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8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
1/207
^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
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^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~
Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4
n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
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^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac
Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb
{~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
yyy#akegbf-gf{|g~von~llbj|{|~o#o~i
Foxq~aie{ >878
\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml \CKX
7 \C Xbgtg" C|lzg Qo~`" CQ 78879" \#V#G#
Lka{o~agb klvaic4 Igbl~g
Klvaic oj j~oc{ fozl~ gck ojj-x~ac{v4 Kgcalbbl Blz`oza{v / TGIOV{qbl lka{aci4 Do~il Cgzg~ado" Kgzak Taig
[el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml yo|bk
ba`l {o {egc` {el Vgc{abbgcg I~o|x jo~ {el yo~` {elq egzl
kocl ac x~omo{aci gck kav{~an|{aci {eav lxo~{#
[el oxacaocv lux~lvvlk ac {eav ^lxo~{ g~l {el lufb|vazl ~lvxocvanaba{q
oj {el fo-o~kacg{aoc {lgm gck oj {el cg{aocgb focv|b{gc{v gck {elq ko
co{ clflvvg~abq ~llf{ {el zalyv oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{
X~oi~gmml %\CKX! o~ gcq oj {el o{el~ acv{a{|{aocv {eg{ egzl vxocvo~lk a{#
Gbb ~aie{v g~l ~lvl~zlk# [eav x|nbafg{aoc" o~ gcq xg~{ {el~loj" mgq co{ nl
~lx~ok|flk" v{o~lk |vaci gcq vqv{lm o~ {~gcvma{{lk ac gcq jo~m o~ nq gcq
mlgcv" nl {eav lblf{~ocaf" mlfegcafgb" xeo{ofoxq" ~lfo~kaci o~ gcq o{el~ ack"
ya{eo|{ {el x~ao~ xl~mavvaoc oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml#
X~ac{lk ac Fov{g afg
nq Lka{o~gmg" V#G#
Cozlmnl~ >878
X~oi~gmg kl bgv Cgfaoclv \cakgv xg~g lb Klvg~~obbo^liaocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ~lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml-
~afg gck Fg~annlgc >878 4 gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l n~lg`aci{el ac{l~ilcl-~gfaocgb {~gcvmavac oj aclw|gba{q # 7g#lk# Vgc Dov" F#^# 4 X~oi~gmg kl bgv Cgfaoclv \cakgvxg~g lb Klvgbbo~~o %XC\K!" >878#
>85 x#0 >5 u >7 fm#
AVNC195-11:5-91;-
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^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg
gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci
{el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb{~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
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\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml
%\CKX!
Elblc Fbg~`
Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{
X~oi~gmml %\CKX!
^lnlfg I~qcvxgcGvvofag{l Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv
Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX!
\CKX liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg
gck {el Fg~annlgc %^NBGF!
El~gbko M|ot
Gvvav{gc{ Vlf~l{g~q Ilcl~gb oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv"
\CKX Gvvav{gc{ Gkmacav{~g{o~ gck ^liaocgb Ka~lf{o~
jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc
B|av Jlbaxl Bxlt-Fgbzg
Fealj Lfocomav{ gck Fo-o~kacg{o~ jo~ {el g~lg oj
Xozl~{q" MKI gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
Xlk~o Mgc|lb Mo~lco
X~oi~gmml Vxlfagbav{" g~lg oj Xozl~{q" MKI gck
E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
[lgm ~lvxocvanbl jo~ lka{aci {el ^liaocgb E|mgc
Klzlboxmlc{ lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck
{el Fg~annlgc >878
Ilcl~gb Fo-o~kacg{aoc gck X~acfaxgb G|{eo~v
B|av Jlbaxl Bxlt-Fgbzg
Fealj Lfocomav{ gck Fo-o~kacg{o~ oj {el g~lg oj Xozl~{q"
MKI gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX!
^liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el
Fg~annlgc %^NBGF!
Avak~o Vobogig
X~ojlvvo~ oj Lfocomafv" Lb Fobliao kl Muafo
Lka{o~agb [lgm
Gcalb Gb{gma~gco" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Ign~albg Fo~ko|~al~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Mg~agcg Lcielb" \CKX Focv|b{gc{Gbj~lko Ioctblt" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
^onl~{o Xgnbo Mo~gblv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Elblcg ^ozcl~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
V{~g{liaf Xbgccaci gck Fomm|cafg{aoc [lgm
Xgnbo Ngvt
Fomm|cafg{aocv Gkzavo~" ^NBGF
G~mgcko Fg~ngbbako Imlt
\CKX Focv|b{gc{ gck Fomm|cafg{aoc V{~g{liq Fo-o~kacg{o~
Xlk~o Mgc|lb Mo~lco
X~oi~gmml Vxlfagbav{" g~lg oj Xozl~{q" MKI gck
E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{" ^NBGF
Focv|b{gc{v
Ign~albg Giov{o" Vofagb Onvl~zg{o~q G~ilc{acg
Vgnacl Gb`a~l" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Aca{ag{azl
%OXEA!
Gcalb Gb{gma~gco" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Mg~g Bg|~g Gbtg" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g"
Flc{~l jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!
Lk|g~ko Gmgklo" Vofagb Onvl~zg{o~q G~ilc{acg
Zl~cafg Gmg~gc{l" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq
Mgnlb Gckgbc" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q
Lzg G~flo-Imlt" Lb Fobliao kl Muafo
^ok~aio G~am" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq
A~mg G~~agigkg" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Vabzag Fgvgcozgv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Fg{l~acg Fobomno" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
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Gcg Foc{~l~gv" X~acfl{oc \cazl~va{q
Kgc{l Foc{~l~gv" \CKX gck \cazl~vakgk kl Feabl
\cazl~va{q oj Feabl
Ign~albg Fo~ko|~al~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
I|abbl~mo F~|flv" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g" Flc{~l jo~
Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!
Mg~flbo Klbgdg~g" Ngc` oj Mluafo
Dovlxe Kl|{vfe" Ng~-Abgc \cazl~va{q^gjglb Ka [lbbg" Eg~zg~k \cazl~va{q
D|gc K|n~g" \cazl~vakgk kl Moc{lzaklo
Fg~bov Lbatocko Mgql~-Vl~~g" Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf
^lvlg~fe gck Lk|fg{aoc " Mluafo
Ig~q V# Jalbkv" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q
Dgmlv L# Jov{l~" [el Ilo~il Ygveaci{oc \cazl~va{q
Cv{o~ Igcklbmgc" O^[ \cazl~va{q \~|i|gq
Blocg~ko Igvxg~aca" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g"
Flc{~l jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!
Ig~gcfl Ilcafo{" Ilo~il{oyc \cazl~va{q
D~mal Iaico|u" Xg~av Vfeoob oj LfocomafvGbj~lko Ioctblt lqlv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
D|bao I|tmc" [el \cazl~va{q oj Feafgio
Fg~obacg Atgi|a~~l" Macav{~q oj Vofagb Klzlboxmlc{ %Vlklvob!"
Mluafo" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
^gza @gcn|~" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q
@lzac Mgfkocgbk" [el Yo~bk Ngc`
Mg~agcg Mg~feaocca" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g" Flc{~l
jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!
Kgzak Mgql~-Jo|b lv" Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf ^lvlg~fe
gck Lk|fg{aoc " Mluafo
Doegcclv M# Ml{tbl~" B|kyai-Mguamabagcv-\cazl~va{{ Mcfelc^onl~{o Xgnbo Mo~gblv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{
Lk|g~ko O~{at-D|~lt" ^NBGF
[eomgv O{{l~" Acklxlcklc{ Focv|b{gc{
Mcafg Xgfec" \cazl~vakgk kl bov Gcklv
Kln~gd ^gq" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q
Ioctgbo Vgbgv" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq
Lmmg Vgmmgc" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!
Mg~ag Lmmg Vgc{ov" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!
Dgcafl Cg{gbal Vlacjlbk Blmbai" \cazl~vakgk klb Xgffo" Xl~|
V|mgc Vl{e" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!
Dgfw|lv Vabnl~" Ng~-Abgc \cazl~va{q
Nlca{g [eomxvoc" [el \cazl~va{q oj {el Ylv{ Ackalv
Jbo~lcfag [o~fel" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q
Mai|lb \~w|aobg" Fob|mnag \cazl~va{q
Vl~iao \~tg" Co~{eylv{l~c \cazl~va{q
Gck~lg Zaio~a{o" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq
Jbo~agc Ylcklbvxalvv Fezlt D|~lt" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{
Igv{oc Qgbocl{t`q" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!
Dov T|natg~~l{g" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q
Vxlfagb fobbgno~g{aoc
\CKXDlvvafg N~gzl~" ^NBGF
Lbag Fg~~gvfo" ^NBGF
Mg~g Zaf{o~ag K|w|l Bxlt" ^NBGF
Dgfw|lbacl Lv{lzlt" ^NBGF
Gbm|klcg Jl~ccklt" ^NBGF
Fg~obacg Mo~lco" ^NBGF
Lk|g~ko O~{at-D|~lt" ^NBGF
V{ljgco Xl{{acg{o" ^NBGF
Flfabag \igt" Klx|{q lvaklc{ lx~lvlc{g{azl" \CKX G~ilc{acg
Mcafg Zabbgc|lzg" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{
Jbo~agc Ylcklbvxalvv" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{
\COXVMg~agbafag Gqgbg
Azoccl Fgv{glkg
Fbg|kag Cofelt-Xgbgfaov
[~gcvbg{o~
Anga G~gmn|~|tgngbg G~~al{g
X~ooj~lgkl~
Fqc{eag Flbkl
Gkzavo~q Fo|cfab
Gbafag N~flcg" LFBGF
Dl~l ^# Nle~mgc" \cazl~va{q oj Xlccvqbzgcag
Cgcfq Na~kvgbb" Flc{l~ jo~ Ibongb Klzlboxmlc{
J~gcfavfo E# I# Jl~~la~g" [el Yo~bk Ngc`
Vg`a`o J|`|kg-Xg~~" [el Cly Vfeoob
Fg~ob I~gegm" [el N~oo`aciv Acv{a{|{aoc
^lnlfg I~qcvxgc" \CKX
Vlbam Dgegc" \CKX
Nl~cg~ko @ba`vnl~i" \CKX
Dlca @b|imgc" \CKX
[eal~~q Blmg~lvw|al~" Focv|b{gc{
Co~g B|v{ai" [|bgcl \cazl~va{q
Dov B|av Mgfeaclg" \cazl~vakgk [o~f|g{o Ka [lbbg
Gbldgck~o [oblko" VGAV-Doecv Eox`acv \cazl~va{q
Mafeglb Ygb{oc" Eg~zg~k \cazl~va{q
L~clv{o Tlkabbo" Qgbl \cazl~va{q
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: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Jo~lyo~k
Aclw|gba{q av ocl oj {el mgac {~ga{v {eg{ klcl {el eav{o~q ojBg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# G vaicafgc{ gck xl~vav-
{lc{ aclw|gba{q" gffomxgcalk nq boy vofagb monaba{q" egv blk
{el ~liaoc {o jgbb ac{o gc aclw|gba{q {~gx0 g zafao|v fa~fbl {eg{
av kajf|b{ {o n~lg`# Eoy fgc yl x|{ gc lck {o {eav va{|g{aoc?
Yeg{ x|nbaf xobafalv fgc nl klvaiclk {o x~lzlc{ aclw|gba{q nl-
aci {~gcvma{{lk j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{? Yeq egzl {el
xoba{afgb vqv{lm gck {el ~lkav{~an|{aoc mlfegcavmv co{ nllc
ljjlf{azl ac ~lzl~vaci {eav xg{{l~c? [eav ~v{ ^liaocgb E|mgc
Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc oj-
jl~v gcvyl~v {o {elvl gck o{el~ w|lv{aocv# [el flc{~gb mlvvgil
av {eg{ qlv" a{ av xovvanbl {o ~lk|fl aclw|gba{q ac Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc#
A{ av g jgf{ {eg{ |x |c{ab {el ibongb lfocomaf f~avav" g bg~il
c|mnl~ oj fo|c{~alv egk gfealzlk ~lk|f{aocv ac aclw|gba{q nq
luxgckaci fozl~gil oj ngvaf vofagb vl~zaflv gck lcv|~aci g mo~l
x~oi~lvvazl amxgf{ oj vofagb vxlckaci# [eav off|~~lk {egc`v {o g
focvlcv|v {eg{ ygv jo~ilk ~lig~kaci {el cllk {o nl mo~l ljfalc{
ac ie{aci xozl~{q# [eav ~lxo~{ ~lgj~mv {el flc{~gb amxo~{gcfl
oj {el ie{ gigacv{ xozl~{q" n|{ a{ v|iilv{v {eg{ {el~l av g cllk
{o io j|~{el~# Aclw|gba{qxl~ vl av gc onv{gfbl oc {el ~ogk {o e|-
mgc klzlboxmlc{ gck {el ~lk|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q veo|bk jo~m
gc luxbafa{ xg~{ oj {el x|nbaf gilckg#Jo~ {el \CKX" lw|gba{q mg{{l~v ac {el g~lg oj ljjlf{azl j~ll-
komv0 {eg{ av" ac {l~mv oj n~ogklcaci {el ox{aocv {eg{ g~l {~|bq
gzgabgnbl {o lzl~qocl" gck gmoci yeafe xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl#
Oxxo~{|ca{alv gck gfflvv {o iookv gck vl~zaflv g~l amxo~{gc{"
n|{ vo av {el x~oflvv {eg{ lcgnblv ackazak|gbv {o xbgq gc gf{azl ~obl
ac {ela~ oyc klzlboxmlc{" gck ac {eav ygq amx~ozl {ela~ oyc
bazlv gv ylbb gv {ela~ ammlkag{l lcza~ocmlc{# Ac {eav foc{lu{" {el
cly" vxlfaf gck fomx~lelcvazl xobafq x~oxovlk jo~ ~lk|faci
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9Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
aclw|gba{q ac {el ~liaoc m|v{ egzl gc amxgf{ oc eo|vleobkvondlf{azl focka{aocv" oc {el focv{~gac{v {elq jgfl" oc v|ndlf-
{azl gvxlf{v {eg{ kl{l~macl ackazak|gbv gvxa~g{aocv jo~ i~lg{l~
g|{ocomq gck monaba{q" gck cgbbq" oc {el w|gba{q gck {el lj-
jlf{azlclvv oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck {el v{g{lv ~lkav{~an|-
{azl fgxgfa{q#
O{el~ amxo~{gc{ mlvvgilv g~l4
7# [el aclw|gba{q onvl~zlk ac acfoml" lk|fg{aoc" bajl luxlf-
{gfq gck o{el~ ackafg{o~v xl~vav{v j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o
{el clu{ gck" mo~lozl~" a{ av gbvo gvvofag{lk ya{e g foc{lu{
oj boy vofagb monaba{q0># Igacaci g fblg~l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {elvl mlfegcavmv jo~
{~gcvma{{aci eo|vleobkv gfealzlmlc{v yabb jgfaba{g{l {el
klvaic oj mo~l ljjlf{azl xobafalv jo~ n~lg`aci {el zafao|v
fa~fblv {e~o|ie ya{e xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q g~l {~gcvma{-
{lk j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{0
6# [el~l g~l v|ndlf{azl jgf{o~v {eg{ g~l kl{l~maclk nq nack-
aci focv{~gac{v" gck {elvl g~l j|ckgmlc{gb jo~ luxbgac-
aci {el kajjl~lcflv ac vofao-lfocomaf gfealzlmlc{0
;# [el fg|vlv |ckl~xaccaci {el xl~vav{lcfl oj aclw|gba{q
g~l co{ focclk voblq {o ya{eac {el eo|vleobk## [el xo-
ba{afgb x~oflvv gbvo ~lvxockv kajjl~lc{bq {o {el cllkv ojkajjl~lc{ i~o|xv# G v|v{gaclk ~lk|f{aoc ac aclw|gba{q
mlgcv amxgf{aci {el xoo~ w|gba{q oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc-
{g{aoc" {el j~gab{q oj x|nbaf acv{a{|{aocv" |clw|gb gfflvv
{o ac|lcfl vxlfaf xobafalv" gck acv{a{|{aocgb veo~{fom-
aciv {eg{ blgk {o fo~~|x{aoc gck {el v{g{l lckaci |x ac {el
egckv oj maco~a{q i~o|xv#
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5 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Gf`coyblkimlc{v
[el ^lxo~{ {lgm v{g~{lk {o yo~` ac Jln~|g~q >885" |ckl~ {el g|v-xaflv oj {el \CKX ^liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el
Fg~annlgc" ka~lf{lk nq ^lnlfg I~qcvxgc" f|~~lc{bq {el \ca{lk
Cg{aocv \ckl~- Vlf~l{g~q Ilcl~gb gck Gvvofag{l Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj
{el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gm %\CKX!# [el Fo-o~ka-
cg{aoc [lgm gck {el g|{eo~v oj {el ^lxo~{ yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` Mv
I~qcvxgc jo~ el~ ac{lbblf{|gb foc{~an|{aocv" k~azl gck v|xxo~{ jo~
{eav lxo~{#
Vxlfagb {egc`v jo~ {ela~ ilcl~o|v v|xxo~{ io {o {el Vxgcave
Gilcfq jo~ Ac{l~cg{aocgb Klzlboxmlc{ Fo-oxl~g{aoc %GLFAK!"
