Regional Cooperation or Initiative against Climate Change · Regional Cooperation or Initiative to address Climate Change Singapore, 14 March 2018 Ambassador Arif Havas Oegroseno

Regional Cooperation or Initiative to address Climate Change

Singapore, 14 March 2018

Ambassador Arif Havas OegrosenoDeputy Minister of Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs

COORDINATING MINISTRY FOR MARITIME AFFAIRS

South East Asia, a Maritime Region

1. Water covers more than half of SEA territory (80%)

2. Crucial for international trade ( 3 key straits accounted for 65 % world trade)

3. Home for mega marine biodiversity (Coral Reef Triangle)

• 30 % coral reefs; 35 % world mangrove, largest diversity of seagrass, etc.

4. Producing + 20 % of world Seafood Products


The threats of Climate Change to the Region

1. Rising sea level and temperature,

2. Coral bleaching,

3. Ocean acidification etc.

4. Extreme Weather Events

5. Displacement of people and economic activities

6. Cost of adaptation and mitigation

ASEAN among the highest risk regionto climate change effects


Rising Sea Level in South East Asia

• Rising Sea Level by 40 cm in 2050 may displace 21 Million in South East Asia (IPCC, 2001)

• Refugee and Mass Migration may create unprecedented socio economy and political issues in the region.

Treat et.al. 2013


Statistics of 2010 - 2014

• Rate of Abrasion 1950 ha

• Per year : 29.261 ha

• Length of coastal Abrasion > 420 km

Rising Sea Level in Indonesia



Coral Bleaching


• SEA coral reef is in constant threat of thermal stress

SEA + West Pacific fishery

• Artic region will enjoy positive impact up to 70 %

• Tropical regions, including SEA may suffer significant revenue decline up to 40 %

• 100 Millions jobs will be negatively affected in SEA

Source : Lamb et.al. (2016)


Cost of Repeated Extreme Weather Events: Financing Mitigation/ Adaptation/ Reconstruction?

• Adaptation cost predictions in 2015 onward for SEA will be USD 86 Billion / year

• Mitigation cost ? Reconstruction cost ? GDP ? GDP will fall by 6.7% in 2100 (ADB 2017)

Cyclone Winston (15 times Katrina) erased 10% of the GDP of Fiji


Foundation for Reg /Int Cooperation

1. Paris Agreement – all ASEAN member States Parties to the Agreement

2. UNCLOS 1982 Protection and Preservation Marine Environment

• Art. 61 (2)(4) & Art. 64 – 67 preservation and conservation of marine resources, particularly highly migratory, marine mammals, anadromous, catadramous in EEZ

• Art. 116; 118 undertake measure to conserve living resources in high seas and cooperation to establish regional fisheries management area.

• Art. 192; 194 protect and preserve marine ecosystem from pollution through any source

• Art. 204 (2) cooperation between states to undertake surveillanceto prevent, protect, preserve marine environment from any activityconducted/allowed by state


UNCLOS 1982 Regional / International cooperation • Art. 197 – Cooperation on a global or regional basis for the protection and

preservation marine environment taking into account regional contexts.

• Art. 242 (1)(2) – promotion of MSR and provision of info to prevent control and damage to the healthy and safety of person

• Art. 270; 271; 272, Art. 276; 277; 278, establishment of regional centre, its function and cooperation among international organisations.

3. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 1992)

4. Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

5. UN Fish Stock Agreement (1995)



6. UN Resolution on Oceans and the Law of the SeaUN Resolution A/RES/71/312 - June 2017 Our Ocean, Our Future: Call for Action

a. 2 references on climate change

b. Operational para focus only on adaptation and mitigation:

k. Develop and implement effective adaptation and mitigation measures that contribute to increasing and supporting resilience to ocean and coastal acidification, sea level rise and increase in ocean temperatures, and to addressing the other harmful impacts of climate change on the ocean as well as coastal and blue carbon ecosystems.

• UN Resolution A/RES/72/73 – Dec. 2017 (23 climate change, only 1 calls for concrete collaboration)196. Encourage States, individually or in collaboration with relevant international organizations and bodies, to

enhance their scientific activity to better understand the effects of climate change on the marine environment and marine biodiversity, support continued coordination of scientific work to study and minimize the impacts of ocean acidification and develop ways and means of adaptation, taking into account, as appropriate, the precautionary approach and ecosystem approaches;



1. ASEAN framework: • ASEAN Leaders Joint Declaration/Statement (2007- 2011; 2014 – 2017)

2014 statement

21. ENCOURAGE ASEAN Member States to strengthen existing regional collaborations, including in REDD+ readiness activities, in order to capitalise opportunities under REDD+ framework and future climate regime, recognizing differences in national circumstances and arrangement of REDD+ and/or forest related programmes in individual ASEAN Member States.

