Upload
irma-davis
View
228
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Regional Advantage in a Global Economy
Professor AnnaLee Saxenian, Dean
UC Berkeley School of Information
AAAS Annual Meeting
San Diego, California 18-22 Feb 2010
The old global economy: core & periphery
Following WWII the best and brightest students from around the world gained access to US higher education
Most, especially from poor nations, remained in US due to superior professional and economic opportunities
US accused of creating a vicious cycle: the brain drain made developing nations poorer and rich nations richer
Core-periphery model: Technology, capital, and skill reside in wealthy, developed nations (the core). Poor nations (periphery) remain underdeveloped suppliers of natural resources or cheap labor for corporations based in core. Uneven or dependent development.
The brain drain: US doctorate recipients
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1978 1983 1987 1993 1998 2003 2008
U.S. citizen and permanent resident Temporary visa holder Unknow n
12%of total
33% of total
Source: National Science Foundation, SRS. 2009
The brain drain: engineering doctorates
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
1978 1983 1987 1993 1998 2003 2008
U.S. citizen and permanent resident Temporary visa holder Unknown
32% of total
57% of total
Source: National Science Foundation, SRS. 2009
Visa-holding doctoral recipients, 2008
China & HK
Turkey
Other 152 countries
India
South KoreaTaiwan
Canada
Source: National Science Foundation, SRS. 2009
Top 6 countries = 21% of all doctorate earners and > 60% of visa-holding doctorate recipients
Visa-holding doctorate earners stay to work in US -- at least initially
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
% w
ith d
efin
ite p
ost
grad
loca
tion
com
mitm
ent
U.S. location
Foreign location
Foreign-born engineers in SV workforce
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1970 1980 1990 2000
India
Vietnam
Philippines
Korea
Japan
Taiwan
China
Canada
All other foreign born
Europe
% of totalengineers
15%
53%
20%
31%
Immigrant professional networks
Immigrants build self-help networks to aid integration and professional advancement in Silicon Valley Help seeking jobs or promotions when “glass ceilings”
limit advancement within companies Professional and technical associations offer advice,
relationships and learning the Silicon Valley model Learn the “Silicon Valley” model of entrepreneurship
Chinese and Indian networks especially strong …
Indian and Chinese started ~27% of technology companies in Silicon Valley, 1980 -2000: 4,146 companies, 122,386 jobs and $37 billion sales
The new Argonauts set sail
Silicon Valley’s high skilled immigrants seek wealth and professional success in their home countries--like Jason and the Argonauts of Greek mythology who faced hardship in search of the golden fleece
From brain drain to brain circulation
The rise of “brain circulation” is altering developmental opportunities in the periphery
Taiwan and Israel, peripheral in 1970s, became centers of entrepreneurship and innovation when “brain drain” was reversed1980s and 1990s
The rise of dynamic hubs of technology in China and India in past decade demonstrate the transformative impacts of brain circulation
Returnees to Taiwan, 1970-1997
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
Innovation in the periphery
The new Argonauts transfer global best practice-- support growth of new technology ecosystems Silicon Valley pioneers new product definition,
architectures, leading edge technologies Taiwan specializes in global logistics and design Israel specializes in sophisticated security software
and telecommunications Shanghai leads low cost, high quality manufacturing Bangalore leads low cost, high quality software and
services
Not zero-sum: Cross-regional collaborations deepen innovative capabilities of ecosystems
Silicon Valley’s foreign co-inventors
Foreign co-inventors listed on patents with Silicon Valley inventors
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Taiwan Israel Japan Singapore SouthKorea
Germany China India Finland
No o
f pat
ents
2000-05
1995-99
1990-94
Source: Analysis of data from Tracey Grose, Collaborative Economics Inc., Palo Alto, 2007.
Rethinking the global economy
Not just global corporations The New Argonauts: Cross-border professional and
technical communities transfer technical, market & business information rapidly between distant regions
Not just the nation-state Sub-national clusters of skill and technology in peripheral
regions, supported by aggressive local policymakers, pursue cross-regional collaboration, reciprocal upgrading
Not low-cost labor Highly mobile scientists and engineers pioneer
entrepreneurial experimentation and innovation that supports upgrading and rising wages in periphery
Concluding thoughts
1. Researchers vs. entrepreneurs/managers: Korean case
2. Central importance of policy reform: venture capital, education, telecoms
3. Enclaves in global economy vs. development of domestic markets?