Refinery Power Outage Mitigations - 2014 · Refinery Power Outage Mitigations - 2014 Hydrocarbon Publishing Company

Refinery Power Outage Mitigations Latest Technologies and Strategies to Minimize Financial Impacts

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1-1

SECTION 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 2-1

SECTION 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY LEGISLATION ....................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Environmental Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1.1 United States ...................................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.1.1 Federal Requirements ...................................................................................................... 3-3 3.1.1.2 State Requirements .......................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.2 Western Europe .................................................................................................................................. 3-6 3.1.3 Rest of the World ............................................................................................................................... 3-7

3.2 Safety Legislation ........................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.1 United States ...................................................................................................................................... 3-9 3.2.2 Western Europe ................................................................................................................................ 3-10 3.2.3 Rest of the World ............................................................................................................................. 3-11

3.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 3-11

SECTION 4 FINANCIAL IMPACTS AND LEGAL LIABILITIES ....................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Financial Impacts ............................................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Legal Liabilities: Environmental and Safety ................................................................................................... 4-2

4.2.1 Unplanned Flaring and Excessive Emissions..................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.2 Safety Violations ................................................................................................................................ 4-5

4.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 4-6

SECTION 5 CAUSES OF REFINERY POWER OUTAGES .............................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Major Causes of Plant Shutdowns .................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Shutdowns Caused by Electric Disruptions .................................................................................................... 5-2 5.3 Weather Disruptions........................................................................................................................................ 5-5 5.4 Third-party Supply Disruptions ...................................................................................................................... 5-5 5.5 Power Disruptions Caused by Electrical Equipment Breakdowns ................................................................. 5-7

5.5.1 Rotary Equipment .............................................................................................................................. 5-8 5.5.2 Electric Generation and Distribution Equipment ............................................................................... 5-9

5.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 5-10

SECTION 6 STATE-OF-THE-ART REFINERY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS ........................ 6-1 6.1 Electrical Standards ......................................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.2 Protection Devices and Technologies ............................................................................................................. 6-5

6.2.1 Protective Relays ................................................................................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ........................................................................ 6-7 6.2.1.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions ................................................................................... 6-11

6.2.2 Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................................................... 6-12 6.2.2.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ...................................................................... 6-13

6.2.2.1.1 Low Voltage ................................................................................................... 6-13 6.2.2.1.2 Medium and High Voltage ............................................................................. 6-14

6.2.2.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions ................................................................................... 6-15 6.2.3 Fuses ................................................................................................................................................ 6-15

6.2.3.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ...................................................................... 6-16 6.2.3.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions ................................................................................... 6-17

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6.2.4 Grounding ........................................................................................................................................ 6-17 6.2.4.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-18

6.2.4.1.1 Ungrounded System ...................................................................................... 6-18 6.2.4.1.2 Solidly Grounded System .............................................................................. 6-18 6.2.4.1.3 Low Resistance Grounding (LRG) ................................................................ 6-19 6.2.4.1.4 High Resistance Grounding (HRG) ............................................................... 6-19

6.2.4.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-20 6.2.5 Surge Arrestors ................................................................................................................................ 6-21

6.2.5.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-21 6.2.5.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-23

6.2.6 Load Shedding ................................................................................................................................. 6-24 6.3 Major Equipment .......................................................................................................................................... 6-25

6.3.1 Substations ....................................................................................................................................... 6-25 6.3.1.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-25 6.3.1.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-25

6.3.2 Transformers .................................................................................................................................... 6-26 6.3.2.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-26 6.3.2.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-28

6.3.3 Switchgears ...................................................................................................................................... 6-32 6.3.3.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-32 6.3.3.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-33

6.3.4 Motor Control Centers ..................................................................................................................... 6-37 6.3.4.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-37 6.3.4.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-38

6.3.5 Wiring and Cables ........................................................................................................................... 6-39 6.3.5.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-39 6.3.5.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-42

6.3.6 Electric Motors ................................................................................................................................ 6-44 6.3.6.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-44 6.3.6.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-45

