Regional and International Affair

8/11/2019 Regional and International Affair

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NATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES

Module 3

Regional and International Relations

1 Definitions;

- International relations; Te intera!tion of nation "states

- Nation; Te #eo#le $itin a !ountr%

- Countr%; Geogra#i!al territor% in $i! a s#e!ifi! #eo#le li&e in

- State; te #er'anent #o$er or autorit% $i! is so&ereign and re#resented (% te

ar's of state) tat is) go&ern'ent) *udi!iar% and te legislature and $i! is

nor'all% e'(odied in te !onstitution as te rigt of a grou# of #eo#le to self"

deter'ination+

" Go&ern'ent; te ar' of state $i! is tas,ed $it ruling or

e-er!ising te e-e!uti&e #o$ers of te state tat is) re#resenting te nation at

international fora) defending and ,ee#ing la$ and order in te nation) i'#le'enting#oliti!al) e!ono'i!) and so!ial #oli!% of te ruling #oliti!al #art%+ Go&ern'ent is

for'ed (% te $inner at general ele!tions and terefore !o'es and goes $ere as te

state is #er'anent e-!e#t $ere te !ountr% is anne-ed) se!edes or te #eo#le

(e!o'e e-tin!t+

. Te #ra!ti!e of International relations

.+1 So!iet%

/eo#le $itin a nation are a so!iet% or so!ieties of #eo#le+ To (e!o'e a nation terefore

te #eo#le sould a&e si'ilar #oliti!al as#irations or interests+ Te ter' 0so!iet%su##oses te e-isten!e of !o''on nor's or (ea&ioural #atterns $itin tat so!iet%+

Su! nor's deter'ine relations a'ong te 'e'(ers of te so!iet% in ter's of #oliti!al

stru!tures or go&ernan!e; tis deter'ines in turn distri(ution of resour!es+ /oliti!al

stru!ture #resu##oses a ierar!% and en!e !lasses $itin so!iet%+ Classes in turn infer

ine2ualities a'ong te #eo#le+ In international relations instead of #eo#le for'ing te

so!iet% or !o''unit% $e a&e nations (eing te 'e'(ers of te international so!iet% or

!o''unit% and en!e te e-isten!e also of nor's or #oliti!al (ea&iour) international

#oliti!al ierar!% and !lasses) distri(ution of resour!es (% te international ruling !lass

and en!e te e-isten!e of international ine2ualities+ Tis $ill (e dealt $it in full under

international !a#ital (elo$+

.+.+International So!iet%+

Te international so!iet% as $e ,no$ it toda% is a re!ent de&elo#'ent in te $orlds

istor%+ 4ast e'#ires) fiefdo's or lo!ali5ed !iefdo's a&e al$a%s (een te general

#i!ture of #oliti!s at te glo(al le&el+ So&ereign nation 6 states a##ear on te glo(al

s!ene a(out fi&e undred %ears ago and e&ol&e and onl% (e!o'e te nor' in te 17 t+

!entur% as #rin!i#les tat go&ern teir !ondu!t ta,e a definiti&e sa#e+ 8efore te

de&elo#'ent of rules tat go&ern relations (et$een areas or regions or states) relations

(et$een different #oliti!al entities $ere !ara!teri5ed (% interne!ine $arfare+ It $as


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'ore a state of nature or sur&i&al of te fittest+ 9it te ad&ent of Cristianit% and its

gro$t) $ar and its li'itation) !ondu!t and *ustifi!ation (e!a'e ne!essar% and te

notion of te *ust $ar $as de&elo#ed+ In is $or,) 0Te Su''a Teologi!a) St+

To'as A2uinas argued te !ase for a *ust $ar as !onsisting of;

- It ad to a&e te (a!,ing of te ,ing

-

Te reason or !ause for going to $ar ad to (e *ust- Tose to (e atta!,ed ad to (e guilt% of so'e gra&e e&il

- Te atta!,ers ad to a&e te rigt intention 6 to #ro'ote good or te

a&oidan!e or #re&ention of e&il

Man% unfair $ars and untold e&il $ere #er#etrated under te guise of te *ust $ar and

(% a(out 1:< =onore 8onet stated 0 soldiers $ere te flail of God $o (% is

#er'ission 'a,e $ars u#on sinners and sin and 'a,e a&o! a'ong te' in tis $orld

as te de&ils of ell do in te ne-t+ Not sur#rising terefore tat at a(out tat ti'e te

