The Reformation AP European History

Trouble in the Church

• Babylonian Captivity – 1309-78

• Great Schism – 1378-1417

Clement VII Leo X w/ Giulio

Seven Sacraments

• Baptism – takes away Original Sin

• Confirmation – receive Holy Ghost

• Holy Eucharist – Body / Blood of Christ

• Penance – confession; takes away sin

• Extreme Unction – prepares you for death

• Holy Orders – preparation for priesthood

• Matrimony – marriage; obey God’s law

Signs of Disorder

Thomas a Kempis

•What are some of the problems in the Church?

John Wyclif (1328-1384)

John Hus (1369-1415)

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Pope Leo X

• Grants permission to Archbishop of

Magdeberg, Albert, to sell indulgences

John Tetzel

Indulgences

Tetzel and Indulgence Box

Actual Letter of Indulgence

95 Thesis - Wittenberg

Charles V

Holy Roman Empire

• Eventually becomes an aristocratic

federation of seven electors

• Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, Cologne

• Margrave of Brandenburg

• Duke of Saxony

• Count Palatine of the Rhine

• King of Bohemia

Duke Frederick of Saxony

Edict of Worms

• Diet of Worms – Jan. through April 1521

– Presided by Charles V

– Frederick III, Elector of Saxony offers protection

• Edict of Worms – May 1521 states:

– Luther = outlaw, heretic and banned all of his

literature

– Open season to kill Luther (without legal

consequence)

Katharina von Bora

Luther’s Four Questions

• How is a person to be saved?

• Where does religious authority reside?

• What is the Church?

• What is the highest form of Christian life?

Luther’s Sacraments

• Baptism

• Holy Eucharist

Social Impact of Luther

• German states ripe for reform

• Church and clergy had many privileges:

taxes, exempt from civic duty (defense)

• Luther (1520): “A Christian man is the most

free lord of all and subject to none.”

– Social unrest is on the horizon… very powerful

• Luther and followers referred to themselves

as Evangelicals – until 1529… when

governments around them began calling

them Protestants (those who protested)

Twelve Articles

• 1525-26

• Swabian peasants

• Demanded end of serfdom, hunting/fishing rights, free use of forests, and free election of clergy

• Thought they had Luther as supporter… initially YES

• Revolt crushed in the end

• This pamphlet is only surviving copy

Against the Murderous,

Thieving Hordes of

Peasants

Götz von Berlichingen

• Gottfried "Götz" von

Berlichingen (c. 1480 – 23

July 1562) and also known

as Götz of the Iron Hand

• German Imperial Knight and

mercenary

• Fought against the Swabian

League

• Goethe wrote play about

him – famous line:

Luther and Women

• Monasticism abolished in Protestant circles

so HOME is the refuge of spiritual reflection

• Clergy allowed to marry

• Luther believed home = domain of wife

• Marriage is the primary profession

• Husband should rule household, wife control

the economy of home (manage goods,

money, food, and raising of kids)

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Zwingli

• Introduces Reformation in Switzerland

• Preaches directly New Testament

– Matthew to Revelation

• Critic of indulgences, Mass, monasticism,

clerical celibacy

• Doesn’t agree entirely w/ Luther… dispute on

Eucharist (Zwingli = memorial, Luther = consub)

• Colloquy of Marburg

Zwingli’s home at birth

Colloquy of Marburg

• Held in October 1529

• Attempt to unify all “Protestants” seeking

reformation

• Came to much agreement but couldn’t close

the deal… fails to completely unify

• Biggest differences on Eucharist

– Catholic = transsubstantiation (miracle)

– Luther = consubstantiation (essence… change

happens after you consume)

– Zwingli = memorial

Five Solas

• Five Latin phrases or slogans of Reformation

• 1. Sola fide – by faith alone

• 2. Sola scriptura – by the Word alone

• 3. Solus Christus or Solo Christo – by Christ alone

– Mary, saints, priests… no mediators or intercessors

• 4. Sola gratia – by grace alone (not merit)

• 5. Soli Deo gloria – Glory to God alone…

– not glory to popes, saints, or institutions like the Church

What made Reformation

possible?

