REGIONAL GROUND MOTION PREDICTION AND DATABASE...14. 1964 Aceh 6.7 mb 15. 1971 Pasaman 6.1 MW 16. 1979 Kepahiang Bengkulu 6.5 MW 17. 27 August 1984 Tapanuli MMI VIII 18. 21 March 1985

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NHMSE WS 09/10 (firdaus.firdaus@uni‐weimar.de; 91128) Page 1

REGIONAL GROUND MOTION PREDICTION AND DATABASE 1.1 Identification of Primary input parameters

a. Magnitudes and intensities of historical Earthquake In this recent century, Indonesia has been impacted by a lot of Earthquakes every year. Most of big islands and cities in Indonesia have earth quake occurrences which cause small and big damage. There are many historical earth quake including magnitudes and intensities which were recorded by geologists.

Classification Source Area Maximum Magnitude Subduction Zones Sumatra 9.0 Java 8.2 Banda 8.5 Seram 8.4 North Irian Jaya 8.4 Halmahera 8.5 Sangihe Talaud 8.5 North Sulawesi 8.0 Molluca Passage 8.5 Transform Zones Sumatra Fault 7.6 Sukabumi 7.6 Baribis 6.0 Lasem 6.0 Majene-Bulukamba 6.5 Palu-Koro 7.6 Matano 7.6 Sorong 7.6 Ransiki-Lengguru 6.5 Yapen-Mamberano 7.6 Tarera-Aiduna 6.5 Diffuse Seismicity Flores Back-arc 7.0 East Kalimantan 6.0 South Arm Sulawesi 6.0 East Arm Sulawesi 6.0 Southeast Arm Sulawesi 6.0 Central Sulawesi 6.5 South Halmahera 7.0 Central Banda 8.0 Aru 6.0 Salawati-Bintuni Basin 6.0 Central Irian Jaya 8.5

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b. Recent fault lines Indonesia Region is located in a tectonically very complex and very active area. This region consists of four large tectonic plates (Indo‐Australia plate, Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate, Philipine Plate) and nine small tectonic plates. The plate with different types of movement that has created subduction zones and fault zones which is continuously active. In addition, there is Back arc zone at some parts, for instance, in the Flores see.

NO. OCCURANCE LOCATION MAGNITUDE / INTENSITY

1. 1835 Padang MMI VII ‐ VIII2. 17 May 1892 Prapat MMI VI, 6.5 MS 3. 1893 Bengkulu ‐4. 1908 Lampung ‐5. 3 June 1909 Bengkulu 7.7 MS

6. 1914 Bengkulu MMI VIII7. 27 June 1916 Aceh 7.1 MS

8. 1 April 1921 Tapanuli MMI I ‐ XI9. 28 June 1926 Padang MMI VIII – IX, 6.75 MS 10. 25 June 1933 Lampung MMI VIII – IX, 7.5 MS 11. 1936 Tapanuli MMI VIII12. 1943 Padang 7.6 MS

13. 15 March 1952 Tes Bengkulu 6.3 MS

14. 1964 Aceh 6.7 mb

15. 1971 Pasaman 6.1 MW

16. 1979 Kepahiang Bengkulu 6.5 MW

17. 27 August 1984 Tapanuli MMI VIII18. 21 March 1985 Aceh 7.1 MS

19. 25 April 1987 Tarutung 6.0 MS

20. 21 January 1994 Liwa Lampung 6.9 MW, 6.1 mb 21. 5 November 1995 Bengkulu 6.4 MS, 6.6 MW 22. 4 June 2000 Bengkulu 7.3 SR, 7.9 MW 23. 26 December 2004 NAD & Sumatra Utara 9.0 SR

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c. Source mechanisms There are 3 kinds of mechanisms which cause the earth quake. That are, subduction, Back Arc, and Transform. According to the tectonic line picture above, most of the tectonic line in Sumatera Island are subduction and transform. Generally, this moving is really slow and cannot be sensed by people even it is moving 0‐15 cm each year. Sometimes, this moving is locked; hence the energy is collecting in particular part and then the tectonic plate is not able to hold this energy and finally it will be a explosion where it is famous recognized as Earth Quake.