A5te! !i&ili5ation $as destro%ed (% S#anis !on2uistadors and Afri!a and 'an% #arts of

te $orld seen as !ontaining sinners $ere su(*e!ted to te 'ost !ruel and inu'an

#lunder and de!i'ation (% te Euro#ean #o$ers+ In te sa'e &ein Gorge 8uss 0a-is of

e&il #osition undreds of %ears latter fits s2uarel% in te A2uinian do!trine+ 8usargues tat te $ar on Ira2 " $ea#ons of 'ass destru!tion aside " $as a *ust $ar (e!ause

tat nation is e&il+ 9o defines e&il and (% $at standard is e&il deter'ined> As a result

of tis do!trine in international relations it $as not #ossi(le to de&elo# or for tere to

e&ol&e rules tat !ould go&ern relations (et$een states+ Si'ilarl%) (e!ause of a re&ersion

to te sa'e old #osition (% te 8us ad'inistration) te $ole fa(ri! of international

la$ is strained to (rea,ing #oint+ 0E&il is a &alue laden ter' $i! is igl% su(*e!ti&e+

8eing a funda'entalist Mosle' is inter#reted as (eing e&il (% 8us and is !o'#an%

$eter one is a sui!ide (o'(er or not and no la$ terefore !an restri!t regi'e !ange

in an% nation #er!ei&ed to (e e&il+ Su! international (ea&iour not onl% drags te

$orld (a!,$ards (ut also !reates a &er% dangerous en&iron'ent in $i! e&er% nation

and indi&idual ta,es unilateral a!tion to redress grie&an!es and institutionalise sui!idal

tenden!ies and solutions e&en at state le&el li,e in te !ase of Nort ?orea+

In 17@:) in is treatise) 0De ure 8elli et #a!is) =ugo Grotius) a Dut! *urist $rote

#rin!i#les tat $ere su##osed to go&ern $arfare and tis (e!a'e te (asis for our

'odern international la$+

3+ A##roa!es in te stud% of international relations

Te stud% of relations (et$een nations is a re!ent and e&ol&ing s!ien!e+ Te 'ain

a##roa!es are as follo$s;

AB Traditional A##roa!es

1+Te !lassi!al a##roa!

.+Te Idealist a##roa!

3+Te Realist and or Rational a##roa!

8B Modern a##roa!es

1+Te Strategi! a##roa!

.+Te (illiard (all a##roa!

3+Te Co($e( a##roa!

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CB Te 8ea&ioural a##roa!

1+Te glo(al a##roa! or 'odel

.+Te regional a##roa! or 'odel

3+1 Te Traditional A##roa!es

3+1+1+Te Classi!al a##roa!;

Te #ro#onents of tis a##roa! are to a large e-tent so!ial !ontra!t teorists.

To'as =o((es sees te state) as arising out of te need to es!a#e fro' a state of nature

$ere tere is anar!% and life is inse!ure) sort) nast% and (rutal+ A state of nature

#resu##oses te non"e-isten!e of so!iet% and terefore te non"e-isten!e of la$+ In su! a

la$less state e&er%one does as e #leases and tose $it 'ore !lout sur&i&e+ In oter

$ords te la$ of te *ungle tat is 0'igt is rigt and 0sur&i&al of te fittest rules

su#re'e+ In anoter sense tis a##roa! is also e&olutionist or Dar$inian+ It infers

natural sele!tion tat fa&ours te stronger s#e!ies sur&i&al and !ontinuit%+ To es!a#efro' tis state of nature at te national or state le&el #eo#le ad to agree to surrender

so'e of teir rigts to ea! oter and a##oint a so&ereign autorit% as guarantor and

ar(itrator for and in tis so!ial !ontra!t+ Te sa'e arrange'ent !ould (e said to old

true $itin te !o''unit% of nations or te glo(al so!iet%+ =o$e&er as nation states

de&elo#ed in Euro#e a state of nature 'ore or less de&elo#ed in tat tese states resorted

to $ar $il% nil% on te (asis of ea! states #rerogati&e of national so&ereignt% to $age

$ar+ All $ars $ere terefore *ustifia(le+ ean a!2ues Rousseau and oters sa$ relations

a'ong states as #ossessing #otential for #ea!e as long as 'e'(ers of a so!iet% $ere