{e~o|ie a{v Vxgac-\CKX J|ck" [oyg~kv Ac{li~g{lk gck Acfb|vazl
Klzlboxmlc{ ac Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc" ya{eo|{ yeafe" a{yo|bk co{ egzl nllc xovvanbl {o fg~~q o|{ {eav yo~`#
[el foc{~an|{aocv mgkl nq {el mlmnl~v oj {el ^lxo~{v Gk-
zavo~q Fo|cfab k|~aci {el mll{aci elbk ac Cly Qo~` ac Vlx{lm-
nl~ >885 gck ac {el nabg{l~gb fomm|cafg{aocv ya{e {el {lgm" egzl
nllc j|ckgmlc{gb jo~ v{~lci{elcaci {el x~odlf{#
Yl yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` Flfabag \igt" Klx|{q ^lvaklc{ ^lx~l-
vlc{g{azl oj {el \CKX ac G~ilc{acg" jo~ el~ fobbgno~g{aoc ac x~l-
xg~aci {el Lulf|{azl V|mmg~q gck \CKX G~ilc{acg jo~ ojjl~aci
{el ^lxo~{ {lgm {ela~ v|xxo~{#
Yl yo|bk gbvo ba`l {o lux~lvv o|~ i~g{a{|kl {o {el mgcq fobblgi|lv
yeo ojjl~lk fommlc{v {e~o|ieo|{ {el x~oflvv oj y~a{aci {el ^lxo~{"lvxlfagbbq {o {eovl yeo {oo` xg~{ ac {el jobboyaci mll{aciv4
Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el \CKX Bg{ac Gml~afgc E|mgc Klzlbox-
mlc{ Cl{yo~`" ac Vgc{o Komacio %>889!" Moc{lzaklo %>885!
gck Bamg %>881!#
Mll{aciv oj {el BGFLGNM-NAK-\CKX Aclw|gba{q gck Xozl~{q
Cl{yo~`" ac Noio{g %>889!" Vgc{o Komacio %>885! gck Bamg
%>881!#
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1Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ gck Fgxgnaba{alvGvvofag{aoc %EKFG!" ac Moc{lzaklo %>885! gck Bamg %>881!#
Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc
Lfocomaf Gvvofag{aoc %BGFLG!" ac ^o kl Dgcla~o %>885!
gck N|lcov Ga~lv %>881!#
Focjl~lcfl oc {el Ac{~g- gck Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb [~gcvmavvaoc oj
Aclw|gba{q" elbk g{ Lb Fobliao kl Muafo" Mluafo Fa{q %>885!#
\CKX ^NBGF vlgvoc oj vlmacg~v ac Cly Qo~`#
Lb Fobliao kl Muafov Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf V{|kalv vlgvoc oj
vlmacg~v ac Mluafo Fa{q#
Yo~`veox oc Aclw|gba{q gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Mlgv|~l-
mlc{# Zgckl~nab{ \cazl~va{q" >6 gck >; Dgc|g~q >881# Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el ^lxo~{ [lgm oc {el E|mgc
Klzlboxmlc{ oj Cafg~gi|g" Mgcgi|g" 67 Mg~fe >881#
6~k OLFK Yo~bk Jo~|m oc V{g{av{afv" @coyblkil gck Xoba-
fq OLFK4 [el J|{|~l oj E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Mlgv|~lv"
N|vgc" Vo|{e @o~lg" >9 Of{onl~ >881#
Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aciv ya{e {el Lulf|{azl Fomma{{ll" [lfe-
cafgb Fomma{{ll gck {el Fomm|cafg{aocv [lgm oj {el
\CKX ojflv ac4
Mluafo gck Flc{~gb Gml~afg" elbk ac Mluafo Fa{q" Mluafo"
75 gck 71 Dgc|g~q >878#
Vo|{el~c Focl" elbk ac N|lcov Ga~lv" G~ilc{acg" >< gck>: Dgc|g~q >878#
Gcklgc G~lg" elbk ac W|a{o" Lf|gko~" 7 gck> Jln~|g~q>878#
Fg~annlgc G~lg" elbk ac @aciv{oc" Dgmgafg" ; gck < Jln~|-
g~q >878#
Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el ^NBGF ^liaocgb Vl~zafl Flc-
{~l" Xgcgmg Fa{q" Xgcgmg" 6 Jln~|g~q >878#
>ck Bg{ac Gml~afgc Vofagb Vfalcflv Mll{aci" JBGFVO" Mlu-
afo Fa{q" D|cl >878#
Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{Ojfl [lgm" Cly Qo~`" D|cl >878#
[gug{aoc gck Vofagb Foelvaoc ac Bg{ac Gml~afg Jo~|m" o~-
igcavlk nq L\^OVofaGB Javfgbakgk ac {el Acv{a{|{l jo~ Jav-
fgb V{|kalv" Mgk~ak" Vxgac" 9 {o 1 D|cl >878#
JAAGXX-GLFAK mll{aci ac Fg~{gilcg kl Ackagv" Fobomnag"
D|cl >878#
Yl yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` {el jobboyaci ackazak|gbv jo~ {ela~
zl~q |vlj|b foc{~an|{aocv4 Vgnacg Gb`a~l" A~mg G~~agigkg"
@g|vea` Ngv|" Dl~l ^# Nle~mgc" J~gcfoav No|~i|aicoc" ^lnlfg
Flc{lco" Mg~flbo Klbgdg~g" Vlzl~acl Klcl|bac" J~gcfavfo Jl~-~la~g" Dgmlv L# Jov{l~" Ig~q Jalbkv" Ig~gcfl Ilcafo{" ^gza @gc-
n|~" Kln~gd ^gq" Mg~g kl bg Xgt Bxlt" Kgzak Mgql~-Jo|b`lv"
Mcafg O~otfo" Eg~~q Xg{~acov" Dlgc Xeabaxxl Xbg{{lg|" Ibo~ag
^|nao" Dgaml Vggzlk~g" Lmmg Vgmmgc" Mg~g Lmmg Vgc{ov"
Xg{~afao Vobv" Mai|lb \~w|aobg gck Jbo~lcfag [o~fel#
Gck vxlfagb {egc`v {o {el g|{eo~a{alv gck fobblgi|lv g{ Lb
Fobliao kl Muafo jo~ {ela~ foc{ac|o|v v|xxo~{#
Jacgbbq" {el ^lxo~{ {lgm yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` lzl~qocl yeo
{oo` xg~{" ka~lf{bq o~ acka~lf{bq" ac k~gj{aci {eav ^lxo~{" gck gf-
flx{v j|bb gck {o{gb ~lvxocvanaba{q jo~ gcq l~~o~v o~ omavvaocv#
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78 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
[gnbl oj Foc{lc{v
FEGX[L^ 7
Focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` oj {el ^lxo~{ ###########################################################################################################################79
Aclw|gba{q ac o{el~ kamlcvaocv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ #################################################################################69
Co{ gbb aclw|gba{alv g~l {el vgml4 {el makkbl fbgvvlv ac BGF ###########################################################################;;
[el EKA gck aclw|gba{q ###################################################################################################################################################;:
\clw|gb {okgq" |clw|gb {omo~~oy# Yeq kolv aclw|gba{q xl~vav{? ############################################################################
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7Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
FEGX[L^ 1
Gxxlckaflv ####################################################################################################################################################################76#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Xl~jo~mgcfl oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!#
7118" >888" >889 gck i~oy{e %,! ozl~ {el xl~aokv 7118->888 gck >888->889 ################################################>:
[gnbl >#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %71 fo|c{~alv! ac g yo~bkyakl foc{lu{ %>: fo|c{~alv!#
E|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! >888->889 gck i~oy{e %,! k|~aci >888->889 ################################################>5
[gnbl >#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>> fo|c{~alv!# Klf~lgvl ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ g{{~an|{gnbl
{o aclw|gba{alv nl{yllc mlc gck yomlc" {el ilckl~-~lbg{lk klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA!
gck {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!# >889# #################################################################################################>1
[gnbl >#; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7< fo|c{~alv!# Xox|bg{aoc yo~`aci ac {el acjo~mgb
lfocomq ac |~ngc g~lgv nq ilckl~# 7111 gck >885 %,! #####################################################################################66
[gnbl >#< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7> fo|c{~alv!# N~lg`-koyc oj {el kajjl~lcfl
ac {el acfaklcfl oj xozl~{q gmoci l{ecaf i~o|xv# Zg~ao|v qlg~v# # ################ ############### ################ ############### #########6:
[gnbl >#: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %77 fo|c{~alv!# Yo~`aci xox|bg{aoc nq vlf{o~ %,! ######################### ############### ####69
[gnbl >#9 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Aclw|gba{q-gkd|v{lk
e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %AGEKA!# Gnvob|{l gck xl~flc{gil ~lk|f{aocv# Fa~fg >88: ######### ############### ################ #;5
[gnbl 6#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %< fo|c{~alv!# Fe~ocaf mgbc|{~a{aoc#
Noqv gck ia~bv x~lvlc{aci klfalc{ elaie{ jo~ {ela~ gil %,! ################################################################################:>
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7> ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
[gnbl 88< %,! ############## ############# 1;
[gnbl :#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %: fo|c{~alv!#
Ljjlf{ oj focka{aocgb fgve {~gcvjl~v oc xozl~{q gck focv|mx{aoc ######################################################################777
[GNBL OJ FOC[LC[V4 NOULV
Nou 7#7 ^aie{v gck aclw|gba{alv ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### 75
Nou >#7 [el klfbacl ac aclw|gba{q4 fg|vlv gck fegbblcilv #### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ###>5
Nou >#> Gxx~ogfe {o aclw|gba{q ac {el cg{aocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ~lxo~{v jo~
Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# ############### ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############# 68Nou >#6 \vl oj {aml4 {el ko|nbl n|~klc jo~ yomlc# #########################################################################################################66
Nou >#; Xozl~{q4 g m|b{akamlcvaocgb xelcomlcoc ############# ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ###;7
Nou >#< [el xobg~avg{aoc oj acfoml ac Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc ############################################################################;#: Eoy {el aclw|gba{q-gkd|v{lk e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %AGEKA! yo~`v #################################################################;:
Nou >#9 Ackafg{o~v oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q #################################################################################################################
Nou 6#7 [el {~gcvmavvaoc oj gvvl{v ################ ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ########:8
Nou 6#> Nlqock e|mgc fgxa{gb4 gfflvv {o f~lka{ gck xozl~{q {~gxv #####################################################################################:6
Nou 6#6 Aczlv{mlc{ ac e|mgc fgxa{gb gck {el boy e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ {~gx ## ################ ############### ############### ################ #####:;
Nou 6#; [el nackaci focv{~gac{v gxx~ogfe #########################################################################################################################: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!#
Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb vfeoobaci x~oi~lvv# Fa~fg >88< %,! ############## ################ ############### ################ ############### ############# >>
Feg~{ 7#6 Klzlboxlk fo|c{~alv %: fo|c{~alv! gck Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %6 fo|c{~alv!#
Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q# Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb acfoml lbgv{afa{q ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### >6
Feg~{ >#7 ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu oj xl~ fgxa{g eo|vleobk acfoml# ############# ################ ############### ################ ########## >:
Feg~{ >#> ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu ~llf{aci acfoml kav{~an|{aoc#
[lc-qlg~ gzl~gilv jo~ 7198" 7158 gck 7118 gck gzl~gil jo~ {el xl~aok 7198->888# ####################### ############### ### >:
Feg~{ >#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7> fo|c{~alv!# Mguam|m" gzl~gil gck macam|m zgb|lv
oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!" oj a{v fomxoclc{v gck oj {el ilckl~-~lbg{lk
klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA! nq iloi~gxeaf |ca{v ac lgfe fo|c{~q# Fa~fg >88: ############## ################ ############### ############# 68
Feg~{ >#; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>> fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el
e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! gck {el ilckl~ lmxoyl~mlc{ mlgv|~l %ILM!# >889 ############### ############### ######## 6>
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7Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
Feg~{ >#< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7< fo|c{~alv!# Xozl~{q %blvv {egc ocl kobbg~/kgq!
gmoci {el xox|bg{aoc oj L|~oxlgc klvflc{ %XLK! gck ackailco|v xloxblv gck
Gj~o-klvflckgc{v %AXGK!# Fa~fg >888 %,!# ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 6:
Feg~{ >#: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %79 fo|c{~alv!# Lzob|{aoc ac acfoml aclw|gba{q#
V{g~{ oj {el 7118v {o mak >888v %fa~fg >88:!# ####################################################################################################65
Feg~{ >#9 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>6 fo|c{~alv!# Iaca acklu# Fa~fg >88: ############################################################65
Feg~{ >#5 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Ackafg{o~v jo~ eo|vaci w|gba{q gck gfflvv
{o ngvaf vl~zaflv# Kajjl~lcfl nl{yllc {el eaielv{ gck boylv{ acfoml w|ac{ablv# Fa~fg >88:# ######## ################ ######61
Feg~{ >#1 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %76 {o 7: fo|c{~alv!# Eo|vaci w|gba{q gck gfflvv {o ngvaf vl~zaflv ackafg{o~v#Fegcilv ac {el kajjl~lcfl nl{yllc {el eaielv{ gck boylv{ acfoml w|ac{ablv" lg~bq o~ mak 7118v {o mak >888v %,! ### ;8
Feg~{ >#78 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Foc{~an|{aoc {o {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!