6.4 Electrical System Design Software .............................................................................................................. 6-50 6.4.1 ETAP ............................................................................................................................................... 6-50 6.4.2 SKM ................................................................................................................................................ 6-51

6.5 Recovery and Restart .................................................................................................................................... 6-51 6.5.1 Onsite Generators ............................................................................................................................ 6-52

6.5.1.1 Common Operational Practices ..................................................................................... 6-53 6.5.1.1.1 Backup Generators ........................................................................................ 6-53 6.5.1.1.2 Emergency Generators .................................................................................. 6-53

6.5.1.2 Causes of Failure and Solutions .................................................................................... 6-53 6.5.2 Uninterrupted Power Supply ........................................................................................................... 6-54

6.5.2.1 Latest Designs and Operational Practices ..................................................................... 6-56 6.5.2.1.1 Single-conversion System ............................................................................. 6-56 6.5.2.1.2 Double-conversion System ............................................................................ 6-56 6.5.2.1.3 Multi-mode System ....................................................................................... 6-56 6.5.2.1.4 Distributed Backup ........................................................................................ 6-57 6.5.2.1.5 Centralized Backup ........................................................................................ 6-57

6.5.2.2 Causes of Failures and Solutions .................................................................................. 6-58 6.6 Summary of Latest Technology Offerings and Market Competition ........................................................... 6-59 6.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 6-65

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SECTION 7 ADVANCED MAINTENANCE PRACTICES AND ASSET MANAGEMENT ................................. 7-1 7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Refinery Electrical Equipment Maintenance Procedures ................................................................................ 7-1

7.2.1 Modern Maintenance Theory ............................................................................................................. 7-2 7.2.2 Maintenance Priorities ....................................................................................................................... 7-3 7.2.3 Management’s Role ........................................................................................................................... 7-4

7.3 Inspections and Preventive Maintenance ........................................................................................................ 7-5 7.3.1 Inspection Activities .......................................................................................................................... 7-5 7.3.2 Non-destructive Inspections ............................................................................................................... 7-8

7.3.2.1 Ultrasound ........................................................................................................................ 7-9 7.3.2.2 X-ray Radiography .......................................................................................................... 7-9 7.3.2.3 IR Thermography ........................................................................................................... 7-10

7.3.3 Electrical Equipment Maintenance .................................................................................................. 7-10 7.3.3.1 Protective Relays ........................................................................................................... 7-10 7.3.3.2 Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................................. 7-11 7.3.3.3 Surge Arrestors .............................................................................................................. 7-11 7.3.3.4 Transformers .................................................................................................................. 7-11 7.3.3.5 Switchgears .................................................................................................................... 7-13 7.3.3.6 Wiring and Cables ......................................................................................................... 7-14 7.3.3.7 Electric Motors .............................................................................................................. 7-14 7.3.3.8 UPS Systems .................................................................................................................. 7-15

7.3.4 Risk-based Inspection and Maintenance Procedures ....................................................................... 7-16 7.4 Predictive Maintenance: Equipment Monitoring and Data Management ..................................................... 7-16

7.4.1 Latest Technologies to Collect Quality Data ................................................................................... 7-18 7.4.1.1 System Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 7-18

7.4.1.1.1 Fault Records ................................................................................................. 7-18 7.4.1.1.2 Infrared Sensing ............................................................................................. 7-19 7.4.1.1.3 Partial Discharge Monitors ............................................................................ 7-20

7.4.1.2 Asset Monitoring ........................................................................................................... 7-21 7.4.1.2.1 Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................. 7-22 7.4.1.2.2 Transformers .................................................................................................. 7-23 7.4.1.2.3 Switchgears .................................................................................................... 7-24 7.4.1.2.4 Motor Control Centers ................................................................................... 7-26 7.4.1.2.5 Wiring and Cables .......................................................................................... 7-27 7.4.1.2.6 Electric Motors ............................................................................................... 7-27

7.4.2 Wireless Data Acquisition ................................................................................................................ 7-29 7.4.3 Big Data Management ...................................................................................................................... 7-31