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Subduction mechanism Back Arc mechanism Transform (fault) mechanism

The Australia plate is subducted beneath the Eurasia plate along the Java trench. The direction of convergence is normal to the trench south of Java, but oblique to the trench southwest of Sumatra. It is widely accepted that the oblique subduction of Sumatra is partitioned into normal subduction along the trench and strike‐slip along the trench‐parallel Sumatran Fault.

d. Source depth

5 years ago, at 26 December 2004, there was a huge earth quake occurred in Sumatera, it also caused a Tsunami which killed 230.000 people and destroy all buildings where it were close to the coast. Another big earth quake in Sumatra was in Padang which was occurred at last year (30 September 2009). More than a thousand people were killed by 7.5 Magnitude of earth quake. These are databases of each earth quake in Sumatra, especially it were taken near to Aceh province and Padang province.

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b. Decision upon the type of spectrum Each zone below has different PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) due to distance of tectonic plate, earth quake source and also geotechnical behavior.

These graphs below explain the response spectra of each zone. Every zone is divided into 3 soil properties, which are soft soil, clay soil and stiff soil. The response spectra of stiff soil are the lowest among the others. The clay soil has response spectra in the middle of graphs and the response spectra of soft soil are the highest.

C. Comparable to Eurocode 8: M ≥ 5.5: Type I; M < 5.5: Type II The tables and graphs below are illustrating the response spectra from EURO code 8 for each

type of soils. It can be clearly seen that the response spectra of earth quake with M ≥ 5.5 (Type I) is larger than the response spectra of earth quake with M < 5.5 (type II).

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After combining the equation of the response spectra from Euro Code and sub soil condition in Indonesia, we could find the new graph as following below:

According to these graphs above, we could conclude the result is that the combined response spectra graphs are small then the response spectra of Indonesia.

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d. Location of major cities (Selection of Reference)

Indonesia is recognized as archipelago’s country which has more than ten thousand islands. 60% of population is concentrating in the Java Island and the rest are distributed in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Island.

Most of big cities in Indonesia have big potential to have earth quake due to the location is near to the tectonic plate and active mountain. In this report, I’m investigating 2 provinces, that are, Aceh Province (NAD) and Padang Province (Sumatera Barat).

e. Decision upon typical and relevant magnitude‐distance categories There are 2 graphs which are describing a relationship between distance of earth quake source and magnitude in each province.

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f. Definition of seismic action classes (SAC) Seismic action classes (SAC) is a classification of earth quake’s intensity in a country or region where it is dependent on the magnitude, distance, soil condition and source mechanism. The map below is illustrating the SAC in Indonesia.

Depth (d) MagnitudeHipocentrum

(h)Epicentrum

(d^2+h^2)^0.5

Latitude (N0) Longitude(E0) [km] [M] [km] [km]

1 26-Dec-04 00:58:53.45 3°17'42.00"N 95°58'55.20"E 30 9 260 261.73

2 26-Dec-04 04:21:29.81 6°54'36.00"N 92°57'28.80"E 39.2 7.2 300 302.553 26-Dec-04 09:39:06.80 5°20'52.80"N 94°39'0.00"E 35 6.1 78 85.494 26-Dec-04 01:25:48.76 5°29'56.40"N 94°12'46.80"E 30 6.1 123 126.615 26-Dec-04 15:06:33.24 3°39'3.60"N 94° 5'9.60"E 17.8 6 250 250.636 26-Dec-04 19:19:55.57 2°47'38.40"N 94° 9'43.20"E 30 6.1 331 332.367 26-Dec-04 02:00:40.03 6°50'52.80"N 94°40'1.20"E 30 6 160 162.798 26-Dec-04 01:21:20.66 6°20'24.00"N 93°21'39.60"E 30 6.1 232 233.939 26-Dec-04 12:04:58 6°12'14.40"N 92°54'46.80"E 11 6 278 278.2210 26-Dec-04 1:22:26 7°25'15.60"N 93°59'6.00"E 30 6 256 257.7511 26-Dec-04 2:24:01 7° 7'12.00"N 92°31'58.80"E 14 6.1 355 355.2812 26-Dec-04 3:22:57 5°49'8.40"N 95° 5'31.20"E 20.6 5.4 37 42.3513 26-Dec-04 13:46:03 5° 6'46.80"N 96° 9'43.20"E 30 5.1 105 109.2014 26-Dec-04 3:26:46 4°54'32.40"N 96°24'18.00"E 30 5.3 140 143.1815 30-Dec-04 21:06:49 4°28'15.60"N 96°20'31.20"E 30 5.5 137 140.2516 27-Dec-04 3:42:17 5°46'4.80"N 94°24'10.80"E 19.9 5.1 105 106.8798 13-Jun-06 19:59:53 2°44'27.60"N 94°10'8.40"E 18.6 5.8 338 338.5199 2-Jan-05 8:27:42 3°14'31.20"N 95°27'43.20"E 8.4 5.9 256 256.14