nq fomxoclc{# >889 %,!# ###############################################################################################################################;7
Feg~{ >#77 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7: fo|c{~alv!# [~lckv ac {el mguam|m" gzl~gil
gck macam|m zgb|lv oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! gck a{v fomxoclc{v#
7118" >888 gck >88: #####################################################################################################################################;>
Feg~{ >#7> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %: fo|c{~alv!# Vofaolfocomaf fbgvvlv# >88: %,! ############################################;;
Feg~{ >#76 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# [el n|~klc oj aclw|lgba{q oc {el E|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu
%EKA!# EKA bovvlv g{{~an|{gnbl {o aclw|gba{q nq fo|c{~q# Fa~fg >88: %=>!# #########################################################;1Feg~{ >#7; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Amxgf{ oj aclw|gba{q oc lgfe fomxoclc{ oj
{el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! nq fo|c{~q gck gzl~gil amxgf{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck
{el Fg~annlgc# Fa~fg >88: %=>! %gv ,!# ############## ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############## #7< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el bovv ac {ele|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! g{{~an|{gnbl {o aclw|gba{q gck {el Iaca foljfalc{#
Fa~fg >88: %=>!#%xl~flc{gil fegcil! ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ # #7: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Vfeoobaci fo~~lbg{aoc foljfalc{ nl{yllc
fo|xblv# Fa~fg >88:# ############## ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## #79 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el fo~~lbg{aoc
oj fo|xblv blzlbv oj vfeoobaci gck aclw|gba{q# Fa~fg >88:# ############## ############### ############### ################ ############### #### Mluafo# Ljjlf{ oj {el foica{azl v`abbv oj jg{el~ gck mo{el~ oc {el
foica{azl v abbv oj {ela~ ojjvx~aci nq gil i~o|x# >88> %,! ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### #### :9
Feg~{ 6#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>; fo|c{~alv!# I~ovv lc~obbmlc{ ~g{ao# Mov{ ~lflc{ gzgabgnbl kg{g %,! ########### 9>
Feg~{ ;#7 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Vfeoobaci oj xg~lc{v)jgmabq cl{yo~`v" j~alckv gck fobblgi|lv"
nq vofaolfocomaf v{g{|v %VLV!# >881 %,! ############## ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 5:
Feg~{ ;#> N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Acklu kl{gabaci
gilcfq fgxgnaba{q nq vofaolfocomaf blzlb %VLB!# >881 ############################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 59
Feg~{ ;#6 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Mo{el~v/jg{el~v yeo gvxa~l jo~
{ela~ feabk~lc {o io {o |cazl~va{q" nq vofaolfocomaf blzlb %VLB!# >881 %,! ############# ################ ############### ############## 59
Feg~{ ;#; N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Eoy jg~ ko xg~lc{v ygc{ {ela~ feabk~lc {o v{|kq?
Ko xg~lc{v gvxa~l jo~ {ela~ feabk~lc {o x~oi~lvv nlqock o~ jgbb veo~{ oj |cazl~va{q {~gacaci? ############### ################ # 55
Feg~{ ;#< N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Mgac ac|lcflv oc
{el jo~mg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb gvxa~g{aocv# >881 %,! ################# ############### ################ ############### ################ ########### 55
Feg~{ ;#: Amxgf{ oj xg~lc{v lk|fg{aoc gck oj cl{yo~`v oc {el jo~mg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb gvxa~g{aocv
jo~ {ela~ feabk~lc ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### #### 51
Feg~{ ;#9 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g4 Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb ac|lcfl oc gvxa~g{aocv" >881 %,! ############### ######### 18
Feg~{ ;#5 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Fo~~lbg{aocv nl{yllc {el xg~lc{v gilcfq fgxgfa{q
ackafg{o~v gck {el vg{avjgf{aoc ya{e bajl ackafg{o~ jo~ feabk~lc# >881 %,! ############## ################ ############### ############## 18
Feg~{ :#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>7 fo|c{~alv!# [~lckv ac x|nbaf vofagb vxlckaci %XVV!
gck ac {o{gb x|nbaf vxlckaci %[XV! gv g xl~flc{gil oj i~ovv komlv{af x~ok|f{ %IKX!#
7118->885 ############## ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############ 781
Feg~{ :#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Iaca foljfalc{ jo~ eo|vleobk xl~ fgxa{g acfoml
nljo~l gck gj{l~ ~lflazaci fgve {~gcvjl~v %Fa~fg >885! ############## ############### ################ ############### ################ ######### 778
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7Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
[el focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~`oj {el ^lxo~{
LW\GBA[Q OJ YEG[?Gba gck Tge~g g~l {el mgac feg~gf{l~v oj {el x~ojo|ck gck moz-
aci A~gcagc bm lc{a{blk Feabk~lc oj Elgzlc" ~lblgvlk ac 7119 gck
ka~lf{lk nq Mgdak Mgdaka# Ac {el v{o~q" Gba {g`lv eav vav{l~ Tge~gv
veolv {o nl ~lxga~lk" n|{ lckv |x bovaci {elm# Gv no{e `coy
j|bb ylbb {eg{ {el~l av co moclq g{ eoml {o n|q cly veolv" {elq
klfakl {o eakl {el bovv j~om {ela~ xg~lc{v# [el bm n~aciv |v ac{o
{el yo~bk oj Gba gck Tge~g j~om {eg{ momlc{ oc# Ac o~kl~ jo~
{elm no{e {o |vl {el ocbq ~lmgacaci xga~ oj veolv" {el feabk~lc
klfakl {o io {o vfeoob ac gb{l~cg{aci veaj{v# Tge~g ylg~v {el veolv
{o vfeoob ac {el mo~caci" gck Gba g{{lckv ac {el gj{l~coocv# No{e
egzl gc gyj|b {aml eakaci {el xbgc j~om {ela~ {lgfel~v" vacfl{elq koc{ ygc{ {elm {o ck o|{ {eg{ {elq g~l veg~aci ocl xga~
oj veolv" gck j~om {ela~ xg~lc{v" yeo yo|bk v|~lbq x|cave {elm
jo~ egzaci bov{ {el veolv# Egzaci {o veg~l {el vgml xga~ oj veolv
vaicafgc{bq bama{v Gba gck Tge~gv ox{aocv ac bajl0 vo m|fe vo
{eg{ {ela~ bazlv g~l ljjlf{azlbq iozl~clk nq {eav e|il focv{~gac{#
G{ ocl xoac{" Tge~g co{aflv {eg{ g fbgvvmg{l av ylg~aci el~ bov{
veolv# Cg{|~gbbq v|~x~avlk" Tge~g klfaklv {o jobboy {el fbgvvmg{l
eoml" yel~l|xoc vel ~lgbavlv {eg{ {el o{el~ ia~bv jg{el~ av nback
gck |cgnbl {o yo~` {o x~ozakl eav kg|ie{l~ ya{e veolv# Ya{eo|{
{eovl veolv" {el ia~bv ox{aocv ac bajl yo|bk nl vlzl~lbq bama{lk#
Tge~g klfaklv co{ {o mlc{aoc {el veolv {o el~ fbgvvmg{l" gck acjgf{ {el qo|ci ia~bv lck |x nlfomaci iook j~alckv#
[el bm ~lgfelv a{v fbamgu yelc Gba klfaklv {o {g`l xg~{ ac g
~gfl" ac yeafe {el ~|ccl~ yeo cavelv {ea~k yabb ~lflazl g xga~ oj
cly veolv gv g x~atl# K|l {o gc |cluxlf{lk {|~c oj lzlc{v" acv{lgk
oj caveaci {ea~k" Gba lckv |x yaccaci {el lzlc{# Lzl~qocl av
v|~x~avlk g{ eoy |xvl{ {el yaccl~ av" jo~ gb{eo|ie Gba ~lflazlv
{el nlv{ x~atl oj {el fomxl{a{aoc" el kolv co{ yac {el xga~ oj
veolv" yeafe yo|bk egzl gbboylk eam gck eav vav{l~ {o ~lv|ml
{ela~ co~mgb bajl# [eav mlmo~gnbl bm lckv ya{e g veo{ oj Gbav
nbav{l~lk jll{ vog`aci ac g yg{l~ jo|c{gac#
Gba gck Tge~gv v{o~q ygv zl~q ylbb ~lflazlk nq f~a{afv" yeo
|ckl~vfo~lk {el bmv nlg|{q" {el klx{e oj a{v v{o~q" gck a{v am-
mlcvl g~{av{af w|gba{q# Feabk~lc oj Elgzlc ygv jgzo|~gnbq fomxg~lk
ya{e {el 71;5 fbgvvaf Nafqfbl [ealzlv" ka~lf{lk nq A{gbagc bmmg`l~
Za{{o~ao kl Vafg#Ac Nafqfbl [ealzlv" {el mgac feg~gf{l~" Gc{ocao^affa" av g xoo~ mgc yeo klvxl~g{lbq vfo|~v {el v{~ll{v oj ^oml
{o ~lfozl~ eav v{oblc nafqfbl" yeafe el cllkv jo~ yo~`#7
V{o~alv v|fe gv {elvl abb|v{~g{l" w|a{l ka~lf{bq" {el jof|v oc
aclw|gba{q yeafe jo~mv {el ngvav oj {eav lxo~{# Gba gck Tge~gv
veolv" gv ylbb gv Gc{ocao ^affav nafqfbl" ~llf{ {el e|ilbq am-
xo~{gc{ ~lbg{aocveax {eg{ luav{v jo~ ackazak|gbv nl{yllc ~lvo|~flv"
oxxo~{|ca{alv gck bajl ox{aocv# [elvl cg~~g{azlv gbboy ocl {o mo~l
fblg~bq |ckl~v{gck {el focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` yeafe av lmxboqlk
ac {eav lxo~{ {o mlgv|~l aclw|gba{q gck lzgb|g{l kajjl~lc{ blzlbv
oj ylbb-nlaci# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" {el v{o~alv abb|v{~g{l {el focflx{ oj
~lgb j~llkom" klclk gv gbb ox{aocv oxlc {o ackazak|gbv ac {l~mvoj {ela~ xovvanaba{alv oj nlaci o~ koaci# [eav av {el kamlcvaoc
oj aclw|gba{q focvakl~lk ~lblzgc{ ac {eav gxx~ogfe# Ac {el lbkv
oj klzlboxmlc{" lfocomafv gck xoba{afgb xeabovoxeq a{ av klclk
gv {el fgxgnaba{qgxx~ogfe %Vlc" 715
7 [eav bm av ~gc`lk gmoci {el N~a{ave Jabm Acv{a{|{lv {ox {lc Jabmv qo| veo|bk vll nq {el
gil oj 7;#
> [el |vl oj a{gbafv ackafg{lv {eg{" {el yo~k av ac{lcklk gv g {elo~l{afgb {l~m#
7
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7: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
OXXO^[\CA[ALV" FGXGNABA[ALV
GCK ACLW\GBA[Q
Bg{ac Gml~afg ~gc`v ~v{ ac {el yo~bk ac {l~mv oj aclw|gba{q#
Yaklvx~lgk co~mg{azl gck x~gf{afgb ~lgvocv mg`l eaie blzlbv oj
aclw|gba{q onv{gfblv {o vofagb x~oi~lvv# Aclw|gba{q gck a{v zavanbl
mgcajlv{g{aocv g~l gc |cklcagnbl ~lgba{q gjjlf{aci gbb fa{atlcv#
[el co{aoc {eg{ aclw|gba{q av |cgfflx{gnbl j~om g co~mg{azl
gck acv{~|mlc{gb v{gckxoac{ egv nllc klng{lk jo~ mgcq qlg~vnq vofagb vfalc{av{v gck xoba{afgb xeabovoxel~v gba`l# Clzl~{el-
blvv" {el~l g~l v{abb vlzl~gb kajjl~lc{ {elo~alv gno|{ yeg{ `ack oj
aclw|gba{q av ~lblzgc{ gck veo|bk nl x~lzlc{lk {e~o|ie x|nbaf
gf{aoc# \ckl~bqaci {eav kavf|vvaoc g~l zg~ao|v aklgv oj d|v{afl6"
yeafe ~llf{ g c|mnl~ oj kazl~ilc{ zalyv oj aclw|gba{q gck a{v
~lbg{aocveax ya{e x|nbaf xobafq#
Ocl oj {el mgac {oxafv oj {eav klng{l egv nllc eoy aclw|gba{q
veo|bk nl mlgv|~lk# Mgcq kajjl~lc{ kamlcvaocv oj aclw|gba{q
egzl nllc klclk" acfb|kaci aclw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" ac-
lw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj gc ackazak|gbv gnaba{q oj gfflvv {o xovvanbl
nlaciv gck koaciv %~ljl~~lk {o gv j|cf{aocaciv ya{eac {elfoc{lu{ oj {eav lxo~{!" aclw|gba{q oj acfoml" lk|fg{aoc o~ o{el~
ackafg{o~v oj vofagb gfealzlmlc{" gv ylbb gv aclw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj
xoba{afgb aczobzlmlc{ gck ac|lcfl" gmoci o{el~v# Ac gbb fgvlv"
aclw|gba{q av {el x~ok|f{ oj g fomnacg{aoc oj jgf{o~v gck fgcco{
nl luxbgaclk nq ocl fg|vl gbocl#
Oj {el mgcq jgf{o~v {eg{ elbx {o luxbgac el{l~oilclo|v lfo-