7.4.3.1 Constraints ..................................................................................................................... 7-31 7.4.3.2 Overcoming Obstacles ................................................................................................... 7-32 7.4.3.3 Cloud Data Storage ........................................................................................................ 7-33 7.4.3.4 Cyber Security ............................................................................................................... 7-34 7.4.3.5 Enterprise Asset Management Programs ........................................................................ 7-36

7.4.3.5.1 IBM ............................................................................................................... 7-36 7.4.3.5.2 Oracle ............................................................................................................. 7-37 7.4.3.5.3 OSIsoft ........................................................................................................... 7-38 7.4.3.5.4 SAP ............................................................................................................... 7-38

7.5 Prescriptive Maintenance .............................................................................................................................. 7-39 7.6 Commercial Asset Management Systems and Services ................................................................................ 7-41

7.6.1 Electrical Equipment-centric Asset Management Programs ............................................................ 7-42 7.6.1.1 ABB ............................................................................................................................... 7-42 7.6.1.2 EATON .......................................................................................................................... 7-44

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7.6.1.3 Flowserve ...................................................................................................................... 7-45 7.6.1.4 Motornostix ................................................................................................................... 7-45 7.6.1.5 General Electric ............................................................................................................. 7-46 7.6.1.6 Power Analytics ............................................................................................................ 7-47 7.6.1.7 Qualitrol Corp ............................................................................................................... 7-47 7.6.1.8 Rockwell Automation ................................................................................................... 7-48 7.6.1.9 Schneider Electric and AssetPoint ................................................................................ 7-49 7.6.1.10 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories ........................................................................... 7-49 7.6.1.11 Siemens ......................................................................................................................... 7-50

7.6.2 Other Refinery Asset Management Programs ................................................................................. 7-51 7.6.2.1 Emerson Process Management ...................................................................................... 7-51 7.6.2.2 Honeywell Process Solutions ........................................................................................ 7-53 7.6.2.3 Intergraph ...................................................................................................................... 7-54 7.6.2.4 Invensys ......................................................................................................................... 7-54 7.6.2.5 KBC ............................................................................................................................... 7-55 7.6.2.6 Metso ............................................................................................................................. 7-56 7.6.2.7 Yokogawa ..................................................................................................................... 7-56

7.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 7-57

SECTION 8 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT: EMERGENCY PREPARATION, SHUTDOWN, RESTART, AND SAFETY ................................................................................................................................ 8-1

8.1 Emergency Preparedness ................................................................................................................................ 8-1 8.1.1 Process Hazard Analysis ................................................................................................................... 8-2

8.1.1.1 Risk Analysis Matrix ....................................................................................................... 8-2 8.1.1.2 Layers of Protection Analysis ......................................................................................... 8-4 8.1.1.3 Process Safety Management ............................................................................................ 8-6

8.1.1.3.1 PSM Metrics .................................................................................................... 8-7 8.1.1.3.2 HAZOPs .......................................................................................................... 8-9

8.1.2 Refinery Preparation Plans ................................................................................................................ 8-9 8.2 Refinery Emergency Procedures .................................................................................................................. 8-10 8.3 Storm Preparation and Shutdown Experiences ............................................................................................. 8-11

8.3.1 Hurricanes ........................................................................................................................................ 8-14 8.3.2 Thunderstorms and Other Adverse Weather Conditions ................................................................. 8-16 8.3.3 Equipment Salvage .......................................................................................................................... 8-18

8.3.3.1 Salvage Companies ....................................................................................................... 8-20 8.3.3.1.1 Select Equipment Co. .................................................................................... 8-20 8.3.3.1.2 Transformer Salvage Inc................................................................................ 8-20

8.4 Shutdown Postmortem: Advanced Root Cause Failure Analysis Techniques ............................................. 8-21 8.4.1 Fault Trees ....................................................................................................................................... 8-22 8.4.2 FMEA .............................................................................................................................................. 8-24 8.4.3 STEP ................................................................................................................................................ 8-24 8.4.4 RCFA Software and Consulting ...................................................................................................... 8-25

8.5 Processing Unit Shutdowns and Restarts ..................................................................................................... 8-26 8.5.1 Crude Desalter ................................................................................................................................. 8-26 8.5.2 Crude Distillation ............................................................................................................................ 8-26 8.5.3 Hydrotreating ................................................................................................................................... 8-27

