Reflecting on the Genetics Unit, drawone of the following:

1. A Venn Diagram of Mitosis and Meiosis2. A flow-chart describing the steps

of recombinant DNA technology

Warm-up

Chimera: An organism or tissue created by 2 different genetic sources

Selective Breeding

Is there a risk to this?Inbreeding

Decreasing Variation:

Inbreeding• What is the benefit

of inbreeding?

• What is a possible risk of inbreeding?

Desirable Traits

Harmful recessive alleles for genetic defects are expressed

Hybridization

♂ Donkey

2n = 62, n = 31

♀ Horse

2n = 64, n = 32

F1 Mule

2n = 63, n = ?

4n=44 2n=22

2n=22 n=11

3n=33

Can this be divided to make gametes?

Increasing Variation: Mutagens

Breeders can increase genetic variation by inducing mutations.

What are some ways one can induce a mutation?

Radiation

Chemicals

Tools of Molecular Biology

1. DNA Extraction

2. Cutting DNA– Restriction Enzymes

3. Separating DNA– Gel Electrophoresis

Restriction Enzymes

DNA Sequence

Recognition Sequences

EcoRI cuts the DNA into fragments These are sticky ends

Polymerase Chain Reaction

• How many copies of DNA will there be after six cycles?

• After about 30 cycles?

32 copies

Over 1 billion!

Transforming Plant Cells

Using your knowledge of plants, what might be a challenge to a scientist trying to get foreign DNA into a plant cell?

The plant cell wall!

Transforming Animal Cells

• What animal cells are often used in the transformation process?

Egg Cells

Transgenic Organisms

An enzyme from fireflies causes this

tobacco plant to glow

Transgenic Animals

• Mice are used to study human disease

• Livestock have growth hormones

• Chicken will be genetically modified to resist bacterial infection

Transgenic Plants

• Insect and weed resistance can be transgenically induced in plants

• Vitamin A can be added to rice for nourishing third world countries