comaf gck vofagb gfealzlmlc{" {el aca{agb focka{aocv oj lzl~q
eo|vleobk %{el vofaolfocomaf feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {el komlv{af
|ca{ ac{o yeafe gc ackazak|gb av no~c! xbgq g flc{~gb ~obl" gv ko {el
ljjo~{v mgkl nq {el ackazak|gb" vofagb gck acv{a{|{aocgb foc{lu{v"
eav{o~afgb jgf{o~v gck x|nbaf gf{aoc# [eg{ vgak" g c|mnl~ oj o{el~lw|gbbq amxo~{gc{ lblmlc{v egzl g ~obl {o xbgq" acfb|kaci vo-fgbblk
~gckom gvxlf{v" mlgcaci {eovl lzlc{v {eg{ g~l nlqock xloxblv
foc{~ob %cg{|~gb kavgv{l~v o~ |cluxlf{lk xova{azl lzlc{v!#;
Ya{e {eav ac mack" gck ac o~kl~ {o gcgbqvl aclw|gba{q x~ox-
l~bq" a{ av amxo~{gc{ {o k~gy g f~|fagb kav{acf{aoc nl{yllc lu
gc{l gck lu xov{gxx~ogfelv# Gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe xbgflv i~lg{l~
amxo~{gcfl oc {el aca{agb focka{aocv gck |ckl~vfo~lv {el cllk
{o lcv|~l g blzlb xbgqaci lbk jo~ lzl~qocl" ya{eo|{ {g`aci
o{el~ jgf{o~v ac{o gffo|c{# Ac {el ylbb-`coyc ml{gxeo~" lu gc{l
lw|gba{q v{g{lv {eg{ {el ~|ccl~v ac g ~gfl m|v{ v{g~{ j~om {el
vgml xoac{ lzl~q {aml" acv{lgk oj v{g~{aci j~om {el xova{aocv~lgfelk ac {el x~lzao|v ~gfl#
Ac foc{~gv{" gc lu xov{gxx~ogfe xbgflv x~ao~a{q oc {el ~lv|b{"
mlgcaci {eg{ yeafe egxxlcv gv gc ljjlf{ oj {el ac{l~gf{aoc
6 Jo~ g kavf|vvaoc oc oj {el aklg oj d|v{afl gck a{v amxbafg{aocv gck amxo~{gcfl ya{eac {el
zg~ao|v {elo~alv oj d|v{afl" vll {el yo~` oj Vlc %>881!#
; Xeabovoxel~v k~gy g kav{acf{aoc nl{yllc {el focflx{v oj n~|{l b|f` gck ox{aoc b|f`#
Gb{eo|ie g xl~voc fgcco{ vegxl lzlc{v {eg{ off|~ k|~aci {ela~ bajl{aml {eg{ g~l co{
klxlcklc{ oc {ela~ oyc klfavaocv" ac fl~{gac fgvlv el o~ vel mgq gjjlf{ {el ba`lbaeook oj
v|fe lzlc{v off|~~aci {e~o|ie focvfao|v klfavaocv" yeafe" ac {|~c" mgq nl klbama{lk nq
{el ackazak|gbv foc{lu{ %vll" jo~ lugmxbl" Kyo~`ac" >888!#
nl{yllc ackazak|gb gck foc{lu{|gb gvxlf{v#< [el fbgvvaf |{aba{g~-
agc gxx~ogfe" {el zaly {eg{ {el ondlf{azl j|cf{aoc oj vofal{q av
{o g{{gac {el i~lg{lv{ iook jo~ {el i~lg{lv{ c|mnl~ oj xloxbl"
av lvvlc{agbbq gc lu xov{gxx~ogfe#: [el vgml fgc nl vgak jo~ {el
zavaoc oj v|ndlf{azl ylbb-nlaci o~ oj v{|kalv oc egxxaclvv#9
[el co{aoc oj lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" gv focflx{|gbavlknq ^olml~ %7115! gck ~lflc{bq oxl~g{aocgbavlk nq {el Yo~bk
Ngc` %Xglv kl Ng~~ov l{ gb#" >881!" gkox{v gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe"
a#l#" ocl jof|vaci oc {el aca{agb focka{aocv# [eav zavaoc kaf{g{lv
{eg{ {el kav{~an|{aoc oj gcq gfealzlmlc{ g{{gaclk nq gc acka-
zak|gb" xl~egxv ac {l~mv oj acfoml o~ vfeoobaci" m|v{ co{ nl
focka{aocgb {o eav o~ el~ vxlfaf fa~f|mv{gcflv" n|{ ~g{el~ {elvl
gfealzlmlc{v oj ylbb-nlaci" o~ gkzgc{gilv" gv {elq g~l fgbblk
ac luav{aci ba{l~g{|~l oc lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" veo|bk ocbq
~llf{ ~gckom gvxlf{v gck {eovl kl{l~maclk nq ackazak|gb ljjo~{"
a~~lvxlf{azl oj {el aca{agb focka{aocv#
Jo~ {eav ~lgvoc" {el {gv` oj amxblmlc{aci {eav focflx{ lmxa~a-fgbbq x~amg~abq aczobzlv mlgv|~aci aclw|gba{q nl{yllc feabk~lc %o~
gkoblvflc{v! gck g{{lmx{aci {o xacxoac{ x~lfavlbq {eovl gvxlf{v
{eg{ xl~{gac {o {el aca{agb focka{aocv" yeabl lbamacg{aci {eovl
gvxlf{v ~lbg{lk {o ackazak|gb ljjo~{# Gv a{ yabb luxbgac nlboy" g za-
vaoc oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ngvlk oc {el co{aoc ojfgxgnaba{alv
%Vlc" 715
focka{aoc" n|{ ac jgf{ iolv jg~ nlqock {eav#
[o x~ozakl gc lugmxbl" a{ av elbxj|b {o ocfl gigac ~ljl~ {o Za{-
{o~ao kl Vafgv fbgvvaf bm Nafqfbl [ealzlv" yeafe egv nllc fa{lk
lu{lcvazlbq ac luav{aci ba{l~g{|~l oc fgxgnaba{alv# [el nafqfbl av
vamxbq g vxlfaf ~lvo|~fl ya{e vxlfaf feg~gf{l~av{afv" {el xov-vlvvaoc oj yeafe" eoylzl~" kolv co{ {~gcvma{ ylbb-nlaci nlfg|vl
oj {el na`l a{vlbj o~ a{v mocl{g~q zgb|l" gv g |{aba{g~agc zavaoc mgq
ylbb v|iilv{# Xovvlvvaoc oj {el nafqfbl" o~ ~g{el~ gfflvv {o {el
~lvo|~fl" fomnaclv ya{e {eovl feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {el nafqfbl {eg{
lc{gab vxlfaf xovvanaba{alv oj nlaci gck koaci %j|cf{aocaciv"
gv mlc{aoclk gnozl!#
[e|v" {el nafqfbl gbboyv jo~ {~gcvxo~{g{aoc gck lul~favl"
yeabl gbvo egzaci g xovvanbl nlg~aci oc gfflvv {o lk|fg{aoc"
iook elgb{e" xbgq gck vofagbavg{aoc" gck {el don mg~`l{# X|{ {eav
ygq" gfflvv {o g ~lvo|~fl fgc oxlc |x g yakl ~gcil oj ox{aocv
ya{eac {el vl{ oj xovvanaba{alv {eg{ gc ackazak|gb mgq lcfo|c{l~
< Ac{l~lv{acibq lco|ie" gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe aczobzlv {el aklg oj lw|a{q" yel~lgv {el
focflx{ oj lw|gba{q av gvvofag{lk ya{e gc lu xov{ gxx~ogfe# Ac {eav lxo~{" {el co{aoc oj
lw|gba{q ac {el vlcvl oj fgxgnaba{alv yabb nl |vlk gc gxx~ogfe ngvlk oc lu gc{l {eac`aci"
n|{ yeafe gbvo ~lw|a~lv g jga~ x~oflvv#
: Ac lfocomaf {l~mv" {eav ondlf{azl vofagb j|cf{aoc lc{gabv lw|gba{q co{ ac {l~mv oj {o{gb |{ab-
a{q" n|{ ~g{el~ mg~iacgb |{aba{alv" {el gam nlaci {o mguamavl {el {o{gb |{aba{q oj ackazak|gbv
ya{eac vofal{q# [el amxbafg{aocv oj {eav ~|bl egzl nllc klng{lk lu{lcvazlbq ac {el yo~`v
oj lfocomaf gfgklmafv# Jo~ g fbgvvaf gxx~ogfe" vll {el g~i|mlc{v luxo|cklk nq Vlc
%7158!#
9 Ac jgf{" jo~ Dl~lmq Nlc{egm" {el f~lg{o~ oj {el {elo~q oj |{aba{g~agcavm" |{aba{q av x~gf{a-
fgbbq vqcocqmo|v ya{e egxxaclvv#
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7Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
ac bajl# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" a{ mgq yaklc eav o~ el~ ~lgb j~llkomv"
eav o~ el~ fgxgnaba{alv#
[eg{ vgak" i|g~gc{llaci gfflvv {o g fl~{gac ~lvo|~fl av
co{ lco|ie jo~ gc ackazak|gbv ox{aocv {o ljjlf{azlbq acf~lgvl"
jo~ o{el~ focka{aocv m|v{ gbvo nl ml{# A{ av lvvlc{agb {eg{ {el
ackazak|gb gf{|gbbq nl gnbl {o {~gcvjo~m eav o~ el~ gfflvv {og vxlfaf ~lvo|~fl ac{o j|cf{aocaciv {eg{ yabb acf~lgvl eav o~ el~
ljjlf{azl j~llkom {o nl gck {o ko#
G xeqvafgb kavgnaba{q" jo~ lugmxbl" yo|bk ~lk|fl {el c|mnl~
oj xovvanaba{alv gvvofag{lk ya{e {el xovvlvvaoc oj {el nafqfbl# Ac
o~kl~ jo~ g xova{azl {~gcvjo~mg{aoc {o {g`l xbgfl" a{ av clflvvg~q {o
mll{ g c|mnl~ oj ackazak|gb focka{aocv %xeqvafgb" xvqfeoboiafgb
gck e|mgc fgxa{gb" gmoci o{el~v! gck/o~ vofagb gck acv{a{|{aocgb
focka{aocv %xl~egxv |vl oj {el nafqfbl nq fl~{gac xloxbl av x~o-
eana{lk o~ j~oyclk |xoc" o~ a{v |vl av kllmlk |cvgjl0 mgqnl g
baflcvl av ~lw|a~lk {o ~akl {el nafqfbl o~ {el~l g~l {oxoi~gxeaf
focka{aocv eackl~aci a{v |vl" {o cgml n|{ g jly lugmxblv oj gyeobl eov{ oj xovvanbl bama{aci va{|g{aocv!#
[e|v" ml~l gfflvv {o g ~gcil oj iookv gck vl~zaflv" o~ {el
ml~l xovvanaba{q {eg{ lzl~qocl fgc gfflvv {elm" kolv co{ i|g~-
gc{ll lw|gba{q ac g~lgv oj ~lgb feoafl o~ j~llkom" nlfg|vl {el
gzgabgnblj|cf{aocaciv {el ox{aocv {eg{ nlfoml ~lgb gck ljjlf{azl
j~om v|fe gfflvv fgc v{abb nl zl~q kajjl~lc{# Ya{eac {eav foc-
{lu{" x|nbaf gf{aoc ya{eac fl~{gac vxel~lv mgq nl gnbl {o lcv|~l
lw|gba{q ojfgxgnaba{alv4 ac mgcq fgvlv" x|nbaf gf{aoc fgc i|g~gc{ll
{eg{ ackazak|gbv egzl gfflvv {o gc lw|a{gnbl vl{ oj ox{aocv ac bajl"
~lig~kblvv oj ackazak|gb o~ foc{lu{|gb bama{g{aocv#
Lblmlc{v {eg{ mg`l |xLblmlc{v {eg{ mg`l |x
{el focflx{ oj{el focflx{ oj fgxgnaba{alvfgxgnaba{alv
Klzlboxmlc{ fgc nl zalylk gv gc acf~lgvl ac {el ~lgb gb{l~cg{azlv
ac bajl gmoci yeafe xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl# Jobboyaci {eav bacl
oj {eo|ie{" klzlboxmlc{ av focflazlk gv gc luxgcvaoc oj j~ll-
kom %Vlc" 7111! gck {el zg~ao|v fomnacg{aocv oj j|cf{aocaciv
%nlaciv gck koaciv! {eg{ g xl~voc fgc gfealzl av g qg~kv{af` oj
eav o~ el~ ljjlf{azl j~llkom# Ya{eac {eav focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~`"
fgxgnaba{alv ~ljl~ x~lfavlbq {o {el vl{ oj xovvanaba{alv gmoci yeafe
xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl# J|cf{aocaciv" oc {el o{el~ egck" g~l {el
vxlfaf lblmlc{v foc{gaclk ya{eac {el vl{ oj ox{aocv {eg{ mg`l{el fgxgnaba{alv gzgabgnbl nq {~gcvjo~maci gc ackazak|gbv gfflvv
{o iookv gck vl~zaflv ac{o gf{|gb nlaciv o~ koaciv ozl~ {el
zg~ao|v v{gilv oj eav o~ el~ bajl#5 Gmoci {el zg~ao|v klzlboxmlc{
5 A{ av amxo~{gc{ {o |ckl~v{gck {eg{ {el focflx{ oj fgxgnaba{alv ~ljl~v {o g vl{ oj gzgabgnbl
ox{aocv yeafe" ac o~kl~ {o luav{ gv v|fe" ~lw|a~lv fl~{gac focka{aocv oj gfflvv {o iookv
gck vl~zaflv" gv ylbb gv xovvanaba{alv {o { ~gcvjo~m o~ foczl~{ v|fe gfflvv# Fgxgnaba{alv g~l
co{ vxlfaf gnaba{alv o~ j|cf{aocaciv# Jo~ {eav ~lgvoc" gck gv luxbgaclk nlboy" {el {gv`
oj luxbo~aci {elvl co{aocv j~om gc lmxa~afgb v{gckxoac{ xovlv g c|mnl~ oj vaicafgc{
fegbblcilv#
{elo~alv" {eav gxx~ogfe av `coyc gv {el fgxgnaba{q gxx~ogfe gck
focv{a{|{lv ocl oj {el `lq focflx{|gb |ckl~xaccaciv oj {el co-
{aoc oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{#
J|cf{aocaciv co{ ocbq lcfomxgvv ngvaf avv|lv" v|fe gv {el
xovvanaba{q oj bazaci g boci gck elgb{eq bajl o~ oj g{{gacaci acka-
zak|gbbq gck vofagbbq zgb|gnbl `coyblkil" n|{ gbvo o{el~ mo~lfomxblu ox{aocv" v|fe gv gc ackazak|gb gfealzaci vlbj-~lvxlf{"
vofagb ac{li~g{aoc gck xg~{afaxg{aoc ac xoba{afgb x~oflvvlv#1 A{
veo|bk nl co{lk {eg{ o~aiacgbbq" {el co{aoc oj fgxgnaba{alv g~ovl
j~om g kavf|vvaoc gno|{ {el kamlcvaoc {e~o|ie yeafe lw|gba{q
veo|bk nl mlgv|~lk %Vlc" 7158!# Ac {eav ^lxo~{" {el gxx~ogfe av
{o mlgv|~l lw|gba{q ac {l~mv ojfgxgnaba{alv" a#l#" xloxblv ljjlf{azl
j~llkom {o feoovl nl{yllc ox{aocv {elq focvakl~ zgb|gnbl gck
egzl ~lgvoc {o zgb|l#
Gffo~kaci {o {eav gxx~ogfe" zg~ao|v fomxoclc{v xbgq g xg~{
ac {el x~oflvv oj ilcl~g{aci gck lzgb|g{aci ylbb-nlaci" gck
{elvl fomxoclc{v acfb|kl no{e ackazak|gb gvxlf{v gck {eovlfocfl~caci {el foc{lu{v ac yeafe xloxbl g~l amml~vlk %vll
Feg~{ 7#7!4 a! gfflvv {o iookv gck vl~zaflv %fommoka{alv!0 aa! {el
feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {elvl iookv gck vl~zaflv" mlgcaci {el bav{ oj
g{{~an|{lv xl~{gacaci {o lgfe oj {elm0 aaa! g {~gcvjo~mg{aoc j|cf-
{aoc jo~ {~gcvjo~maci {el fommoka{alv ac{o nlaciv gck koaciv"
gbvo fgbblk j|cf{aocaciv %{eav j|cf{aoc av vegxlk nq ackazak|gb
1 Voml oj {elvl gvxlf{v gbvo jlg{|~l ac {el co{aoc oj x~amg~q iookv klzlboxlk nq ^gybv
%719>! ac eav yo~` G [elo~q oj D|v{afl#
Jai|~l 7#7# Ilcl~g{aoc oj ylbb-nlaci gck ~lx~ok|f{aocoj aclw|gba{q
Gfflvv" gzgabgnaba{q oj
iookv gck vl~zaflv
[~gcvjo~mg{aoc
j|cf{aoc
Vl{ oj gzgabgnbl j|cf{ao-
caciv %fgxgnaba{q vl{!