8.5.3.1 Emergency Depressurization during Shutdown ............................................................ 8-27 8.5.3.2 Reviewing and Updating Unit Operating Procedures ................................................... 8-28 8.5.3.3 Selecting Remote Manual and/or Auto Depressuring Equipment and Instrumentation 8-28 8.5.3.4 Interruption of Operations (Emergency or Planned) and Recommended Actions ........ 8-29 8.5.3.5 Minimizing Exposure Risks during Reactor Shutdowns .............................................. 8-30 8.5.3.6 Preventing Flaring during Unit Startup or Shutdown Procedures ................................. 8-31

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8.5.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking .................................................................................................................. 8-31 8.5.4.1 Emergency and Unplanned Shutdowns ......................................................................... 8-31 8.5.4.2 Preventing Vapor Over-pressure Events during Startup ................................................ 8-32

8.5.5 Hydrocracking .................................................................................................................................. 8-33 8.5.6 Coking .............................................................................................................................................. 8-35 8.5.7 Hydrogen Plant ................................................................................................................................ 8-36

8.5.7.1 Reformer Tube Failure ................................................................................................... 8-36 8.5.7.2 Improving the Reliability of Hydrogen Reciprocating Compressors ............................ 8-36

8.5.8 Utilities Systems and Auxiliary Equipment/Processes .................................................................... 8-37 8.6 Personnel Safety ............................................................................................................................................ 8-37

8.6.1 Arcing .............................................................................................................................................. 8-37 8.6.2 Electric Shock .................................................................................................................................. 8-41 8.6.3 Fire Threats ...................................................................................................................................... 8-42 8.6.4 Safety Management .......................................................................................................................... 8-47

8.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 8-48

SECTION 9 ONSITE POWER GENERATION .................................................................................................. 9-1 9.1 Cogeneration ................................................................................................................................................... 9-4

9.1.1 Trend of Using Cogeneration in Refineries ....................................................................................... 9-5 9.1.2 CHP vs. Conventional Generation ..................................................................................................... 9-8 9.1.3 CHP Prime Mover Technologies ..................................................................................................... 9-11

9.1.3.1 Gas Turbine ................................................................................................................... 9-12 9.1.3.1.1 GE Energy ...................................................................................................... 9-14 9.1.3.1.2 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries .......................................................................... 9-15 9.1.3.1.3 Siemens .......................................................................................................... 9-16

9.1.3.2 Steam Turbine ................................................................................................................ 9-17 9.1.3.3 Reciprocating Engine ..................................................................................................... 9-19 9.1.3.4 Microturbine .................................................................................................................. 9-20 9.1.3.5 Fuel Cell ......................................................................................................................... 9-21 9.1.3.6 Commercial Cogeneration Experiences ......................................................................... 9-21

9.1.3.6.1 BP (US; Spain; UK; South Korea; Vietnam) ......................................... 9-21 9.1.3.6.2 CEPSA (Spain) ....................................................................................... 9-22 9.1.3.6.3 Chevron (US) ......................................................................................... 9-22 9.1.3.6.4 ConocoPhillips (US; UK) ....................................................................... 9-23 9.1.3.6.5 Cosmo Oil (Japan) .................................................................................. 9-23 9.1.3.6.6 ERG (Italy) ............................................................................................. 9-24 9.1.3.6.7 ExxonMobil (US; Belgium; Singapore) ................................................. 9-24 9.1.3.6.8 Galp (Portugal) ....................................................................................... 9-25 9.1.3.6.9 Hellenic (Greece) ................................................................................... 9-25 9.1.3.6.10 Imperial Oil (Canada) ............................................................................. 9-25 9.1.3.6.11 IRPC (Thailand) ..................................................................................... 9-25 9.1.3.6.12 Irving Oil (Canada) ................................................................................ 9-25 9.1.3.6.13 MOL (Slovakia; Hungary) ..................................................................... 9-26 9.1.3.6.14 Motiva (US) ............................................................................................ 9-26 9.1.3.6.15 Motor Oil Hellas (Greece) ...................................................................... 9-26 9.1.3.6.16 Nippon Oil (Japan) ................................................................................. 9-26 9.1.3.6.17 OMV (Austria; Romania; Germany) ...................................................... 9-26 9.1.3.6.18 Pemex (Mexico) ..................................................................................... 9-27 9.1.3.6.19 Petronas (Malaysia) ................................................................................ 9-27 9.1.3.6.20 Petroperu (Peru) ..................................................................................... 9-27 9.1.3.6.21 Repsol YPF (Spain; Portugal) ................................................................ 9-27 9.1.3.6.22 Rosneft (Russia) ..................................................................................... 9-27

