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Reform of Public Sector Governance Reform of Public Sector Governance i A t li i A t li in Australia in Australia John John Halligan Halligan ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra Towards Towards a Comprehensive Comprehensive Reform eform of of Public Public Governance overnance Conference and Workshop, Conference and Workshop, Lisbon Lisbon 28 2830 January 2013 30 January 2013

Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

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Page 1: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Reform of Public Sector Governance Reform of Public Sector Governance i  A t lii  A t liin Australiain AustraliaJohn John HalliganHalligan

ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of CanberraANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra

Towards Towards a a Comprehensive Comprehensive RReform eform of of Public Public GGovernanceovernanceppConference and Workshop, Conference and Workshop, LisbonLisbon

2828‐‐30 January 201330 January 2013

Page 2: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Why Australia?Why Australia?Why Australia?Why Australia?

Case of comprehensive public sector reformCase of comprehensive public sector reformDistinctiveness of reforms over three decadesDistinctiveness of reforms over three decades

Public management model case Public management model case (cf European systems)(cf European systems)Public management model case Public management model case (cf European systems)(cf European systems)

Of Anglophone systems a steady reformerOf Anglophone systems a steady reformer

Capacity for learning & renewal Capacity for learning & renewal –– managerialist waymanagerialist way

S i d  i   h (l   h   )S i d  i   h (l   h   )Sustained economic growth (longer than most)Sustained economic growth (longer than most)

Page 3: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Australian contextAustralian contextAustralian contextAustralian context

Anglophone administrative traditionAnglophone administrative traditionAnglophone administrative traditionAnglophone administrative traditionWestminster principlesWestminster principlesConception of the state  instrumentalism  pragmatismConception of the state  instrumentalism  pragmatismConception of the state, instrumentalism, pragmatismConception of the state, instrumentalism, pragmatismShared experience & benchmarking within groupShared experience & benchmarking within group

Structure of government Structure of government –– federal systemfederal systemStates/territories autonomy but interdependentStates/territories autonomy but interdependenty py pEach with own system similar to nationalEach with own system similar to national

R l ti l   ll  bli   t   ithi  OECDR l ti l   ll  bli   t   ithi  OECDRelatively small public sector within OECDRelatively small public sector within OECD% of GDP normally mid% of GDP normally mid‐‐30s30s

Page 4: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

AA f   h i  f   h i   ffArenasArenas for comprehensive for comprehensive reformreform

Sectoral f

Mainstream public Outer/Marginsfocus

Intra Public service Public sector• management processes • corporatisation

Inter Intra‐governmental• inter‐government 

Public‐private interface• privatisationg

relationsp• PPP

Page 5: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Dimensions of comprehensive reform Dimensions of comprehensive reform ffof governance of governance 

I l ( bli   i )I l ( bli   i )Internal (public service)Internal (public service)Steering and coordinatingSteering and coordinatingBudgeting, financial and performance managementBudgeting, financial and performance managementPublic service reform (including HRM)Public service reform (including HRM)

Oversight and internal regulationOversight and internal regulationOpenness. transparency, auditOpenness. transparency, auditOpe ess t a spa e cy, aud tOpe ess t a spa e cy, aud t

Governance of national public sector systemGovernance of national public sector systemInstruments for advising & regulatingInstruments for advising & regulatingGovernance of federal  systemGovernance of federal  system

Page 6: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Phases of reformPhases of reformPhases of reformPhases of reform

Public Public Administration (traditional) Administration (traditional) –– prepre--1980s1980s

Public ManagementPublic ManagementManagerialism Managerialism –– 1980s1980sNew public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

PublicPublic Governance (debates on perspectives)Governance (debates on perspectives)Public Public Governance (debates on perspectives)Governance (debates on perspectives)Internal Internal –– statestate--centric centric –– 2000s2000s--External External –– networksnetworksMetagovernance Metagovernance –– 2010s (?)2010s (?)