100 30-Mar-05 17:29:22 2°55'51.60"N 95°25'22.80"E 25.2 5.6 289 290.10

LocationDate Time (UTC)No

Earth Quake in Aceh


(h)Epicentrum

(d^2+h^2)^0.5

Latitude (N0) Longitude(E0) [km] [M] [km] [km]1 30-Sep-09 22:16:25 0.43 99.52 81.00 7.50 60 100.802 23-Dec-09 1:11:58 1.26 99.23 19.00 6.00 120 121.493 16-Aug-09 7:38:21 1.28 99.29 20.00 6.70 112 113.774 30-Sep-09 10:38:51 9.43 100.70 83.30 5.40 35 90.355 16-Aug-09 20:23:44 1.22 99.32 30.40 5.10 102 106.436 1-Sep-09 23:47:43 1.21 99.28 10.00 5.20 108 108.467 19-Aug-09 2:55:08 1.21 99.22 10.00 5.50 119 119.428 19-Aug-09 11:35:20 1.25 99.29 10.00 5.10 110 110.459 17-Aug-09 13:55:37 1.26 99.27 10.00 5.00 114 114.4410 16-Aug-09 12:49:00 1.26 99.25 21.00 5.80 116 117.8911 18-Aug-09 9:28:56 1.26 99.25 26.00 5.10 117 119.8512 16-Aug-09 18:50:11 1.27 99.24 10.00 5.20 120 120.4213 16-Aug-09 18:42:23 1.32 99.15 23.40 5.10 136 138.0014 16-Aug-09 10:45:26 1.32 99.24 10.00 5.40 124 124.4066 23-Sep-07 14:13:44 2° 8'6.00"S 99°56'6.00"E 28.40 5.50 140 142.8567 13-Sep-07 16:59:25 2°14'2.40"S 99°56'49.20"E 30.30 5.50 149 152.0568 4-May-07 19:29:15 2°19'40.80"S 99°52'22.80"E 30.00 5.00 161 163.77

No Date Time (UTC) Location

Earth Quake in Padang

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g. Conversion between Intensity, Magnitude and Distance Indonesia’s geologists are using an equation from Gutenberg‐Richter to measure the intensity of earth quake in a particular area.

Gutenberg‐Richter : Io = 1,5 ( M‐0,5) I = Io exp. (‐0,0021 X),

Where : Io = Intensity at Hypocenter X = Distance between Io and I

1.3 Identification of Primary input parameters (3): subsoil conditions a. Geological and topographical maps

The maps below are drawing the geological and topographical condition in Indonesia. It is consisted of several of soil types for instance, metamorphic rock, Mesozoic formation and volcanic formation. It is caused by many active volcano and many tectonic plate in Indonesia.

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b. Code Spectra These are soil condition properties in Indonesia. Indonesia’s geologists divided it into 3 soil type. Those are hard rock, stiff soil and soft soil. Each type has particular period and it is allocated in the specific zone in Indonesia.

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c. Comparable to Eurocode 8: Table of ground classes These are the ground classes which are classified by Euro code 8

2. Ground Motion Prediction Models (GMPM)

There are many attenuation equations which have been determined by scientist and geologist, it is very useful to predict and analysis the earth quake in the future. Each attenuation should be implemented in particular area in order to protect the building or infrastructure toward earth quake.

