate identity indiscussions relating to justice.

2. There isan urgentneed todevelop conceptualinsights about regional justice and injustice.The present method of concentrating only onpersonal justice may not achieve its purposeunless matters relating to regional justice areproperly considered.

3. State reorganisation does not seem to be apanacea for theproblem of regional injustice.

4. The decisions in this connection have to betaken on case by case basis.

5. Wherever demands are voiced for a separatestate the union government may take theinitiative to watch the situation for that regionparticularly with regard to resource avail-ability and its sustenance for some time, say,for five years and then consider granting thestatehood after being convinced of suste-nance of the newly formed state.

6. The gap filling approach as adopted by var-ious committees appointed in different statesfor tackling regional disparities indevelopment and thereby the problems of regional injustice may itself turn out to be asourceof irritation strengtheningthecries fora separate state from within a newly consti-tuted state. Hence, the entire issue is like atight rope walk, needing utmost care and tactin its handling.

7. While examining the case of regional injus-tice made by some regions it is desirable totake a comprehensive view of development

anddevelop indicators incorporating notonlyeconomic and social dimensions but alsocultural, philosophical and other parametersalso.

8. It would be a great service to the nation if opinion makers of the country try to developan ethos to convince people that someregional disparities that are ingrained in theunequal natural endowments of regions areinevitable. Extreme deprivations need to be

honestly tackled by public interventions andinvolvement of people. No purposewould beserved if regional disparities are used forachieving self interest by individuals andpolitical interest groups.

NOTES

1. This is reported in the daijiworld.com and also in thevernacular media on 16th March 2011. The report says, "Atthis juncture there is no proposal before the central govern-

ment for setting up of a states reorganisation commission.None of the governments have put forward any demand forseparate state," said Gurudas Kamat, the Minister of State forHome, in a statement made in the Lok Sabha... The ministersaid that from time to time, theunion government hadreceiveddemands for bifurcating Karnataka to set up separate Kodagustate, carve out Telengana out of Andhra Pradesh, Vidarbhafrom Maharashtra, and for putting together parts of UttarPradesh and Madhya Pradesh states to give birth to a separatestate named Bundel Khand. The Minister also said, "Thesedemands have come from individuals and organisations andnotfrom thestate governments." He also mentioned that therehave been demands for setting up of Bhojpur state by poolingtogether certain districts of Uttar Pradesh and Chattisgarh,Saurashtra out of Gujarat, Koshalanchal in Western Orissa,Gurkhaland out of West Bengal, Mithilanchal by separatingcertain regions from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,as well as Poorvanchal, Harit Pradesh, Brij Pradesh, andAvadh Pradesh out of Uttar Pradesh. According to pressreports of March end 2011 Karnataka leaders from theHyderabad Karnataka have demanded a special status for theregion even if the region continues to be part of the state of Karnataka in order to make it eligible to receive specialassistance particularly from the Union Government for itsdevelopment.




2. Sanskrit slogans implanted in forest areas (on Tirupatihills, for example) such as - vruksho rakshati rakshitah- thetree protects humans if it is protected- are meaningful. Peopleare exhorted through placards of such slogans not to uproot

trees,kill wild animals and birds and thus preserve the forestsfor they help human beings in the long run. The message is‘preservetrees fortreespreserve humans’. They bringout howhumanactionis alwayshuman centred.That waypreservationof the region as a whole is also intended to safeguard theinterest of human beings.

3. Of course, in India there are special approaches torecognise the special problems under the term Special Cate-gory States. Special programmes are introduced from time totime to tackle the regional problems. Thus, there used to be

Drought Prone Area Programmes- DPAP, Regional Devel-opment Boards, etc. However, a moment’s reflection revealsthat these efforts and policies are not invested with the sameamount of seriousness as the programmes directly targetingpeople,suchas employmentprogrammes, povertyeradicationprogrammes, inclusiveness programmes, etc.

4.V.S.Apte, EnglishSanskritDictionary, NagPublishers,1987, p. 245.

5. Adam Smith presents an extended discussion of thesense of propriety as an important spring of human conduct.Special chaptersaredevoted tothearticulationof Justice underthe sense of propriety. There is a very meaningful passage

under this extended Section running into several pagesreflecting Smith’s commitment to justice. He writes, ‘Associety cannot subsist unless the laws of justice are tolerablyobserved, as no social intercourse can take place among menwho do not generally abstain from injuring one another, theconsideration of this necessity, it has been thought, was theground upon which we approved of the enforcement of thelaws of justice by thepunishment of those whoviolated them’[Smith, 1938, p. 72]. For a brief discussion of Adam Smith’scontributions in this connection see [Roll, 1993, p. 129].

6. An interesting Sanskrit Subhashita is worth quotinghere; sarpaah pibanti pavanam na cha durbalaah te ...santosha eva purushasya param nidaanam. It is said thatserpents subsist onlyon air and they are still quite strong. Thepoet inthis versegives a number ofexamples where the livingentities do not depend upon any external factor for theirstrength and happiness. Thus, the sum and substance of thissubhashita is - Happiness is inborn and it does not dependupon external factors.

7. See, for example, a number of socio economic surveysfor individual cities sponsored by the Research ProgrammesCommittee of the Planning Commission during the earlyperiod of the planning era in India. Thus, we have Bombay

Survey, Delhi Survey, etc., having rich socio economic dataabout the respective cities and people living there.

8. The vast literature that has developed under the title of regional economics brings out such issues. The pioneeringcontributions of Walter Isard in this connection deserve aspecial mention.

9. For details regarding such insights see [Kanbur andVenables,2003]; spatial InequalityandDevelopment,SpecialIssue of Journal of Economic Geography - Selected paperspresented at a Conference held in Helsinki in July 2003, alsosee [Timmins, 2003], address the ‘fundamental issue ineconometric studies of agglomeration- theextent to which theobseved clusters are due to the natural advantage of thelocation or due to the presence of some agglomerative force’.Also seethe presentationmaterial of a public lecturedeliveredby Ravi Kanburat Centre for Multi disciplinaryDevelopment

Research, Dharwad, on 23rd February 2011, as a part of DMNanjundappa Chair Visiting Professorship programme.

10. See [Sen, 2006]. This is in line with the spirit of whatis the Shakespearean adage-’ Sweet are the uses of adversity,which like a toad ugly and venomous, yet bears a jewel in itshead’. One of the papers by Kanbur and Venables [2005]observes, ‘The "new economic geography" has emphasisedthat there are powerful forces of agglomeration that tend tolead to a concentration of economic activity, magnifyingnatural geographical advantages that a region may enjoy.Thus, spatial agglomeration brings the benefits of returns to

scale, and helps efficiency and growth.’ This is indeed in linewith thestatementof AmartyaSen regardingthe ‘Opportunityin Disparity’.

11. For details, reference may be made to [Musgrave,1958] particularly the discussion on budget determinationthrough voting.

12. http;//en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/image;Kuznets-curve.png

13. This can be clarified from an example from anacademic profession. Thus, even a mediocre performer froma noted university is respected more than an outstandingperformer from a non metropolitan university. Brands have arole to play everywhere. Perfect comparisons are of coursedifficult, but the experiences of members in the selectioncommittee meetings bring out this point. The brand namesalso play a role as screening devices. Similarly, regions areplaced in a hierarchy in the perceptions of the people con-ferring certain spill-over benefits or losses to the residents.

14. For a detailed review of this work of A.K. Sen in a

comparative perspective of the work of John Rawls, see[Nadkarni, 2010]




15.Sen, 2010 (firstpublished by Allen Lane 2009),p. 233.The Section entitled Why Go Beyond Achievement ToOpportunity on p. 235 of this book presents arguments aboutwhy capabilities approach provides an analytically superiorbasis for understanding issues of justice and injustice.

16. A saintly person is expected to pray before God as‘Kashi vasa kodu, Prayaga marana kodu’, ‘Oh! God, grantme an opportunity to live in Kashi and also an opportunity todie in Prayag’. This aspect of the gradation of places isexplained in detail in Padma Purana, one of 18 important

puranas written bysageVedavyasa. There is inthisan implicitpurpose-wise gradation of regions and towns. This hierarchyof regions was universallyaccepted. Different sthala puranasbring out the importance of ancient cities or ancient regions,

which was universally accepted.

17.Also see theoftquoted verse eulogizing selected citiesof the country-

Ayodhya Mathura Maya Kashee Kanchee Avantika |Puree Dvaravatee chaiva saptaitaa mokshadaayikaah||This verse means- Ayodhya, Mathura, Maya, Kashee, Kan-chee,Avantika, Puri and Dvaravatee (Dwaraka), visit to and stay in these seven cities would help man to be liberated fromthe bondage of samsara.

18. Aryavartah punyabhoomih madhyam Vindhya Himalayoh- This verse from Amarakosha implies that theregion between the Himalayas and Vindhya mountains is ahighly auspicious region.

19.ThispointisworththeattentionoftherecentKarnatakaGovernment Committee on implementation of the recom-mendations of Dr DM Nanjundappa Committee in Karnataka,as, re-thinking about the comprehensive indicators of development and deprivation has been one of the terms of reference before this Committee.

20. The inscription says-shatrunaapi kruto dharmah paalaneeyah prayatnatah |shatrureva hi shatruh syat dharmah shatruh na kasyachit||‘Theremaybeenmitywiththeenemybutnobodycanconsider

justice as enemy at any time. Hence, regional injustice has tobe necessarily corrected at all times. See for details Keyur R.Karagudari, ‘Paragonic Efficiency of a King in SanskritInscriptions’ (Mimeo).

21. Reference is invited to [Shrinivas and Gopal (Eds.),2008, Vol. II, Pp. i-xciv and 1008]. A detailed Introduction tothis Volume provides useful information with inscriptional

evidence about how conscious efforts were made in thedirection of regional justice goals.

22. This is totally in contrast to the spirit of KarnatakaEkeekarana movement (unification of Karnataka) that wasspearheaded by eminent leaders, some of whom were evenEnglishmen like Sir Thomas Eliot, Sir Thomas Munroe, John

A Dunlop, Green Hill, R Grant, W A Russell, J F Fleet, etc.From Karnataka R H Deshpande, Rodda Srinivasarao,founder of the illustrious Karnataka College at Dharwad andother organisations, promoting the cause of Karnataka, Kar-nataka Kulapurohita Alur Venkata Rao, Muduvidu Krishna-rao, Andaneppa Meti, etc and the Government officer likeDeputy Chennabasappa and subsequently HukkerikarRamarao, Ex Speaker of Bombay Legislative Assembly, DrR R Diwakar, former Governor of Bihar, Vidyaratna R.S.Panchamukhi, known as Bhishma Pitamaha of research inKarnataka (particularly for integratingBellary into Karnatakaon the basis of historical evidences) and others also wereinvolved.

23. [Panchamukhi, ] This studywas completed at CMDRmuch before the setting up of Dr DM Nanjundappa HighPowered Committee in Karnataka. This study is based uponthe detailed data supplied by Government of Karnataka aboutdistrict wise socio economic indicators. The author of thisstudy was a member of a two member committee appointedby the Government of Karnataka to analyse regional dispa-rities in the state.

24. [Government of Karnataka, 2002], gives rich data,divisionwise,districtwiseand talukawise aboutvarious socio

economic indicators to show the extent of regional disparitiesin the state.

25. For details about the methodology, see [Governmentof Karnataka, 2002, ch. 5].

26. There is no Report of the Committee under the thenchairmanship of Sri Namoshi. The author is given to under-stand that no report is submitted by the Committee.

27. In a number of seminars held after the submission of the DMN HPC Report, this view was expressed and reportedin print media.

REFERENCES

Bird, Otto A., 1968; The Idea of Justice, Frederic A PraegerPublications, New York.

Centre for Multi Disciplinary Development Research, 2002;Regional Development Boards, An Evaluation, Dhar-wad; alsopublished by D.M. Nanjundappa High PowerCommittee, Government of Karnataka, June.

Das, Keshab, 2002; Uneven Development and Regionalism: A Critique of Received Theories , Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gota, Ahmedabad, WorkingPaper No. 133, September.




Goldsmith, William W., 1978; ‘Marxism and Regional Pol-icy; An Introduction’, Review of Radical Political

Economics, Vol. 10, No. 3.Government of India, first published1981; Reprintedin 1988;

India- Government and Economic Life in Ancient and Medieval Periods. Publications Division.

Government of Karnataka, 2002; High Power Committee forRedressal of Regional Imbalances, Final Report,(Chairman: D.M. Nanjundappa).

Government of Karnataka, Economic Survey for differentyears, Planning and Statistics Department, Govern-ment of Karnataka.

Government of Karnataka, 2002; Centre for Multi Disci-plinary Development Research, Dharwad- Regional

Development Boards in Karnataka; An Evaluation;Also published by DMN HPC, June.

Kanbur, Ravi and Anthony J. Venables, 2005; ‘The SpatialInequality and Development: An Overview of UNU-WDER Project’, in Kanbur, Ravi and Anthony J.Venables (Eds.), Spatial Inequality and Development,UNU-WIDER Project, September, (Internate down-load).

Kanbur, Ravi and Anthony J. Venables (Eds.), 2003; Spatial Inequality and Development, Special Issue of Journalof Economic Geography , Selected Papers presented ata Conference held in Helsinki in July.

Musgrave, Richard, 1958; The Theory of Public Finance, AStudy in Public Economy, Mc Graw-Hill.

Nadkarni, M.V., 2010; ‘Interrogating the Idea of Justice’ inThe Indian Economic Journal, Vol. 58, No 1,April-June.

Panchamukhi P.R., 1998; North South Divide; Karnataka’s Development Scenario, CMDR MonographSeries No.21; Centre for Multi Disciplinary DevelopmentResearch, Dharwad.

Polese,Mario, 2008; ‘TheBurgenland Rule:A SimpleTheoryof the Geography of Regional Inequality with a Brief Look at Europe, North America and beyond,’ A Paperforpresentation at theAnnual International Conference

of the Regional Studies Association, Prague, May27-29.

Rawls, John, 1973; A Theory of Justice, Oxford UniversityPress, New Delhi Paperback,

Roll, Eric, 1938; A History of Economic Thought, originallypublished in 1938 by Faber and Faber Ltd London;First in Rupa Paperback, Rupa & Co. New Delhi.

Sen, Amartya, 1992; Inequality reexamined, Oxford Uni-versity Press, New Delhi, paper back 1995, 1996.

Sen, Amartya, 2006; ‘Opportunity in Disparity’, The Eco-nomic Times Dec 21.

Sen,Amartya, 2009; TheIdeaof Justice, Penguin Books, New

Delhi.Shrinivas, Ritti and B.R. Gopal (eds.), 2008; Inscriptions of

the Vijayanagara Rulers, Vol. II, (1466-1587 A.D.),Orthern Book Centre, Indian Council of HistoricalResearch, Southern Regional Centre, Bangalore.

Smith, Adam, 1938; The Theory of Moral Sentiments, byMetaLibri,Obra editada Publicadano BrasilSao Paulo,May 15. (internet download).

Timmins, C. 2003; ‘Estimable Equilibrium Models of Loca-tional Sorting and their Role in Development Econo-mics’, Special Issue of Journal of EconomicGeography , addresses the ‘fundamental issue in

econometric studies of agglomeration- the extent towhich the observed clusters are due to the naturaladvantage ofthe locationor dueto thepresenceof someagglomerative force’.

Williamson J.G., 1965; ‘Regional Inequality and the Pro-cesses of National Development: A Description of thePatterns,’ Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol. 13, No. 4, Part 2.




A n n e x u r e

I - A . Z

i l l a p a n c h a y a t o u t l a y s

b y d i s t r i c t 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 t o 2 0 0 3 - 0 4

( R s .