Page 7: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Reform phases 1980sReform phases 1980s‐‐2000s2000sp 9p 9REFORMDIMENSION

MANAGERIALISM NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

STATE CENTRIC‐GOVERNANCEDIMENSION MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE

Central concept Management Market Coordination

Reform focus – core public service

Financial managem’t improvement

Outsourcing Whole of government

Reform focus –outer public sector

CorporatisationGBEs, companies

PrivatisationPublic/private

Corporate governance i li irationalisation

General trends Paradigm change to  Devolving, Centre integration results managem’t disaggregating & strengthening

Public‐private  Importing private  Exporting assets  Public sector trends

gsector techniques

g& functions renewal 

Page 8: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

MinistersMinisters‐‐public servant relations public servant relations pp

Traditional formulation Traditional formulation –– one end of spectrumone end of spectrumppStability, permanence, separate, serving governmentStability, permanence, separate, serving government

R di t ib ti   f     tiR di t ib ti   f     tiRedistribution of power over timeRedistribution of power over timeExpansion of ministers resources (political advisers)Expansion of ministers resources (political advisers)Senior public servant Senior public servant –– permanence to contractspermanence to contracts

Tensions at politicalTensions at political‐‐bureaucratic interfacebureaucratic interfaceTensions at politicalTensions at political bureaucratic interfacebureaucratic interfaceDialetical basis to public debateDialetical basis to public debate

Impartial PS maintained, politicisation containedImpartial PS maintained, politicisation contained

Page 9: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Steering Steering and coordinatingand coordinatingSteering Steering and coordinatingand coordinating

Strong centre of government (compare UK & Strong centre of government (compare UK & g g (g g (NZ)NZ)

Res rgence of central agencies o er last decadeRes rgence of central agencies o er last decadeResurgence of central agencies over last decadeResurgence of central agencies over last decadePrime Minister & Cabinet, Finance, Public Service Prime Minister & Cabinet, Finance, Public Service Commission (Treasury as economics ministry)Commission (Treasury as economics ministry)Commission (Treasury as economics ministry)Commission (Treasury as economics ministry)

Executive politics: breath of roles dependent on Executive politics: breath of roles dependent on p pp pprime minister’s style prime minister’s style (particularly PM&C)(particularly PM&C)

R t t d iR t t d iRecent tendenciesRecent tendenciesNegotiated arrangements with line departmentsNegotiated arrangements with line departmentsPublic Service Commission strengthenedPublic Service Commission strengthened

Page 10: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

P f   g tP f   g tPerformance managementPerformance management

i hif i li hif i lLong term commitment to shifting to results Long term commitment to shifting to results and focus on outcomes & outputsand focus on outcomes & outputs

Development of an integrated framework Development of an integrated framework with multiple objectives, but lack of clarity with multiple objectives, but lack of clarity with multiple objectives, but lack of clarity with multiple objectives, but lack of clarity about primary purposeabout primary purpose

Question about role of outcomes and the use Question about role of outcomes and the use of performance informationof performance information

Need to align principles and practiceNeed to align principles and practice

Page 11: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

OversightOversightOversightOversightInternalInternal

State of the Service reports (systemState of the Service reports (system‐‐wide)wide)Capability reviews (department level)Capability reviews (department level)

External (within governmental system)External (within governmental system)Annual reporting to parliamentAnnual reporting to parliamentParliamentary committee scrutiny, investigationsParliamentary committee scrutiny, investigationsSignificance of AuditorSignificance of Auditor‐‐GeneralGeneral

OtherOtherOmbudsmanOmbudsmanOpen government commissionerOpen government commissioner

Page 12: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

PublicPublic––private interfaceprivate interfacePrivatisationPrivatisation

Worked through in late 1980s to 1990sWorked through in late 1980s to 1990s leaving few leaving few g 9 99g 9 99 ggobvious candidates at the federal levelobvious candidates at the federal levelState govt. privatisations of utilities & infrastructure State govt. privatisations of utilities & infrastructure ggvariable; two states have acted since GFCvariable; two states have acted since GFC

PublicPublic‐‐private partnershipsprivate partnershipsPublicPublic‐‐private partnershipsprivate partnershipsInfrastructure (e.g. highways) at state level & Infrastructure (e.g. highways) at state level & premiers’ monumentspremiers’ monumentspremiers  monumentspremiers  monuments

Outsourcing (e.g. prisons, management)Outsourcing (e.g. prisons, management)

Debates about efficacy, risk, returns to public & Debates about efficacy, risk, returns to public & reliance on management outsourcing reliance on management outsourcing reliance on management outsourcing reliance on management outsourcing 

Page 13: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Governance of federal system: Governance of federal system: relationships & agendasrelationships & agendas

Structure of federal system & CommonwealthStructure of federal system & Commonwealth‐‐State State yyrelationshipsrelationships