• The Intellectual Reformation

– The Print Revolution

– Christian Humanism

– Humanist Movement

– Erasmus

Printing

• Before 1500 – 14 complete Bibles

in German, 4 in Italian, French,

and Spanish, 1 in Czech, and 1 in

Flemish (100’s in Latin)

• 1 million German Bibles sold in

first half of 16th century –

population Germany = 15 million,

90% illiterate

• Between 1518-1525 1/3 of all

books sold were written by Luther

Before Gutenberg

• 300 sheep skins needed to produce one Bible

• Early 15th century copyist substituted paper

made from linen rags… save on cost

The Printing Press

• Huge investment for type and paper… press was not expensive (could use corn/wine press)

• Printed books were considered inferior to hand-written manuscripts

• But, still very expensive

• Bibles like Gutenberg’s cost the equivalent of purchasing a house today

• Religious topics/authors ruled the market

• Cicero was most popular classical author

Christian Humanism

• Trained originally in Italy – classical

literature, Latin, Greek, eloquent style, new

learning in the liberal arts

• Applied techniques to the study of

authorities and texts of Christianity

• Reform was central – better Christians

through better education

• Especially interested in education for women

Thomas More (1478-1535)

• “For what is more fruitful than

the good education and order of

women, the one half of all

mankind.”

• Raised his own daughters among

educated elite in England

• Wrote Utopia

• Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) –

Spanish humanist, The

Instruction of a Christian Woman

Humanist Movement

• Christian humanists mocked popular

practices that were close to superstitious

– e.g., pilgrimages to holy places, relics, etc.

• Many of the top elites were educated as

humanists and/or directly supported them

– Ferdinand of Aragon, Henry VIII, Charles V,

Mary Tudor and Elizabeth Tudor

Erasmus (1466-1536)

• In Praise of Folly (1500)

• Greek text of the Bible, New Testament,

writings of St. Jerome

• Critic of Scholasticism (combo of religious

dogma and mystical and institutional

traditions of Augustine and Aristotle)

• Very egalitarian in his wholesale approach:

all classes, men/women, etc.

• Books were mostly “how to” books

– Speak Latin properly, write letters, improve

manners, 22 rules on how to lead a Christian life

Peasant’s War

1525

Habsburg Valois Wars

(1521-1555)

Peace of Augsburg 1555

• Lutheranism is officially recognized…

• Each prince decides for entire region

• NOTE: not religious freedom…

– either convert, hide, or leave if not in

majority

John Calvin (1509-1564)

Michael Servetus

Anabaptists

Anabaptists of Munster

Dirk (Durk) Willems - Netherlands

• Escapes, then saves pursuer… only to be

burned at the stake later

Henry VIII

Henry VIII’s parents

• Their marriage united the warring Houses of

Lancaster and York

Henry VII Elizabeth of York

Supremacy Act 1534

Thomas More

Thomas Cromwell

Pilgrimage of

Grace

Edward VI

Edward VI

Thomas Cranmer

Mary Tudor

Elizabeth

John Knox

• Seven-

headed

beast

of the

Papacy

1530

• Seven-

headed

beast

Martin

Luther

Catholic Reformation

• Begins before 1517 and

reflects the need to make

genuine changes… (prior to

Luther’s rebukes)

• Pope Adrian VI (between

Julius II and Clement VII) –

13-month reign as pope

Council of Trent

• Calls the Council to

consider reforms

• Council meets from

1545-1563

• Lutherans and

Calvinists invited

• Attempts to reconcile

Catholic/Protestant

views

Pope Paul III (1534-49)

Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

• Bernini’s statue:

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Angela Merici (1474-1540)

• Ursuline order

established to

combat heresy

through Christian

education (1535)

• Exclusively for

women – train future

wives and mothers

Society of Jesus

• Ignatius Loyola

• 1540 founded the Society

• Followers called Jesuits

• Soldier turned missionary

• 2-year training required

• Travel anywhere

• Schools adopted new

humanist curricula

Congregation of the Holy Office

• Pope Paul III establishes in 1542, governs the

Inquisition

• Inquisition = committee of 6 cardinals

• Led by Cardinal Caraffa – later becomes

Pope Paul IV