L a k h s )

N o

D i s t r i c t

1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1 - 0 2

2 0 0 2 - 0 3

2 0 0 3 - 0 4

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

1)

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

1

B e l g a u m

5 2 7 7

4 6 6 9

9 9 4 6

6 4 2 5

5 0 1 0

1 1 4 3 5

7 2 1 8 . 5

5 1 9 9

1 2 4 1 7 . 5

3 8 2 0

4 0 2 1

7 8 4 1

4 2 5 8

4 5 4 8

8 8 0 6

2

B i j a p u r

2 6 3 6

2 6 1 8

5 2 5 4

3 2 9 4

2 6 9 7

5 9 9 1

3 6 3 4 . 5

2 8 2 8

6 4 6 2 . 5

1 9 5 6

2 1 9 5

4 1 5 1

2 1 3 5

2 0 9 1

4 2 2 6

3

D h a r w a d

1 8 8 7

1 8 0 0

3 6 8 7

2 3 7 6

1 7 4 7

4 1 2 3

2 5 9 2 . 5

1 7 1 6

4 3 0 8 . 5

1 4 5 8

1 3 7 5

2 8 3 3

1 5 7 3

1 3 1 5

2 8 8 8

4

U t t a r a

K a n n a d a

2 5 2 1

2 4 0 6

4 9 2 7

3 1 5 0

2 6 9 7

5 8 4 7

3 5 1 3 . 5

2 6 7 7

6 1 9 0 . 5

1 8 8 3

2 0 7 5

3 9 5 8

2 0 7 1

2 0 3 3

4 1 0 4

5

B a g a l k o t

2 4 3 4

2 1 4 5

4 5 7 9

3 0 0 2

2 2 6 6

5 2 6 8

3 3 0 0 . 5

2 1 5 2

5 4 5 2 . 5

1 8 2 5

1 7 4 8

3 5 7 3

1 9 7 2

1 6 7 4

3 6 4 6

6

G a d a g

1 4 2 0

1 5 9 2

3 0 1 2

1 8 6 7

1 3 8 1

3 2 4 8

2 0 6 0 . 0

1 4 5 3

3 5 1 3 . 0

1 1 6 4

1 1 8 8

2 3 5 2

1 2 5 9

1 0 7 8

2 3 3 7

7

H a v e r i

1 9 8 4

2 4 1 3

4 3 9 7

2 5 3 9

2 2 5 1

4 7 9 0

2 8 7 9 . 0

2 2 1 4

5 0 9 3 . 0

1 5 5 7

1 7 5 2

3 3 0 9

1 7 4 3

1 6 7 5

3 4 1 8

8

G u l b a r g a

4 7 8 8

4 5 4 7

9 3 3 5

5 6 9 5

4 4 8 3

1 0 1 7 8

6 2 3 5 . 5

4 0 2 6

1 0 2 6 1 . 5

3 2 4 0

3 7 2 0

6 9 6 0

3 5 4 5

3 5 4 8

7 0 9 3

9

B e l l a r y

2 9 4 2

2 8 4 0

5 7 8 2

3 6 0 3

2 8 9 8

6 5 0 1

3 9 8 9 . 5

3 2 2 2

7 2 1 1 . 5

2 1 3 4

2 3 0 4

4 4 3 8

2 3 0 4

2 3 3 7

4 6 4 1

0

B i d a r

2 6 7 4

2 4 3 5

5 1 0 9

3 2 2 7

2 4 0 0

5 6 2 7

3 5 6 9 . 5

2 4 3 7

6 0 0 6 . 5

1 9 3 9

2 1 5 2

4 0 9 1

2 0 9 7

2 2 1 0

4 3 0 7

1

R a i c h u r

2 4 9 3

2 0 9 1

4 5 8 4

3 1 1 9

2 4 7 4

5 5 9 3

3 3 9 3 . 0

2 4 6 2

5 8 5 5 . 0

1 9 2 5

2 2 1 6

4 1 4 1

2 0 7 3

2 2 2 4

4 2 9 7

2

K o p p a l

1 7 9 1

1 6 8 6

3 4 7 7

2 3 5 0

1 9 6 3

4 3 1 3

2 5 7 4 . 0

1 9 8 7

4 5 6 1 . 0

1 5 2 5

1 7 7 7

3 3 0 2

1 6 4 6

1 7 3 2

3 3 7 8

3

K o d a g u

1 3 6 7

1 4 2 6

2 7 9 3

1 7 0 0

1 3 2 4

3 0 2 4

1 8 7 8 . 5

1 3 3 4

3 2 1 2 . 5

1 1 6 0

1 1 5 2

2 3 1 2

1 2 4 9

1 0 5 2

2 3 0 1

4

B a n g a l o r e

1 9 6 7

2 0 2 2

3 9 8 9

2 5 1 8

2 1 2 2

4 6 4 0

2 7 0 6 . 0

2 0 9 5

4 8 0 1 . 0

1 6 4 8

1 7 9 6

3 4 4 4

1 7 4 9

1 7 5 0

3 4 9 9

5

B a n g a l o r e

3 3 4 0

2 9 6 0

6 3 0 0

4 0 2 7

3 0 5 5

7 0 8 2

4 4 5 7 . 0

3 4 7 2

7 9 2 9 . 0

2 3 9 5

3 0 3 2

5 4 2 7

2 6 0 1

2 9 7 2

5 5 7 3

6

C h i t r a d u r g a

2 5 8 8

3 3 0 4

5 8 9 2

3 1 7 7

3 1 9 7

6 3 7 4

3 4 8 7 . 5

3 2 7 2

6 7 5 9 . 5

2 0 6 4

3 3 6 4

5 4 2 8

2 2 3 1

2 9 4 8

4 9 7 9

7

K o l a r

3 9 8 7

4 2 3 4

8 2 2 1

4 8 3 1

3 7 2 3

8 5 5 4

5 3 4 6 . 5

3 7 2 4

9 0 7 0 . 5

2 9 0 5

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6 3 3 8

8

S h i m

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2 5 0 2

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3 4 8 9 . 0

3 0 0 4

6 4 9 3 . 0

2 0 6 3

2 3 5 8

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2 2 9 8

2 2 8 4

4 5 8 2

9

T u m k u r

4 3 4 2

4 4 8 3

8 8 2 5

5 2 5 0

4 5 6 8

9 8 1 8

5 8 2 8 . 5

5 0 0 0

1 0 8 2 8 . 5

2 9 7 5

3 7 5 7

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3 2 6 5

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0

D a v a n a g e r e

2 7 3 8

2 9 7 5

5 7 1 3

3 3 5 3

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6 1 7 4

3 7 9 2 . 0

3 1 3 5

6 9 2 7 . 0

2 2 3 8

2 5 1 4

4 7 5 2

2 4 4 5

2 4 7 0

4 9 1 5

1

M y s o r e

3 4 5 8

3 2 6 7

6 7 2 5

4 3 0 0

3 4 8 5

7 7 8 5

4 6 9 0 . 0

3 6 8 9

8 3 7 9 . 0

2 4 8 0

2 7 7 2

5 2 5 2

2 6 9 3

2 6 0 3

5 2 9 6

2

C h i k m a g a l u r

2 6 9 9

2 7 9 1

5 4 9 0

3 1 0 0

2 2 3 9

5 3 3 9

3 4 7 5 . 0

2 3 8 9

5 8 6 4 . 0

2 1 2 3

2 0 4 3

4 1 6 6

2 3 2 7

2 0 1 7

4 3 4 4

3

D a k s h i n a

K a n n a d a

2 3 7 7

2 5 3 5

4 9 1 2

2 9 3 1

2 7 7 7

5 7 0 8

3 2 7 1 . 0

2 5 5 5

5 8 2 6 . 0

1 8 4 1

2 1 5 0

3 9 9 1

2 0 2 7

2 1 7 8

4 2 0 5

4

H a s s a n

3 2 7 5

3 3 1 0

6 5 8 5

3 8 5 0

2 9 4 0

6 7 9 0

4 2 7 7 . 0

2 9 7 4

7 2 5 1 . 0

2 3 5 6

2 6 1 9

4 9 7 5

2 5 8 9

2 6 9 6

5 2 8 5

5

M a n d y a

2 9 8 4

2 6 6 2

5 6 4 6

3 9 5 2

2 5 1 7

6 4 6 9

4 3 3 7 . 0

2 3 0 7

6 6 4 4 . 0

2 4 5 9

1 8 6 6

4 3 2 5

2 6 6 8

1 9 9 3

4 6 6 1

6

C h a m a r a j a

N a g a r

1 7 0 1

1 6 9 3

3 3 9 4

2 1 5 0

1 8 1 6

3 9 6 6

2 3 5 5 . 5

1 8 7 8

4 2 3 3 . 5

1 4 2 5

1 7 1 8

3 1 4 3

1 5 3 4

1 7 8 2

3 3 1 6

7

U d u p i

1 4 8 4

1 7 0 5

3 1 8 9

1 8 5 6

1 8 1 2

3 6 6 8

2 0 8 8 . 0

1 9 1 5

4 0 0 3 . 0

1 2 9 3

1 6 5 1

2 9 4 4

1 4 2 5

1 6 6 4

3 0 8 9

L u m p s u m

5 5 4 4

5 5 4 4

5 5 4 4

5 5 4 4

7 8 8 2 . 0

7 8 8 2 . 0

5 8 4 9

5 8 4 9

7 8 8 2

-

7 8 8 2

T o t a l

7 9 2 0 0

7 3 5 8 2

1 5 2 7 8 2

9 6 2 3 6

7 3 4 6 0

1 6 9 6 9 6

1 0 8 3 2 0 . 7 5 1 1 6

1 8 3 4 3 6 . 5

6 1 7 0 0

6 2 4 2 0

1 2 4 1 2 0

6 8 8 4 1

6 1 3 8 6

1 3 0 2 2 7

r c e : E c o n o m i c S u r v e y 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 .




A n n e x u r e

I - B . Z

i l l a p a n c h a y a t o u t l a y s

b y d i s t r i c t 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 t o 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 ( %

t o t o t a l )

o D i s t r i c t

1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 - 0 1

2 0 0 1 - 0 2

2 0 0 2 - 0 3

2 0 0 3 - 0 4

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e

C e n t r e

T o t a l

S t a t e C e n t r e

T o t a l

)

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

B e l g a u m

6 . 7

6 . 3

6 . 5

6 . 7

6 . 8

6 . 7

6 . 7

6 . 9

6 . 8

6 . 2

6 . 4

6 . 3

6 . 2

7 . 4

6 . 8

B i j a p u r

3 . 3

3 . 6

3 . 4

3 . 4

3 . 7

3 . 5

3 . 4

3 . 8

3 . 5

3 . 2

3 . 5

3 . 3

3 . 1

3 . 4

3 . 2

D h a r w a d

2 . 4

2 . 4

2 . 4

2 . 5

2 . 4

2 . 4

2 . 4

2 . 3

2 . 3

2 . 4

2 . 2

2 . 3

2 . 3

2 . 1

2 . 2

U t t a r a

K a n n a d a

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 7

3 . 4

3 . 2

3 . 6

3 . 4

3 . 1

3 . 3

3 . 2

3 . 0

3 . 3

3 . 2

B a g a l k o t

3 . 1

2 . 9

3 . 0

3 . 1

3 . 1

3 . 1

3 . 0

2 . 9

3 . 0

3 . 0

2 . 8

2 . 9

2 . 9

2 . 7

2 . 8

G a d a g

1 . 8

2 . 2

2 . 0

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 9

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 8

H a v e r i

2 . 5

3 . 3

2 . 9

2 . 6

3 . 1

2 . 8

2 . 7

2 . 9

2 . 8

2 . 5

2 . 8

2 . 7

2 . 5

2 . 7

2 . 6

G u l b a r g a

6 . 0

6 . 2

6 . 1

5 . 9

6 . 1

6 . 0

5 . 8

5 . 4

5 . 6

5 . 3

6 . 0

5 . 6

5 . 1

5 . 8

5 . 4

B e l l a r y

3 . 7

3 . 9

3 . 8

3 . 7

3 . 9

3 . 8

3 . 7

4 . 3

3 . 9

3 . 5

3 . 7

3 . 6

3 . 3

3 . 8

3 . 6

0

B i d a r

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 3

3 . 3

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 1

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 0

3 . 6

3 . 3

1

R a i c h u r

3 . 1

2 . 8

3 . 0

3 . 2

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 1

3 . 3

3 . 2

3 . 1

3 . 6

3 . 3

3 . 0

3 . 6

3 . 3

2

K o p p a l

2 . 3

2 . 3

2 . 3

2 . 4

2 . 7

2 . 5

2 . 4

2 . 6

2 . 5

2 . 5

2 . 8

2 . 7

2 . 4

2 . 8

2 . 6

3

K o d a g u

1 . 7

1 . 9

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 7

1 . 8

1 . 8

1 . 9

1 . 8

1 . 9

1 . 8

1 . 7

1 . 8

4

B a n g a l o r e

2 . 5

2 . 7

2 . 6

2 . 6

2 . 9

2 . 7

2 . 5

2 . 8

2 . 6

2 . 7

2 . 9

2 . 8

2 . 5

2 . 9

2 . 7

5

B a n g a l o r e

4 . 2

4 . 0

4 . 1

4 . 2

4 . 2

4 . 2

4 . 1

4 . 6

4 . 3

3 . 9

4 . 9

4 . 4

3 . 8

4 . 8

4 . 3

6


3 . 3

4 . 5

3 . 9

3 . 3

4 . 4

3 . 8

3 . 2

4 . 4

3 . 7

3 . 3

5 . 4

4 . 4

3 . 2

4 . 8

3 . 8

7

K o l a r

5 . 0

5 . 8

5 . 4

5 . 0

5 . 1

5 . 0

4 . 9

5 . 0

4 . 9

4 . 7

5 . 0

4 . 8

4 . 6

5 . 1

4 . 9

8

S h i m o g a

3 . 2

4 . 0

3 . 6

3 . 2

3 . 8

3 . 4

3 . 2

4 . 0

3 . 5

3 . 3

3 . 8

3 . 6

3 . 3

3 . 7

3 . 5

9

T u m k u r

5 . 5

6 . 1

5 . 8

5 . 5

6 . 2

5 . 8

5 . 4

6 . 7

5 . 9

4 . 8

6 . 0

5 . 4

4 . 7

5 . 8

5 . 2

0

D a v a n a g e r e

3 . 5

4 . 0

3 . 7

3 . 5

3 . 8

3 . 6

3 . 5

4 . 2

3 . 8

3 . 6

4 . 0

3 . 8

3 . 6

4 . 0

3 . 8

1

M y s o r e

4 . 4

4 . 4

4 . 4

4 . 5

4 . 7

4 . 6

4 . 3

4 . 9

4 . 6

4 . 0

4 . 4

4 . 2

3 . 9

4 . 2

4 . 1

2

C h i k m a g a l u r

3 . 4

3 . 8

3 . 6

3 . 2

3 . 0

3 . 1

3 . 2

3 . 2

3 . 2

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 4

3 . 3

3 . 3

3

D a k s h i n a

K a n n a d a

3 . 0

3 . 4

3 . 2

3 . 0

3 . 8

3 . 4

3 . 0

3 . 4

3 . 2

3 . 0

3 . 4

3 . 2

2 . 9

3 . 5

3 . 2

4

H a s s a n

4 . 1

4 . 5

4 . 3

4 . 0

4 . 0

4 . 0

3 . 9

4 . 0

4 . 0

3 . 8

4 . 2

4 . 0

3 . 8

4 . 4

4 . 1

5

M a n d y a

3 . 8

3 . 6

3 . 7

4 . 1

3 . 4

3 . 8

4 . 0

3 . 1

3 . 6

4 . 0

3 . 0

3 . 5

3 . 9

3 . 2

3 . 6

6

C h a m a r a j a

N a g a r

2 . 1

2 . 3

2 . 2

2 . 2

2 . 5

2 . 3

2 . 2

2 . 5

2 . 3

2 . 3

2 . 8

2 . 5

2 . 2

2 . 9

2 . 5

7

U d u p i

1 . 9

2 . 3

2 . 1

1 . 9

2 . 5

2 . 2

1 . 9

2 . 5

2 . 2

2 . 1

2 . 6

2 . 4

2 . 1

2 . 7

2 . 4

L u m p s u m

7 . 0

0 . 0

3 . 6

5 . 8

0 . 0

3 . 3

7 . 3

0 . 0

4 . 3

9 . 5

0 . 0

4 . 7

1 1 . 4

. - -

6 . 1

T o t a l

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

1 0 0 . 0

r c e : E c o n o m i c S u r v e y 2 0 0 3 - 0 4 .