$illing to enter a !lear !ontra!t+ Te Ma!ia&ellian argu'ent $as !losel% e!oed (%

I''anuel ?ant and Carl &on Clause$itt5 in is (oo, 0On 9ar) argues tat #o$er is at

te eart of interstate relations in tat ea! state see,s to in!rease its #o$er at te

e-#ense of oter states+ Allian!es) $ars and te ar's ra!e $ere te result of tis

argu'ent and Euro#e $as #lunged into te irst 9orld 9ar+

3+1+. Te Idealist A##roa!+

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Te irst 9orld 9ar so!,ed non"(elligerents as $ell as te (elligerents in so far te toll

in u'an and 'aterial loss $ere !on!erned+ Tis led #eo#le to treat #ea!e as

so'eting te% sould deli(eratel% see, and sougt to engineer glo(al so!iet% in

su! a $a% as to not onl% !reate #ea!efull% !onditions (ut also #re&ent $ar+ Tis

a##roa! $as tus normativeprescriptive and pro active+ 9oodro$ 9ilson te USA

#resident at te ti'e and oters tus #ursued tis logi! and it resulted in te!reation of te LEAGUE O NATIONS in 11+ Te USA refused to *oin te league

in s#ite of !a'#ioning it+ Troug !o&enants or a (od% of rules collective securityit

$as tougt !ould tus (e assured in te !o''unit% of nations+ Tis (od% of

tin,ing or ideolog% failed to (ring a(out #ea!eful !oe-isten!e a'ong states and

soon after te for'ation of te League of Nations after 1. Ital% and Ger'an%

$ent on te $ar#at and soon after te $orld $as in anoter glo(al $ar+ Idealis'

sougt to affe!t te tin,ing of glo(al so!iet% (ut tis #ro&ed to (e a futile e-er!ise+

3+1+3 Te Realist or Rational a##roa!+

8et$een te t$o $orld $ars tin,ing on international relations sifted fro' idealis' torationalis' or realis'+ Tis 'eans #eo#le (egan to loo, at te a!tual #ra!ti!e of

relations a'ong states and sougt to e-#lain teir (ea&ior rater tan to !ange teir

(ea&ior+ In a $a% tis a##roa! $as a tro$ (a!, to te !lassi!al a##roa!+ =ans

Morgen Tau a 'a*or #ro#onent of tis a##roa! argued tat #o$er and self"interest

$ere at te eart of state (ea&ior+ To legiti'ate #ursuit of #o$er and self"interest

nations !a,e i!ed and disguised teir oter$ise 2uestiona(le and illegiti'ate (ea&ior

'oral %#er(ole and legalisti! argu'ents+ Tis fits s2uarel% in te George 8us r+s

!ondu!t of te $ar in Ira2+ Sadda' $as said to (e e&il (ut tat ad ne&er (een

*ustifi!ation for $ar in 'odern so!iet%+ To legali5e a!tion against Sada') te latter ad

to #ossess $ea#ons of 'ass destru!tion and tat (e!a'e te legal (asis for $ar+ =a&ing e

failed to #ro&ide te e&iden!e of 9MDs 8us (a!, tra!,ed to te 'oral #osition) tat is)

Sada' is e&il an%$a%+ 9ar tus is not onl% ine&ita(le) (ut also desira(le in !ertain

instan!es and te issue at sta,e is not its #re&ention or a&oidan!e) (ut its !ontrol to

a!ie&e desired out!o'es+ Tis a##roa! is tus to a large e-tent des!ri#ti&e+

3+. Te Modern A##roa!es

3+.+1 Te (illiard (all 'odel+

Tis 'odel (uilds on te realist a##roa! in tat it re!ogni5es states as indi&idual

entities $i! $en and if one entit% or (all #i!,s 'otion naturall% on !onta!t $it

oters #rodu!es 'otion in oter (alls or states+ Te internal d%na'i!s of ea! entit% or

(all are seen a&ing no effe!t on te relati&e #osition of te entities+

3+.+. Te Co( $e( 'odel

on 8urton sees international relations as e-isting $itin a !o'#le- $e( or 'atri- in

$i! ea! state is lin,ed to te oter dire!tl% and indire!tl% and $ere 'otion in or

(et$een !o'#onents i'#a!ts on te rest+ Tis a##roa! is &er% !lose to realit% in tat

te o#erations of glo(al !o''er!e and industr% is su! tat e&ents in an% state

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i''ediatel% i'#a!ts on e&ents in all or in oter states+ More o&er !%(ers#a!e and

effi!ient trans#ort !o''uni!ations is treatening to #rodu!e a glo(al su#er !ulture+

3+.+3 Te Strategi! A##roa!