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9.1.3.6.23 Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia) ................................................................ 9-28 9.1.3.6.24 Royal Dutch Shell (The Netherlands) .................................................... 9-28 9.1.3.6.25 Staatsolie Maatschappij (Suriname) ...................................................... 9-28 9.1.3.6.26 Statoil (Norway) .................................................................................... 9-28 9.1.3.6.27 Tesoro (US) ........................................................................................... 9-29 9.1.3.6.28 Turkish Petroleum Refining (Turkey) ................................................... 9-29 9.1.3.6.29 Total (Europe) ........................................................................................ 9-29 9.1.3.6.30 Valero Energy (US) ............................................................................... 9-29

9.1.4 Trigeneration ................................................................................................................................... 9-30 9.1.4.1 Cooling, heating, and Power ......................................................................................... 9-30 9.1.4.2 Hydrogen, Steam, and Power ........................................................................................ 9-31

9.1.5 Combined Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 9-31 9.1.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) ........................................................................... 9-35

9.1.6.1 Gas Turbine ................................................................................................................... 9-37 9.1.6.2 Steam Turbine ............................................................................................................... 9-38 9.1.6.3 Air Separation Unit ....................................................................................................... 9-38 9.1.6.4 Gasification ................................................................................................................... 9-39 9.1.6.5 Syngas Treating ............................................................................................................. 9-39 9.1.6.6 Polygeneration with IGCC ............................................................................................ 9-40 9.1.6.7 Commercial IGCC Experiences .................................................................................... 9-40

9.1.6.7.1 Agip (Sannazzaro, Italy) ........................................................................ 9-41 9.1.6.7.2 API Energia (Falconara, Italy) ............................................................... 9-41 9.1.6.7.3 BHEL (Bhatinda, Punjab, India) ............................................................ 9-41 9.1.6.7.4 BP (Carson, CA, US) ............................................................................. 9-41 9.1.6.7.5 Elcogas (Puertollano, Spain).................................................................. 9-41 9.1.6.7.6 ExxonMobil (Baytown, TX, US) ........................................................... 9-42 9.1.6.7.7 FPCL (Fujian Province, China) ............................................................. 9-42 9.1.6.7.8 Frontier (El Dorado, KS, US) ................................................................ 9-42 9.1.6.7.9 GSK (Nihon, Japan) ............................................................................... 9-42 9.1.6.7.10 Hunton (Fort Bend, TX, US) ................................................................. 9-42 9.1.6.7.11 Indian Oil Corp. (Nagipattinam, India) ................................................. 9-42 9.1.6.7.12 ISAB (Priolo, Italy) ............................................................................... 9-43 9.1.6.7.13 Lotos (Gdansk, Poland) ......................................................................... 9-43 9.1.6.7.14 Nippon Oil (Negishi, Japan) .................................................................. 9-43 9.1.6.7.15 Opti Nexen (Fort McMurray Alberta, Canada) ..................................... 9-43 9.1.6.7.16 Repsol YPF (La Coruña, Spain; Bilbao, Spain) .................................... 9-43 9.1.6.7.17 Royal Dutch Shell (Pernis, Rotterdam, Netherlands) ............................ 9-44 9.1.6.7.18 Sarlux (Sarroch, Italy) ........................................................................... 9-44 9.1.6.7.19 Tondu (Corpus Christi, TX, US) ........................................................... 9-45 9.1.6.7.20 Total (Gonfreville, France) .................................................................... 9-45 9.1.6.7.21 Valero (Delaware City, DE, US) ........................................................... 9-45