A n n e x u r e

I I . D i s t r i c t - w i s e S e c t o r a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f G r o s s

D i s t r i c t I n c o m e o f K a r n a t a k a

( A t C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 9

3 - 9 4 ) P r i c e s ) ( 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 )

( R s .

i n L a k h )

N o

D i s t r i c t

T r a n s p o r t

S t o r a g e

C o m m u n i c a t i o n

T r a d e , H o t e l s

B a n k i n g

R e a l e s t a t e ,

P u b l i c

O t h e r S e r -

T e r t i a r y

G r o s s

P e r c a p i t a

b y o t h e r

& R e s t a u r a n t s

a n d I n s u r - O w n e r s h i p o f

A d m i n i s -

v i c e s

s e c t o r T o t a l D o m e s

t i c

G D P ( i n R s . )

m e a n s

a n c e

D w e l l i n g s &

t r a t i o n

P r o d u c t

B u s i n e s s S e r -

( G D P )

v i c e s

) ( 2 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

B e l g a u m

1 1 0 6 7

4 7

2 7 3 8 4

5 2 4 9 9

2 6 7 6 8

3 9 5 1 4

1 6 1 0 0

5 0 5 7 3

2 2 6 4 2 1

4 8 3 6 6 1

1 1 1 1 5

B i j a p u r

6 7 8 9

5 4

1 3 1 7 4

1 3 7 0 1

9 6 4 0

1 3 9 4 0

3 1 1 5

2 0 4 4 3

8 2 2 7 4

1 6 5 5 2 1

8 8 4 8

D h a r w a d

6 9 1 9

7 0

8 4 9 0

3 0 2 9 2

3 2 0 1 3

2 2 0 5 5

2 0 4 3 9

2 5 0 9 0

1 4 7 6 7 0

2 3 6 0 8 2

1 4 2 3 3

U t t a r a

K a n n a d a

5 3 7 5

2 8

1 5 3 4 5

1 6 7 9 3

1 4 6 7 7

1 3 8 1 4

8 6 0 6

1 8 9 7 5

9 5 5 6 6

1 7 1 9 0 3

1 2 2 8 2

B a g a

l k o t e

2 7 4 3

2 3

6 6 9 7

1 6 4 7 3

7 0 2 4

1 5 5 2 9

6 8 6 4

1 9 0 5 2

7 5 2 3 4

1 7 1 5 9 2

1 0 0 4 2

G a d a g

2 3 2 3

3 6

9 9 2 2

6 9 8 0

6 3 4 3

9 4 6 6

1 5 3 2 8

1 1 7 5 7

6 3 3 7 7

9 8 9 7 2

9 8 4 6

H a v e r i

3 4 2 9

3 8

3 5 3 9

1 1 0 8 2

6 6 9 2

1 2 5 3 5

9 2 9 7

1 1 9 8 7

5 9 5 3 7

1 2 6 7 0 7

8 5 2 0

G u l b a r g a

8 3 2 0

9 7

1 6 2 0 4

2 6 5 6 2

1 5 5 2 0

2 4 3 0 8

1 6 0 6 4

4 1 4 9 9

1 4 9 7 4 1

3 0 3 3 0 5

9 3 8 5

B e l l a r y

1 7 6 4 7

1 1 8

8 5 7 7

5 6 4 9 3

1 6 7 0 9

1 7 8 2 1

5 6 3 6

3 1 5 1 8

1 5 5 9 3 7

3 8 8 8 8 2

1 8 5 6 6

0

B i d a r

7 8 2 9

6 1

3 0 7 1

9 2 7 9

6 3 3 7

1 2 4 3 1

6 8 3 8

1 9 8 7 0

6 6 5 7 8

1 2 5 2 5 2

8 0 6 6

1

R a i c h u r

3 6 9 1

1 8 8

4 9 5 1

1 7 7 7 2

8 9 9 8

9 5 6 9

5 6 6 9

2 1 4 8 1

7 2 8 7 5

1 5 0 8 8 0

8 8 5 1

2

K o p p a l

2 6 6 0

6 6

3 7 8 4

1 7 1 1 8

4 0 9 0

1 5 0 9 3

2 3 8 0

2 0 0 2 6

6 5 8 1 7

1 6 5 9 4 8

1 3 4 4 4

3

K o d a g u

2 5 0 6

1 9

7 8 1 8

1 1 6 5 2

8 2 7 9

6 6 7 5

6 2 4 4

9 6 9 8

5 2 8 9 1

8 6 5 6 6

1 5 3 4 9

4

B a n g a l o r e

6 0 9 8 1

3 3 5

1 1 4 8 6 9

4 2 7 0 2 3

2 3 9 6 5 5

1 5 6 9 1 3

3 3 9 6 1

1 3 4 0 6 8

1 1 6 9 4 1 9

1 9 8 0 9 1 5

2 9 3 6 2

5

B a n g a l o r e

R u r a l

5 3 4 0

3 8

7 4 7 3

6 5 2 7 1

7 7 8 9

1 8 0 7 0

8 2 7 9

1 6 4 2 2

1 3 0 9 0 7

3 1 4 4 8 8

1 6 1 9 6

6


2 3 5 8

2 9

7 7 6 1

1 3 0 8 9

9 5 1 7

2 1 2 7 4

6 3 9 4

1 6 6 9 1

7 8 9 1 3

1 5 2 4 5 7

9 7 6 1

7

K o l a r

6 4 0 2

5 2

1 1 7 0 5

2 0 5 2 2

1 2 3 4 1

2 4 0 9 2

1 4 1 3 8

2 6 6 3 0

1 1 7 3 7 6

2 5 5 8 2 6

9 8 0 2

8

S h i m o g a

4 9 3 4

8 7

1 6 7 2 0

2 0 7 1 7

1 6 4 8 3

2 1 5 3 9

1 4 4 6 6

2 3 9 6 4

1 2 0 3 3 9

2 1 9 0 0 5

1 2 9 1 5

9

T u m k u r

5 1 1 8

4 3

1 4 3 8

2 3 4 7 3

7 5 0 4

2 8 5 7 9

1 4 5 2 5

2 5 9 9 2

1 0 7 7 7 4

2 4 4 9 6 0

9 1 8 2

0

D a v a n a g e r e

4 2 4 9

5 6

9 6 0 1

1 8 0 0 5

1 1 8 2 2

1 5 6 8 8

1 9 2 9 3

1 6 6 0 3

9 5 9 6 0

1 8 9 1 8 2

1 0 2 2 1

1

M y s o r e

1 0 2 8 3

1 3 0

2 1 4 2 3

5 5 9 8 6

3 4 2 6 2

3 2 2 4 1

6 4 1 3

3 3 6 7 8

1 9 5 5 2 9

3 8 0 9 8 1

1 4 0 3 3

2

C h i c k - m a g a l u r

2 7 3 4

2 4

1 0 2 0 6

1 6 1 3 8

1 1 3 4 9

1 1 9 9 0

9 0 1

1 4 3 9 9

6 8 7 7 7

1 5 5 9 2 0

1 3 2 3 5

3

D a k s

h i n a K a n n a d a

2 9 8 5 2

5 4

2 6 2 6 0

1 2 0 6 5 3

4 2 5 7 4

2 6 1 0 9

1 0 1 1 9

4 5 9 3 9

3 0 4 0 3 6

5 3 6 4 5 6

2 7 3 5 1

4

H a s s a n

4 3 5 8

6 3

1 3 5 1 8

1 6 4 1 7

1 3 0 9 2

1 6 8 1 0

1 4 1 6 1

1 6 5 0 4

9 6 6 7 9

2 0 5 2 8 8

1 1 5 3 1

5

M a n d y a

2 9 4 5

6 6

1 0 1 2 9

1 8 7 9 4

1 5 6 4 4

1 7 3 3 0

1 4 9 6

1 7 0 0 6

8 4 9 4 8

1 8 5 0 7 3

1 0 1 5 7

6

C h a m a - r a j a n a g a r

1 2 1 6

3 6

4 4 2 2

7 4 8 9

4 6 0 9

1 1 3 1 4

2 4 0 9

8 6 1 3

4 0 3 2 6

8 3 5 8 4

8 3 8 1

7

U d u p i

5 9 9 8

5

8 8 9 8

2 2 7 8 1

2 7 5 1 0

1 3 7 8 8

9 4 9 6

2 2 2 7 7

1 1 1 1 7 8

1 9 7 6 7 0

1 7 2 2 6

K a r n a t a k a

2 2 8 0 6 6

1 8 6 3

3 9 3 3 7 9

1 1 3 3 0 5 4

6 1 7 2 4 1

6 2 8 4 8 7

2 7 8 6 2 9

7 2 0 7 5 5

4 0 3 6 0 7 7

7 7 7 7 0 7 4

1 4 2 4 9

r c e : D i r e c t o r a t e o f E c o n o m i c s a n d S t a t i s t i c s , G o v e r n m e n t o f K a r n a t a k a .








A n n e x u r e

I I I . D i s t r i c t w i s e D e m o g r a p h i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n - K a r n a t a k a

( C o n

t d . )

S t a t e / D i s t r i c t / T a l u k

D e c e n n i a l

A r e a ( S q

D e n s i t y o f

T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n

R u r a l P o p u l a t i o n

U r b a n P o p u l a t i o n

p o p p u l a t i o n

K m s )

p o p u l a t i o n ( p e r

g r o w t h r a t e

s o n s / s q . k m s )

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

( 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 1 )

)

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

m k u r D i s t r i c t

2 5 8 4 7 1 1

1 3 1 3 8 0 1

1 2 7 0 9 1 0

2 0 7 7 5 0 9

1 0 5 2 1 1 3

1 0 2 5 3 9 6

5 0 7 2 0 2

2 6 1 6 8 8

2 4 5 5 1 4

1 2 . 1

1 0 5 9 7 . 0 0

2 4 4

hi k n a y a k a n h a l l i

2 0 9 6 2 2

1 0 5 5 5 9

1 0 4 0 6 3

1 8 7 2 3 3

9 4 3 5 0

9 2 8 8 3

2 2 3 8 9

1 1 2 0 9

1 1 1 8 0

8 . 4

1 1 1 5 . 2 3

1 8 8

ra

3 0 1 4 7 3

1 5 3 7 3 3

1 4 7 7 4 0

2 5 1 3 8 5

1 2 7 8 7 8

1 2 3 5 0 7

5 0 0 8 8

2 5 8 5 5

2 4 2 3 3

1 8 . 1

1 5 5 8 . 9 3

1 9 3

v a g a d a

2 4 6 2 5 5

1 2 5 7 9 8

1 2 0 4 5 7

2 1 8 1 8 7

1 1 1 3 8 2

1 0 6 8 0 5

2 8 0 6 8

1 4 4 1 6

1 3 6 5 2

1 5 . 7

1 3 5 7 . 9 1

1 8 1

a d h u g i r i

2 6 5 8 8 4

1 3 5 3 2 0

1 3 0 5 6 4

2 3 9 5 8 0

1 2 1 7 7 0

1 1 7 8 1 0

2 6 3 0 4

1 3 5 5 0

1 2 7 5 4

8 . 3

1 1 2 8 . 7 0

2 3 6

r a t a g e r e

1 6 0 9 5 2

8 1 8 6 2

7 9 0 9 0

1 4 7 2 9 7

7 4 9 3 3

7 2 3 6 4

1 3 6 5 5

6 9 2 9

6 7 2 6

1 0 . 6

6 4 3 . 3 5

2 5 0

l b a r g a D

i s t r i c t

3 1 3 0 9 2 2

1 5 9 2 7 8 9

1 5 3 8 1 3 3

2 2 7 8 3 0 1

1 1 5 2 3 4 3

1 1 2 5 9 5 8

8 5 2 6 2 1

4 4 0 4 4 6

4 1 2 1 7 5

2 1 . 4

1 6 2 2 4 . 0 0

1 9 3

la n d

2 9 7 1 3 6

1 5 2 2 3 3

1 4 4 9 0 3

2 6 1 8 9 1

1 3 3 9 6 2

1 2 7 9 2 9

3 5 2 4 5

1 8 2 7 1

1 6 9 7 4

1 3 . 9

1 7 3 4 . 0 7

1 7 1

fz a l p u r

1 8 0 0 7 1

9 2 5 3 8

8 7 5 3 3

1 6 0 7 3 6

8 2 4 4 7

7 8 2 8 9

1 9 3 3 5

1 0 0 9 1

9 2 4 4

1 9 . 4

1 3 0 4 . 7 4

1 3 8

l b a r g a

6 7 5 6 7 9

3 4 8 6 6 5

3 2 7 0 1 4

2 4 5 4 1 4

1 2 5 0 7 1

1 2 0 3 4 3

4 3 0 2 6 5

2 2 3 5 9 4

2 0 6 6 7 1

2 9 . 0

1 7 3 4 . 5 3

3 9 0

hi n c h o l i

2 2 3 6 4 6

1 1 3 3 0 9

1 1 0 3 3 7

2 0 6 5 0 2

1 0 4 2 6 7

1 0 2 2 3 5

1 7 1 4 4

9 0 4 2

8 1 0 2

1 8 . 2

1 5 5 2 . 2 0

1 4 4

d a m

1 9 6 1 5 4

9 7 7 0 9

9 8 4 4 5

1 5 6 0 2 6

7 7 2 0 8

7 8 8 1 8

4 0 1 2 8

2 0 5 0 1

1 9 6 2 7

2 0 . 2

1 0 3 6 . 1 7

1 8 9

l g a u m D i s t r i c t

4 2 1 4 5 0 5

2 1 5 0 0 9 0

2 0 6 4 4 1 5

3 2 0 1 8 1 4

1 6 3 0 7 5 6

1 5 7 1 0 5 8

1 0 1 2 6 9 1

5 1 9 3 3 4

4 9 3 3 5 7

1 7 . 7

1 3 4 1 5 . 0 0

3 1 4

hi k o d i

5 6 7 6 0 1

2 9 0 9 4 3

2 7 6 6 5 8

4 5 6 4 9 5

2 3 4 5 9 7

2 2 1 8 9 8

1 1 1 1 0 6

5 6 3 4 6

5 4 7 6 0

1 6 . 4

1 2 7 1 . 7 0

4 4 6

h n i

4 6 1 8 6 2

2 3 6 8 7 8

2 2 4 9 8 4

4 2 0 9 1 2

2 1 6 0 6 1

2 0 4 8 5 1

4 0 9 5 0

2 0 8 1 7

2 0 1 3 3

2 0 . 8

1 9 9 4 . 9 6

2 3 2

y b a g

3 4 7 6 0 0

1 7 8 8 2 5

1 6 8 7 7 5

3 1 1 8 2 8

1 6 0 2 2 0

1 5 1 6 0 8

3 5 7 7 2

1 8 6 0 5

1 7 1 6 7

2 2 . 8

9 5 7 . 9 5

3 6 3

k a k

5 2 6 0 9 2

2 6 6 6 3 0

2 5 9 4 6 2

4 0 1 0 0 6

2 0 2 9 9 1

1 9 8 0 1 5

1 2 5 0 8 6

6 3 6 3 9

6 1 4 4 7

1 9 . 2

1 5 4 3 . 2 7

3 4 1

k e r i

3 5 7 1 9 3

1 8 1 5 7 9

1 7 5 6 1 4

3 0 4 7 6 5

1 5 4 7 0 4

1 5 0 0 6 1

5 2 4 2 8

2 6 8 7 5

2 5 5 5 3

1 5 . 7

9 9 1 . 4 9

3 6 0

a n d y a D i s t r i c t

1 7 6 3 7 0 5

8 8 8 0 3 4

8 7 5 6 7 1

1 4 8 0 9 9 0

7 4 4 2 7 6

7 3 6 7 1 4

2 8 2 7 1 5

1 4 3 7 5 8

1 3 8 9 5 7

7 . 3

4 9 6 1 . 0 0

3 5 6

i s h n a r a j a s a g a r a *

1 1 4 9 6 8 1

5 8 2 8 5 9

5 6 6 8 2 2

9 2 3 9 0 8

4 6 8 1 4 1

4 5 5 7 6 7

2 2 5 7 7 3

1 1 4 7 1 8

1 1 1 0 5 5

-

3 . 4 7

2 4 4 8

i s h n a r a j p e t

2 4 8 2 4 5

1 2 3 5 3 1

1 2 4 7 1 4

2 2 5 6 6 5

1 1 1 9 4 6

1 1 3 7 1 9

2 2 5 8 0

1 1 5 8 5

1 0 9 9 5

1 2 . 3

8 8 6 . 0 4

2 8 0

g a m a n g a

l a

1 9 0 7 7 0

9 4 1 8 6

9 6 5 8 4

1 7 4 7 1 8

8 5 9 6 9

8 8 7 4 9

1 6 0 5 2

8 2 1 7

7 8 3 5

6 . 8

1 0 3 1 . 1 4

1 8 5

n d a v a p u r a

1 7 5 0 0 9

8 7 4 5 8

8 7 5 5 1

1 5 6 6 9 9

7 8 2 2 0

7 8 4 7 9

1 8 3 1 0

9 2 3 8

9 0 7 2

9 . 3

5 4 2 . 7 0

3 2 2

* S p r e a d s o v e r t w o

t a l u k s n a m e l y

P a n d a v a p u r a a n d

S h r i r a n g a p a t t a n a ,

h e n c e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y

( C o n t d . )






A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


D e c e n n i a l

A r e a ( S q

D e n s i t y o f



U r b a n P o p u l a t i o n


K m s )


g r o w t h r a t e

s o n s / s q . k m s )