Te #ro#onents of tis a##roa! (elie&ed and (elie&e in #o$er #oliti!s+ Te% strategi5eor s!e'e situations in te glo(al arena tat (est suit te #ursuit of teir self"interests+

or'er USA se!retar% of state =enr% ?issinger =er'an ?an and oters e'#asi5ed

te use of 'ate'ati!al 'odels and ga'es teories #oli!% o#tions ranging fro' total

surrender graduated se&erit% $arfare to total anniilation+ /oli!% o#tions a!!ording to

te strategists are rationall% 'ade on te (asis of !o'#arisons of out!o'es+ Te

#ro(a(ilit% of a fa&ora(le out!o'e $as seen as te de!iding fa!tor in te a!tion of an%

state+ Deterren!e troug su! #oli!ies as 'utual assured destru!tion FMAD (e!a'e

'a*or #oli!% #ositions of te USA as a result of tis a##roa!+

3+.+: Te 8ea&ioral A##roa!

Tis a##roa! 'a,es a 'etodologi!al de#arture fro' #re&ious a##roa!es and

denoun!es te strategi! a##roa! as $ar 'ongering i''oral and a treat to $orld

#ea!e and se!urit%+ 8ea&iouralists in!or#orate all so!ial s!ien!es te!ni2ues and

!on!lude tat te danger to #ea!eful !o"e-isten!e 'a% result fro' unintentional $ar due

to 'isinfor'ation or 'is!al!ulation or (ot+ Tere is an ele'ent of !orre!t #rognosis in

te a##roa! !onsidering te furor o&er te role of intelligen!e o&er Ira2 in assessing te

nature and e-tant of treat #osed (% Sadda' =ussein+ Te $ar in 4iet Na' and Ira2

are !lassi!al e-a'#les of 'is!al!ulation and 'isinfor'ation+

3+.+@ Te glo(al a##roa!

So'e (ea&iouralists (elie&e tat te (est $a% for$ard is a !entrali5ed one"$orld

go&ern'ent $it te nation state disa##earing+

3+.+7 Te Non"glo(al A##roa!+

In tis 'odel it is en&isaged tat autorit% sould (e de!entrali5ed and te state

dis#ensed $it and autorit% de&ol&ed to lo$er tier stru!tures (elo$ te #resent state

le&el or tier+

:+ Te Su(*e!t 'atter or issues in International relations

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All te a(o&e a##roa!es loo, at relations (et$een nations in one or 'ore of te

follo$ing areas;

1+ Confli!t

.+ Coo#eration

3+ Co'#etition

Tese are ter'ed te tree Cs of international relations+ At ea! 'o'ent in ti'e allnations are relating to ea! oter in so far as one or all of te tree as#e!ts are

!on!erned+

:+1 Confli!t

Confli!t is te 'ost #ronoun!ed ele'ent in tat te state s%ste' is al'ost s%non%'ous

$it $ar+ 9orld istor% is te stor% of $en and $it $o' nations a&e fougt fro'

ti'e i''e'orial to date+

:+. Coo#eration

9en states are not figting ea! oter te% are !oo#erating in 'aintaining #ea!e and

in dealing $it te !allenges and #ro(le's tat 'an,ind fa!e for an e-a'#le diseases

su! as AIDS or disasters su! as eart 2ua,es+ Coo#eration is igl% &isi(le and

#ronoun!ed e&en a'ong nations tat a##ear to a&e no lo&e lost (et$een te' in tat

te UN and 'an% oter $orld fora #ro&ide an a&enue for all nations to !oo#erate in one

$a% or anoter+

:+3 Co'#etition

Co'#etition a'ong or (et$een nations e-ists in te for' of nor'al trade or !o''er!e

and !an 'anifest itself in te for' of allian!es and treaties+

@+ Te glo(al #o$er 8alan!e+

@+1 /o$er (lo!s

International relations are terefore a(out !o'#etition) !onfli!t or !oo#eration a'ong

states+ Te tree Cs #rodu!e a glo(al #oliti!al #i!ture) $i! is eiter do'inated (% one

su#er #o$er or a grou# of states tat (e!o'e a su#er #o$er (lo! or a s!enario $ere

#o$er is e&enl% distri(uted (et$een t$o or 'ore (lo!s or !entres+ 9en te Ro'an

e'#ire of te Caesers !a'e into (eing (% a(out 17< 8C tere $as no #o$er on eart

strong enoug to !allenge its ege'on% for al'ost si- undred %ears u# to a(out @3

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Regional and International Affair