9.2 Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 9-45 9.2.1 Wind Power ..................................................................................................................................... 9-46 9.2.2 Solar Power ..................................................................................................................................... 9-47 9.2.3 Geothermal Plants ........................................................................................................................... 9-49

9.3 Microgrids .................................................................................................................................................... 9-51 9.3.1 Latest Advances ............................................................................................................................... 9-53 9.3.2 Current Challenges .......................................................................................................................... 9-54 9.3.3 Advantages and Benefits ................................................................................................................. 9-55 9.3.4 Opportunities in Refinery Applications ........................................................................................... 9-56

9.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 9-57

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SECTION 10 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 10-1 10.1 Impacts of Power Outages on Refinery and Business Operations ................................................................ 10-1

10.1.1 Financial Performance ..................................................................................................................... 10-2 10.1.2 Environmental Concerns and Penalties ............................................................................................ 10-3 10.1.3 Plant Safety and Liability ................................................................................................................. 10-4 10.1.4 Energy Efficiency ............................................................................................................................ 10-5

10.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 10-6 10.2.1 Risk Management Strategy .............................................................................................................. 10-8

10.2.1.1 Prevention and Protection .............................................................................................. 10-8 10.2.1.2 Asset Management ....................................................................................................... 10-10

10.2.1.2.1 Preventive Maintenance ....................................................................... 10-10 10.2.1.2.2 Predictive Maintenance ........................................................................ 10-11

10.2.1.3 Analytics to Identify Major Causes of Power Failures ................................................ 10-14 10.2.1.4 Emergency Preparedness ............................................................................................. 10-15 10.2.1.5 Onsite Power Generation ............................................................................................. 10-15

10.2.2 Crisis Management Strategy .......................................................................................................... 10-18 10.2.2.1 Unit Shutdowns and Restarts ....................................................................................... 10-19 10.2.2.2 Backup Power Supply .................................................................................................. 10-20 10.2.2.3 Power Outage Postmortem .......................................................................................... 10-21 10.2.2.4 Salvage ......................................................................................................................... 10-22

10.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 10-22

SECTION 11 APPENDIX: GLOBAL VENDOR TECHNOLOGY OFFERINGS ................................................. 11-1 11.1 Vendor Technology Offerings by Region ..................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1.1 North America .................................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.1.2 Europe/Middle East/Africa .............................................................................................................. 11-4 11.1.3 Asia/Pacific ...................................................................................................................................... 11-5

11.2 Vendor Technology by Product .................................................................................................................... 11-6 11.2.1 Electrical Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 11-6

11.2.1.1 Protective Relays ........................................................................................................... 11-6 11.2.1.1.1 ABB ........................................................................................................ 11-6 11.2.1.1.2 Alstom Grid ............................................................................................ 11-7 11.2.1.1.3 Basler Electric ........................................................................................ 11-7 11.2.1.1.4 Beckwith Electric ................................................................................... 11-7 11.2.1.1.5 Chint Group ............................................................................................ 11-8 11.2.1.1.6 EATON .................................................................................................. 11-8 11.2.1.1.7 EFACEC Engenharia ............................................................................. 11-9 11.2.1.1.8 General Electric ...................................................................................... 11-9 11.2.1.1.9 Hyundai Heavy Industries ...................................................................... 11-9 11.2.1.1.10 Littlefuse ................................................................................................. 11-9 11.2.1.1.11 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ........................................................................ 11-9 11.2.1.1.12 RKC Instrument ................................................................................... 11-10 11.2.1.1.13 Schneider Electric................................................................................. 11-10 11.2.1.1.14 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc .......................................................... 11-11 11.2.1.1.15 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, and Industrial Systems Co ......... 11-11 11.2.1.1.16 Trench Group ....................................................................................... 11-11

11.2.1.2 Circuit Breakers ........................................................................................................... 11-11 11.2.1.2.1 ABB ...................................................................................................... 11-11 11.2.1.2.2 Alstom Grid .......................................................................................... 11-12 11.2.1.2.3 Belyea Company Inc. ........................................................................... 11-12 11.2.1.2.4 Chint Group .......................................................................................... 11-12 11.2.1.2.5 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-12