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

( 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

k s h i n a K a n n a d a

D i s -

1 8 9 7 7 3 0

9 3 8 4 3 4

9 5 9 2 9 6

1 1 6 8 4 2 8

5 7 4 6 5 7

5 9 3 7 7 1

7 2 9 3 0 2

3 6 3 7 7 7

3 6 5 5 2 5

1 4 . 6

4 5 6 0 . 0 0

4 1 6

t n g a l o r e

8 8 2 8 5 6

4 3 4 7 0 2

4 4 8 1 5 4

2 8 1 7 7 7

1 3 5 4 7 0

1 4 6 3 0 7

6 0 1 0 7 9

2 9 9 2 3 2

3 0 1 8 4 7

1 6 . 2

8 4 2 . 7 2

1 0 4 8

t v a l

3 6 1 5 5 4

1 7 8 6 6 4

1 8 2 8 9 0

3 0 6 7 3 4

1 5 1 3 9 4

1 5 5 3 4 0

5 4 8 2 0

2 7 2 7 0

2 7 5 5 0

1 1 . 9

7 3 5 . 6 0

4 9 2

lta n g a d i

2 4 6 4 9 4

1 2 1 2 8 8

1 2 5 2 0 6

2 3 9 1 8 9

1 1 7 6 4 1

1 2 1 5 4 8

7 3 0 5

3 6 4 7

3 6 5 8

1 6 . 6

1 3 7 5 . 5 2

1 7 9

tu r

2 6 6 0 7 2

1 3 2 7 8 6

1 3 3 2 8 6

2 1 8 0 0 2

1 0 8 5 2 7

1 0 9 4 7 5

4 8 0 7 0

2 4 2 5 9

2 3 8 1 1

1 2 . 2

9 9 5 . 1 9

2 6 7

ly a

1 4 0 7 5 4

7 0 9 9 4

6 9 7 6 0

1 2 2 7 2 6

6 1 6 2 5

6 1 1 0 1

1 8 0 2 8

9 3 6 9

8 6 5 9

1 2 . 8

8 2 7 . 7 4

1 7 0

ss a n

D i s t r i c t

1 7 2 1 6 6 9

8 5 9 0 8 6

8 6 2 5 8 3

1 4 1 6 9 9 6

7 0 3 9 5 7

7 1 3 0 3 9

3 0 4 6 7 3

1 5 5 1 2 9

1 4 9 5 4 4

9 . 7

6 8 1 4 . 0 0

2 5 3

l e s h p u r

1 3 4 3 4 5

6 6 3 8 0

6 7 9 6 5

1 1 1 1 6 9

5 4 6 2 5

5 6 5 4 4

2 3 1 7 6

1 1 7 5 5

1 1 4 2 1

7 . 7

1 0 2 8 . 4 2

1 3 1

lu r

1 8 3 7 5 5

9 1 7 4 4

9 2 0 1 1

1 6 3 5 2 7

8 1 3 9 7

8 2 1 3 0

2 0 2 2 8

1 0 3 4 7

9 8 8 1

7 . 9

7 8 3 . 1 3

2 3 5

i k e r e

3 0 3 0 4 4

1 5 2 1 0 6

1 5 0 9 3 8

2 5 7 8 7 8

1 2 9 2 7 4

1 2 8 6 0 4

4 5 1 6 6

2 2 8 3 2

2 2 3 3 4

6 . 6

1 2 5 7 . 3 9

2 4 1

s a n

3 6 1 1 4 7

1 8 1 0 5 7

1 8 0 0 9 0

2 2 7 8 8 5

1 1 2 8 1 5

1 1 5 0 7 0

1 3 3 2 6 2

6 8 2 4 2

6 5 0 2 0

1 4 . 4

9 4 0 . 8 1

3 8 4

im o g a D i s t r i c t

1 6 4 2 5 4 5

8 3 0 5 5 9

8 1 1 9 8 6

1 0 7 1 5 3 5

5 4 0 2 3 8

5 3 1 2 9 7

5 7 1 0 1 0

2 9 0 3 2 1

2 8 0 6 8 9

1 3 . 1

8 4 7 7 . 0 0

1 9 4

a r

2 0 0 9 9 5

1 0 0 9 7 7

1 0 0 0 1 8

1 3 8 2 9 4

6 9 4 7 1

6 8 8 2 3

6 2 7 0 1

3 1 5 0 6

3 1 1 9 5

1 3 . 5

1 9 2 6 . 7 6

1 0 4

a b

1 8 5 5 7 2

9 4 2 6 7

9 1 3 0 5

1 7 8 1 4 5

9 0 4 5 6

8 7 6 8 9

7 4 2 7

3 8 1 1

3 6 1 6

1 4 . 3

1 1 4 6 . 6 7

1 6 2

ik a r p u r

2 1 3 5 9 0

1 0 8 3 4 4

1 0 5 2 4 6

1 6 7 5 7 3

8 4 9 8 5

8 2 5 8 8

4 6 0 1 7

2 3 3 5 9

2 2 6 5 8

1 3 . 2

9 0 8 . 1 1

2 3 5

a n a g a r a

1 1 5 0 0 0

5 7 3 9 2

5 7 6 0 8

1 0 9 9 5 7

5 4 8 2 8

5 5 1 2 9

5 0 4 3

2 5 6 4

2 4 7 9

1 2 . 0

1 4 1 7 . 9 1

8 1

th a l l i

1 4 3 2 0 7

7 0 7 3 4

7 2 4 7 3

1 2 8 3 9 9

6 3 2 2 8

6 5 1 7 1

1 4 8 0 8

7 5 0 6

7 3 0 2

9 . 3

1 1 8 8 . 9 5

1 2 0

im o g a

4 4 5 1 9 2

2 2 6 9 2 8

2 1 8 2 6 4

1 7 0 8 4 0

8 6 7 0 4

8 4 1 3 6

2 7 4 3 5 2

1 4 0 2 2 4

1 3 4 1 2 8

2 1 . 8

1 1 4 1 . 7 0

3 9 0

d r a v a t i

3 3 8 9 8 9

1 7 1 9 1 7

1 6 7 0 7 2

1 7 8 3 2 7

9 0 5 6 6

8 7 7 6 1

1 6 0 6 6 2

8 1 3 5 1

7 9 3 1 1

4 . 4

6 7 3 . 7 9

5 0 3

g a l o r e D i s t r i c t

6 5 3 7 1 2 4

3 4 2 6 5 9 9

3 1 1 0 5 2 5

7 7 7 1 3 7

4 0 6 2 0 1

3 7 0 9 3 6

5 7 5 9 9 8 7

3 0 2 0 3 9 8

2 7 3 9 5 8 9

3 5 . 1

2 1 9 0 . 0 0

2 9 8 5

ta n a g e r e *

9 6 3 8 5

5 1 3 0 7

4 5 0 7 8

1 8 7 2 6 9

9 4 1 8 1

9 3 0 8 8

4 4 0 3 3

2 2 3 1 3

2 1 7 2 0

-

3 3 . 4 8

2 8 7 9

g a l o r e ( M

C o r p .

) *

4 3 0 1 3 2 6

2 2 4 2 8 3 5

2 0 5 8 4 9 1

1 8 7 2 6 9

9 4 1 8 1

9 3 0 8 8

4 4 0 3 3

2 2 3 1 3

2 1 7 2 0

-

2 2 1 . 3 2

1 9 4 3 5

g a l o r e N o r t h

8 3 0 0 6 1

4 4 0 8 2 2

3 8 9 2 3 9

2 2 3 0 3 1

1 1 5 6 1 4

1 0 7 4 1 7

6 0 7 0 3 0

3 2 5 2 0 8

2 8 1 8 2 2

- 1 1 . 0

5 6 3 . 4 8

1 4 7 3

g a l o r e S o u t h

1 0 0 9 9 2 4

5 3 2 6 1 1

4 7 7 3 1 3

3 1 2 9 4 6

1 6 3 4 3 8

1 4 9 5 0 8

6 9 6 9 7 8

3 6 9 1 7 3

3 2 7 8 0 5

- 1 . 5

7 9 6 . 2 2

1 2 6 8

k a l

2 9 9 4 2 8

1 5 9 0 2 4

1 4 0 4 0 4

2 4 1 1 6 0

1 2 7 1 4 9

1 1 4 0 1 1

5 8 2 6 8

3 1 8 7 5

2 6 3 9 3

3 5 . 4

5 3 0 . 9 3

5 6 4 ( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


D e c e n n i a l

A r e a ( S q

D e n s i t y o f



U r b a n

P o p u l a t i o n


K m s )


g r o w t h r a t e

s o n s / s q . k m s )

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

p e r s o n

M a l e

F e m a l e

( 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 1 )

( 2 )

( 3 )

( 4 )

( 5 )

( 6 )

( 7 )

( 8 )

( 9 )

( 1 0 )

( 1 1 )

( 1 2 )

( 1 3 )

ic h u r D i s t r i c t

1 6 6 9 7 6 2

8 4 1 8 4 0

8 2 7 9 2 2

1 2 4 8 9 2 5

6 2 6 8 5 9

6 2 2 0 6 6

4 2 0 8 3 7

2 1 4 9 8 1

2 0 5 8 5 6

2 3 . 5

6 8 2 7 . 0 0

2 4 5

g s u g u r

3 2 1 0 4 2

1 6 2 6 2 8

1 5 8 4 1 4

2 4 7 4 7 8

1 2 4 9 4 2

1 2 2 5 3 6

7 3 5 6 4

3 7 6 8 6

3 5 8 7 8

2 2 . 5

1 9 4 8 . 0 5

1 6 5

a d u r g a

2 2 2 4 5 7

1 1 2 2 4 5

1 1 0 2 1 2

2 0 0 4 6 3

1 0 0 9 3 3

9 9 5 3 0

2 1 9 9 4

1 1 3 1 2

1 0 6 8 2

2 5 . 8

1 5 0 7 . 9 5

1 4 8

ic h u r

4 3 5 3 8 0

2 2 0 6 7 5

2 1 4 7 0 5

2 0 8 9 7 6

1 0 5 0 8 7

1 0 3 8 8 9

2 2 6 4 0 4

1 1 5 5 8 8

1 1 0 8 1 6

2 1 . 3

1 5 3 4 . 6 9

2 8 4

n v i

3 3 0 7 1 9

1 6 6 0 6 3

1 6 4 6 5 6

2 9 3 1 0 6

1 4 7 0 0 2

1 4 6 1 0 4

3 7 6 1 3

1 9 0 6 1

1 8 5 5 2

2 2 . 8

1 7 9 2 . 9 1

1 8 4

d h n u r

3 6 0 1 6 4

1 8 0 2 2 9

1 7 9 9 3 5

2 9 8 9 0 2

1 4 8 8 9 5

1 5 0 0 0 7

6 1 2 6 2

3 1 3 3 4

2 9 9 2 8

2 6 . 5

1 5 9 8 . 7 4

2 2 5

ik m a g a l u r

D i s t r i c t

1 1 4 0 9 0 5

5 7 4 9 1 1

5 6 5 9 9 4

9 1 8 1 8 1

4 6 1 2 8 6

4 5 6 8 9 5

2 2 2 7 2 4

1 1 3 6 2 5

1 0 9 0 9 9

1 2 . 2

7 2 0 1 . 0 0

1 5 8

g e r i

3 6 9 3 0

1 8 5 3 8

1 8 3 9 2

3 2 6 8 1

1 6 3 1 2

1 6 3 6 9

4 2 4 9

2 2 2 6

2 0 2 3

1 1 . 0

4 4 2 . 8 3

8 3

p a

8 7 7 8 0

4 4 0 1 5

4 3 7 6 5

8 2 6 6 7

4 1 4 2 7

4 1 2 4 0

5 1 1 3

2 5 8 8

2 5 2 5

8 . 9

5 7 2 . 2 1

1 5 3

a s i m h a r a j a p u r a

6 5 6 3 9

3 2 5 5 9

3 3 0 8 0

5 8 1 7 5

2 8 7 7 6

2 9 3 9 9

7 4 6 4

3 7 8 3

3 6 8 1

1 6 . 5

7 4 4 . 1 4

8 8

ik e r e

2 2 4 1 7 0

1 1 3 5 3 7

1 1 0 6 3 3

1 9 0 1 0 4

9 6 2 3 4

9 3 8 7 0

3 4 0 6 6

1 7 3 0 3

1 6 7 6 3

9 . 3

1 2 1 6 . 1 8

1 8 4

du r

2 8 9 4 0 6

1 4 6 2 6 6

1 4 3 1 4 0

2 3 5 8 9 0

1 1 9 1 4 2

1 1 6 7 4 8

5 3 5 1 6

2 7 1 2 4

2 6 3 9 2

1 1 . 3

1 4 1 4 . 2 7

2 0 5

ik m a g a l u r

2 9 5 5 6 5

1 4 9 1 5 8

1 4 6 4 0 7

1 9 4 3 1 4

9 7 4 6 4

9 6 8 5 0

1 0 1 2 5 1

5 1 6 9 4

4 9 5 5 7

1 6 . 5

1 6 1 3 . 2 9

1 8 3

d i g e r e

1 4 1 4 1 5

7 0 8 3 8

7 0 5 7 7

1 2 4 3 5 0

6 1 9 3 1

6 2 4 1 9

1 7 0 6 5

8 9 0 7

8 1 5 8

1 0 . 1

1 1 6 2 . 4 3

1 2 2

e r i D i s t r i c t

1 4 3 9 1 1 6

7 4 0 4 6 9

6 9 8 6 4 7

1 1 4 0 0 9 6

5 8 6 9 3 5

5 5 3 1 6 1

2 9 9 0 2 0

1 5 3 5 3 4

1 4 5 4 8 6

1 3 . 4

4 8 2 3 . 0 0

2 9 8

g g a o n

1 6 6 7 4 2

8 6 1 1 2

8 0 6 3 0

1 2 2 0 9 1

6 2 9 9 7

5 9 0 9 4

4 4 6 5 1

2 3 1 1 5

2 1 5 3 6

1 3 . 0

5 8 9 . 2 3

2 8 3

a n u r

1 4 3 8 8 5

7 4 3 5 3

6 9 5 3 2

1 0 8 3 2 2

5 6 0 2 0

5 2 3 0 2

3 5 5 6 3

1 8 3 3 3

1 7 2 3 0

1 6 . 3

5 3 8 . 9 9

2 6 7

g a l

2 3 0 7 5 0

1 1 8 1 6 1

1 1 2 5 8 9

2 0 5 7 4 1

1 0 5 3 6 0

1 0 0 3 8 1

2 5 0 0 9

1 2 8 0 1

1 2 2 0 8

1 2 . 9

7 6 7 . 7 8

3 0 1

e r i

2 5 2 3 4 7

1 3 0 2 3 0

1 2 2 1 1 7

1 9 6 4 3 4

1 0 1 6 4 1

9 4 7 9 3

5 5 9 1 3

2 8 5 8 9

2 7 3 2 4

1 4 . 5

7 9 9 . 5 4

3 1 6

d g i

1 2 7 9 4 4

6 5 7 6 5

6 2 1 7 9

1 0 2 2 8 1

5 2 6 4 1

4 9 6 4 0

2 5 6 6 3

1 3 1 2 4

1 2 5 3 9

1 4 . 3

4 3 6 . 5 7

2 9 3

e k e r u r

2 1 2 4 5 8

1 0 8 8 2 9

1 0 3 6 2 9

1 9 6 5 8 6

1 0 0 7 2 5

9 5 8 6 1

1 5 8 7 2

8 1 0 4

7 7 6 8

1 0 . 7

8 0 6 . 9 2

2 6 3

i b e n n u r

3 0 4 9 9 0

1 5 7 0 1 9

1 4 7 9 7 1

2 0 8 6 4 1

1 0 7 5 5 1

1 0 1 0 9 0

9 6 3 4 9

4 9 4 6 8

4 6 8 8 1

1 3 . 3

9 0 4 . 5 6

3 3 7

r c e : C e n s u s o f I n d i a

2 0 0 1




A n n e x u r e

I I I . D i s t r c i t w i s e D e m o g r a p h i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n - K a r n a t a k a

( C o n

t d . )


s e x r a t i o

s e x r a t i o

l i t e r a c y r a t e

( p o p u l a t i o n

p e r c e n t a g e

( n o . o f

( 0 - 6 a g e -

a g e d 7 y e a r s a n d a b o v e )

o f u r b a n

p e r c e n t a g e

t o t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n

f e m a l e s p e r

g r o u p )

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0 m a l e s )

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

t o t o t a l

m a i n w o r k e r s

m a r g i n a l w o r k e r s

n o n - w o r k e r s

p o p u l a t i o n

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

( 1 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

( 2 8 )

R N A T A K A

9 6 5

9 4 6

6 6 . 6

7 6 . 1

5 6 . 9

3 4 . 0

3 6 . 6

5 1 . 7

2 1 . 1

7 . 9

5 . 0

1 0 . 9

5 5 . 5

4 3 . 4

6 8 . 0

a l k o t D i s t r i c t

9 8 0

9 4 0

5 7 . 3

7 0 . 9

4 3 . 6

2 9 . 0

3 4 . 0

4 8 . 5

1 9 . 2

9 . 6

5 . 2

1 4 . 0

5 6 . 4

4 6 . 3

6 6 . 7

h a l i n g p u r * ( T M C )