Financial relationsFinancial relations

National competition agendaNational competition agendaSuccessive rounds of reform culminating in National Competition Successive rounds of reform culminating in National Competition policypolicyp yp yEmbedded in policy making frameworksEmbedded in policy making frameworks

Governance role of Council of Australian GovernmentsGovernance role of Council of Australian Governments

Intergovernmental Agreement Intergovernmental Agreement –– overarching framework overarching framework for financial relations with statesfor financial relations with states

collaborative working arrangements and enhanced public collaborative working arrangements and enhanced public accountability covering outcomes achieved & outputs deliveredaccountability covering outcomes achieved & outputs delivered

Page 14: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

P d ti it  C i iP d ti it  C i iProductivity CommissionProductivity Commission

Role in advising the government & informing Role in advising the government & informing parliament and the communityparliament and the community

Formal commissioning comes from minister, but Formal commissioning comes from minister, but proposals from any sourceproposals from any sourceI d d    l gth  t tI d d    l gth  t tIndependence: arms length, transparentIndependence: arms length, transparent

Contribution covers:Contribution covers:Annual service delivery review for jurisdictionsAnnual service delivery review for jurisdictionsReports on regulation and productivityReports on regulation and productivitygg

Page 15: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Long term reform issuesLong term reform issuesLong term reform issuesLong term reform issues

P tt   d  lP tt   d  lPatterns and cyclesPatterns and cycles

By products of reform, internal ossification & By products of reform, internal ossification & y p ,y p ,contradictory pressurescontradictory pressures

Red tape, risk aversion, compliance mentalityRed tape, risk aversion, compliance mentality

National issues (too hard basket)National issues (too hard basket)Infrastructure reform e g  public utility governanceInfrastructure reform e g  public utility governanceInfrastructure reform e.g. public utility governanceInfrastructure reform e.g. public utility governanceVariations in service delivery performance across Variations in service delivery performance across states & territoriesstates & territoriesTax systems of Commonwealth & statesTax systems of Commonwealth & statesRegulatory constraintsRegulatory constraintsg yg y

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Reform of government administrationReform of government administrationReform of government administrationReform of government administration

Questions about fundamentalsQuestions about fundamentalsQQSteering public sector strategically?Steering public sector strategically?Strengthening Strengthening public public service capacity & institutionallyservice capacity & institutionally

Testing issues around boundary questions at interface Testing issues around boundary questions at interface between agencies, levels & sectorsbetween agencies, levels & sectorsbetween agencies, levels & sectorsbetween agencies, levels & sectors

Capability, including leadershipCapability, including leadershipCitizen Citizen engagement engagement (at (at the federal the federal levellevel))g gg g (( ))JoinedJoined‐‐up governance and shared outcomesup governance and shared outcomesCultural Cultural changechange

Ahead of the Game: Blueprint for the Reform of Australian Government Administration (2010)

Page 17: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Enhancing departmental secretaries’ roles Enhancing departmental secretaries’ roles Enhancing departmental secretaries  roles Enhancing departmental secretaries  roles 

DiminutionDiminution of position & contraction in rolesof position & contraction in rolesDiminutionDiminution of position & contraction in rolesof position & contraction in roles

Bargains and role definition over timeBargains and role definition over timeTraditional bargain Traditional bargain –– roles and understandings clearroles and understandings clearTraditional bargain Traditional bargain –– roles and understandings clearroles and understandings clearRevised bargain under managerialism  more ambiguity & fluidityRevised bargain under managerialism  more ambiguity & fluidityIssues with political short termismIssues with political short termismR   f  h   bli   iR   f  h   bli   iReturn of the public serviceReturn of the public service

Elements of new formulationElements of new formulationFormal articulation of four roles includingFormal articulation of four roles including policy advisorpolicy advisorIntroduction of stewardshipIntroduction of stewardship

‘APS‘APS‐‐wide stewardship discharged in partnership with other secretaries wide stewardship discharged in partnership with other secretaries ggand Public Service Commissioner’and Public Service Commissioner’

Portfolio managementPortfolio management

Page 18: Reform of Public Sector Governance in Australia (Presentation) · 2016-10-14 · Of Anglophone systems a steady reformer ... New public New public management management –– 1990s1990s

Reforming financial & performance frameworkReforming financial & performance frameworkg pg p