Gvvlvvmlc{ j|cf{aoc
Ackazak|gb gvxlf{v
Vofagb gvxlf{v
Foc{lu{
Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm#
Aclw|a{q ac {el v{g~{aci
vl{ oj gfealzlmlc{v
Ondlf{azl lblmlc{v4
Lk|fg{aocgb w|gba{q"
vofaolfocomaf focka{aocv"
lmxboqmlc{" aclw|gba{q"
xozl~{q" kavf~amacg{aoc"
l{f#
Blgk {o klfavaocv oc|clzlc vl{v oj ~lgb
j~llkomv" yeafe" ac {el
gnvlcfl oj ac{l~zlc{aocv"
~lx~ok|fl {el aca{agb
aclw|a{q#
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
19/207
75 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
feg~gf{l~av{afv" vofagb gvxlf{v gck foc{lu{|gb o~ lcza~ocmlc{gb
gvxlf{v!0 az! {el vl{ ojj|cf{aocacivljjlf{azlbq gzgabgnbl {o ackazak|-
gbv %fgxgnaba{alv!" gck0 z! gc gvvlvvmlc{ j|cf{aoc jo~ lzgb|g{aci
v|fe v{g{lv" fomxg~gnbl ya{e {el clofbgvvaf co{aoc oj |{aba{q"
yeafe av gbvo oxlc {o o{el~ ac{l~x~l{g{aocv#
Gxxbqaci {el fgxgnaba{qgxx~ogfe lmxa~afgbbq av g fomxblu {gv`
gck {el zg~ao|v focv{a{|lc{ x~oflvvlv yabb clflvvg~abq gkk~lvv
ocbq voml gvxlf{v oj {el lblmlc{v mlc{aoclk gnozl# Ac {eav~lig~k" g{ blgv{ {yo `lq x~onblmv veo|bk nl gkk~lvvlk#
[el ~v{ balv ac {el jgf{ {eg{ fgxgnaba{alv g~l lvvlc{agbbq vl{v oj
j|cf{aocaciv# [eav co{ ocbq mlgcv {eg{ {ela~ mlgv|~lmlc{ m|v{
nl m|b{akamlcvaocgb" n|{ gbvo {eg{ {el {gv` oj zgb|aci fgxgnaba{alv
yabb ~lw|a~l gbb {eovl ox{aocv {eg{ yl~l gzgabgnbl {o nl focvakl~lk"
gck co{ ocbq {el ocl lzlc{|gbbq feovlc nq {el xl~voc ac w|lv-
{aoc# Gv g ilcl~gb ~|bl" kg{g ocbq kavxbgqv {el vlblf{lk ox{aocv#
Aj gc ackazak|gb v{g{lv {eg{ el o~ vel egv |ckl~iocl vlfockg~q
lk|fg{aoc" a{ fgc nl gvv|mlk {eg{ el o~ vel egk {el ox{aoc co{
{o v{|kq" n|{ a{ av x~ongnbq |c`coyc yel{el~ o~ co{ el o~ vel
egk {el ~lgb ox{aoc {o foc{ac|l oc {o eaiel~ lk|fg{aoc#[el vlfock x~onblm ac gxxbqaci {eav gxx~ogfe av {eg{j|cf-
{aocaciv g~l v{g{lv oj nlaci o~ koaci %a#l#" {eg{ yeafe g xl~-
voc ljjlf{azlbq mgcgilv {o nl o~ ko g{ g fl~{gac xoac{ ac bajl!#
Nou 7#7# ^aie{v gck aclw|gba{alvNou 7#7# ^aie{v gck aclw|gba{alv
Gc gb{l~cg{azl gxx~ogfe {o gcgbqvaci aclw|gba{q av {el E|mgc
^aie{v-Ngvlk Gxx~ogfe {o Klzlboxmlc{ Fooxl~g{aoc" fommocbq
~ljl~~lk {o gv {el e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe# [eav lvvlc{agbbq
kaf{g{lv {eg{ klzlboxmlc{ xobafalv gck x~oflvvlv veo|bk nl ngvlk
oc g vqv{lm oj ~aie{v gck ~lvxocvanaba{alv x~lvf~anlk nq Ac{l~cg{aocgb
Bgy# [el e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe" gv mg{l~agbavlk {e~o|ie
{el >886 \C V{g{lmlc{ oj Fommoc \ckl~v{gckaci oc E|mgc
^aie{v-Ngvlk Gxx~ogfe" lv{gnbavelv g vl{ oj ngvaf i|aklbaclv {eg{
gilcfalv m|v{ gxxbq ac {el klvaic oj {ela~ klzlboxmlc{ fooxl~g{aoc
x~oi~gmmlv# Xobafalv m|v{ nl x~amg~abq ac{lcklk {o j|~{el~ {el
~lgbavg{aoc oj e|mgc ~aie{v gck foc{~an|{l {o {el klzlboxmlc{
oj {el fgxgfa{alv oj k|{q-nlg~l~v {o mll{ {ela~ onbaig{aocv gck
{el fgxgfa{alv oj ~aie{-eobkl~v {o fbgam {ela~ ~aie{v# Vamabg~bq" {el
v{gckg~kv oj ~aie{v acfb|klk ac ac{l~cg{aocgb e|mgc ~aie{v acv{~|-
mlc{v m|v{ i|akl gbb klzlboxmlc{ fooxl~g{aoc gck xobafalv ac gbb
xegvlv oj {el x~oi~gmmaci x~oflvv#[el e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe lcfomxgvvlv" n|{ av co{
bama{lk {o" g eov{ oj ondlf{azlv {o nl x~omo{lk nq klzlboxmlc{
x~oi~gmmaci" gck {elvl x~acfaxblv xbgfl xg~{af|bg~ lmxegvav
oc {el x~onblm oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q ac gbb a{v kajjl~lc{ i|avlv#
[elvl x~acfaxblv g~l gv jobboyv4 lw|gba{q" coc-kavf~amacg{aoc gck
g{{lc{aoc {o mo~l z|bcl~gnbl i~o|xv %xg~{af|bg~bq {eovl xloxbl o~
i~o|xv {eg{ v|jjl~ kavf~amacg{aoc!0 gffo|c{gnaba{q" aklc{ajqaci igxv
ac {el fgxgfa{alv oj k|{q-nlg~l~v {o fomxbq ya{e {ela~ onbaig{aocv"
gck gbvo igxv ac {el fgxgfa{alv oj ~aie{v-eobkl~v {o vll` ~lk~lvv"
lvxlfagbbq jo~ mo~l kavgkzgc{gilk o~ kavf~amacg{lk i~o|xv0 xg~-
{afaxg{aoc" yeafe av ac{lcklk gv gc lck {o klzlboxmlc{ ac a{vlbj
gck g mlgcv oj lcv|~aci gffo|c{gnaba{q0 gck lmxoyl~mlc{" ac
{el vlcvl {eg{ xloxbl g~l focvakl~lk {el `lq gf{o~v ac {ela~ oycklzlboxmlc{ ~g{el~ {egc xgvvazl ~lfaxalc{v oj {el ac{l~zlc{aocv
oj v{g{lv o~ fooxl~g{aoc gilcfalv#
[eav gxx~ogfe elbxv {o x~omo{l klzlboxmlc{ v|v{gacgnaba{q
gck {o g|imlc{ {el xox|bg{aocv ljjlf{azl fgxgfa{q {o gf{" {el~lnq
elbxaci {o n~aci gno|{ g ~lk|f{aoc ac aclw|gba{q4 A{v x|~xovl av {o
gcgbqvl aclw|gba{alv yeafe bal g{ {el elg~{ oj klzlboxmlc{ x~o-
nblmv gck ~lk~lvv kavf~amacg{o~q x~gf{aflv gck |cd|v{ kav{~an|{aocv
oj xoyl~ {eg{ amxlkl klzlboxmlc{ x~oi~lvv# %OEFE^" >88:!#
Gc amxo~{gc{ gvxlf{ oj g e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe av {eg{
xloxbl m|v{ nl gnbl {o lul~favl gc lv{gnbavelk vl{ oj i|g~gc{llv#
Lzl~q xl~voc av lc{a{blk {o klmgck eav o~ el~ ~aie{v n|{ m|v{ gbvo
j|bb {el ~lvxocvanaba{alv gvvofag{lk ya{e {eovl ~aie{v# [el w|lv{aoc
av4 Veo|bk {el ~lgbavg{aoc oj fl~{gac ~aie{v nl iazlc x~ao~a{q yelc
~lvo|~flv g~l bama{lk? Qgv|`gyg" O~{|o gck N~of`mgcc %>881!
x~oxovl {o v{g~{ nq bgqaci koyc fl~{gac coc-clio{agnbl macam|mv4
[el Mabblcca|m Klzlboxmlc{ Iogbv" gkox{lk ac >888" g~l gc
g{{lmx{ nq fo|c{~alv j~om g~o|ck {el yo~bk {o klcl {elvl
macam|m iogbv4 lzl~qocl m|v{ egzl gfflvv {o {el vl~zaflv {eg{
lcv|~l g elgb{eq bajl0 gbb feabk~lc m|v{ cave g j|bb fo|~vl oj eaie
w|gba{q x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc0 mlc gck yomlc m|v{ nl gjjo~klk
lw|gb focka{aocv gck oxxo~{|ca{alv0 gbb jgmabalv veo|bk lcdoq g
klflc{ oy oj acfoml" gck {el eg~k yo~` ~lw|a~lk {o mll{ {elvl
iogbv m|v{ nl fg~~alk o|{ ac eg~mocq ya{e {el lcza~ocmlc{# Ql{
{el~l v{abb ~lmgac e|il igxv {eg{ m|v{ nl n~akilk# Qgv| gyg l{gb# %>881! gbvo xoac{ o|{ ngvlk bg~ilbq oc acjo~mg{aoc xl~{gacaci
{o Nobazag n|{ yeafe fgc nl zl~alk jo~ {el ~liaoc gv g yeobl {eg{
focvakl~gnbl aclw|gba{alv ~lmgac ac {l~mv oj {el lcjo~flmlc{
oj ~aie{v gmoci mlc gck yomlc gck nl{yllc kajjl~lc{ vofagb
i~o|xv gck ~liaocv# Ac {eav ~lig~k" {el g|{eo~v yo|bk v|iilv{
{eg{ {el mgac fegbblcilv ac gxxbqaci {eav gxx~ogfe g~l gv jobboyv4
g{{gacaci vofagb gi~llmlc{ oc {el cllk {o i|g~gc{ll macam|m
focka{aocv jo~ g kaicalk bajl jo~ lzl~qocl0 x~omo{aci gi~llmlc{v
oc eoy {o g{{gac {elvl macam|m v{gckg~kv0 lcv|~aci v|jfalc{
g~{af|bg{aoc gck f~ovv-ozl~ nl{yllc vofagb xobafq gck lfocomaf
xobafq0 ilcl~g{aci g vobak vqv{lm oj moclq {~gcvjl~v {o eo|vleobkv
yeabl vam|b{gclo|vbq amx~ozaci {el fozl~gil gck w|gba{q oj ngvaf
vofagb vl~zaflv0 gck i|g~gc{llaci {eg{ gbb {el acv{a{|{aocgb ~ljo~mv
g~l ilg~lk {oyg~kv vgjli|g~kaci fl~{gac macam|m v{gckg~kv oj
gfflvv {o vofagb ~aie{v jo~ lzl~qocl#7
Vo|~flv4 EK^ [lgm ya{e ~ljl~lcfl {o {el OEFE^ %>88:! gck Qgv|`gyg"
O~{|o gck N~of`mgcc %>881!#
7 Jo~ g kavf|vvaoc oc {el e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe gck a{v ~lbg{aocveax ya{e
{el fgxgnaba{q gxx~ogfe" vll Vlc %>88
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
20/207
7Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
Lugmxblv acfb|kl {o nl elgb{eq" {o nl lk|fg{lk" {o {g`l xg~{ ac
fomm|ca{q bajl gck {o nl gfflx{lk vofagbbq# Ilcl~gbbq" lmxa~afgb
v{|kalv oj {elvlj|cf{aocaciv vll` {o ck gxx~ouamg{l zgb|lv nq
|vaci zg~agnblv {eg{ ~llf{ gfflvv {o iookv o~ vl~zaflv %elgb{e"
lk|fg{aoc" xg~{afaxg{aoc ac fomm|ca{q o~igcavg{aocv" coc-
kavf~amacg{aoc!# A{ av f~|fagb {o ~lmlmnl~ {eg{ {el zgb|l oj v|fe
lblmlc{v av co{ ac{~acvaf" n|{ acv{lgk" gfflvv {o fl~{gac iookv
gck vl~zaflv av ~lbg{lk {o o~ mg`lv vxlfafj|cf{aocaciv xovvanbl#Jo~ lugmxbl" gfflvv {o elgb{efg~l vl~zaflv av co{ gj|cf{aocaci"
yeabl nlaci elgb{eq av#
Jobboyaci {el gxx~ogfe klvf~anlk gnozl" lw|gba{q oj oxxo~-
{|ca{alv av g clflvvg~q n|{ co{ v|jfalc{ focka{aoc jo~ lw|gba{q
oj fgxgnaba{alv#78 ^olml~ %7115! foc{lckv {eg{ {el aclw|gba{q
onvl~zlk ac gfealzlmlc{v g{{gaclk ac {el kajjl~lc{ kamlcvaocv
%foaclk gkzgc{gilv!" v|fe gv g xl~vocv blzlb oj vfeoobaci"
v{g{l oj elgb{e gck fgxgfa{q {o ilcl~g{l acfoml" av k|l no{e {o
jgf{o~v nlqock gc ackazak|gbv foc{~ob %eav o~ el~ fa~f|mv{gcflv!"
gv ylbb gv {o ackazak|gb ljjo~{ gck ~gckom focka{aocv# Ac o{el~
yo~kv" olml~ k~gyv co kav{acf{aoc nl{yllcj|cf{aocaciv gv {el~lgbavg{aoc oj g x~oflvv gck fgxgnaba{alv gv {el {o{gb feoaflv {o nl
mgkl nl{yllc gzgabgnbl ox{aocv#
^l{|~caci gigac {o {el lugmxbl oj {el nafqfbl" {el ~lbg{aoc-
veax nl{yllc lw|gba{q ojoxxo~{|ca{alv gck lw|gba{q ojfgxgnaba{alv
yabb klxlck oc yeg{ ^olml~ %7115! ~ljl~v {o gv gkzgc{gilv#
[e|v" {el mov{ amxo~{gc{ focvakl~g{aoc av {el vl{ oj ox{aocv
%j|cf{aocaciv! {eg{ nlfoml gzgabgnbl" yeafe f~|fagbbq aczobzlv {el
{~gcvjo~mg{aoc j|cf{aoc gck gbb oj {el lblmlc{v {eg{ klcl a{#
Gc amxo~{gc{ jlg{|~l oj {eav ^lxo~{v gxx~ogfe av {eg{ lw|gba{q
ojfgxgnaba{alv kolv co{ amxbq" luflx{ ac vxlfaf fgvlv" lw|gba{q oj
o|{fomlv#Co{ya{ev{gckaci {el lmxa~afgb bama{g{aocv amxovlk nq {eav
gxx~ogfe" {el ^lxo~{ yabb clzl~{elblvv lmxboq a{ {o lugmacl
aclw|gba{q ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{" {el bac`v {eg{ mg`l v|fe
aclw|gba{q xl~vav{ j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{" gck {el
focka{aocv clflvvg~q jo~ lcv|~aci {eg{ x|nbaf xobafalv n~lg` {el
fqfbl oj aclw|gba{q#
A[ AV XOVVANBL [O ^LK\FL ACLW\GBA[Q
AC BG[AC GML^AFG GCK [EL FG^ANNLGC
Aclw|gba{q ac Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %BGF! egv {e~llklcaci feg~gf{l~av{afv4 a{ av eaie" a{ av xl~vav{lc{" gck a{ ~lx~o-
k|flv a{vlbj ya{eac g foc{lu{ oj boy vofao-lfocomaf monaba{q#
Gb{eo|ie a{ av {~|l {eg{ g ~lk|f{aoc ac acfoml aclw|gba{q ygv
~lxo~{lk g{ {el v{g~{ oj {el {ylc{q-~v{ flc{|~q ac 7> oj {el 79
fo|c{~alv gcgbqvlk ac ~lflc{ v{|kalv" {el {e~ll klcaci jlg{|~lv
mlc{aoclk gnozl egzl nllc eav{o~afgbbq x~lvlc{ ozl~ zg~ao|v
78 Jo~ gc ac{l~x~l{g{aoc oj {el ~lbg{aocveax nl{yllc lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv gck lw|gba{q
oj fgxgnaba{alv" vll Zgbblc{qcl %>88
xl~aokv oj i~oy{e gck ~lflvvaoc" gck egzl v|~zazlk zl~q kajjl~lc{
xoba{afgb vqv{lmv gck x|nbaf xobafq ac{l~zlc{aocv %Bxlt-Fgbzg gck
B|v{ai" >878!# Gzgabgnbl acjo~mg{aoc yo|bk ackafg{l {eg{" vgzl jo~
g jly luflx{aocv" {el eaie blzlbv oj aclw|gba{q egzl nq gck bg~il
nllc ~lbg{azlbq amm|cl {o {el klzlboxmlc{ v{~g{lialv gxxbalk
ac {el ~liaoc vacfl {el cacl{llc j{alv" acfb|kaci oj fo|~vl {el
mg~`l{ ~ljo~mv luxl~alcflk ac {el laie{alv gck cacl{alv %@bgvlc
gck Coyg`-Blemgcc" >881!#[el |clzlc kav{~an|{aoc oj acfoml {e~o|ieo|{ BGF egv
g{{~gf{lk g e|il gmo|c{ oj ac{l~lv{ ozl~ {el qlg~v# M|b{abg{l~gb
o~igcatg{aocv" v|fe gv {el Lfocomaf Fommavvaoc jo~ Bg{ac
Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %LFBGF!" {el Yo~bk Ngc` %YN!"