9 7 8

9 4 2

6 7 . 1

7 8 . 7

5 5 . 4

5 4 . 6

3 2 . 1

5 1 . 3

1 2 . 5

4 . 2

3 . 1

5 . 3

6 3 . 7

4 5 . 6

8 2 . 2

a k h a n d i

9 6 5

9 3 1

5 6 . 7

6 7 . 7

4 5 . 3

3 7 . 2

3 4 . 3

4 9 . 3

1 8 . 7

6 . 5

4 . 7

8 . 3

5 9 . 2

4 6 . 0

7 3 . 0

i

9 9 2

9 4 8

5 0 . 9

6 5 . 0

3 6 . 8

1 0 . 9

3 7 . 4

4 8 . 6

2 6 . 1

1 0 . 6

6 . 2

1 5 . 0

5 2 . 0

4 5 . 2

5 8 . 9

d h o l

9 7 9

9 5 2

5 2 . 6

6 4 . 8

4 0 . 2

1 7 . 4

3 6 . 7

5 2 . 0

2 1 . 0

1 0 . 9

4 . 5

1 7 . 5

5 2 . 4

4 3 . 5

6 1 . 5

a m i

9 9 4

9 5 3

5 6 . 4

7 1 . 7

4 1 . 1

2 6 . 4

3 2 . 9

4 6 . 3

1 9 . 4

1 2 . 5

6 . 9

1 8 . 0

5 4 . 7

4 6 . 8

6 2 . 6

a l k o t

9 7 6

9 2 3

6 3 . 7

7 7 . 5

4 9 . 7

3 6 . 8

3 2 . 8

4 7 . 7

1 7 . 6

8 . 2

3 . 8

1 2 . 8

5 9 . 0

4 8 . 6

6 9 . 6

g u n d

9 8 7

9 3 7

5 9 . 7

7 6 . 1

4 3 . 2

2 4 . 4

3 2 . 0

4 6 . 8

1 7 . 0

1 1 . 1

5 . 8

1 6 . 6

5 6 . 9

4 7 . 5

6 6 . 4

a r D i s t r i c t

9 4 9

9 4 1

6 0 . 9

7 2 . 5

4 8 . 8

2 3 . 0

2 8 . 3

4 0 . 9

1 5 . 0

8 . 8

6 . 6

1 1 . 2

6 2 . 9

5 2 . 5

7 3 . 8

a v a k a l y a n

9 6 0

9 2 8

5 9 . 1

7 1 . 6

4 6 . 2

1 9 . 6

2 9 . 9

4 2 . 5

1 6 . 8

9 . 9

6 . 9

1 3 . 0

6 0 . 2

5 0 . 6

7 0 . 2

l k i

9 4 7

9 4 2

6 2 . 4

7 5 . 3

4 8 . 8

1 3 . 7

2 9 . 6

4 1 . 7

1 6 . 9

9 . 3

6 . 3

1 2 . 4

6 1 . 1

5 2 . 0

7 0 . 6

a d

9 5 1

9 4 6

5 7 . 9

6 9 . 9

4 5 . 2

6 . 4

2 8 . 7

4 1 . 1

1 5 . 6

1 1 . 0

7 . 0

1 5 . 1

6 0 . 4

5 1 . 8

6 9 . 3

a r

9 3 8

9 4 3

6 5 . 0

7 4 . 5

5 4 . 8

4 3 . 0

2 6 . 8

4 0 . 1

1 2 . 7

6 . 1

5 . 8

6 . 4

6 7 . 1

5 4 . 1

8 1 . 0

n a b a d

9 5 0

9 4 9

5 8 . 5

7 0 . 2

4 6 . 2

2 0 . 7

2 7 . 1

3 9 . 6

1 4 . 0

9 . 4

7 . 2

1 1 . 6

6 3 . 5

5 3 . 3

7 4 . 3

d a g D i s t r i c t

9 6 9

9 5 2

6 6 . 1

7 9 . 3

5 2 . 5

3 5 . 2

4 0 . 0

5 2 . 7

2 6 . 9

7 . 1

3 . 5

1 0 . 8

5 2 . 9

4 3 . 8

6 2 . 3

g u n d

9 6 0

9 4 9

6 4 . 1

7 8 . 4

4 9 . 2

3 5 . 1

4 3 . 2

5 3 . 7

3 2 . 2

4 . 3

2 . 4

6 . 3

5 2 . 5

4 3 . 9

6 1 . 4

9 8 7

9 5 5

6 3 . 9

7 9 . 4

4 8 . 2

2 6 . 9

3 9 . 3

5 0 . 3

2 8 . 1

9 . 1

4 . 4

1 3 . 8

5 1 . 7

4 5 . 3

5 8 . 1

da g

9 6 6

9 5 7

7 1 . 4

8 2 . 6

5 9 . 9

5 2 . 1

3 7 . 6

5 2 . 3

2 2 . 4

5 . 6

3 . 0

8 . 2

5 6 . 8

4 4 . 7

6 9 . 4

rh a t t i

9 6 4

9 5 4

6 2 . 9

7 5 . 5

5 0 . 0

2 7 . 1

4 2 . 9

5 6 . 0

2 9 . 3

7 . 0

3 . 3

1 0 . 9

5 0 . 1

4 0 . 7

5 9 . 8

n d a r g i

9 5 7

9 2 8

6 2 . 1

7 6 . 3

4 7 . 3

1 7 . 5

4 1 . 3

5 3 . 0

2 9 . 1

9 . 7

4 . 3

1 5 . 3

4 9 . 0

4 2 . 7

5 5 . 6

la r y

D i s t r i c t

9 6 9

9 4 7

5 7 . 4

6 9 . 2

4 5 . 3

3 4 . 9

3 9 . 5

5 1 . 2

2 7 . 5

5 . 9

3 . 4

8 . 4

5 4 . 6

4 5 . 4

6 4 . 1

da g a l i

9 7 7

9 7 8

6 0 . 3

7 2 . 1

4 8 . 2

1 3 . 9

3 9 . 7

5 0 . 3

2 8 . 8

1 0 . 2

5 . 8

1 4 . 6

5 0 . 2

4 3 . 8

5 6 . 6

a r i b o m m a n a h a l l i

9 8 0

9 2 6

5 8 . 1

7 0 . 8

4 5 . 2

0 . 0

3 6 . 6

4 9 . 0

2 4 . 0

8 . 5

4 . 5

1 2 . 5

5 4 . 9

4 6 . 6

6 3 . 5

p e t

9 7 7

9 5 5

6 0 . 9

7 1 . 6

5 0 . 0

5 9 . 1

3 8 . 4

5 1 . 7

2 4 . 8

4 . 1

3 . 0

5 . 2

5 7 . 6

4 5 . 4

7 0 . 0

g u p p a

9 9 9

9 4 7

4 3 . 6

5 6 . 9

3 0 . 3

2 8 . 3

4 7 . 8

5 5 . 2

4 0 . 3

3 . 6

2 . 1

5 . 0

4 8 . 7

4 2 . 7

5 4 . 6

la r y

9 6 1

9 4 0

5 9 . 7

7 0 . 8

4 8 . 2

5 0 . 6

3 8 . 3

5 1 . 3

2 4 . 8

4 . 2

3 . 0

5 . 4

5 7 . 4

4 5 . 6

6 9 . 8

d u r

9 4 5

9 4 8

5 3 . 3

6 5 . 5

4 0 . 4

1 7 . 9

3 5 . 5

5 0 . 4

1 9 . 8

9 . 4

3 . 9

1 5 . 3

5 5 . 1

4 5 . 7

6 4 . 9

dl i g i

9 5 5

9 4 5

5 9 . 5

7 2 . 1

4 6 . 4

1 6 . 4

4 1 . 2

4 9 . 0

3 3 . 0

7 . 7

3 . 7

1 1 . 8

5 1 . 2

4 7 . 2

5 5 . 2

( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


s e x r a t i o

s e x r a t i o



p e r c e n t a g e

( n o . o f

( 0 - 6 a g e -


o f u r b a n

p e r c e n t a g e


f e m a l e s p e r

g r o u p )

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0 m a l e s )

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

t o t o t a l




p o p u l a t i o n

p e r s o n

m a l e


m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

( 1 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

( 2 8 )

a r a K a n n a d a

D i s t r i c t

9 7 1

9 4 6

7 6 . 6

8 4 . 5

6 8 . 5

2 8 . 7

3 3 . 6

5 1 . 1

1 5 . 7

9 . 3

6 . 6

1 2 . 1

5 7 . 1

4 2 . 4

7 2 . 2

d e l i *

9 5 6

9 6 3

8 3 . 1

9 0 . 4

7 5 . 5

2 8 . 6

2 5 . 7

4 3 . 1

7 . 4

4 . 1

5 . 9

2 . 3

7 0 . 2

5 1 . 1

9 0 . 3

w a r

9 6 8

9 3 8

8 4 . 0

9 1 . 5

7 6 . 3

5 0 . 7

3 0 . 0

4 6 . 5

1 3 . 0

8 . 6

9 . 4

7 . 8

6 1 . 4

4 4 . 1

7 9 . 2

a

9 8 9

9 7 1

6 5 . 4

7 6 . 8

5 4 . 0

0 . 0

3 5 . 2

5 1 . 7

1 8 . 5

9 . 7

6 . 5

1 3 . 0

5 5 . 1

4 1 . 8

6 8 . 5

li y a l

9 6 4

9 5 7

6 3 . 7

7 4 . 5

5 2 . 4

2 4 . 1

4 1 . 7

5 4 . 1

2 8 . 8

7 . 8

4 . 9

1 0 . 8

5 0 . 6

4 1 . 0

6 0 . 4

ll a p u r

9 5 3

9 3 9

7 3 . 9

8 1 . 2

6 6 . 3

2 4 . 4

3 6 . 0

5 5 . 4

1 5 . 6

5 . 8

4 . 2

7 . 4

5 8 . 2

4 0 . 3

7 7 . 0

n d g o d

8 5 3

9 5 8

7 0 . 5

7 9 . 9

5 9 . 3

1 7 . 8

3 5 . 5

4 7 . 5

2 1 . 4

1 0 . 2

5 . 6

1 5 . 6

5 4 . 3

4 6 . 9

6 3 . 0

it r a d u r g a

D i s t r i c t

9 5 5

9 4 6

6 4 . 5

7 4 . 7

5 3 . 8

1 8 . 1

3 7 . 9

5 1 . 5

2 3 . 8

9 . 6

5 . 5

1 3 . 9

5 2 . 4

4 3 . 0

6 2 . 3

la k a l m u r u

9 4 4

9 4 3

5 2 . 6

6 5 . 0

3 9 . 5

1 1 . 2

3 7 . 2

4 7 . 8

2 5 . 9

7 . 7

4 . 8

1 0 . 9

5 5 . 1

4 7 . 4

6 3 . 3

l l a k e r e

9 5 3

9 4 5

5 8 . 9

7 0 . 0

4 7 . 2

1 4 . 7

3 9 . 7

5 0 . 4

2 8 . 4

9 . 8

5 . 6

1 4 . 2

5 0 . 5

4 3 . 9

5 7 . 4

it r a d u r g a

9 4 7

9 4 7

7 1 . 8

8 0 . 5

6 2 . 6

3 3 . 2

3 4 . 9

5 0 . 3

1 8 . 7

7 . 1

4 . 5

9 . 9

5 7 . 9

4 5 . 2

7 1 . 4

la l k e r e

9 6 2

9 3 5

6 8 . 0

7 8 . 4

5 7 . 4

7 . 4

3 8 . 3

5 3 . 0

2 3 . 1

1 5 . 4

8 . 4

2 2 . 7

4 6 . 3

3 8 . 6

5 4 . 2

sd u r g a

9 7 1

9 6 9

6 5 . 0

7 5 . 1

5 4 . 7

1 0 . 2

3 9 . 0

5 5 . 9

2 1 . 5

1 0 . 7

4 . 5

1 7 . 1

5 0 . 3

3 9 . 6

6 1 . 4

iy u r

9 5 8

9 4 0

6 3 . 2

7 3 . 5

5 2 . 5

1 8 . 4

3 9 . 3

5 1 . 5

2 6 . 6

8 . 5

5 . 9

1 1 . 2

5 2 . 2

4 2 . 6

6 2 . 1

a r w a d D

i s t r i c t

9 4 9

9 4 3

7 1 . 6

8 0 . 8

6 1 . 9

5 5 . 0

3 6 . 6

5 2 . 3

2 0 . 1

6 . 1

3 . 8

8 . 5

5 7 . 3

4 4 . 0

7 1 . 4

b l i - D h a r w a d *

9 5 1

9 4 1

5 3 . 9

6 1 . 9

4 5 . 5

1 5 . 6

3 7 . 1

5 0 . 7

2 2 . 9

1 1 . 1

9 . 1

1 3 . 2

5 1 . 8

4 0 . 2

6 4 . 0

r w a d

9 5 1

9 5 8

5 9 . 2

7 0 . 4

4 7 . 5

7 . 4

4 3 . 3

5 6 . 1

2 9 . 7

7 . 5

3 . 7

1 1 . 5

4 9 . 2

4 0 . 2

5 8 . 7

a l g u n d

9 5 5

9 5 1

6 3 . 9

7 7 . 2

5 0 . 0

2 7 . 1

4 4 . 8

5 6 . 1

3 2 . 9

1 1 . 1

6 . 0

1 6 . 5

4 4 . 1

3 7 . 9

5 0 . 6

b l i

9 4 5

9 4 1

6 3 . 1

7 5 . 5

4 9 . 9

0 . 0

4 1 . 9

5 6 . 0

2 7 . 0

1 0 . 3

4 . 6

1 6 . 3

4 7 . 8

3 9 . 4

5 6 . 7

lg h a t g i

9 3 6

9 2 0

5 8 . 3

6 9 . 3

4 6 . 6

1 0 . 7

4 3 . 0

5 6 . 6

2 8 . 4

1 2 . 8

6 . 3

1 9 . 8

4 4 . 2

3 7 . 1

5 1 . 8

n d g o l

9 4 5

9 4 8

6 5 . 4

7 8 . 1

5 2 . 0

1 0 . 7

4 3 . 5

5 6 . 0

3 0 . 3

7 . 6

3 . 8

1 1 . 6

4 8 . 9

4 0 . 2

5 8 . 1

* S p r e a d s o v e r t w o

t a l u k s n a m e l y

H u b l i a n d

D h a r w a d

h e n c e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y

a p u r D i s t r i c t

9 5 0

9 2 8

5 7 . 0

6 9 . 9

4 3 . 5

2 1 . 9

3 0 . 5

4 4 . 7

1 5 . 7

9 . 2

5 . 8

1 2 . 8

6 0 . 3

4 9 . 5

7 1 . 5

p u r

9 4 5

9 2 6

6 2 . 9

7 3 . 6

5 1 . 7

4 4 . 6

2 9 . 4

4 4 . 8

1 3 . 2

7 . 3

5 . 1

9 . 6

6 3 . 3

5 0 . 1

7 7 . 1

i

9 2 8

9 2 0

5 3 . 2

6 5 . 6

3 9 . 8

8 . 9

3 3 . 1

4 6 . 5

1 8 . 7

8 . 1

4 . 6

1 1 . 8

5 8 . 8

4 8 . 9

6 9 . 5

d g i

9 5 3

9 3 0

5 2 . 2

6 6 . 4

3 7 . 3

8 . 5

2 9 . 1

4 2 . 5

1 5 . 1

1 0 . 8

7 . 3

1 4 . 4

6 0 . 1

5 0 . 1

7 0 . 5

a v a n a B a g e v a d i

9 6 0

9 3 1

5 4 . 4

6 8 . 5

3 9 . 9

9 . 4

3 2 . 9

4 5 . 3

2 0 . 0

1 1 . 0

6 . 3

1 5 . 8

5 6 . 1

4 8 . 4

6 4 . 2

d d e b i h a l

9 8 1

9 3 9

5 8 . 2

7 4 . 1

4 2 . 1

2 1 . 5

2 8 . 5

4 4 . 0

1 2 . 6

1 0 . 9

6 . 5

1 5 . 4

6 0 . 6

4 9 . 5

7 2 . 0

( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


s e x r a t i o

s e x r a t i o



p e r c e n t a g e

( n o . o f

( 0 - 6 a g e -


o f u r b a n

p e r c e n t a g e


f e m a l e s p e r

g r o u p )

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0 m a l e s )