These are several attenuation equation which are determined by earth quake’s scientist and geologist.

a. Attenuation by Dr. Schwarz (2007)

For example (5 EQ in Aceh on 24 Dec 2004)

Regression coefficients for Regression type I

log (y ) = C 1 + C 2 M + C 3 log (r ) + σ P

M the magnitude (Mw )

(r = √ (d 2 + h 02 )

d is the distance (either epicentral r e or fault distance r JB )

h 0 a coefficient to be determined by iteration

P the uncertainty in the prediction

EQ1 EQ2 EQ3 EQ4 EQ5d (km) 261.73 302.55 85.49 126.61 250.63M 9 7.2 6.1 6.1 6

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For example (5 EQ in Aceh on 24 Dec 2004)

ROCKT[sec ]

0.05 ‐2.335 0.4084 ‐0.879 2.11 0.25230.1 ‐1.9508 0.3882 ‐0.9295 2.53 0.26790.2 ‐2.1324 0.4042 ‐0.8 1.35 0.29070.3 ‐2.6417 0.4788 ‐0.7863 1.62 0.3040.4 ‐2.9973 0.5369 ‐0.8211 1.67 0.32650.5 ‐3.4605 0.5929 ‐0.7851 1.35 0.33210.6 ‐3.7125 0.6235 ‐0.8044 1.99 0.32950.7 ‐4.1427 0.7082 ‐0.8708 3.38 0.32370.8 ‐4.3119 0.7188 ‐0.8692 2.7 0.32550.9 ‐4.5495 0.7393 ‐0.8488 2.63 0.33191 ‐4.7573 0.7654 ‐0.8584 3.23 0.3304

1.5 ‐5.3869 0.8042 ‐0.799 2.76 0.29672 ‐5.7209 0.8305 ‐0.8409 2.62 0.2974

C 1 C 2 C 3 h 0 σSTIFF SOILT[sec ]

0.05 ‐2.0064 0.4178 ‐1.0375 9.11 0.28510.1 ‐1.4161 0.4117 ‐1.2335 13.43 0.30330.2 ‐1.7528 0.4411 ‐1.0817 11.21 0.29410.3 ‐2.2835 0.5026 ‐1.006 8.8 0.29250.4 ‐2.7167 0.5497 ‐0.9635 7.45 0.27730.5 ‐2.992 0.5904 ‐0.9786 8.48 0.27590.6 ‐3.3887 0.6313 ‐0.93 6.86 0.27110.7 ‐3.6864 0.6582 ‐0.8948 5.32 0.27560.8 ‐3.9673 0.6857 ‐0.8657 4.61 0.27480.9 ‐4.1998 0.7056 ‐0.828 4.02 0.27651 ‐4.3804 0.728 ‐0.833 4.27 0.28

1.5 ‐5.1316 0.8147 ‐0.8296 4.55 0.30362 ‐5.5928 0.8544 ‐0.8174 4.07 0.3113

C 1 C 2 C 3 h 0 σ

Regression coefficients for Regression type II

log (y ) = C 1 + C 2 M + C 3 log (r ) + C 4 S stiff + C 5 S soft + σ P

M the magnitude (Mw )

(r = √ (d 2 + h 02 )

d is the distance (either epicentral r e or fault distance r JB )

h 0 a coefficient to be determined by iteration

P the uncertainty in the prediction

EQ1 EQ2 EQ3 EQ4 EQ5d (km) 261.73 302.55 85.49 126.61 250.63M 9 7.2 6.1 6.1 6

T[sec]