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11.2.1.2.6 Emerson ............................................................................................... 11-13 11.2.1.2.7 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-14 11.2.1.2.8 Hyundai Heavy Industries ................................................................... 11-14 11.2.1.2.9 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd .................................................................... 11-14 11.2.1.2.10 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-14 11.2.1.2.11 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-15 11.2.1.2.12 Phoenix Contact ................................................................................... 11-15 11.2.1.2.13 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-15 11.2.1.2.14 Shihlin Electric and Engineering Corp ................................................ 11-16 11.2.1.2.15 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-16 11.2.1.2.16 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, and Industrial Systems Co ......... 11-16 11.2.1.2.17 Vijai Electricals Ltd. ............................................................................ 11-16

11.2.1.3 Fuses ............................................................................................................................ 11-17 11.2.1.3.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-17 11.2.1.3.2 Cooper Industries Plc. .......................................................................... 11-17 11.2.1.3.3 Littlefuse .............................................................................................. 11-17 11.2.1.3.4 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-17 11.2.1.3.5 Phoenix Contact ................................................................................... 11-17

11.2.1.4 Grounding ................................................................................................................... 11-18 11.2.1.4.1 CCI Thermal Technologies Inc. ........................................................... 11-18 11.2.1.4.2 Erico International Corp ...................................................................... 11-18 11.2.1.4.3 Fluke Corp ........................................................................................... 11-18 11.2.1.4.4 i-Gard ................................................................................................... 11-19 11.2.1.4.5 Littlefuse .............................................................................................. 11-19 11.2.1.4.6 Powell Industries Inc ........................................................................... 11-19 11.2.1.4.7 Powerohm Resistors Inc ...................................................................... 11-19 11.2.1.4.8 Trench Group ....................................................................................... 11-20

11.2.1.5 Surge Protectors .......................................................................................................... 11-20 11.2.1.5.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-20 11.2.1.5.2 China Electric Power Equipment and Tech Co. Ltd. ........................... 11-20 11.2.1.5.3 Chint Group ......................................................................................... 11-20 11.2.1.5.4 Cooper Industries Plc. .......................................................................... 11-21 11.2.1.5.5 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-21 11.2.1.5.6 Erico International Corp ...................................................................... 11-22 11.2.1.5.7 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-22 11.2.1.5.8 Phoenix Contact ................................................................................... 11-23 11.2.1.5.9 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-23 11.2.1.5.10 Shihlin Electric and Engineering Corp ................................................ 11-23 11.2.1.5.11 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, and Industrial Systems Co ......... 11-24

11.2.1.6 Substations .................................................................................................................. 11-24 11.2.1.6.1 Alstom Grid ......................................................................................... 11-24 11.2.1.6.2 AZZ Inc ............................................................................................... 11-24 11.2.1.6.3 Benjamin Electric Company ................................................................ 11-24 11.2.1.6.4 China Electric Power Equipment and Tech Co. Ltd ............................ 11-25 11.2.1.6.5 CID Associates Inc .............................................................................. 11-25 11.2.1.6.6 Federal Pacific ..................................................................................... 11-25 11.2.1.6.7 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd .................................................................... 11-25 11.2.1.6.8 Nissin Electric Co ................................................................................ 11-25 11.2.1.6.9 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-25 11.2.1.6.10 TeBian Electric Apparatus Stock Co ................................................... 11-26 11.2.1.6.11 Voltamp Transformers ......................................................................... 11-26