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

t o t o t a l




p o p u l a t i o n

p e r s o n

m a l e


m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

( 1 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

( 2 8 )

p p a l D i s t r i c t

9 8 3

9 5 3

5 4 . 1

6 8 . 4

3 9 . 6

1 6 . 6

3 5 . 3

4 7 . 5

2 2 . 8

1 1 . 1

6 . 1

1 6 . 1

5 3 . 6

4 6 . 3

6 1 . 1

lb a r g a

9 8 2

9 2 9

5 3 . 7

6 9 . 7

3 7 . 6

4 . 8

3 8 . 6

4 8 . 3

2 8 . 7

1 4 . 1

7 . 4

2 1 . 0

4 7 . 3

4 4 . 3

5 0 . 3

sh t a g i

9 8 4

9 6 5

5 1 . 3

6 7 . 7

3 4 . 6

8 . 9

3 4 . 9

4 6 . 4

2 3 . 1

1 2 . 7

5 . 9

1 9 . 7

5 2 . 4

4 7 . 7

5 7 . 2

g a w a t i

9 8 8

9 5 7

5 3 . 1

6 5 . 9

4 0 . 3

2 5 . 0

3 3 . 0

4 7 . 2

1 8 . 7

1 0 . 1

6 . 4

1 3 . 8

5 6 . 9

4 6 . 4

6 7 . 5

p p a l

9 7 4

9 5 7

5 7 . 8

7 1 . 4

4 4 . 0

2 0 . 5

3 6 . 1

4 8 . 3

2 3 . 6

8 . 8

5 . 0

1 2 . 7

5 5 . 1

4 6 . 7

6 3 . 7

u p i D i s t r i c t

1 1 3 0

9 5 8

8 1 . 2

8 8 . 2

7 5 . 2

1 8 . 6

3 7 . 5

5 0 . 4

2 6 . 1

6 . 4

4 . 7

7 . 8

5 6 . 1

4 4 . 9

6 6 . 1

n d a p u r

1 1 6 3

9 5 7

7 5 . 7

8 4 . 5

6 8 . 2

7 . 6

3 2 . 8

4 7 . 2

2 0 . 4

8 . 9

6 . 1

1 1 . 3

5 8 . 3

4 6 . 7

6 8 . 3

u p i

1 1 0 8

9 6 3

8 5 . 1

9 1 . 2

7 9 . 8

2 8 . 8

3 8 . 7

5 2 . 0

2 6 . 6

4 . 9

4 . 1

5 . 7

5 6 . 4

4 4 . 0

6 7 . 7

k a l

1 1 2 5

9 4 9

8 1 . 3

8 7 . 1

7 6 . 2

1 2 . 2

4 3 . 2

5 2 . 0

3 5 . 4

5 . 4

4 . 0

6 . 7

5 1 . 3

4 3 . 9

5 7 . 9

n g a l o r e R

u r a l D i s -

9 5 5

9 4 2

6 4 . 7

7 4 . 0

5 5 . 0

2 1 . 7

3 8 . 6

5 4 . 2

2 2 . 3

8 . 8

5 . 4

1 2 . 4

5 2 . 6

4 0 . 4

6 5 . 3

t la m a n g a l a

9 5 5

9 4 6

7 2 . 3

8 1 . 4

6 2 . 8

1 4 . 5

3 6 . 9

5 2 . 0

2 1 . 1

7 . 8

5 . 9

9 . 7

5 5 . 4

4 2 . 1

6 9 . 2

d B a l l a p u r

9 5 1

9 4 2

6 9 . 1

7 9 . 0

5 8 . 8

2 9 . 0

3 9 . 5

5 6 . 2

2 1 . 9

8 . 1

4 . 6

1 1 . 9

5 2 . 4

3 9 . 2

6 6 . 2

a n a h a l l i

9 4 5

9 4 2

6 8 . 2

7 7 . 6

5 8 . 2

2 8 . 6

4 0 . 5

5 5 . 6

2 4 . 4

7 . 3

4 . 6

1 0 . 2

5 2 . 2

3 9 . 8

6 5 . 4

sa k o t e

9 3 1

9 2 9

6 9 . 2

7 8 . 2

5 9 . 5

1 6 . 3

3 8 . 7

5 4 . 7

2 1 . 6

7 . 0

4 . 3

9 . 9

5 4 . 3

4 1 . 0

6 8 . 5


9 6 7

9 4 9

6 7 . 0

7 6 . 8

5 6 . 9

1 9 . 6

4 0 . 6

5 5 . 0

2 5 . 8

1 0 . 3

5 . 3

1 5 . 5

4 9 . 0

3 9 . 8

5 8 . 7

ik n a y a k a n h a l l i

9 8 6

9 6 9

7 0 . 2

7 9 . 5

6 0 . 8

1 0 . 7

3 8 . 3

5 6 . 6

1 9 . 7

1 1 . 7

5 . 7

1 7 . 8

5 0 . 0

3 7 . 7

6 2 . 5

9 6 1

9 3 9

6 2 . 4

7 3 . 1

5 1 . 4

1 6 . 6

4 2 . 7

5 4 . 2

3 0 . 6

1 0 . 9

5 . 5

1 6 . 5

4 6 . 4

4 0 . 2

5 2 . 8

a g a d a

9 5 8

9 3 8

5 6 . 5

6 8 . 6

4 4 . 0

1 1 . 4

3 9 . 7

5 0 . 6

2 8 . 3

1 3 . 3

8 . 0

1 8 . 8

4 7 . 0

4 1 . 3

5 3 . 0

d h u g i r i

9 6 5

9 5 2

6 1 . 2

7 2 . 7

4 9 . 4

9 . 9

3 8 . 9

5 1 . 8

2 5 . 5

1 4 . 4

8 . 1

2 0 . 9

4 6 . 7

4 0 . 1

5 3 . 6

ra t a g e r e

9 6 6

9 4 3

6 2 . 7

7 3 . 3

5 1 . 8

8 . 5

4 5 . 3

5 6 . 9

3 3 . 2

1 1 . 1

5 . 8

1 6 . 5

4 3 . 7

3 7 . 2

5 0 . 3

lb a r g a D

i s t r i c t

9 6 6

9 3 8

5 0 . 0

6 1 . 8

3 7 . 9

2 7 . 2

3 2 . 3

4 4 . 7

1 9 . 4

1 0 . 8

6 . 3

1 5 . 5

5 6 . 9

4 8 . 9

6 5 . 1

n d

9 5 2

9 1 7

5 2 . 9

6 6 . 0

3 9 . 2

1 1 . 9

3 5 . 7

4 6 . 9

2 4 . 0

1 5 . 6

9 . 1

2 2 . 4

4 8 . 6

4 3 . 9

5 3 . 6

a l p u r

9 4 6

9 4 0

5 0 . 9

6 3 . 6

3 7 . 5

1 0 . 7

3 0 . 5

4 4 . 5

1 5 . 7

1 2 . 2

7 . 0

1 7 . 7

5 7 . 3

4 8 . 5

6 6 . 6

lb a r g a

9 3 8

9 1 8

6 6 . 5

7 6 . 3

5 6 . 1

6 3 . 7

2 6 . 9

4 0 . 7

1 2 . 2

6 . 0

4 . 8

7 . 3

6 7 . 0

5 4 . 5

8 0 . 5

in c h o l i

9 7 4

9 3 2

4 8 . 6

6 2 . 3

3 4 . 7

7 . 7

3 6 . 2

4 7 . 1

2 5 . 1

1 3 . 9

6 . 8

2 1 . 2

4 9 . 9

4 6 . 2

5 3 . 8

da m

1 0 0 8

9 6 4

4 4 . 8

5 6 . 4

3 3 . 4

2 0 . 5

3 3 . 8

4 6 . 7

2 1 . 0

1 2 . 7

6 . 5

1 9 . 0

5 3 . 4

4 6 . 8

6 0 . 0

( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


s e x r a t i o

s e x r a t i o



p e r c e n t a g e

( n o . o f

( 0 - 6 a g e -


o f u r b a n

p e r c e n t a g e


f e m a l e s p e r

g r o u p )

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0 m a l e s )

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

t o t o t a l




p o p u l a t i o n

p e r s o n

m a l e


m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

( 1 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

( 2 8 )

lg a u m

D i s t r i c t

9 6 0

9 2 1

6 4 . 2

7 5 . 7

5 2 . 3

2 4 . 0

3 6 . 5

5 2 . 0

2 0 . 4

8 . 1

3 . 9

1 2 . 4

5 5 . 4

4 4 . 1

6 7 . 3

ik o d i

9 5 1

8 8 0

6 8 . 3

8 0 . 0

5 6 . 1

1 9 . 6

3 8 . 4

5 4 . 3

2 1 . 6

8 . 5

3 . 6

1 3 . 6

5 3 . 2

4 2 . 1

6 4 . 8

hn i

9 5 0

9 1 6

6 1 . 2

7 2 . 3

4 9 . 6

8 . 9

3 8 . 4

5 3 . 7

2 2 . 2

1 3 . 0

5 . 5

2 0 . 9

4 8 . 6

4 0 . 8

5 6 . 9

b a g

9 4 4

9 1 4

5 5 . 6

6 6 . 5

4 4 . 1

1 0 . 3

3 2 . 9

5 0 . 4

1 4 . 3

7 . 5

2 . 8

1 2 . 4

5 9 . 7

4 6 . 7

7 3 . 4

k a k

9 7 3

9 2 8

5 5 . 7

6 8 . 7

4 2 . 5

2 3 . 8

3 5 . 5

5 0 . 1

2 0 . 5

7 . 6

3 . 4

1 1 . 9

5 6 . 9

4 6 . 5

6 7 . 5

k e r i

9 6 7

9 2 4

6 2 . 1

7 4 . 6

4 9 . 3

1 4 . 7

3 8 . 2

5 2 . 1

2 3 . 8

8 . 1

4 . 2

1 2 . 2

5 3 . 7

4 3 . 7

6 4 . 0

n d y a D i s t r i c t

9 8 6

9 3 4

6 1 . 0

7 0 . 5

5 1 . 5

1 6 . 0

3 8 . 7

5 6 . 0

2 1 . 2

9 . 0

5 . 2

1 2 . 7

5 2 . 3

3 8 . 8

6 6 . 1

is h n a r a j a s a g a r a *

9 7 2

9 6 5

7 4 . 8

8 2 . 2

6 7 . 2

1 9 . 6

3 1 . 3

5 0 . 2

1 1 . 9

2 . 9

3 . 9

1 . 8

6 5 . 8

4 5 . 9

8 6 . 3

is h n a r a j p e t

1 0 1 0

9 7 1

6 1 . 6

7 3 . 0

5 0 . 4

9 . 1

3 9 . 6

5 6 . 8

2 2 . 5

9 . 2

4 . 8

1 3 . 6

5 1 . 2

3 8 . 4

6 3 . 9

g a m a n g a

l a

1 0 2 5

9 5 4

6 2 . 0

7 4 . 1

5 0 . 4

8 . 4

4 2 . 7

5 6 . 2

2 9 . 5

8 . 3

3 . 3

1 3 . 1

4 9 . 1

4 0 . 5

5 7 . 4

d a v a p u r a

1 0 0 1

9 3 4

5 6 . 7

6 6 . 8

4 6 . 7

1 0 . 5

4 1 . 4

5 9 . 8

2 3 . 0

1 0 . 2

3 . 5

1 6 . 8

4 8 . 4

3 6 . 7

6 0 . 2

s o r e D i s t r i c t

9 6 4

9 6 2

6 3 . 5

7 0 . 9

5 5 . 8

3 7 . 2

3 5 . 1

5 3 . 0

1 6 . 5

7 . 0

5 . 2

8 . 8

5 8 . 0

4 1 . 8

7 4 . 7

iy a p a t n a

9 3 6

9 6 4

5 9 . 2

6 9 . 7

4 7 . 9

6 . 7

3 9 . 3

5 3 . 2

2 4 . 4

6 . 3

2 . 9

9 . 8

5 4 . 5

4 3 . 9

6 5 . 8

n s u r

9 6 2

9 6 5

5 8 . 0

6 7 . 5

4 8 . 1

1 7 . 3

3 9 . 6

5 4 . 5

2 4 . 1

1 4 . 2

8 . 2

2 0 . 5

4 6 . 2

3 7 . 3

5 5 . 4

is h n a r a j a n a g a r a

9 8 5

9 4 6

5 9 . 7

7 0 . 3

4 8 . 9

1 2 . 8

3 6 . 7

5 6 . 3

1 6 . 9

1 0 . 2

5 . 0

1 5 . 5

5 3 . 0

3 8 . 7

6 7 . 6

s o r e

9 6 1

9 5 2

7 6 . 5

8 1 . 6

7 1 . 2

7 7 . 0

3 2 . 7

5 1 . 6

1 3 . 1

2 . 9

2 . 9

2 . 9

6 4 . 4

4 5 . 5

8 4 . 1

g g a d a d e v a n k o t e

9 7 2

9 8 4

5 2 . 8

6 2 . 0

4 3 . 4

4 . 9

4 2 . 0

5 4 . 6

2 9 . 0

9 . 0

6 . 0

1 2 . 2

4 9 . 0

3 9 . 5

5 8 . 8

n j a n g u d

9 7 4

9 8 6

4 9 . 6

5 7 . 2

4 1 . 7

1 3 . 4

3 4 . 5

5 4 . 8

1 3 . 6

8 . 9

7 . 3

1 0 . 5

5 6 . 6

3 7 . 9

7 5 . 8

u m a k u d a

l N a r a s i p u r

9 6 3

9 5 0

5 3 . 6

6 0 . 5

4 6 . 4

1 1 . 9

2 9 . 5

4 9 . 8

8 . 5

9 . 2

1 0 . 3

8 . 0

6 1 . 3

4 0 . 0

8 3 . 4

d a g u D i s t r i c t

9 9 6

9 7 7

7 8 . 0

8 3 . 7

7 2 . 3

1 3 . 7

4 5 . 1

5 7 . 9

3 2 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 0

3 . 9

5 1 . 4

3 9 . 1

6 3 . 8

d i k e r i

1 0 0 1

9 9 4

8 3 . 7

8 8 . 2

7 9 . 1

2 2 . 9

4 2 . 4

5 6 . 6

2 8 . 3

4 . 7

4 . 1

5 . 4

5 2 . 8

3 9 . 3

6 6 . 3

v a r p e t

1 0 0 4

9 6 3

7 7 . 8

8 5 . 0

7 0 . 7

9 . 9

4 4 . 9

5 7 . 2

3 2 . 7

2 . 8

2 . 5

3 . 1

5 2 . 3

4 0 . 4

6 4 . 2

a j p e t

9 8 4

9 7 9

7 4 . 1

7 9 . 2

6 9 . 0

1 1 . 2

4 7 . 3

5 9 . 6

3 4 . 7

3 . 2

2 . 7

3 . 6

4 9 . 6

3 7 . 7

6 1 . 7

v a n a g e r e

D i s t r i c t

9 5 2

9 4 6

6 7 . 4

7 6 . 4

5 8 . 0

3 0 . 3

3 5 . 3

5 0 . 9

1 8 . 9

8 . 5

5 . 8

1 1 . 3

5 6 . 2

4 3 . 3

6 9 . 9

ri h a r

9 4 8

9 3 2

6 9 . 2

7 7 . 5

6 0 . 5

3 5 . 7

3 4 . 8

5 1 . 2

1 7 . 5

5 . 3

4 . 8

5 . 8

5 9 . 9

4 4 . 0

7 6 . 7

ra p a n a h a

l l i

9 5 3

9 5 5

5 5 . 9

6 7 . 0

4 4 . 2

1 5 . 6

3 5 . 6

4 7 . 7

2 2 . 9

1 2 . 7

7 . 4

1 8 . 3

5 1 . 7

4 4 . 9

5 8 . 8

a l u r

9 6 3

9 5 5

6 3 . 3

7 4 . 6

5 1 . 5

9 . 3

4 3 . 9

5 3 . 3

3 4 . 2

1 5 . 7

9 . 8

2 1 . 9

4 0 . 3

3 6 . 9

4 3 . 9

v a n a g e r e

9 4 6

9 4 0

7 3 . 8

8 1 . 1

6 6 . 1

6 0 . 5

3 3 . 9

5 0 . 8

1 6 . 0

4 . 8

4 . 2

5 . 5

6 1 . 3

4 5 . 1

7 8 . 6

n n a l i

9 6 0

9 6 1

6 6 . 5

7 6 . 6

5 6 . 0

7 . 0

3 8 . 0

5 4 . 9

2 0 . 3

9 . 3

5 . 5

1 3 . 3

5 2 . 7

3 9 . 6

6 6 . 4

a n n a g i r i

9 5 3

9 4 1

6 6 . 1

7 4 . 9

5 6 . 9

6 . 3

3 1 . 6

4 9 . 4

1 2 . 8

1 0 . 4

6 . 9

1 4 . 0

5 8 . 1

4 3 . 6

7 3 . 2

( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


s e x r a t i o

s e x r a t i o



p e r c e n t a g e

( n o . o f

( 0 - 6 a g e -


o f u r b a n

p e r c e n t a g e t o t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n

f e m a l e s p e r

g r o u p )

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0 m a l e s )

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

t o t o t a l




p o p u l a t i o n

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

p e r s o n

m a l e

f e m a l e

( 1 )