Objectives for public sectorObjectives for public sectorEfficient, innovative, flexible, transparent with strong risk Efficient, innovative, flexible, transparent with strong risk management & effective service deliverymanagement & effective service deliveryModernising & simplifying financial/performance frameworkModernising & simplifying financial/performance frameworkModernising & simplifying financial/performance frameworkModernising & simplifying financial/performance frameworkAddressing compliance, risk, red tape and regulationAddressing compliance, risk, red tape and regulation

K   hK   hKey themesKey themesAccountable performanceAccountable performanceE g gi g  ith  i kE g gi g  ith  i kEngaging with riskEngaging with riskEarned autonomyEarned autonomyJoined up and ‘whole of government’ Joined up and ‘whole of government’ Joined up and  whole of government  Joined up and  whole of government  Line of sight & outcomesLine of sight & outcomes

Commonwealth Financial Accountability Review: ‘sharpening the focus’ (2012)Commonwealth Financial Accountability Review: ‘sharpening the focus’ (2012)Commonwealth Financial Accountability Review:  sharpening the focus  (2012)Commonwealth Financial Accountability Review:  sharpening the focus  (2012)

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Refining the governance framework?Refining the governance framework?Refining the governance framework?Refining the governance framework?Principles based approachPrinciples based approach

N ti t d f k   d di tiN ti t d f k   d di tiNegotiated frameworks and discretionNegotiated frameworks and discretion

Collaborative and horizontal emphasisCollaborative and horizontal emphasis

Steering Steering –– more meta?more meta?

Public management manifestoPublic management manifestoPublic management manifestoPublic management manifesto

‘The key to doing more with less … lies in productivity, innovation ‘The key to doing more with less … lies in productivity, innovation and increased adaptability in the provision of programs and and increased adaptability in the provision of programs and p y p p gp y p p gservices. Governments need to remain open to new business services. Governments need to remain open to new business models and new technologies and be willing to phase out existing models and new technologies and be willing to phase out existing practices when they are no longer appropriate. Future practices when they are no longer appropriate. Future sustainability of   operations will depend on being open and sustainability of   operations will depend on being open and sustainability of … operations will depend on being open and sustainability of … operations will depend on being open and receptive to change’ (CFAR 2012: 1). receptive to change’ (CFAR 2012: 1). 

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A stralian lessonsA stralian lessonsAustralian lessonsAustralian lessonsP bli   g t  d l  th  th   l   f lP bli   g t  d l  th  th   l   f lPublic management model rather than rule of lawPublic management model rather than rule of law

Strong institutions: Australian public service, Australian Strong institutions: Australian public service, Australian Tax Office, Productivity Commission etc Tax Office, Productivity Commission etc 

Oversight: Senate committees, AuditorOversight: Senate committees, Auditor‐‐General General Oversight: Senate committees, AuditorOversight: Senate committees, Auditor General General 

Circulation of ideas, benchmarking & borrowing among Circulation of ideas, benchmarking & borrowing among A l h  A l h  Anglophone coreAnglophone core

Capacity for renewal and adaptationCapacity for renewal and adaptationp y pp y p

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Appendix: Nine ‘signature’ reformsAppendix: Nine ‘signature’ reformsMeeting the needs of Meeting the needs of citizenscitizens

Delivering better service for Delivering better service for citizenscitizensCreating more open Creating more open governmentgovernmentCreating more open Creating more open governmentgovernment

Provides strong leaderships & strategic Provides strong leaderships & strategic directiondirectionEnhancing Enhancing policy policy informationinformationEnhancing Enhancing policy policy informationinformationReinvigorating strategic Reinvigorating strategic leadershipleadershipNew New Public Public Service Commission to drive change & provide Service Commission to drive change & provide strategic planningstrategic planningstrategic planningstrategic planning

Highly capable Highly capable workforceworkforceClarifying & aligning employment Clarifying & aligning employment conditionconditionClarifying & aligning employment Clarifying & aligning employment conditionconditionStrengthening the Strengthening the workforceworkforce

Operational efficiency and high Operational efficiency and high standardstandardOperational efficiency and high Operational efficiency and high standardstandardAgency agility, capability & Agency agility, capability & effectivenesseffectivenessImproving agency Improving agency efficiencyefficiency

Advisory Advisory Group on the Reform of Australian Government Administration 2010Group on the Reform of Australian Government Administration 2010