Reformation

THE RISE IN POPULATION COUPLED WITH INFLATION LED TO A WEAKENING OF

SPANISH INDUSTRY AND EMIGRATION. THE EXPULSION OF JEWS AND MOORS IN 1492 ALSO CONTRIBUTED TO THE DECLINE, AS

THEY WERE PRODUCTIVE MEMBERS OF THE ECONOMY.

Decline of Spain

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SON OF CHARLES V AND A DEVOUT CATHOLIC, HE WAS THE HABSBURG RULER

OF SPAIN FROM 1556-98. HE LED THE SPANISH COUNTER- REFORMATION BUT

FAILED TO INVADE PROTESTANT ENGLAND WITH HIS SPANISH ARMADA.

Phillip II

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RULER OF THE NETHERLANDS WHO LED A REVOLT FOR INDEPENDENCE AGAINST

HAPSBURG PHILLIP II OF SPAIN.

William of Orange

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HAPSBURG RULER OF SPAIN FROM 1516-56 . ELECTED HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR IN 1519 .

HE DEFENDED THE HABSBURG LANDS FROM THE OTTOMANS AND DECIDED TO SPLIT THE

HABSBURG SPANISH AND HOLY ROMAN LANDS BETWEEN HIS SON, PHILLIP I I , AND

HIS BROTHER, FERNINAND I .

Charles V

1 6 4 8 T R E AT Y E N D I N G T H E T H I RT Y Y E A R S WA R , ( T H E P R O T E S TA N T R E B E L L I O N A G A I N S T T H E

H O LY R O M A N E M P I R E ) . F R A N C E G A I N E D A L S A C E ; T H E N E T H E R L A N D S A N D S W I T Z E R L A N D G A I N E D

I N D E P E N D E N C E F R O M T H E H O LY R O M A N E M P I R E ; A N D T H E G E R M A N P R I N C E S W E R E

G I V E N N E A R I N D E P E N D E N C E F R O M T H E E M P I R E .

Treaty of Westphalia

P O L I T I C A L A F F I L I AT I O N O F G E R M A N I C A N D C E N T R A L E U R O P E A N C I T Y S TAT E S A N D

P R I N C I PA L I T I E S T O P E R P E T UAT E L AT I N C H R I S T E N D O M . D I D N O T I N C LU D E E N G L A N D A N D

F R A N C E . E M P E R O R S A F T E R T H E F O U RT E E N T H C E N T U RY W E R E E L E C T E D BY S E V E N E L E C T O R S R E P R E S E N T I N G T H E C L E R G Y A N D I M P O RTA N T

PA RT I C I PA N T S.

Holy Roman Empire

RADICAL PROTESTANTS IN ENGLAND WHO BELIEVED HENRY VI I I DID NOT TAKE

EXTREME ENOUGH MEASURES IN MERELY CREATING THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. THEY

FAVORED “PURIFYING” THE NEW ANGLICAN CHURCH OF ALL SIMILARITIES TO THE

CATHOLIC CHURCH.

Separatists (Puritans)

FLEET OF 130 SHIPS LAUNCHED BY SPAIN’S CATHOLIC PHILIP I I TO CONQUER

ENGLAND DURING THE TIME OF ELIZABETH I . ENGLAND WAS VICTORIOUS IN DEFEATING THE SPANISH, WHO NEVER

AGAIN POSED A DECIDED THREAT AGAINST ENGLAND.

Spanish Armada

CATHOLIC RELATIVE TO PROTESTANT QUEEN ELIZABETH I OF ENGLAND. SHE

ALLEGEDLY PLOTTED WITH SPAIN’S PHILLIP I I TO OVERTHROW ELIZABETH

AND REASSERT CATHOLICISM IN ENGLAND. ELIZABETH HAD HER

BEHEADED.

Mary Queen of Scots

OLDEST DAUGHTER OF HENRY VII I . QUEEN OF ENGLAND FROM 1553-58 .

KNOWN FOR HER RUTHLESS, DEADLY SUPPRESSION OF THE ANGLICANISM IN

ATTEMPTING TO RE -CATHOLICIZE ENGLAND. SHE MARRIED SPAIN’S PHILLIP

I I .