0.04 ‐1.48 0.266 3.5 ‐0.922 0.117 0.124 0.250.1 ‐0.84 0.219 4.5 ‐0.954 0.078 0.027 0.270.11 ‐0.86 0.221 4.5 ‐0.945 0.098 0.036 0.270.12 ‐0.87 0.231 4.7 ‐0.96 0.111 0.052 0.270.13 ‐0.87 0.238 5.3 ‐0.981 0.131 0.068 0.270.14 ‐0.94 0.244 4.9 ‐0.955 0.136 0.077 0.270.15 ‐0.98 0.247 4.7 ‐0.938 0.143 0.085 0.270.16 ‐1.05 0.252 4.4 ‐0.907 0.152 0.101 0.270.17 ‐1.08 0.258 4.3 ‐0.896 0.14 0.102 0.270.18 ‐1.13 0.268 4 ‐0.901 0.129 0.107 0.270.19 ‐1.19 0.278 3.9 ‐0.907 0.133 0.13 0.280.2 ‐1.21 0.284 4.2 ‐0.922 0.135 0.142 0.270.22 ‐1.28 0.295 4.1 ‐0.911 0.12 0.143 0.280.24 ‐1.37 0.308 3.9 ‐0.916 0.124 0.155 0.280.26 ‐1.4 0.318 4.3 ‐0.942 0.134 0.163 0.280.28 ‐1.46 0.326 4.4 ‐0.946 0.134 0.158 0.290.3 ‐1.55 0.338 4.2 ‐0.933 0.133 0.148 0.30.32 ‐1.63 0.349 4.2 ‐0.932 0.125 0.161 0.310.34 ‐1.65 0.351 4.4 ‐0.939 0.118 0.163 0.310.36 ‐1.69 0.354 4.5 ‐0.936 0.124 0.16 0.310.38 ‐1.82 0.364 3.9 ‐0.9 0.132 0.164 0.310.4 ‐1.94 0.377 3.6 ‐0.888 0.139 0.172 0.31

σC 1 C 2 h 0 C 3 C 4 C S 0.42 ‐1.99 0.384 3.7 ‐0.897 0.147 0.18 0.320.44 ‐2.05 0.393 3.9 ‐0.908 0.153 0.187 0.320.46 ‐2.11 0.401 3.7 ‐0.911 0.149 0.191 0.320.48 ‐2.17 0.41 3.5 ‐0.92 0.15 0.197 0.320.5 ‐2.25 0.42 3.3 ‐0.913 0.147 0.201 0.320.55 ‐2.38 0.434 3.1 ‐0.911 0.134 0.203 0.320.6 ‐2.49 0.438 2.5 ‐0.881 0.124 0.212 0.320.65 ‐2.58 0.451 2.8 ‐0.901 0.122 0.215 0.320.7 ‐2.67 0.463 3.1 ‐0.914 0.116 0.214 0.330.75 ‐2.75 0.477 3.5 ‐0.942 0.113 0.212 0.320.8 ‐2.86 0.485 3.7 ‐0.925 0.127 0.218 0.320.85 ‐2.93 0.492 3.9 ‐0.92 0.124 0.218 0.320.9 ‐3.03 0.502 4 ‐0.92 0.124 0.225 0.320.95 ‐3.1 0.503 4 ‐0.892 0.121 0.217 0.32

1 ‐3.17 0.508 4.3 ‐0.885 0.128 0.219 0.321.1 ‐3.3 0.513 4 ‐0.857 0.123 0.206 0.321.2 ‐3.38 0.513 3.6 ‐0.851 0.128 0.214 0.311.3 ‐3.43 0.514 3.6 ‐0.848 0.115 0.2 0.311.4 ‐3.52 0.522 3.4 ‐0.839 0.109 0.197 0.311.5 ‐3.61 0.524 3 ‐0.817 0.109 0.204 0.311.6 ‐3.68 0.52 2.5 ‐0.781 0.108 0.206 0.311.7 ‐3.74 0.517 2.5 ‐0.759 0.105 0.206 0.311.8 ‐3.79 0.514 2.4 ‐0.73 0.104 0.204 0.321.9 ‐3.8 0.508 2.8 ‐0.724 0.103 0.194 0.322 ‐3.79 0.503 3.2 ‐0.728 0.101 0.182 0.32

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b. Formula Murphy –O’Brein : PGA=10(0,14 I + 0,24 M) – 0,68(log d + 0,7 ) Where: PGA = Peak Ground Acceleration I = Intensity (MMI) M = Magnitude d = distance between EQ source and location

c. Boore, Joyner dan Fumal (1997) ln (PGA) = b1 + b2 (MW‐6.0) + b3 (MW‐6.0)