{el Ac{l~-Gml~afgc Klzlboxmlc{ Ngc` %AKN! gck {el \ca{lk
Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX!" egzl gkklk {ela~
fomnaclk ylaie{ {o {el lu{lcvazl gfgklmaf yo~` oc {el avv|l
gck egzl gkox{lk gc gxx~ogfe ilg~lk {oyg~kv klvaicaci x|nbaf
xobafalv {eg{ elbx {o ~lk|fl aclw|gba{q# [eav lxo~{ gamv {o lu{lck
{el o|{boo` oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ aclw|gba{q gcgbqvav ac BGF
fo|c{~alv ac o~kl~ {o xacxoac{ {el |ckl~bqaci jgf{o~v {eg{ gbboyaclw|gba{q {o xgvv j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{#
Vl{ jo~{e nlboy g~l {el ilcl~gb baclv {eg{ {eav ^lxo~{ yabb
jobboy gck voml oj {el v|ndlf{v {gf`blk ac i~lg{l~ klx{e ac {el
fegx{l~v {o foml# [el ^lxo~{v flc{~gb mlvvgil av ngvlk oc
{el jobboyaci x~lmavlv4
7! [el {~gka{aocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!" gv |vlk
ac ibongb gck cg{aocgb ~lxo~{v ozl~ {el bgv{ {ylc{q qlg~v"
jgabv {o gkk~lvv aclw|gba{q" ac {eg{ a{ mlgv|~lv" ac lgfe
fo|c{~q" {el gzl~gil gfealzlmlc{v jo~ {el xox|bg{aoc ac{el kamlcvaocv oj elgb{e" lk|fg{aoc gck acfoml %o~ {el
gzl~gil gfealzlmlc{v oj v|n-i~o|xv luav{aci ya{eac {el
xox|bg{aoc!# [eav ^lxo~{ gxxbalv g vamxbl gck ac{|a{azl
gxx~ogfe {o ac{~ok|fl vofal{qv aclw|gba{q focvakl~g{aocv
yelc focvakl~aci {el {~gka{aocgb kamlcvaocv oj {el EKA#
[el ckaciv oj {eav gcgbq{afgb gxx~ogfe g~l x~lvlc{lk ac
Fegx{l~ >#
>! Aclw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj acfoml" lk|fg{aoc" elgb{e gck o{el~
ackafg{o~v xl~vav{v j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{ ya{eac
g foc{lu{ oj boy vofaolfocomaf monaba{q#
6! [eav amxbalv {eg{ {el~l g~l mlfegcavmv jo~ ~lx~ok|faciblzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{ j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{#
Igacaci g fblg~l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {el yo~`aciv oj v|fe
mlfegcavmv jo~ {~gcvma{{aci eo|vleobkv gfealzlmlc{v
yabb jgfaba{g{l {el klvaic oj mo~l ljjlf{azl xobafalv jo~
n~lg`aci {el zafao|v fa~fblv {e~o|ie yeafe xozl~{q gck
aclw|gba{q g~l x~oxgig{lk# G ~lzaly oj {el x~acfaxgb ondlf-
{azl mlfegcavmv jo~ {~gcvma{{aci blzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{
nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv av x~lvlc{lk ac Fegx{l~ 6#
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
21/207
>8 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
;! Gv ya{e xozl~{q" aclw|gba{q av g xelcomlcoc fg|vlk nq
focv{~gac{v# Ac gkka{aoc {o {el {~gka{aocgb ondlf{azl jgf{o~v
ac xbgq" v|ndlf{azl lblmlc{v yeafe ac {|~c g~l ~lbg{lk
{o vofaolfocomaf jgf{o~v gbvo ac|lcfl {el klfavaocv
eo|vleobkv mg`l# Mo~l vxlfafgbbq" a{ egv nllc onvl~zlk
{eg{ {el gvxa~g{aocv gck xl~flx{aocv {eg{ mlmnl~v oj g
iazlc eo|vleobk egzl gno|{ {ela~ fegcflv oj gfealzaci
{el iogbv {elq egzl vl{ jo~ {elmvlbzlv g~l {alk |x ya{egck eaiebq ac|lcflk nq {el focv{~gac{v gvvofag{lk ya{e
{el vofagb gck lcza~ocmlc{gb foc{lu{v ac yeafe {elq bazl#
[eav {lckv {o blgk {o va{|g{aocv yel~lnq ackazak|gbv ac
kajjl~lc{ vofagb i~o|xv foc{ac|l {o ~lxo~{ kajjl~lc{ blzlbv
oj gfealzlmlc{# Fegx{l~ ; klvf~anlv {el ~obl oj {elvl
v|ndlf{azl jgf{o~v gck {ela~ mov{ amxo~{gc{ ljjlf{v#
Gmoci {el mgcq jgf{o~v {eg{ gjjlf{ {el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj
aclw|gba{q" {el jobboyaci veo|bk nl eaiebaie{lk4 {el xoo~
w|gba{q oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc" {el ylg`clvv oj x|nbaf
acv{a{|{aocv" |clw|gb gfflvv {o ac|lcfl vxlfaf xobafalv"
{el fbgvvaf x~onblmv gvvofag{lk ya{e fobblf{azl gf{aoc" gck
acv{a{|{aocgb veo~{fomaciv {eg{ blgk {o v{g{l fo~~|x{aoc
gck fgx{|~l# [elvl vqv{lmafjgf{o~v mlgc {eg{ {el xoba{afgb
kqcgmaf av gf{|gbbq lugfl~ng{aci" acv{lgk oj fomxlcvg{aci"
{el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q# [eav gvxlf{ av kavf|vvlk acmo~l kl{gab ac Fegx{l~
[elvl gvxlf{v g~l gcgbqvlk g{ i~lg{l~ blci{e nlboy# Jo~ coy a{
av amxo~{gc{ {o xoac{ o|{ {eg{ {el m|b{a-kamlcvaocgb xl~vxlf{azl oj
{el gxx~ogfe egv nlfoml g ~mbq lv{gnbavelk {oxaf ac {el x|nbaf
klng{l" k|l mgacbq {o {el klzlboxmlc{ oj {el E|mgc Klzlbox-mlc{ Acklu gck a{v xoba{afgb amxgf{ k|~aci {el bgv{ {ylc{q qlg~v#
Ac foc{~gv{" {el co{aocv oj oxxo~{|ca{q j~llkom gck x~oflvv
j~llkom egzl nllc vboy {o vxg~` ac{l~lv{ nlqock {el gfgklmaf
~lgbm# [eav mgq nl k|l ac xg~{ {o {el kajf|b{q ac mlgv|~aci v|fe
j~llkomv" gb{eo|ie {eav jgf{ kolv co{ kamacave {ela~ ~lblzgcfl
gv `lq jgf{o~v oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gxx~ogfe#
[el gcgbqvav veoyc ac {eav ^lxo~{ gfflx{v {eg{ {el~l g~l
m|b{axbl fg|vlv |ckl~bqaci {el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj e|mgc klzlb-
oxmlc{ aclw|gba{q# Voml fg|vlv g~l lfocomaf ac cg{|~l gck
g~l abb|v{~g{lk nq {el eaie fo~~lbg{aoc nl{yllc ocl ilcl~g{aocv
gvvl{v" acfoml gck vfeoobaci gck {eovl oj {el clu{ ilcl~g{aoc#[eg{ vgak" {el~l g~l gbvo xoba{afgb gck vofagb fg|vlv# Gvvofag{lk
mo~l ya{e eav{o~afgb gck vqv{lmafjgf{o~v" v|fe gv {el aclw|gba{q
oj oxxo~{|ca{alv gck oj gfflvv {o xoyl~ ~lbg{aocv" {elvl xoba{afgb
gck vofagb fg|vlv ilcl~g{l va{|g{aocv oj lufb|vaoc" oxx~lvvaoc
gck komacg{aoc# [elvl aclw|gba{alv g~l v{~|f{|~gb gck ~lzlgb {el
lckoilco|v cg{|~l oj aclw|gba{q#
Aclw|gba{q vxgycv j|~{el~ aclw|gba{q# Lfocomaf ~lgvocv" {o-
il{el~ ya{e fg|vlv gvvofag{lk ya{e {el xoba{afgb lfocomq" luxbgac
{el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q nq ilcl~g{aci |clw|gb gfflvv {o
acv{a{|{aocgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck |clw|gb oxxo~{|ca{alv jo~ fa{atlcv
{o egzl {ela~ zoaflv elg~k %Vgng{lv-Yellbl~" >885!#Gv mlc{aoclk gnozl" gxg~{ j~om a{v eaie blzlbv oj aclw|gb-
a{q" gco{el~ klcaci jlg{|~l oj {el ~liaoc av {el boy monaba{q
oj vofaolfocomaf ackafg{o~v nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Xgv{ v{|kalv
egzl abb|v{~g{lk" jo~ lugmxbl" {el lu{lc{ {o yeafe {el blzlbv oj
vfeoobaci o~ acfoml oj ocl ilcl~g{aoc g~l ac|lcflk nq {eovl
oj {el x~lflkaci ilcl~g{aoc# [el focfb|vaoc av {eg{ {el i~lg{l~
{el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb fo~~lbg{aoc nl{yllc {elvl zg~agnblv" {el
i~lg{l~ {el ac|lcfl {eg{ jgf{o~v g~avaci j~om {el eo|vleobk
%{el komlv{af |ca{ ac{o yeafe gc ackazak|gb av no~c! yabb egzl
oc ~lx~ok|faci aclw|gba{q# [el ~lv|b{v veoy {eg{ {el BGF ~liaoc
egv ~lbg{azlbq xoo~ monaba{q ac {l~mv oj vfeoobaci gck acfomlac fomxg~avoc ya{e o{el~ ~liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Jo~ lugmxbl" ac
BGF" {el amxgf{ oj ocl ilcl~g{aocv blzlb oj vfeoobaci oc {el
ammlkag{lbq jobboyaci ilcl~g{aoc av mo~l {egc {yafl gv eaie gv
77 Vll" jo~ lugmxbl" Vlcv focflx{v oj oxxo~{|ca{q j~llkom gck x~oflvv j~llkom %Vlc"
>88>!#
7> [eav focflx{ av kavf|vvlk ac kl{gab ac Fegx{l~ ;# Ac x~acfaxbl" a{ fgc nl abb|v{~g{lk ac{|a{azlbq
{e~o|ie {el ^omgc Bgy focflx{ oj v|a d|~av" yeafe ~ljl~v {o ocl ~|blk nq oclv oyc
bgyv" gv oxxovlk {o {el focflx{ oj gbalca d|~av" yeafe ~ljl~v {o vomlocl ~|blk nq {el
bgyv oj o{el~v#
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
22/207
>Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
{eg{ ~lxo~{lk ac {el \ca{lk V{g{lv# [el fo~~lbg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb
g{{gacmlc{ nl{yllc {yo v|fflvvazl ilcl~g{aocv v{gckv g{ 8#>7 ac
{el \ca{lk V{g{lv" yel~lgv {eav vgml zgb|l ac BGF ~gcilv j~om
8#69 ac Xg~gi|gq {o 8#:7 ac Lb Vgbzgko~ %vll Feg~{ 7#7!#76 V{|kalv
fock|f{lk ac fo|c{~alv ya{e eaie acfoml blzlbv ackafg{l {eg{
lk|fg{aocgb monaba{q %{el fegcil ac blzlbv oj lk|fg{aoc j~om
ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{! gck gfflvv {o eaiel~ lk|fg{aoc egzl
nllc {el mov{ amxo~{gc{ jgf{o~v ac kl{l~macaci vofaolfocomafmonaba{q nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Jo~ lugmxbl" {el klfbacl ac ac-
lw|gba{q ~lxo~{lk ac Feabl nl{yllc 7118 gck >88: fgc nl bg~ilbq
76 [el {gv` oj fgbf|bg{aci {elvl fo~~lbg{aocv av fg~~alk o|{ ac {yo v{gilv# [el ~v{ aczobzlv
focv{~|f{aci gc lk|fg{aocgb g{{gacmlc{ acklu" yeafe ~lzlgbv yel{el~ g iazlc qo|ci
xl~voc av gnozl o~ nlboy {el gzl~gil blzlb oj vfeoobaci jo~ xloxbl oj eav o~ el~ gil# [el
fo~~lbg{aoc oj {eav acklu jo~ qo|ci xloxbl yeo bazl ac {el vgml eo|vleobk av {elc fgbf|-
bg{lk# [el i~lg{l~ {el fo~~lbg{aoc" {el i~lg{l~ {el amxo~{gcfl oj eo|vleobk focka{aocv ac
kl{l~macaci {el lk|fg{aocgb g{{gacmlc{ oj qo|ci xloxbl yeo bazl ac {el vgml eo|vleobk
gck" {el~ljo~l" {el boyl~ {el ~g{l oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q %Nle~mgc" Igza~ag gck
Vt`lbq" >887!#
luxbgaclk nq {el mgdo~ luxgcvaoc ac eaiel~ lk|fg{aoc ozl~ {el
vgml xl~aok %Lnl~eg~k gck Lcilb" >885!#
G mo~l gff|~g{l gcgbqvav oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb bac`gilv fgc
nl on{gaclk nq flc{l~aci g{{lc{aoc oc ocl vxlfaf i~o|x" cgmlbq
qo|ci xloxbl## Gv gc lugmxbl oj boy ~lbg{azl monaba{q" v{|kalv egzl
veoyc {eg{ {el f|~~lc{ blzlb oj vfeoobaci gmoci qo|ci xloxbl
j~om {el ~liaoc av fbovlbq xliilk %xg~{af|bg~bq j~om vlfockg~q
lk|fg{aoc ocyg~k! {o {el vfeoobaci g{{gacmlc{ oj {el x~lflkaciilcl~g{aoc %Feg~{ 7#>!#7; Ac {l~mv oj acfoml" ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb
monaba{q fgbf|bg{lk jo~ g mo~l ~lk|flk vgmxbl oj fo|c{~alv
gbvo ~lzlgbv ~lbg{azlbq boy monaba{q blzlbv" a#l# eaie fo~~lbg{aocv
nl{yllc {el blzlbv oj lfocomaf xl~jo~mgcfl nl{yllc {yo v|f-
flvvazl ilcl~g{aocv %Feg~{ 7#6!#7878! egv veoyc {eg{ xloxblv xl~flx{aocv oj luav{aci monaba{q
g~l g `lq jgf{o~ ac {ela~ klfavaocv {o aczlv{ ac {ela~ feabk~lcv
lk|fg{aoc## Gffo~kaci {o {ela~ ckaciv" eo|vleobkv {eg{ xl~flazl
mo~l monaba{q %ac o{el~ yo~kv" {eg{ nlbalzl {eg{ monaba{q av xov-
vanbl gck av {el~ljo~l yo~{e {el ljjo~{ ~lw|a~lk {o on{gac a{! {lck