2017 statement

8. URGE GCF to facilitate and promote direct access of the fund by ASEAN and other developing country Parties and to accelerate the operationalisation of predictable and equitable results-based payments for Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in ASEAN, and to enhance organisational rapid response capacity, and technology transfer, noting that this assistance, together with the implementation of NDCs, can contribute significantly to the achievement of sustainable development and the global goals of the Paris Agreement;

• ASEAN Socio Cultural Community Blueprint (section D10 – responding and addressing climate change)

• ASEAN Climate Change Initiative ASEAN working group on Climate Change to oversee the ASEAN action plan


Existing structure for Reg /Int Cooperation

• (6 States Indonesia; Malaysia; the Philippines; Papua New Guinea; Timor Leste; Solomon Islands + 8 Development partners)

• Covers a region with mega marine biodiversity

• MPA• Promotion of blue carbon

preservation• Promotion sustainable fisheries and

food security• Climate Change adaptation


Areas of Regional Cooperation to Address Climate Change

1. Building Coastal Resilience and Food Security (existing, ‘well established’?)

• Coastal adaptation plan

• Fishery Management Measures (RPOA + SEAFDEC + RFMOs)

• Management of marine biodiversity and shared resources in border area(including unfinished maritime delimitation)

2. Mitigation, Early Warning System and First Response (Revitalisation)

• Improving Maritime Domain Awareness & Early Warning System (Climate related)

• First response Natural Disaster Task Force

• Development of Contingency Plan for mass migration due to extreme weather events(climate driven refugees do not accord to 1951 Refugee Convention)


Indonesia’s Initiatives

Key Regional Initiatives

• Blue Carbon Initiative Coral Reef Restoration / Manggrove / Sea Grass

• Archipelagic and Island State Forum

• Regional Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris


• South East Asia is home to 35 % world’smangrove

• South East Asia attains the highestseagrass diversity (up to 15 species) butrate of damage is high (20 – 50 % - Fortes1994; 1999)

• Lack of data on actual condition

Mangrove Distribution Sea grass distribution

South East Asia, Rich Blue Carbon Resources

Duke et.al. 1998 (with update)

Short et.al. 2007

STORING AND BURIAL CAPACITY

Possible Key Activities

• Mapping of Blue Carbon actual condition (ASEAN lack of actual data and rate ofdamage)

• Calculating Blue Carbon ecosystem services

• Blue Carbon Restoration (replanting mangrove and sea grass).

• Incorporation of Blue Carbon Preservation and Protection into NDC onadaptation/ mitigation

Blue Carbon Initiative: Indonesian Ocean Agenda Supported by the World Bank

• 50 + Archipelagic and Island States (Big or Small, Developing or Developed )

• Facing common challenges highly vulnerable to the effects of Climate Change (rising sea level, natural disasters, ocean acidification etc)

• Aim to serve as a catalyst that translates challenges into opportunities (through sharing, learning and concrete action)

• Establishment of a trust fund

Key Features

Archipelagic and Island States Forum


a. Blue Economy development

b. Climate Action, Adaptation, Mitigation + reconstruction

c. Marine Debris

d. Sustainable Fishery

e. Innovative Funding (Blue / Green bond; Blended finance)

f. Disaster Management

Archipelagic and Island States Forum

Key Activities


Preparatory Meeting Archipelagic and Island States ForumJakarta, 21 – 22 November 2017

▪ 1st meeting attended by high official from 18 Countries from all regions (Africa, Caribbean, Pacific, Mediterranean, Europe, Asian.

▪ Technical Working Group will convene in the 1st Semester of 2018

▪ SOM Meeting is planned to take place in Bali, October 2018


Marine Plastic Debris intensifies the adverse effects of Climate Change

a. Cost USD 1.2 Billion to maritime economy (Mcllgorm et.al 2008)

b. Microplastic kills fish, endanger human healthc. more plastic than fish in 2050d. the submerged plastics covered corals:

▪ increased coral reefs death ▪ lower the capacity to absorb released carbon and accelerate global

warming.


Regional Action Plan on Marine Plastic Debris. Why?

9 of EAS Countries are

in the 20 list

SOURCE : Jambeck et.al 2015

Myanmar


Indonesia Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris: Reduce Debris By 70% 2025

A whole nation approach. 4 Key Strategies :

1. Promoting Behavioral Change2. Reduce Land Based Leakage3. Reduce Sea Based Leakage4. R&D and Law Enforcement

• 58 Projects | 16 Ministries and Govt. Institutions

• USD 1 Billion Public Investment in 5 years


Regional / International Plan of Action Against Marine Plastic Debris


The Push for Regional Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris

• 5 September 2017 APEC High Level Meeting on Accelerating Waste Management, solutions to reduce Marine Litter.

• 6 - 7 September 2017 East Asia Summit Conference on Combating Marine Plastic Debris

• Initiators Coord. Ministry of Maritime Affairs + Ministry of Foreign Affairs + the Government of New Zealand.

• Indonesia through ASEAN framework will continue to promote the creation of comprehensive Plan of Action on Combatting Marine Plastic Debris.

• Kick off process 1st semester of 2018


What About :Regional Cooperation for Marine Environment Protection in

Southeast Asia ?

• Land Based Pollution complementing RPOA Marine Debris

• Sea Based Pollution – Establishment of Special Area under Marpol73/78 - Strait of Malacca, Singapore is the only key choke points unregistered as special

area

• Pollution from offshore platform – up to 1460 offshore platform in the region


Documents

Regional Cooperation or Initiative against Climate Change · Regional Cooperation or Initiative to address Climate Change Singapore, 14 March 2018 Ambassador Arif Havas Oegroseno