( 1 4 )

( 1 5 )

( 1 6 )

( 1 7 )

( 1 8 )

( 1 9 )

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

( 2 2 )

( 2 3 )

( 2 4 )

( 2 5 )

( 2 6 )

( 2 7 )

( 2 8 )

a m a r a j a n a g a r

D i s -

9 7 1

9 6 4

5 0 . 9

5 9 . 0

4 2 . 5

1 5 . 3

3 4 . 9

5 1 . 4

1 7 . 9

1 1 . 5

1 0 . 0

1 3 . 1

5 3 . 6

3 8 . 6

6 8 . 9

c t n d l u p e t

9 8 4

9 5 8

4 9 . 4

5 9 . 1

3 9 . 5

1 2 . 4

3 7 . 8

5 5 . 7

1 9 . 6

1 1 . 3

7 . 9

1 4 . 8

5 0 . 9

3 6 . 4

6 5 . 6


9 8 3

9 9 8

4 9 . 2

5 6 . 6

4 1 . 6

1 7 . 9

3 2 . 9

5 1 . 7

1 3 . 8

1 1 . 4

1 0 . 5

1 2 . 2

5 5 . 7

3 7 . 7

7 4 . 0

la n d u r

9 6 6

9 5 4

4 9 . 6

5 7 . 0

4 2 . 0

1 1 . 0

2 5 . 8

4 0 . 9

1 0 . 3

1 4 . 8

1 7 . 2

1 2 . 4

5 9 . 3

4 1 . 9

7 7 . 3

l l e g a l

9 5 1

9 4 1

5 3 . 9

6 1 . 9

4 5 . 5

1 5 . 6

3 7 . 1

5 0 . 7

2 2 . 9

1 1 . 1

9 . 1

1 3 . 2

5 1 . 8

4 0 . 2

6 4 . 0

l a r D i s t r i c t

9 7 2

9 5 9

6 2 . 8

7 3 . 2

5 2 . 2

2 4 . 7

4 0 . 0

5 2 . 9

2 6 . 7

8 . 7

5 . 2

1 2 . 3

5 1 . 3

4 1 . 9

6 1 . 0

u r i b i d a n u r

9 6 0

9 5 3

5 9 . 3

6 9 . 5

4 8 . 7

1 1 . 3

4 4 . 0

5 4 . 4

3 3 . 1

8 . 6

5 . 6

1 1 . 9

4 7 . 4

4 0 . 0

5 5 . 0

ik B a l l a p u r

9 6 5

9 6 3

6 4 . 7

7 4 . 3

5 4 . 7

2 8 . 8

4 2 . 9

5 5 . 6

2 9 . 8

5 . 4

3 . 6

7 . 2

5 1 . 7

4 0 . 8

6 3 . 0

d i b a n d a

9 8 1

9 6 6

5 4 . 8

6 6 . 0

4 3 . 5

1 7 . 0

4 0 . 1

5 2 . 5

2 7 . 4

1 3 . 5

7 . 2

1 9 . 8

4 6 . 5

4 0 . 2

5 2 . 8

g e p a l l i

9 7 2

9 4 6

5 0 . 6

6 2 . 2

3 8 . 6

1 1 . 9

4 3 . 0

5 5 . 2

3 0 . 5

1 1 . 2

5 . 8

1 6 . 7

4 5 . 8

3 9 . 0

5 2 . 7

dl a g h a t t a

9 7 1

9 3 7

6 0 . 9

7 1 . 4

5 0 . 1

2 1 . 2

4 4 . 6

5 6 . 3

3 2 . 6

1 0 . 5

5 . 9

1 5 . 3

4 4 . 9

3 7 . 8

5 2 . 1

in t a m a n i

9 6 1

9 5 7

6 0 . 5

7 1 . 2

4 9 . 3

2 4 . 1

4 0 . 4

5 4 . 1

2 6 . 2

1 0 . 8

5 . 5

1 6 . 4

4 8 . 8

4 0 . 5

5 7 . 4

k s h i n a K

a n n a d a D i s -

1 0 2 2

9 5 2

8 3 . 4

8 9 . 7

7 7 . 2

3 8 . 4

4 4 . 3

5 3 . 9

3 5 . 0

5 . 5

4 . 3

6 . 7

5 0 . 1

4 1 . 8

5 8 . 3

c t n g a l o r e

1 0 3 1

9 5 5

8 7 . 3

9 2 . 6

8 2 . 1

6 8 . 1

4 1 . 5

5 2 . 5

3 0 . 8

3 . 3

3 . 3

3 . 3

5 5 . 2

4 4 . 2

6 5 . 9

n t v a l

1 0 2 4

9 5 2

8 0 . 6

8 8 . 3

7 3 . 2

1 5 . 2

4 9 . 8

5 5 . 3

4 4 . 4

5 . 3

4 . 1

6 . 5

4 4 . 8

4 0 . 5

4 9 . 1

lt a n g a d i

1 0 3 2

9 4 6

7 7 . 7

8 5 . 1

7 0 . 6

3 . 0

4 4 . 9

5 3 . 4

3 6 . 6

7 . 0

4 . 9

9 . 1

4 8 . 1

4 1 . 7

5 4 . 3

tt u r

1 0 0 4

9 6 0

8 0 . 3

8 7 . 2

7 3 . 5

1 8 . 1

4 6 . 3

5 5 . 8

3 6 . 7

1 0 . 3

6 . 8

1 3 . 8

4 3 . 5

3 7 . 4

4 9 . 5

ly a

9 8 3

9 2 6

8 1 . 2

8 7 . 4

7 4 . 9

1 2 . 8

4 3 . 8

5 6 . 4

3 1 . 0

8 . 2

5 . 2

1 1 . 2

4 7 . 9

3 8 . 3

5 7 . 7

s s a n D i s t r i c t

1 0 0 4

9 5 8

6 8 . 6

7 8 . 4

5 9 . 0

1 7 . 7

4 0 . 8

5 6 . 5

2 5 . 2

9 . 4

4 . 3

1 4 . 5

4 9 . 8

3 9 . 2

6 0 . 3

k l e s h p u r

1 0 2 4

9 7 6

7 1 . 2

7 9 . 3

6 3 . 3

1 7 . 3

4 6 . 8

5 8 . 8

3 5 . 1

4 . 7

2 . 3

7 . 1

4 8 . 5

3 8 . 9

5 7 . 9

lu r

1 0 0 3

9 5 1

6 7 . 0

7 5 . 9

5 8 . 2

1 1 . 0

4 3 . 1

5 7 . 6

2 8 . 6

7 . 2

3 . 6

1 0 . 7

4 9 . 7

3 8 . 8

6 0 . 6

si k e r e

9 9 2

9 4 3

7 1 . 5

8 0 . 7

6 2 . 4

1 4 . 9

3 8 . 7

5 7 . 2

1 9 . 9

1 1 . 5

5 . 3

1 7 . 8

4 9 . 8

3 7 . 5

6 2 . 2

s s a n

9 9 5

9 4 3

7 5 . 9

8 4 . 1

6 7 . 8

3 6 . 9

3 9 . 9

5 5 . 4

2 4 . 4

8 . 4

4 . 2

1 2 . 7

5 1 . 6

4 0 . 5

6 2 . 9

( C o n t d . )






A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )


P e r c e n t a g e A m o n g

T o t a l W o r k e r s

P e r c e n t a g e o f S c h e d -


N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f

u l e d C a s t e s P o p u l a t i o n u l e d

T r i b e s P o p u l a t i o n

l a g e s

T o w n s

C u l t i v a t o r s

A g r i c u l t u r a l

H o u s e h o l d

O t h e r W o r k e r s

L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )

R N A T A K A

2 9 . 2

2 6 . 5

4 . 1

4 0 . 2

1 6 . 2

6 . 6

2 9 4 0 6

2 7 0

g a l k o t D i s t r i c t

2 7 . 1

3 7 . 9

7 . 5

2 7 . 4

1 5 . 2

4 . 9

6 2 7

1 2

h a l i n g p u r *

( T M C )

6 . 0

1 5 . 9

1 9 . 2

5 8 . 8

1 5 . 2

0 . 5

-

1

a k h a n d i

2 9 . 8

3 3 . 5

9 . 0

2 7 . 7

1 5 . 3

1 . 1

7 1

3

g i

3 0 . 7

4 6 . 9

3 . 2

1 9 . 1

1 7 . 5

9 . 8

7 1

1

d h o l

3 4 . 4

4 3 . 2

2 . 9

1 9 . 5

1 7 . 5

4 . 1

7 8

1

da m

i

2 5 . 5

4 2 . 2

7 . 5

2 4 . 8

1 2 . 3

9 . 2

1 4 9

3

a l k o t

2 1 . 9

3 4 . 9

3 . 2

4 0 . 0

1 5 . 2

5 . 8

9 6

1

n g u n d

2 2 . 7

3 3 . 8

1 4 . 8

2 8 . 7

1 4 . 8

3 . 5

1 6 2

2

a r D i s t r i c t

2 4 . 9

3 7 . 5

2 . 5

3 5 . 1

1 9 . 9

1 2 . 1

6 2 1

6

a v a k a l y a n

2 9 . 7

3 5 . 6

2 . 7

3 2 . 0

1 9 . 7

1 6 . 4

1 1 5

1

l k i

3 0 . 3

4 2 . 7

2 . 0

2 5 . 0

2 1 . 6

8 . 7

1 3 3

1

ra d

3 4 . 6

3 9 . 4

2 . 8

2 3 . 1

2 6 . 2

8 . 8

1 5 2

1

a r

1 3 . 7

3 0 . 2

2 . 1

5 4 . 0

1 5 . 0

1 0 . 5

1 3 4

1

m n a b a d

1 9 . 6

4 2 . 1

3 . 1

3 5 . 3

2 0 . 1

1 5 . 7

8 7

2

d a g D i s t r i c t

3 0 . 4

3 9 . 2

3 . 7

2 6 . 7

1 4 . 1

5 . 6

3 3 7

9

g u n d

4 4 . 5

3 2 . 6

3 . 4

1 9 . 5

8 . 9

4 . 6

3 5

1

3 2 . 1

4 4 . 0

3 . 5

2 0 . 3

1 3 . 8

5 . 5

9 3

3

da g

2 4 . 1

2 9 . 3

3 . 7

4 2 . 9

1 2 . 1

4 . 5

6 4

2

irh a t t i

2 8 . 1

4 7 . 8

4 . 6

1 9 . 5

1 7 . 7

6 . 7

8 7

2

n d a r g i

3 5 . 6

4 5 . 4

2 . 4

1 6 . 6

1 9 . 3

8 . 0

5 8

1

ll a r y D i s t r i c t

2 7 . 3

3 9 . 3

2 . 8

3 0 . 7

1 8 . 5

1 8 . 0

5 5 4

1 1

da g a l i

2 8 . 3

5 2 . 3

3 . 0

1 6 . 4

2 2 . 4

7 . 8

5 7

1

ga r i b o m m a n a h a l l i

3 0 . 5

4 9 . 3

3 . 0

1 7 . 2

1 8 . 7

1 3 . 6

5 6

-

sp e t

1 6 . 7

3 6 . 1

2 . 9

4 4 . 3

2 0 . 2

1 6 . 1

7 4

3

g u p p a

2 5 . 7

5 6 . 1

1 . 9

1 6 . 4

1 9 . 3

1 7 . 9

8 4

2

lla r y

2 3 . 7

3 0 . 3

3 . 0

4 3 . 0

1 6 . 2

1 6 . 3

1 0 3

1

d u r

3 0 . 6

3 2 . 8

1 . 7

3 4 . 9

1 6 . 8

2 7 . 1

8 9

2

d l i g i

4 3 . 9

3 6 . 2

3 . 7

1 6 . 3

1 9 . 2

2 7 . 1

9 1

2 ( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )






N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f



l a g e s

T o w n s



H o u s e h o l d


L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

)

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )

ta r a

K a n n a d a

D i s t r i c t

2 4 . 7

1 4 . 5

2 . 2

5 8 . 5

7 . 5

1 . 8

1 2 8 9

1 3

n d e l i *

0 . 1

0 . 1

1 . 9

9 7 . 9

8 . 8

2 . 4

-

1

rw a r

1 3 . 2

8 . 0

5 . 7

7 3 . 1

3 . 9

2 . 7

5 2

1

p a

3 9 . 3

1 7 . 2

1 . 8

4 1 . 6

6 . 4

1 . 7

1 2 0

-

li y a l

5 0 . 3

2 0 . 0

2 . 7

2 7 . 0

7 . 6

1 . 7

1 2 9

2

ll a p u r

2 7 . 4

1 9 . 9

1 . 1

5 1 . 6

5 . 7

0 . 9

1 2 7

1

n d g o d

4 1 . 4

3 0 . 9

2 . 4

2 5 . 2

1 5 . 0

4 . 0

9 1

1

i t r a d u r g a

D i s t r i c t

3 8 . 4

3 3 . 4

3 . 3

2 4 . 8

2 2 . 2

1 7 . 5

1 0 5 9

6

l a k a l m u r u

3 0 . 5

4 0 . 2

7 . 2

2 2 . 1

1 9 . 8

3 5 . 3

8 9

1

a l l a k e r e

3 5 . 9

3 8 . 6

4 . 5

2 1 . 0

2 1 . 8

2 8 . 5

1 9 5

1

it r a d u r g a

3 2 . 3

2 9 . 3

1 . 7

3 6 . 7

2 2 . 6

1 6 . 3

1 9 0

1

la l k e r e

4 9 . 2

3 4 . 3

1 . 8

1 4 . 7

2 4 . 7

1 1 . 6

2 0 2

1

s d u r g a

4 8 . 1

2 7 . 1

2 . 2

2 2 . 6

1 8 . 9

7 . 7

2 2 5

1

i y u r

3 5 . 5

3 3 . 6

4 . 5

2 6 . 4

2 4 . 0

9 . 6

1 5 8

1

a r w a d D

i s t r i c t

2 5 . 8

2 7 . 3

2 . 9

4 4 . 1

8 . 2

4 . 4

3 7 9

6

b l i - D h a r w a d *

2 9 . 7

3 8 . 9

3 . 5

2 7 . 9

2 7 . 2

1 0 . 3

-

1

a r w a d

3 8 . 6

3 6 . 9

3 . 0

2 1 . 5

6 . 0

6 . 4

1 1 8

1

v a l g u n d

3 9 . 1

4 3 . 1

1 . 6

1 6 . 2

8 . 2

4 . 9

5 8 . 0

2

b l i

3 7 . 7

4 0 . 1

2 . 0

2 0 . 3

7 . 1

4 . 8

5 8 . 0

-

lg h a t g i

4 4 . 0

3 3 . 8

2 . 6

1 9 . 6

1 0 . 8

5 . 3

8 7

1

n d g o l

3 6 . 8

4 8 . 7

2 . 0

1 2 . 4

8 . 5

6 . 5

5 8

1

* S p r e a d s o v e r t w

o t a l u k s n a m e l y

H u b l i a n d

D h a r w a d h e n c e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y

ja p u r

D i s t r i c t

3 0 . 2

3 9 . 9

2 . 9

2 6 . 9

1 8 . 5

1 . 7

6 7 7

6

ja p u r

2 5 . 0

3 0 . 4

2 . 8

4 1 . 8

1 8 . 6

1 . 0

1 1 8

1

di

3 6 . 2

4 3 . 2

2 . 4

1 8 . 1

1 9 . 2

1 . 7

1 3 3

1

d g i

3 4 . 2

4 5 . 9

2 . 6

1 7 . 3

1 7 . 8

1 . 6

1 4 8

1

sa v a n a B a g e v a d i

3 0 . 3

4 5 . 9

3 . 8

2 0 . 0

1 9 . 1

1 . 9

1 2 5

1

d d e b i h a l

2 7 . 1

3 9 . 3

3 . 3

3 0 . 3

1 7 . 5

3 . 0

1 5 3

2 ( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )






N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f



l a g e s

T o w n s



H o u s e h o l d


L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )

p p a l D i s t r i c t

3 0 . 4

4 2 . 4

3 . 3

2 4 . 0

1 5 . 5

1 1 . 6

6 2 9

5

lb a r g a

3 5 . 9

4 6 . 3

2 . 8

1 4 . 9

1 4 . 7

1 0 . 5

1 4 4

1

s h t a g i

4 1 . 6

3 6 . 9

4 . 0

1 7 . 5

1 3 . 4

1 3 . 2

1 7 7

1

n g a w a t i

2 3 . 2

4 5 . 4

2 . 3

2 9 . 1

1 6 . 4

1 3 . 8

1 5 7

1

p p a l

2 5 . 3

3 9 . 6

4 . 4

3 0 . 7

1 6 . 5

8 . 4

1 5 1

2

u p i D i s t r i c t

1 9 . 9

1 8 . 0

1 2 . 7

4 9 . 4

6 . 1

3 . 7

2 4 8

6

n d a p u r

2 5 . 1

2 5 . 5

6 . 7

4 2 . 7

5 . 4

3 . 0

9 9

1

u p i

1 5 . 6

1 4 . 9

1 2 . 4

5 7 . 1

5 . 7

3 . 8

9 9

4

rk a l

2 1 . 7

1 3 . 2

2 2 . 7

4 2 . 4

8 . 4

5 . 0

5 0

1

n g a l o r e R u r a l D

i s t r i c t

4 1 . 4

2 0 . 4

4 . 8

3 3 . 5

2 0 . 1

3 . 3

1 8 7 3

1 0

la m a n g a l a

4 1 . 0

1 8 . 0

5 . 2

3 5 . 8

2 2 . 8

3 . 6

2 4 3

1

d B a l l a p u r

3 8 . 0

1 8 . 7

8 . 9

3 4 . 4

2 0 . 4

4 . 3

2 9 7

2

v a n a h a l l i

3 5 . 3

2 7 . 3

2 . 1

3 5 . 3

2 3 . 4

9 . 8

2 1 4

2

s a k o t e

3 5 . 5

2 2 . 2

3 . 7

3 8 . 6

2 1 . 9

3 . 4

2 9 6

1


4 5 . 7

2 3 . 8

4 . 6

2 5 . 8

1 8 . 3

7 . 5

2 7 0 8

1 1

ik n a y a k a n h a l l i

4 7 . 1

2 1 . 1

5 . 8

2 5 . 9

1 7 . 2

7 . 9

2 3 4

1

a

4 2 . 9

2 5 . 7

8 . 3

2 3 . 2

2 1 . 6

9 . 1

2 4 9

1

a g a d a

3 7 . 6

4 0 . 1

4 . 4

1 8 . 0

2 7 . 1

1 6 . 5

1 4 7

1

d h u g i r i

4 0 . 8

3 8 . 0

3 . 5

1 7 . 8

2 3 . 0

1 1 . 6

3 2 0

1

ra t a g e r e

5 2 . 8

2 6 . 8

3 . 2

1 7 . 2

2 2 . 0

1 0 . 2

2 5 1

1

l b a r g a D i s t r i c t

2 7 . 1

4 0 . 0

2 . 5

3 0 . 4

2 2 . 9

4 . 9

1 4 3 7

1 7

n d

3 1 . 3

5 0 . 4

2 . 5

1 5 . 8

2 2 . 8

2 . 1

1 3 6

1

a l p u r

2 9 . 4

4 8 . 3

2 . 8

1 9 . 5

1 7 . 8

2 . 1

9 3

1

lb a r g a

1 5 . 3

2 2 . 9

2 . 0

5 9 . 8

2 0 . 4

1 . 5

1 4 0

1

in c h o l i

2 9 . 9

4 7 . 5

2 . 8

1 9 . 8

3 3 . 2

2 . 3

1 4 8

1

da m

2 5 . 7

4 0 . 4

2 . 3

3 1 . 6

2 5 . 8

2 . 6

1 1 7

2 ( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )






N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f



l a g e s

T o w n s



H o u s e h o l d


L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

)

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )

lg a u m D

i s t r i c t

3 7 . 6

3 1 . 3

3 . 5

2 7 . 6

1 1 . 0

5 . 8

1 2 7 0

2 2

ik o d i

4 0 . 5

3 1 . 1

3 . 6

2 4 . 8

1 5 . 5

0 . 9

1 3 1

3

h n i

4 7 . 1

3 5 . 3

2 . 0

1 5 . 7

1 4 . 7

2 . 5

1 0 8

1

y b a g

4 5 . 2

3 8 . 5

2 . 3

1 4 . 0

1 7 . 6

1 . 9

5 9

2

k a k

3 8 . 6

3 3 . 9

3 . 2

2 4 . 3

9 . 2

9 . 7

1 3 1

4

k e r i

4 1 . 7

3 1 . 8

3 . 7

2 2 . 9

1 3 . 1

1 0 . 9

1 2 3

2

n d y a D i s t r i c t

4 8 . 9

2 4 . 5

2 . 1

2 4 . 4

1 4 . 0

1 . 0

1 4 7 9

8

is h n a r a j a s a g a r a *

2 . 0

1 . 5

2 . 5

9 4 . 0

1 3 . 6

5 . 3

-

1

is h n a r a j p e t

6 3 . 6

2 0 . 2

2 . 1

1 4 . 1

1 2 . 3

2 . 1

3 1 6

1

g a m a n g a

l a

6 7 . 3

1 0 . 9

1 . 7

2 0 . 1

1 1 . 7

0 . 9

3 6 7

1

d a v a p u r a

5 9 . 6

2 0 . 9

1 . 6

1 7 . 9

1 1 . 9

1 . 0

1 7 1

1

s o r e D i s t r i c t

3 5 . 8

2 2 . 5

1 . 9

3 9 . 7

1 7 . 7

1 0 . 3

1 3 4 0

1 1

iy a p a t n a

6 3 . 4

1 8 . 2

1 . 1

1 7 . 3

1 6 . 2

7 . 7

2 0 3

1

n s u r

5 6 . 8

2 3 . 9

1 . 5

1 7 . 9

1 8 . 2

1 5 . 5

2 1 3

1

is h n a r a j a n a g a r a

5 3 . 2

2 6 . 1

1 . 3

1 9 . 4

1 4 . 6

6 . 5

1 7 8

1

s o r e

1 1 . 4

5 . 5

3 . 2

7 9 . 8

1 2 . 8

6 . 0

1 4 3

4

g g a d a d e v a n k o t e

5 0 . 9

3 4 . 9

1 . 2

1 3 . 1

2 7 . 0

2 0 . 9

2 8 1

1

n j a n g u d

3 3 . 9

3 9 . 0

1 . 4

2 5 . 7

2 2 . 5

1 3 . 2

1 9 0

1

u m a k u d a

l N a r a s i p u r

3 4 . 1

4 1 . 5

1 . 3

2 3 . 1

2 5 . 2

1 3 . 4

1 3 2

2

d a g u D i s t r i c t

7 . 9

4 . 3

0 . 9

8 6 . 8

1 2 . 3

8 . 4

2 9 6

5

d i k e r i

7 . 5

3 . 6

1 . 3

8 7 . 6

1 0 . 3

4 . 9

6 7

1

m v a r p e t

1 1 . 7

5 . 5

0 . 9

8 1 . 9

1 5 . 5

4 . 5

1 3 5

2

a j p e t

4 . 5

3 . 7

0 . 7

9 1 . 1

1 0 . 4

1 5 . 0

9 4

2

v a n a g e r e

D i s t r i c t

3 0 . 8

3 4 . 5

3 . 9

3 0 . 8

1 8 . 6

1 1 . 7

9 2 3

6

ri h a r

2 3 . 0

3 2 . 1

5 . 6

3 9 . 3

1 2 . 7

8 . 5

8 4

1

ra p a n a h a

l l i

3 1 . 6

4 5 . 0

5 . 5

1 7 . 9

2 1 . 3

1 6 . 0

8 0

1

a l u r

4 8 . 7

3 7 . 0

1 . 2

1 3 . 1

2 3 . 8

2 3 . 6

1 7 1

1

v a n a g e r e

1 8 . 0

2 3 . 6

4 . 4

5 3 . 9

1 5 . 7

9 . 3

1 6 6

1

n n a l i

3 8 . 4

4 2 . 0

2 . 5

1 7 . 1

1 9 . 5

7 . 1

1 7 3

1

a n n a g i r i

3 9 . 7

3 7 . 9

2 . 8

1 9 . 5

2 3 . 5

1 2 . 5

2 4 9

1 ( C o n t d .

)




A n n e x u r e


( C o n t d

. )






N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f



l a g e s

T o w n s



H o u s e h o l d


L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

)

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )


D i s t r i c t

2 7 . 7

4 3 . 0

4 . 4

2 4 . 9

2 4 . 6

1 1 . 0

5 0 9

4

n d l u p e t

3 3 . 1

4 4 . 1

4 . 8

1 8 . 0

1 9 . 1

1 1 . 5

1 5 8

1


2 4 . 3

4 5 . 3

4 . 8

2 5 . 7

2 3 . 3

9 . 8

1 8 4

1

la n d u r

1 6 . 4

5 0 . 1

5 . 2

2 8 . 2

3 4 . 0

1 7 . 6

2 8

1

l l e g a l

2 9 . 7

3 8 . 9

3 . 5

2 7 . 9

2 7 . 2

1 0 . 3

1 3 9

1

l a r D i s t r i c t

3 6 . 7

2 7 . 4

3 . 2

3 2 . 7

2 6 . 5

8 . 1

3 3 1 1

1 2

u r i b i d a n u r

4 2 . 6

3 4 . 3

3 . 1

2 0 . 0

2 4 . 1

1 4 . 9

2 3 9

1

ik B a l l a p u r

3 4 . 9

2 9 . 5

2 . 6

3 3 . 1

2 5 . 3

8 . 7

2 5 1

1

d i b a n d a

3 9 . 4

4 1 . 6

1 . 4

1 7 . 5

2 3 . 4

1 5 . 2

1 0 5

1

g e p a l l i

4 8 . 2

2 9 . 7

1 . 8

2 0 . 3

2 5 . 8

1 6 . 3

2 2 9

1

dl a g h a t t a

3 5 . 0

2 5 . 5

2 . 9

3 6 . 7

2 1 . 6

8 . 5

2 9 0

1

in t a m a n i

4 1 . 7

2 5 . 0

4 . 0

2 9 . 3

2 3 . 3

1 0 . 5

4 0 0

1

k s h i n a K

a n n a d a D i s t r i c t

5 . 2

4 . 5

2 1 . 2

6 9 . 1

6 . 9

3 . 3

3 5 4

2 0

n g a l o r e

4 . 2

4 . 0

2 5 . 0

6 6 . 7

4 . 7

1 . 3

8 8

1 4

n t v a l

6 . 5

5 . 9

5 . 4

8 2 . 3

4 . 7

4 . 1

7 9

3

lt a n g a d i

1 0 . 9

9 . 4

3 2 . 8

4 6 . 9

9 . 0

5 . 2

8 0

1

tt u r

3 . 6

1 . 6

2 7 . 1

6 7 . 7

1 1 . 7

4 . 9

6 7

1

ly a

1 . 0

0 . 7

1 0 . 8

8 7 . 5

1 3 . 9

7 . 7

4 0

1

s s a n D i s t r i c t

5 5 . 0

1 4 . 6

1 . 6

2 8 . 7

1 8 . 1

1 . 5

2 5 5 9

9

k l e s h p u r

1 6 . 6

8 . 6

1 . 1

7 3 . 8

2 7 . 5

1 . 2

2 2 7

1

lu r

5 2 . 2

1 6 . 0

1 . 5

3 0 . 4

2 7 . 6

2 . 1

3 8 3

1

si k e r e

5 5 . 6

1 9 . 1

2 . 4

2 2 . 9

1 8 . 4

2 . 8

3 6 9

1

s s a n

5 3 . 4

9 . 0

1 . 5

3 6 . 1

1 2 . 2

0 . 9

3 9 1

2

im o g a D

i s t r i c t

3 0 . 5

3 1 . 4

2 . 5

3 5 . 6

1 6 . 4

3 . 4

1 5 3 0

9

g a r

3 7 . 7

2 0 . 7

1 . 9

3 9 . 6

9 . 6

2 . 0

2 3 8

2

ra b

4 6 . 0

3 7 . 6

2 . 4

1 4 . 0

1 8 . 9

3 . 7

3 0 6

1

ik a r p u r

4 2 . 3

3 7 . 2

2 . 3

1 8 . 2

2 2 . 3

5 . 6

1 7 6

2

s a n a g a r a

3 5 . 3

3 4 . 1

2 . 6

2 8 . 0

9 . 4

1 . 7

2 0 4

1

t h a l l i

3 9 . 1

3 7 . 7

2 . 8

2 0 . 3

9 . 6

1 . 6

2 4 7

1

im o g a

1 5 . 4

2 2 . 9

2 . 7

5 8 . 9

1 6 . 8

3 . 9

2 1 4

1

a d r a v a t i

1 8 . 6

3 5 . 9

2 . 8

4 2 . 7

2 0 . 0

3 . 4

1 4 5

1 ( C o n t d . )




A n n e x u r e


( C o n c l d

. )






N u m

b e r o f V i l -

N u m

b e r o f



l a g e s

T o w n s



H o u s e h o l d


L a b o u r e r s

I n d u s t r i e s

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

P e r s o n

( 2 9 )

( 3 0 )

( 3 1 )

( 3 2 )

( 3 3 )

( 3 4 )

( 3 5 )

( 3 6 )

g a l o r e D i s t r i c t

3 . 3

2 . 6

2 . 7

9 1 . 3

1 3 . 0

1 . 3

6 9 9

1 9

ta n a g e r e *

0 . 5

1 . 5

3 . 7

9 4 . 3

1 0 . 9

1 . 7

-

1

g a l o r e ( M

C o r p .

) *

0 . 3

0 . 2

2 . 4

9 7 . 1

1 1 . 1

1 . 1

-

1

g a l o r e N o r t h

8 . 1

6 . 3

3 . 6

8 2 . 1

1 4 . 1

2 . 3

2 2 5 . 0

6

g a l o r e S o u t h

6 . 7

5 . 0

2 . 6

8 5 . 7

1 6 . 4

1 . 4

2 4 1

8

k a l

1 8 . 5

1 4 . 8

4 . 3

6 2 . 4

2 6 . 6

1 . 8

2 3 3

3

ic h u r D i s t r i c t

2 8 . 2

4 4 . 8

2 . 0

2 5 . 0

1 9 . 0

1 8 . 1

8 8 6

9

g s u g u r

3 2 . 4

4 1 . 7

2 . 9

2 3 . 0

2 1 . 3

1 6 . 0

1 9 1

4

a d u r g a

3 1 . 4

4 6 . 7

1 . 7

2 0 . 2

1 9 . 9

3 3 . 7

1 8 8

1

c h u r

1 9 . 2

3 4 . 5

1 . 7

4 4 . 5

1 9 . 0

1 2 . 0

1 6 0

2

n v i

2 7 . 6

5 6 . 4

1 . 7

1 4 . 3

1 8 . 8

2 3 . 6

1 7 1

1

d h n u r

3 3 . 3

4 6 . 4

1 . 8

1 8 . 5

1 6 . 6

1 3 . 0

1 7 6

1

ik m a g a l u r

D i s t r i c t

2 8 . 6

2 1 . 1

2 . 3

4 7 . 9

2 0 . 4

3 . 6

1 1 1 7

9

g e r i

3 0 . 8

3 2 . 2

2 . 6

3 4 . 4

1 0 . 8

7 . 7

4 9

1

p a

1 8 . 7

2 2 . 6

2 . 4

5 6 . 2

1 8 . 3

4 . 7

8 0

1

a s i m h a r a j a p u r a

2 3 . 5

2 7 . 5

3 . 1

4 6 . 0

1 5 . 1

3 . 3

5 8

1

ik e r e

3 3 . 3

3 5 . 2

3 . 3

2 8 . 3

2 1 . 7

3 . 5

2 4 9

1

du r

4 6 . 9

2 7 . 1

2 . 4

2 3 . 6

1 9 . 4

1 . 8

3 1 2

2

ik m a g a l u r

1 8 . 8

8 . 1

1 . 7

7 1 . 4

2 1 . 7

2 . 0

2 2 9

1

d i g e r e

1 3 . 0

7 . 3

1 . 5

7 8 . 2

2 4 . 3

9 . 1

1 4 0

2

e r i D i s t r i c t

3 0 . 5

4 3 . 7

4 . 1

2 1 . 6

1 2 . 2

8 . 8

6 9 8

9

g g a o n

3 0 . 8

4 6 . 2

4 . 0

1 8 . 9

1 0 . 3

6 . 0

9 2

2

a n u r

2 8 . 3

4 9 . 4

6 . 9

1 5 . 4

1 3 . 8

7 . 9

6 5

1

g a l

3 5 . 9

4 5 . 6

2 . 7

1 5 . 7

1 3 . 4

7 . 9

1 5 1

1

e r i

2 6 . 9

4 4 . 7

2 . 8

2 5 . 6

1 1 . 7

9 . 1

8 9

1

d g i

3 5 . 0

4 2 . 3

2 . 3

2 0 . 5

1 1 . 3

1 3 . 4

6 6

1

ek e r u r

3 9 . 4

4 2 . 7

2 . 5

1 5 . 4

1 2 . 7

1 0 . 5

1 2 8

1

i b e n n u r

2 2 . 2

3 8 . 5

7 . 1

3 2 . 2

1 1 . 9

8 . 2

1 0 7

2



Documents

Regional Justice