{o aczlv{ mo~l ac vfeoobaci# [el kajjl~lcfl ac fomxg~avoc {oeo|vleobkv {eg{ ko co{ zaly monaba{q gv xovvanbl gmo|c{v {o g{
blgv{ ocl qlg~ oj v{|kalv#7:
[elvl {yo `lq feg~gf{l~av{afv oj aclw|gba{q ac BGF" cgmlbq
a{v ac{lcva{q gck xl~vav{lcfl" ya{eac g foc{lu{ oj boy vofagb gck
lfocomaf monaba{q" mg`l a{ clflvvg~q jo~ xobafqmg`l~v {o igac
g nl{{l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {el mlfegcavmv {eg{ gjjlf{ {el {~gcv-
mavvaoc oj v|fe el{l~oilclo|v blzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{ nl{ylc
eo|vleobkv nlbociaci {o kajjl~lc{ vofaolfocomaf i~o|xv# A{ av
za{gb {o aklc{ajq gck gcgbqvl {el m|b{axbl focv{~gac{v jgfaci eo|vl-
eobkv ya{eac {ela~ oyc vxlfaf foc{lu{v" gv ylbb gv {el xoba{afgb
x~oflvvlv {eg{ elbx ~lx~ok|fl {elvl focka{aocv" aj x|nbaf xobafalvg~l {o nl klzlboxlk {eg{ g~l {~|bq fgxgnbl oj n~lg`aci {el fa~fblv
{eg{ xl~xl{|g{l |clw|gb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ac BGF#
7; [el va{|g{aoc ~lv|b{aci j~om {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj xoo~ vfeoobaci gfealzl-
mlc{ yo~vlcv aj {el w|gba{q oj {el lk|fg{aoc ~lflazlk nq {eovl i~o|xv oj vofal{q ya{e
boyl~ blzlbv oj acfoml av gbvo focvakl~lk %LFBGF" >889!#
7< [eav {oxaf av ~lzava{lk ac Fegx{l~ >#
7: [el g|{eo~ ~lbalk oc {el kg{g oj {el Bg{acong~ml{~o x|nbaf oxacaoc v|~zlq jo~ {el x|~-
xovl oj el~ v{|kq" ac yeafe vel fock|f{v gc ac-klx{e gcgbqvav oj {el x~onblmv oj ko|nbl
fg|vgba{q gvvofag{lk ya{e gcgbqvaci vofagb monaba{q gck vfeoobaci g{{gacmlc{" gck x~oxovlv
~on|v{clvv {lv{v jo~ {el ~lv|b{v nq lmxboqaci kajjl~lc{ lv{amg{aoc x~oflk|~lv#
Feg~{ 7#7 \ca{lk V{g{lv gck Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg-~annlgc %71 fo|c{~alv!# Lk|fg{aocgb monaba{q# Fo~~lbg{aocfoljfalc{ nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Lck oj {el cacl{alv#
Vo|~fl4 Nle~mgc" Igza~ag gck Vt`lbq %>887!#
Fo~~lbg{aoc foljfalc{ nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv
8#>7
8#69
8#;7
8#;7
8#;;
8#;> ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Acv{~|mlc{gb zgb|l oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q4Acv{~|mlc{gb zgb|l oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q4
gc lugmxblgc lugmxbl
Gv v{g{lk g{ {el nliaccaci oj {eav fegx{l~" {el~l g~l no{e co~mg{azlgck x~gf{afgb ~lgvocv {eg{ mg`l aclw|gba{q g fg|vl jo~ focfl~c#
[el focclf{aocv nl{yllc aclw|gba{q" xozl~{q gck lfocomaf i~oy{e
eaiebaie{ {el acv{~|mlc{gb amxo~{gcfl oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q#
[el ie{ gigacv{ xozl~{q av xliilk {o {el i~oy{e oj gzl~gil ac-
foml gck {o fegcilv ac {el ygq a{ av kav{~an|{lk %No|~i|aicoc"
>88;!# [eav ~lbg{aocveax mg`lv a{ xovvanbl" jo~ lugmxbl" {o gv-
vofag{l blzlbv oj aclw|gba{q ya{e {el jlgvanaba{q oj gfealzaci {el
Mabblcca|m Klzlboxmlc{ Iogbv %MKIv!#79 [e|v a{ av xovvanbl
{o fgbf|bg{l {el i~oy{e ~g{l cllklk ac lgfe fo|c{~q {o mll{ {el
MKI gamlk g{ ~lk|faci xozl~{q" iazlc kajjl~lc{ fegcil vflcg~aov
~lig~kaci {el kav{~an|{aoc oj acfoml#75
79 [el Mabblcca|m Klzlboxmlc{ Iogbv %MKIv! yl~l jo~m|bg{lk g{ {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Mab-
blcca|m V|mma{ elbk ac Cly Qo~` Fa{q ac >888#" lx~lvlc{g{azlv j~om 751 v{g{lv g{{lcklk
{el V|mma{" gck gi~llk {o g vl~alv oj fomma{mlc{v {o l~gkafg{l xozl~{q" g{{gac |cazl~vgb
x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc" x~omo{l ilckl~ lw|gba{q" ~lk|fl feabk mo~{gba{q ~g{lv" amx~ozl mg-
{l~cgb elgb{e" fomng{ EAZ/GAKV gck o{el~ abbclvvlv" lcv|~l lcza~ocmlc{gb v|v{gacgnaba{q
gck klzlbox g ibongb xg~{cl~veax jo~ klzlboxmlc{#
75 Avo-xozl~{q f|~zlv g~l focv{~|f{lk" yeafe g~l lvvlc{agbbq fomnacg{aocv oj IKX i~oy{e
~g{lv gck fegcilv ac aclw|gba{q {eg{ yo|bk lcgnbl vofal{q {o ~lgfe {el xozl~{q blzlbv
~lw|a~lk nq {el MKIv jo~ >87886! x~odlf{" egbzaci {el acfaklcfl oj lu{~lml xozl~{q
nq >87< ac ~lbg{aoc {o {el blzlb ~lxo~{lk ac 7118" yo|bk ~lw|a~l
focvakl~gnbq eaiel~ i~oy{e ~g{lv ac {eovl fo|c{~alv {eg{ nq 7118
x~lvlc{lk zl~q eaie blzlbv oj aclw|gba{q" xg~{af|bg~bq gmoci {el
xoo~lv{ %ngvlk oc {el gvv|mx{aoc {eg{ aclw|gba{q kolv co{ fegcil
o~ kolv vo ocbq mg~iacgbbq!# [el ~lw|a~lk i~oy{e ~g{lv yo|bk nl
v|nv{gc{agbbq boyl~ jo~ {elvl vgml fo|c{~alv aj {elq yl~l gnbl {o
ilcl~g{l boyl~ x~lzgabaci aclw|gba{q# Gxxbqaci {el vgml gxx~ogfe"
Mgfeaclg gck Eoxlcegqc %>88
gvv|mx{aoc oj g 78, ~lk|f{aoc ac {el Iaca acfoml foljfalc{
yl~l mgkl" {el ~lw|a~lk i~oy{e ~g{lv yo|bk k~ox j~om 1#;,{o 9, xl~ gcc|m ac Nobazag0 j~om ;#1, {o 6#7, ac I|g{lmgbg0
j~om 5#7, {o:, ac Eock|~gv0 j~om :#7, {o;#>, ac Cafg~gi|g"
gck j~om 5#5, {o :#5, ac Xg~gi|gq#71
71 [el Iaca foljfalc{ av gc ackafg{o~ lmxboqlk {~gka{aocgbbq {o mlgv|~l acfoml aclw|gba{q
jo~ g i~o|x oj xloxbl## A{ ~gcilv j~om tl~o %~llf{aci xl~jlf{ lw|gba{q ac yeafe lzl~qocl
egv {el vgml acfoml! gck ocl %g zgb|l {eg{ klvf~anlv {el lu{~lml eqxo{el{afgb fgvl
ac yeafe d|v{ ocl xl~voc xovvlvvlv gbb {el acfoml!# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" {el eaiel~ {el Iaca
zgb|l" {el i~lg{l~ {el x~lzgabaci acfoml aclw|gba{q# Jo~ g mo~l kl{gablk kavf|vvaoc oj
{eav {oxaf" vll Jov{l~ gck Vlc %7119!# [el Iaca acklu av {el vgml Iaca foljfalc{ n|{
lux~lvvlk gv g xl~flc{gil#
Co{l4 [el amgil acfb|klv kg{g jo~ 75 Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc fo|c{~alv gck klxaf{v {el jobboyaci xl~flc{gilv4 qo|ci xloxbl gilk 7< {o 71 yeo fomxbl{lk x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc0
qo|ci xloxbl gilk >8 {o >; yeo fomxbl{lk vlfockg~q lk|fg{aoc0 gck qo|ci xloxbl gilk >< {o >1 yeo fomxbl{lk |cazl~va{q v{|kalv" ya{e ~ljl~lcfl {o {el blzlb oj vfeoobaci ac {el
eo|vleobk#
$ Gzl~gil qlg~v oj v{|kq oj {el elgk oj {el eo|vleobk gck eav/el~ vxo|vl {o ig|il {el lk|fg{aoc oj {el xg~lc{v#
Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm ngvlk oc LFBGF kg{g %>889!#
X~amg~q vfeoobaci
acfomxbl{l
\x {o vlfockg~q
acfomxbl{l
Zofg{aocgb gck|cazl~va{q {~gacaci
acfomxbl{l
\cazl~va{q {~gacaci
fomxbl{l
Vlfockg~q
fomxbl{l
Xg~lc{v blzlb oj vfeoobaci$
Feg~{ 7#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb vfeoobaci x~oi~lvv#Fa~fg>88< %,!
Xl~flc{gil
oj feabk~lc yeo
fomxbl{lk blzlb###
X~amg~q
vfeoobaci
Vlfockg~q
\cazl~va{q
5#9
6#7
19#7
8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010
24/207
>Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
Aclw|gba{q ~lv{~af{v {el klzlboxmlc{ oxxo~{|ca{alv oj n~ogk
vyg{elv oj {el xox|bg{aoc" eackl~v e|mgc fgxa{gb jo~mg{aoc" gck
bama{v x~ovxlf{v oj aczlv{mlc{ ac x~ok|f{azl gf{aza{alv" yeafe ac
{|~c |ckl~maclv lfocomaf i~oy{e fgxgfa{q# J|~{el~mo~l" nq
x~lvl~zaci acv{a{|{aocv {eg{ |xeobk {el ac{l~lv{v oj {el koma-
cgc{ vlf{o~v" aclw|gba{q lugfl~ng{lv {el ~lbg{azl focflc{~g{aoc
oj ylgb{e ac {el ~afel~ lfelbocv oj vofal{q %No|~i|aicoc" Jl~-
~la~g gck Ygb{oc" >889!# Vamabg~bq" gck gv kavf|vvlk ac Fegx{l~88
[OYG^KV G X\NBAF XOBAFQ GXX^OGFE
NGVLK OC [EL JACKACIV OJ [EAV ^LXO^[[eav lxo~{ x~oxovlv g focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` jo~ xacxoac{aci {el
fg|vlv {eg{ xl~xl{|g{l ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb aclw|gba{q# A{ x~lvlc{v gc
gcgbq{afgb gxx~ogfe {eg{ mgq nl gxxbalk {o eo|vleobkv {o aklc{ajq
{el m|b{axbl focv{~gac{v {elq jgfl" gboci ya{e {el mlfegcavmv
{eg{ elbx ~lx~ok|fl aclw|gba{q# [el ~lv|b{v fgc vl~zl gv {el ngvav
jo~ klzlboxaci x|nbaf xobafalv fgxgnbl oj n~lg`aci {e~o|ie {el
ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb fqfblv oj xoo~ xl~jo~mgcfl ac {l~mv oj e|mgc
klzlboxmlc{# [el jof|v oj {el nackaci focv{~gac{v gxx~ogfe x~o-
xovlk ac Fegx{l~ 6 av gffomxgcalk nq gc gcgbqvav oj {el jgf{o~v
{eg{ {~gcvflck x|~lbq ondlf{azl gvxlf{v ~lbg{aci {o gfflvv {o iookv
gck vl~zaflv# Fegx{l~ ; x~lvlc{v {el fgxgnaba{alv gxx~ogfe {o e|-mgc klzlboxmlc{ {elo~q ac i~lg{l~ kl{gab" luxbo~lv {el vofagb
gck foc{lu{|gb jgf{o~v {eg{ vegxl aclw|gba{q" gck lugmaclv eoy
{elvl focv{~gac{v ac|lcfl {el jo~mg{aoc oj xloxblv gvxa~g-
{aocv" gv ylbb gv {ela~ gnaba{q {o x|~v|l gck ~lgbatl iogbv {elq
zgb|l gck egzl ~lgvoc {o zgb|l# [el gxxbafg{aoc oj g n~ogk gck
fomx~lelcvazl gxx~ogfe {eg{ gkk~lvvlv {el ~lblzgcfl oj" gck
ac{l~gf{aoc nl{yllc" {el c|ml~o|v jgf{o~v {eg{ ~lx~ok|fl gck
xl~xl{|g{l xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q" av f~|fagb jo~ {el jo~m|bg{aoc
oj ljjlf{azl boci-{l~m x|nbaf xobafalv#
[el~l av gb~lgkq lu{lcvazl `coyblkil gck gyg~lclvv oj {el
v{~lci{ev" ylg`clvvlv gck ~lbg{azl amxo~{gcfl oj {el x|nbafaca{ag{azlv klvaiclk {o fomng{ xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q# G w|lv{aoc
{eg{ nliv gv`aci av yeq mgcq oj {elvl xobafq aca{ag{azlv g~l clzl~
x~oxovlk o~" aj x~oxovlk gck amxblmlc{lk" jgab {o v|ffllk# [el
fbovaci g~i|mlc{ oj {eav lxo~{ foc{lckv {eg{ ac o~kl~ {o n~lg`
{eav fqfbl oj aclw|gba{q"co{ ocbq jgf{o~v ~lbg{lk {o eo|vleobkv m|v{
nl {g`lc ac{o gffo|c{" n|{ gbvo {eovl gvvofag{lk ya{e {el w|gba{q
oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck {el zl~q j|cf{aocaci oj {el vqv{lm
jo~ xg~{afaxg{aci ac klfavaocv oj x|nbaf ac{l~lv{" gv ylbb gv {eovl
jgf{o~v {eg{ gjjlf{ {el v{~lci{e oj {el v{g{l gck {el ljjlf{azlclvv
oj {el acv{~|mlc{v gzgabgnbl {o a{# [elvl jgf{o~v lcfomxgvv gv-
xlf{v ~lbg{aci co{ ocbq {o ~lkav{~an|{aoc" n|{ gbvo {o {el ~li|bg{o~q
fgxgfa{q oj {el v{g{l gck a{v gnaba{q {o i|g~gc{ll lcza~ocmlc{voj ~lgb gck ljjlf{azl fomxl{a{aoc {eg{ nlcl{ focv|ml~v# [elvl
lblmlc{v g~l kavf|vvlk g{ i~lg{l~ blci{e ac Fegx{l~
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^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
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>Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