2 + b5 ln r + bV ln (VS/VA) Where:

r = √(rjb2 + h2) rjb = distance (km) VS = average velocity of shear wave (m/sec) = 1070 cm/sec b1 ‐ b1SS = EQ‘s mechanism strike‐slip ‐ b1RS = EQ‘s mechanism reverse‐slip ‐ b1ALL = unpredicted EQ‘s mechanism

d. Attenuation at Subduction Zone by Young et.al (1997) For rock: ln (PGA) = 0.2418 + 1.414MW – 2.552 ln[rrup+1.7818 e

0.554Mw] +0.00607 H + 0.3846 Zt For soil: ln (PGA) = ‐0.6687 + 1.438MW – 2.329 ln[R+1.097 e

0.617Mw] +0.00648 H + 0.3643 Zt Where: PGA = peak ground acceleration (g), rrup = shortest distance to rupture (km) H = depth of EQ‘s source (km) Zt = type of EQ‘s source (0 for interface and 1 for intraslab)

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These are a relationship between PGA value which is calculated by attenuation equation and Intensity level. This table and maps below are determined by the magnitude, distance, soil condition and source mechanism.

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3. Ground Motion Data and Records (1): Collection and check of availability a. Elaboration of a representative database

Indonesia has 64 seismic stations for 33 provinces. Aceh and Padang provinces have 1 seismic station in each province. The detail of each station could be seen in the map and table below

In this report, I’ measuring the earth quake source to the nearest local station. For example, I’m collecting data of earth quake in Aceh province where the local station of earth quake was installed in Banda Aceh (capital city of Aceh province) as the center. I decided to make boundary of distance is 450 km because it was one of the big earth quake in Aceh province which had large intensity in Banda Aceh. This method is also used to Padang Province, but the maximum distance is 400 km.

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b. Decision of an Appropriate Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE) Most of Indonesia’s geologists have been using attenuation equation from Boore, Joyner and Fumal. But, in this this report, i’m trying to use the attenuation equation from Dr. Schwarz to create the response spectra in Aceh and Padang province because i do not have the soil coefficient from Boore, Joyner dan Fumal equation.

c. Search for National or International Data Centers I’ve been searching all possibilities to get earth quake digital data. It is necessary to create Time history graph and reliable response spectra. These are several websites that I have searched the earth quake data.

http://www.iris.edu/dms/wilber.htm http://www.isesd.cv.ic.ac.uk/ESD/frameset.htm

http://www.usgs.gov/ http://strongmotioncenter.org http://www.bmkg.go.id

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d. Search for Database and National Weak and Strong Motion Networks I’ve found the important data from website http://strongmotioncenter.org about one of big earth quake in Padang. This website has enclosed the location and time history which was measured at local earth quake station in Padang. I believe, this is much reliable because the distance between earth quake source and station is not so far.

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3.2 − Ground Motion Data and Records a. Time Histories and Response spectra

These are the time histories at 12 September 2007. The magnitude were 8.5, 7.9 and 7 consecutively, and then the maximum intensity in Padang was VIII.

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This is the response spectra from time histories above. This is calculated by Matlab and normalized to PGA = 1.0.

4. Application of ground motions models and tools to the study area Statistical Procedures following EC 8 approach (cf. Schott and Schwarz, 2004) a. Statistical Elaboration of database

These are the relationship between Magnitude and distance of earth quake source in each province. There is a rectangular in each graph below. It is determined by making limitation of strong motion where the minimum magnitude is 5,5 and low motion is less than 5,5.

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1 26-Dec-042 26-Dec-043 26-Dec-044 26-Dec-045 26-Dec-046 26-Dec-047 26-Dec-048 26-Dec-049 26-Dec-0410 26-Dec-0411 26-Dec-0412 26-Dec-0413 26-Dec-0414 26-Dec-0415 30-Dec-0416 27-Dec-0498 13-Jun-0699 2-Jan-05

100 30-Mar-05

DateNo

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La

4 00:58:53.45 3°4 04:21:29.81 6°4 09:39:06.80 5°4 01:25:48.76 5°4 15:06:33.24 3°4 19:19:55.57 2°4 02:00:40.03 6°4 01:21:20.66 6°4 12:04:58 6°4 1:22:26 7°4 2:24:01 7°4 3:22:57 5°4 13:46:03 5°4 3:26:46 4°4 21:06:49 4°4 3:42:17 5°