Bloody Mary

TUDOR KING OF ENGLAND FORM 1509-47 . ESTABLISHED THE ANGLICAN CHURCH AS

THE OFFICIAL CHURCH OF ENGLAND WHEN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH REFUSED TO

NULLIFY HIS MARRIAGE. HIS SON, EDWARD VI , WAS SICKLY AND DIED IN 1553 ,

LEAVING THE THRONE TO MARY.

Henry VIII

TUDOR QUEEN OF ENGLAND. SUCCEEDED MARY I N 1558 AND RULED UNTIL 1603 . IN

ADDITION TO LEADING THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA AND DEVELOPING

ENGLAND INTO A WORLD POWER, SHE STRENGTHENED PROTESTANTISM.

DAUGHTER OF HENRY VI I I .

Elizabeth I

MOVEMENT WITHIN THE SEVENTEENTH- CENTURY

CATHOLIC CHURCH. JANSENISM OPPOSED THE JESUITS AND

ADVOCATED THAT HUMANS COULD ONLY ACHIEVE SALVATION

THROUGH DIVINE GRACE, NOT THROUGH GOOD WORKS.

Jansenism

A RELIGIOUS ORDER KNOWN AS THE SOCIETY OF JESUS, CREATED TO STRENGTHEN SUPPORT OF THE

CHURCH DURING THE COUNTER- REFORMATION. FOUNDED BY

IGNATIUS LOYOLA IN 1534, THESE “SOLDIER OF THE COUNTER-

REFORMATION” WERE COMMITTED TO DOING GOOD DEEDS IN ORDER TO

ACHIEVE SALVATION.

Jesuits

C O U N C I L S U M M O N E D BY P O P E PA U L I I I T O T RY A N D D E F I N E C AT H O L I C D O C T R I N E A N D T H WA RT P R O T E S TA N T ATTA C K S O N C AT H O L I C B E L I E F S.

T H E S E M E E T I N G S D I D N O T R E F O R M T H E D O C T R I N E S B U T D I D E N D S E V E R A L C O R R U P T

P R A C T I C E S C R I T I C I Z E D BY R E F O R M E R S W I T H I N T H E C H U R C H A N D R E A SS E RT E D T R A D I T I O N A L

C AT H O L I C D O C T R I N E .

Council of Trent

WRITTEN BY POPE PAUL IV AS A PART OF THE COUNTER- REFORMATION. THE INDEX

FORBADE CATHOLICS FROM READING B OOKS CONSIDERED “HARMFUL” TO FAITH

OR MORALS. THIS INDICATES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRINTING PRESS IN

DISSEMINATING REFORMATION IDEAS

Index of Forbidden Books

SOMETIMES CALLED THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION. THE COUNTER-

REFORMATION WAS STARTED IN THE 1530 ’S BY THE CHURCH AND WAS AIMED AT

REFORMING INTERNAL CHURCH PRACTICES TO COMBAT THE SUCCESS OF THE

PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

Counter- Reformation

D E C R E E D BY F R E N C H K I N G H E N RY I V I N 1 5 9 8 , I T G R A N T E D H U G U E N O T S L I M I T E D P O L I T I C A L

F R E E D O M S A N D T H E F R E E D O M O F W O R S H I P A N D B R O U G H T T E M P O R A RY C I V I L I A N P E A C E . V E RY U N P O P U L A R I N F R A N C E A M O N G C AT H O L I C S.

R E VO K E D BY L O U I S X I V I N 1 6 8 5 , L E A D I N G T O A M A SS I V E E M I G R AT I O N O F F R E N C H H U G U E N O T S.

Edict of Nantes

C O N V E RT S O R A D H E R E N T S T O C A LV I N I S M I N F R A N C E , I N C LU D I N G M A N Y F R O M T H E F R E N C H

N O B I L I T Y W I S H I N G T O C H A L L E N G E T H E A U T H O R I T Y O F T H E C AT H O L I C M O N A R C H . A L S O

K N O W N A S F R E N C H N O B I L I T Y W I S H I N G T O C H A L L E N G E T H E A U T H O R I T Y O F T H E C AT H O L I C

M O N A R C H . A L S O K N O W N A S F R E N C H P R O T E S TA N T S

Huguenots

J O H N C A LV I N ’ S B E L I E F T H AT AT T H E B E G I N N I N G O F T I M E , G O D H A D P R E S E L E C T E D

W H O A M O N G A L L P E O P L E W O U L D B E S AV E D A N D H AV E S A LVAT I O N, A G R O U P K N O W N A S T H E “ E L E C T ” . T H I S G R O U P WA S E X P E C T E D T O

F O L L O W T H E H I G H E S T M O R A L S TA N D A R D S A N D B E C OM P L E T E LY D E D I C AT E D T O G O D ’ S W I S H E S.