E\MGC KLZLBOXMLC[ YA[EXL^VAV[ACI ACLW\GBA[Q
Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %BGF! av {el yo~bk)v mov{ |c-
lw|gb ~liaoc# Aclw|gba{q av co{ ocbq eaie" n|{ gbvo zl~q xl~vav{lc{
%vll Feg~{v >#7 gck >#>#!" klvxa{l {el jgf{ {eg{ ~lflc{bq {el~l egzl
nllc vaicafgc{ gkzgcflv ac vofagb gfealzlmlc{v" yeafe g~l
~llf{lk ac {el {~lck ac {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!#7
[eav fegx{l~ kavf|vvlv {el ~lflc{ lzob|{aoc oj e|mgc klzlbox-
mlc{ ac BGF gck {el aclw|gba{q {eg{ feg~gf{l~avlv {el ~liaoc# A{
gbvo x~oxovlv gc gb{l~cg{azl ml{eok jo~ fgbf|bg{aci {el EKA {o
~llf{ luav{aci aclw|gba{q ac lgfe oj {el fo|c{~alv oj {el ~liaoc#
Bgv{ oj gbb" a{ klvf~anlv eoy {eav aclw|gba{q av {~gcvma{{lk j~omocl ilcl~g{aoc {o gco{el~" gv g ~lv|b{ oj {el jgf{ {eg{ a{v ac{lcva{q
gck xl~vav{lcfl av fomnaclk ya{e boy vofagb monaba{q#
Ozl~ {el xl~aok vxgccaci 7118->889" BGF fo|c{~alv ~lxo~{lk
igacv ac {l~mv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{" gb{eo|ie {el gzl~gil gc-
c|gb i~oy{e ~g{l jo~ {eav xg~{af|bg~ ackafg{o~ egv jgbblc vbaie{bq
ozl~ ~lflc{ qlg~v" mozaci j~om 8#5, ac {el cacl{alv {o 8#:, jo~
>888->889 %vll [gnbl >#7!# Ac fomxg~g{azl {l~mv" {el xl~jo~mgcfl
oj fo|c{~alv zg~alk i~lg{bq" gb{eo|ie {eovl ya{e boyl~ ~lbg{azl
blzlbv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gffo~kaci {o {eav acklu veoylk
co{gnbq eaiel~ i~oy{e ~g{lv {egc fo|c{~alv ya{e {el eaielv{ EKA
77 Vacfl 7118" {el \ca{lk Cg{aocgb Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX! egv |vlk {el EKA gv
{el x~amg~q {oob jo~ mlgv|~aci e|mgc klzlboxmlc{# [eav acklu ygv klvaiclk {o ~lfo~k
x~oi~lvv ac {e~ll j|ckgmlc{gb kamlcvaocv4 bazaci g boci gck elgb{eq bajl %mlgv|~lk
nq bajl luxlf{gcfq g{ na~{e!" {el gfw|ava{aoc oj zgb|gnbl `coyblkil jo~ {el ackazak|gb
gck vofal{q %mlgv|~lk nq ba{l~gfq ~g{lv gck vfeoob lc~obmlc{! gck {el gzgabgnaba{q oj
acfoml cllklk {o mgac{gac g klflc{ v{gckg~k oj bazaci %mlgv|~lk nq xl~ fgxa{g i~ovv
komlv{af x~ok|f{ IKX gkd|v{lk jo~ x|~fegvaci xoyl~ xg~a{q!# Gc acklu av fgbf|bg{lk
jo~ lgfe oj {el {e~ll kamlcvaocv" gck {el vamxbl gzl~gil oj {el {e~ll ackaflv ~lv|b{v
ac {el ozl~gbb zgb|l oj {el EKA# Jo~ kl{gablk acjo~mg{aoc gno|{ eoy {el EKA gck o{el~
e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ackafg{o~v |vlk ac {eav ^lxo~{ yl~l klzlboxlk" vll {el {lfecafgb
co{lv vlf{aoc ac {el gxxlckaflv g{ {el lck#
blzlbv#> Mlgcyeabl" fo|c{~alv j~om o{el~ ~liaocv oj {el yo~bk
{eg{ ac >888 egk ~lxo~{lk EKA zgb|lv vamabg~ {o {eovl oj BGF
fo|c{~alv" nq >889 egk gfealzlk focvakl~gnbq mo~l x~oi~lvv
%vll [gnbl >#>!#
Mlgcyeabl" xozl~{q klf~lgvlk ac {el qlg~v x~ao~ {o {el >885-
>881 f~avav" gck aclw|gba{q gbvo klfbaclk vbaie{bq ac g vaicafgc{
c|mnl~ oj fo|c{~alv# [eav klf~lgvl ygv mgacbq k|l {o lfocomaf
i~oy{e gck gc amx~ozlmlc{ ac {el amxgf{ oj vofagb vxlckaci gv g
~lv|b{ oj {el amxblmlc{g{aoc oj vxlfaf x~oi~gmmlv# Cocl{elblvv"
gv av v|iilv{lk nq Nou >#7" a{ av |cfblg~ yel{el~ {el klf~lgvaci{~lck ac aclw|gba{q yabb nl v|v{gacgnbl ozl~ {aml#
[EL [Q^GCCQ OJ GZL^GILV
Yeabl gkzgcflv ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gck {el klf~lgvl ac
xozl~{q g~l lzaklc{ ac zg~ao|v fo|c{~alv ac {el ~liaoc" gii~l-
ig{l i|~lv eakl vaicafgc{ aclw|gba{alv" acfb|kaci iloi~gxeaf
aclw|gba{q" aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv gck nl{yllc {el kajjl~lc{
kamlcvaocv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{# [e|v" {yo fo|c{~alv ya{e {el
vgml EKA fgc egzl zl~q kajjl~lc{ vofagb foci|~g{aocv4 yeabl
ocl maie{ nl mozaci {oyg~k {el j|bb ~lgbavg{aoc oj {el xo{lc-{agb gfealzlmlc{v oj gbb a{v fa{atlcv" ac {el o{el~" gfealzlmlc{v
mgq nl zl~q |clzlcbq kav{~an|{lk" g va{|g{aoc yeafe mgq lc{gab
focvakl~gnbl bama{g{aocv jo~ g{{gacaci j|bb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{
jo~ {el lc{a~l vofal{q#
>> [eav yo|bk veoy g foczl~iaci {~lck ac {el EKA gmoci {el fo|c{~alv ac {el ~liaoc"
g {~lck {eg{ ygv mo~l x~oco|cflk ac {el 7118->888 xl~aok#
Aclw|gba{q ac Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc
>
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>: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
:878!
Feg~{ >#7# ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu oj xl~ fgxa{g eo|vleobk acfoml#
Yo~bky
akl
xova{aoc
>889EKA
Fo|c{~qEKA
7118EKA
>888EKA
>889I~oy
{e
7118->
888%,!
I~oy
{e
>888->
889%,!
69 Ng~ngkov ## ## 8#186 c#g# c#g#
;; Feabl 8#91< 8#5;1 8#595 :#5 6#;
;9 Gc{ai|g * Ng~n|kg ## ## 8#5:5 c#g# c#g#
;1 G~ilc{acg 8#58; ## 8#5:: c#g# c#g#
8#569 8#5:< ;#; 6#6
8#589 5#8 ;##7# Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Xl~jo~mgcfloj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!# 7118" >888" >889gck i~oy{e %,! ozl~ {el xl~aokv 7118->888 gck >888->889
Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm fgbf|bg{aocv ngvlk oc \CKX %>881g!
Gvag
OLFK
Lgv{l~c L|~oxl
Bg{ac Gml~afg gck Fg~annlgc
Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm fgbf|bg{aocv ngvlk oc Kl Jl~~gc{a l{ gb# %>886!
Feg~{ >#># ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu ~llf{aciacfoml kav{~an|{aoc# [lc-qlg~ gzl~gilv jo~ 7198" 7158gck 7118 gck gzl~gil jo~ {el xl~aok 7198->888#
;Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q
Gj~afgLgv{l~c L|~oxlgck Flc{~gb Gvag
L{eaoxag
No{vygcg
\igckg
Vo|{eGj~afg
Mgkgigvfg~
Fgml~ooc
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Ftlfe^lx|nbaf
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@gtg`ev{gc
Mgflkocag%jo~ml~Q|iovbgz^lx#oj!
Xobgck
[|~`mlcav{gc
Bg{zag
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Mobkgzag
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95 Xl~| 8#985 8#997 8#58: 5#1 ;##7 6#1
17Vgc Zaflc{l gckbgv I~gcgkacgv
## ## 8#99> c#g# c#g#
16 Nlbatl 8#98< 8#96< 8#99> ;#6 Eock|~gv 8#:85 8#:18 8#96> 76#< :#7
776Nobazag %Xb|~acg{aocgbV{g{l!
8#:>1 8#:11 8#9>1 77#7 ;#6
77; I|qgcg ## ## 8#9>1 c#g# c#g#
7>> I|g{lmgbg 8##7!" aclw|gba{q av gbvo lzaklc{ ya{eac
{elm# Kavgii~lig{lk lv{amg{lv ~lzlgb {el kavgkzgc{gilv jgfaci
fl~{gac i~o|xv oj {el xox|bg{aoc yeovl blzlbv oj acfoml gck oj gf-
flvv {o elgb{e gck lk|fg{aoc kajjl~ mg~`lkbq j~om ocl iloi~gxeaf
g~lg {o gco{el~ ya{eac {el vgml fo|c{~q %vll Jai|~l >#6!#6
Aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv4Aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv4
ilckl~" l{ecaf gck ~gfl kajjl~lcflvilckl~" l{ecaf gck ~gfl kajjl~lcflv
Aclw|gba{alv nl{yllc i~o|xv" v|fe gv nl{yllc xloxbl oj kajjl~lc{
vlu" o~ oj kajjl~lc{ ~gfagb o~ l{ecaf o~aiac" gbvo ka~lf{bq amxgf{
e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ac {el ~liaoc# Ac {el ~v{ fgvl" gffo~kaci {o
{el ilckl~-~lbg{lk klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA!" yeafe ba`l {el EKA
acklu focvakl~v {el kamlcvaocv oj bajl luxlf{gcfq" lk|fg{aoc gck
acfoml" ac >889" F|ng" Zlclt|lbg gck Cafg~gi|g luxl~alcflk g
klfbacl oj clg~bq >, ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ g{{~an|{gnbl {o ilckl~
aclw|gba{q#;
Mlgcyeabl" ac Eock|~gv" I|g{lmgbg gck I|qgcg" {eavklf~lgvl ygv fbovl {o 7,# Bgv{bq" yeabl {el ~lv{ oj {el fo|c{~alv
ac {el ~liaoc egk klfbaclv oj blvv {egc 7," Nobazag gck Fobomnag
v{ook o|{ ya{e klf~lgvlv oj clg~bq tl~o %vll [gnbl >#6!#889 egk g ILM oj8#587" {elo{el~ fo|c{~alv oj {el ~liaoc egk blzlbv nlboy 8#988#
66 Fegx{l~ ; oj LFBGF %>878! gcgbqvlv ~liaocgb kavxg~a{alv gck foczl~ilcflv ac {el
~liaoc#
;; [elvl i|~lv g~l on{gaclk nq fgbf|bg{aci {el x~oxo~{aoc {eg{ {el IKA ~lx~lvlc{v
ya{e ~lvxlf{ {o {el EKA# [el IKA av gco{el~ ocl oj {el x~amg~q ackafg{o~v |vlk nq
{el \CKX" gck a{ acfb|klv {el vgml kamlcvaocv gv {el EKA" gkd|v{lk jo~ kajjl~lcflv
ac gfflvv nq no{e vlulv {o ngvaf j|cf{aocaciv# Ngvlk oc {eav gkd|v{mlc{" aj {el blzlb
oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ oj yomlc gck mlc av lw|gb" {el IKA gck {el EKA g~l gbvo
lw|gb# Ba`lyavl" {el bg~il~ {el kav{gcfl av nl{yllc ocl ackafg{o~ gck {el o{el~" {el
i~lg{l~ {el aclw|gba{q g{{~an|{gnbl {o ilckl~# [o blg~c gno|{ ml{eokoboiafgb gvxlf{v
jo~ klzlboxaci {eav ackafg{o~ gck {el kavf|vvaoc ~lig~kaci a{v vfoxl" vll {el {lfecafgb
co{lv vlf{aoc ac {el gxxlckaflv g{ {el lck oj {eav lxo~{ gck {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{
^lxo~{ 711< %\CKX" 711
:
>:
686> 6> 66
6< 65 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878
Aclw|gba{q ya{eac g eav{o~afgb xl~vxlf{azl4Aclw|gba{q ya{eac g eav{o~afgb xl~vxlf{azl4
G~ilc{acg" N~gtab" Mluafo gck Xl~|G~ilc{acg" N~gtab" Mluafo gck Xl~|
[el vo-fgbblk bov{ klfgkl oj {el cacl{llc laie{alv ya{clvvlk g
~avl ac aclw|gba{q {e~o|ieo|{ Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc
%BGF! fo|c{~alv# Gzgabgnbl acjo~mg{aoc ackafg{lv {eg{ {el kln{
f~avav egk g `cof`-oc ljjlf{ oc aclw|gba{q" bg~ilbq nlfg|vl {el
xoo~ yl~l gjjo~klk blvv oxxo~{|ca{alv {o f|veaoc {elmvlbzlv
j~om {el ljjlf{v oj acg{aoc# Vamabg~bq" {el vgjl{q cl{v ac{lcklk
{o gak {el xox|bg{aoc yl~l la{el~ coc-luav{lc{ o~ x~lvlc{lk
klvaic gyv#
Ozl~ {el fo|~vl oj {el cacl{alv" g klfgkl feg~gf{l~atlk nq
v{~|f{|~gb ~ljo~mv" aclw|gba{q ~ovl" xg~{bq gv g x~ok|f{ oj {el ac-
f~lgvlk ~lbg{azl ~l{|~cv {o lk|fg{aoc# Gv g ~lv|b{" {el ~lbg{azl vb|mx
ac klmgck jo~ |cv`abblk bgno|~ gck {el acf~lgvl ac {el c|mnl~ oj
w|gbalk yo~`l~v igzl ~avl {o g vgbg~q acf~lgvl jo~ {el bg{{l~ i~o|x
%xg~{af|bg~bq |cazl~va{q i~gk|g{lv!#
[el ~avl ac aclw|gba{q fgml {o g egb{ ac mov{ BGF fo|c{~alv {oyg~kv
{el vlfock egbj oj {el cacl{alv o~ {oyg~kv {el v{g~{ oj {el {ylc{q-
~v{ flc{|~q" klxlckaci oc {el fo|c{~q ac w|lv{aoc# Aclw|gba{q" gv
mlgv|~lk nq {el Iaca foljfalc{" jlbb nq
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