19:59:53 2°8:27:42 3°

5 17:29:22 2°

Time (UTC)

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atitude (N0) Longit

°17'42.00"N 95°5854'36.00"N 92°57

°20'52.80"N 94°39°29'56.40"N 94°12°39'3.60"N 94° 5°47'38.40"N 94° 9°50'52.80"N 94°40°20'24.00"N 93°21°12'14.40"N 92°5425'15.60"N 93°59° 7'12.00"N 92°31°49'8.40"N 95° 5° 6'46.80"N 96° 9°54'32.40"N 96°24°28'15.60"N 96°20°46'4.80"N 94°24°44'27.60"N 94°10°14'31.20"N 95°27°55'51.60"N 95°25

Location

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Depth (

itude(E0) [km]

8'55.20"E 307'28.80"E 39.29'0.00"E 352'46.80"E 305'9.60"E 17.8

9'43.20"E 300'1.20"E 301'39.60"E 304'46.80"E 119'6.00"E 301'58.80"E 14'31.20"E 20.6

9'43.20"E 304'18.00"E 300'31.20"E 304'10.80"E 19.90'8.40"E 18.67'43.20"E 8.45'22.80"E 25.2

Quake in Ac

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8)

d) MagnitudeHi

[M]

97.26.16.16

6.16

6.166

6.15.45.15.35.55.15.85.95.6

ehpocentrum

(h)Epic

(d^2+

[km] [

26030078

12325033116023227825635537

105140137105338256289

Pa

centrum +h^2)^0.5

[km]

261.73

302.5585.49126.61250.63332.36162.79233.93278.22257.75355.2842.35109.20143.18140.25106.87338.51256.14290.10

ge 21

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b. Prediction of site specific spectra using different GMPE These are the result of site specific spectra by using Dr. Schwarz’s attenuation equation.

Type I

Type II

According to the graphs above, it can be clearly seen that the spectral acceleration for type I is higher than type II for each earth quake.


(h)Epicentrum

(d^2+h^2)^0.5

Latitude (N0) Longitude(E0) [km] [M] [km] [km]1 30-Sep-09 22:16:25 0.43 99.52 81.00 7.50 60 100.802 23-Dec-09 1:11:58 1.26 99.23 19.00 6.00 120 121.493 16-Aug-09 7:38:21 1.28 99.29 20.00 6.70 112 113.774 30-Sep-09 10:38:51 9.43 100.70 83.30 5.40 35 90.355 16-Aug-09 20:23:44 1.22 99.32 30.40 5.10 102 106.436 1-Sep-09 23:47:43 1.21 99.28 10.00 5.20 108 108.467 19-Aug-09 2:55:08 1.21 99.22 10.00 5.50 119 119.428 19-Aug-09 11:35:20 1.25 99.29 10.00 5.10 110 110.459 17-Aug-09 13:55:37 1.26 99.27 10.00 5.00 114 114.4410 16-Aug-09 12:49:00 1.26 99.25 21.00 5.80 116 117.8911 18-Aug-09 9:28:56 1.26 99.25 26.00 5.10 117 119.8512 16-Aug-09 18:50:11 1.27 99.24 10.00 5.20 120 120.4213 16-Aug-09 18:42:23 1.32 99.15 23.40 5.10 136 138.0014 16-Aug-09 10:45:26 1.32 99.24 10.00 5.40 124 124.4066 23-Sep-07 14:13:44 2° 8'6.00"S 99°56'6.00"E 28.40 5.50 140 142.8567 13-Sep-07 16:59:25 2°14'2.40"S 99°56'49.20"E 30.30 5.50 149 152.0568 4-May-07 19:29:15 2°19'40.80"S 99°52'22.80"E 30.00 5.00 161 163.77

No Date Time (UTC) Location

Earth Quake in Padang

Documents

REGIONAL GROUND MOTION PREDICTION AND DATABASE...14. 1964 Aceh 6.7 mb 15. 1971 Pasaman 6.1 MW 16. 1979 Kepahiang Bengkulu 6.5 MW 17. 27 August 1984 Tapanuli MMI VIII 18. 21 March 1985