Predestination

SWSWISS LEADER OF PROTESTANTISM AND ADVOCATE OF PREDESTINATION WHO

CREATED THEOCRACIES IN SWISS CANTONS. HIS IDEAS LED TO A LARGE

FOLLOWING IN FRANCE, KNOWN COLLECTIVELY AS THE HUGUENOTS.

John Calvin

S P E C I A L I M P E R I A L C O U N C I L I N W O R M S, G E R M A N Y, T O W H I C H M A RT I N LU T H E R WA S S U M M ON E D A F T E R H I S E XC O M M U N I C AT I O N 1 5 2 1 . LU T H E R WA S OR D E R T O A B A N D O N H I S

R E VO LU T I O N A RY I D E A S, W H I C H H E R E F U S E D T O D O, S O H E WA S B A N S I H E D F R OM T H E E M P I R E .

LU T H E R WA S T H E N S H E LT E R E D I N S A XO N Y.

Diet of Worms

LUTHER’S REVOLUTIONARY IDEA THAT EVERY BELIEVER HAD THE ABILITY TO

READ AND INTERPRET THE BIBLE , THAT ALL PEOPLE OF FAITH WERE VIEWED BY

GOD AS EQUALS. THIS CHALLENEGED THE CHURCH’S POSITION THE PRIESTS HAD AN

EXCLUSIVE ABILITY TO DO SO.

Priesthood of All Believers

LUTHER’S IDEAS REVOLVED AROUND THIS CENTRAL TENET THAT PEOPLE WERE LED

TO SALVATION ONLY THROUGH INNER FAITH IN GOD, RATHER THAN BY

PARTICPATING IN WORLDLY RITUAL AND GOOD DEEDS.

Justification of Faith Alone

C R I T I C I Z E D T H E C H U R C H A N D T H E C O R R U P T I O N I N I T S C L E R G Y I N T H E 1 3 0 0 ’ S . C H A L L E N G E D

PA PA L I N FA L L I B I T Y A N D C A L L E D F O R T H E P O W E R O F T H E C L E R G Y T O B E S U P P L A N T E D

W I T H T H E B I B L E A N D I N D I V I D UA L I N T E R P R E TAT I O N O F I T BY A L L C AT H O L I C S.

T O G E T H E R W I T H J A N H U S H E S E T T H E S TA G E F O R T H E P R O T E S TA N T R E F O R M E T I O N.

John Wycliff

PRACTICE OF ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES WHEREIN CHURCH

LEADERS SOLD HIGH CHURCH POSITIONS. THIS PRACTICE WAS USED TO GAIN POWER

FOR SONS WHO WOULD NOT INHERIT FAMILY WEALTH AND LAND BECAUSE OF

BIRTH ORDER.

Simony

M O N K W H O C O M M I SS I O N E D BY P O P E L E O X T O R A I S E M O N E Y F O T H E C H U R C H A N D WA S S N T T H R O U G H O U T N O RT H E R N G E R M A N Y T O S E L L I N D U L G E N C S ( O F F I C I A L A B LU T I O N S F O R T H E P U R C H A S E ’ S S I N S ) . T H I S O U T R A G E D M A RT I N LU T H E R A N D O T H E R C R I T I C S O F T H E C H U R H A N D P L AY E D A R O L E I N T H E S TA RT O F T H E

R E F O R M AT I O N.

Johann Tetzel

REFUSAL OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TO ADMINISTER THE SACRAMENTS TO A

PERSON

Excommunication

M A RT I N LU T H E R’ S L I S T O F C O M P L A I N T S A N D R E F O R M S. H E A C C U S E D J O H A N N T E T Z E L O F

W R ON G D O I N G I N H I S S E L L I N G O F I N D U L G E N C E S A N D A S K I N G P E O P L E T O PAY F O R FA L S E

P R O M I S E S OF E XO N E R AT I O N O F T H E I R S I N S. LU T H E R’ S P R O T E S T S S P R E A D T H R O U G H O U T

E U R O P E , I G N I T I N G T H E R E F OR M AT I O N.

95 Thesis

The End

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