ix Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.1.7 Transformer ................................................................................................................. 11-26 11.2.1.7.1 ABB ...................................................................................................... 11-26 11.2.1.7.2 Acme Electric Corp .............................................................................. 11-26 11.2.1.7.3 Alstom Grid .......................................................................................... 11-27 11.2.1.7.4 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric ....................................................... 11-27 11.2.1.7.5 Basler Electric ...................................................................................... 11-27 11.2.1.7.6 BCV Technologies ............................................................................... 11-28 11.2.1.7.7 Beckwith Electric ................................................................................. 11-28 11.2.1.7.8 Belyea Company Inc. ........................................................................... 11-28 11.2.1.7.9 Bharat Bijlee Ltd .................................................................................. 11-28 11.2.1.7.10 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd ............................................................... 11-29 11.2.1.7.11 Brush Transformers .............................................................................. 11-29 11.2.1.7.12 China Electric Power Equipment and Tech Company Ltd................... 11-29 11.2.1.7.13 Chint Group .......................................................................................... 11-30 11.2.1.7.14 Cooper Industries Plc. .......................................................................... 11-30 11.2.1.7.15 Crompton Greaves ................................................................................ 11-30 11.2.1.7.16 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-31 11.2.1.7.17 EFACEC Engenharia ........................................................................... 11-31 11.2.1.7.18 Emerson ................................................................................................ 11-31 11.2.1.7.19 Ekarat Engineering Public Co .............................................................. 11-32 11.2.1.7.20 Federal Pacific ...................................................................................... 11-32 11.2.1.7.21 General Electric .................................................................................... 11-32 11.2.1.7.22 Hammond Power Solutions .................................................................. 11-33 11.2.1.7.23 Howard Power Solutions ...................................................................... 11-33 11.2.1.7.24 Hyosung Corp Power and Industrial Performance Group .................... 11-33 11.2.1.7.25 Hyundai Heavy Industries .................................................................... 11-34 11.2.1.7.26 IMP Power Ltd ..................................................................................... 11-34 11.2.1.7.27 Indo Tech Transformers Ltd. ................................................................ 11-34 11.2.1.7.28 Jefferson Electric .................................................................................. 11-35 11.2.1.7.29 JSHP ..................................................................................................... 11-35 11.2.1.7.30 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd .................................................................... 11-35 11.2.1.7.31 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-35 11.2.1.7.32 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-35 11.2.1.7.33 Nissin Electric Co ................................................................................. 11-36 11.2.1.7.34 NWL Transformers .............................................................................. 11-36 11.2.1.7.35 Powertech Transformers ....................................................................... 11-36 11.2.1.7.36 Rauscher Stoecklin ............................................................................... 11-36 11.2.1.7.37 Sanbian Sci-Tech Co. Ltd. ................................................................... 11-36 11.2.1.7.38 Schneider Electric................................................................................. 11-37 11.2.1.7.39 Siemens AG .......................................................................................... 11-37 11.2.1.7.40 SGB Smit .............................................................................................. 11-37 11.2.1.7.41 Shihlin Electric and Engineering Corp ................................................. 11-37 11.2.1.7.42 SPX Group ........................................................................................... 11-37 11.2.1.7.43 SuperPower Inc .................................................................................... 11-38 11.2.1.7.44 TeBian Electric Apparatus Stock Co .................................................... 11-38 11.2.1.7.45 Tironi MF Tranformatori ...................................................................... 11-38 11.2.1.7.46 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, and Industrial Systems Co ......... 11-38 11.2.1.7.47 Transformer Protector Corp ................................................................. 11-38 11.2.1.7.48 Transformers and Electricals Kerala Ltd .............................................. 11-39 11.2.1.7.49 Transformers and Rectifiers India Ltd ................................................. 11-39 11.2.1.7.50 Trench Group ....................................................................................... 11-39 11.2.1.7.51 Vijai Electricals Ltd. ............................................................................. 11-40

x Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.1.7.52 Voltamp Transformers ......................................................................... 11-40 11.2.1.8 Switchgear ................................................................................................................... 11-41

11.2.1.8.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-41 11.2.1.8.2 American Electric Technologies Inc .................................................... 11-41 11.2.1.8.3 AZZ Inc ............................................................................................... 11-41 11.2.1.8.4 Benjamin Electric Company ................................................................ 11-42 11.2.1.8.5 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd ............................................................... 11-42 11.2.1.8.6 Caterpillar Inc. ..................................................................................... 11-42 11.2.1.8.7 Cooper Industries Plc. .......................................................................... 11-43 11.2.1.8.8 Crompton Greaves ............................................................................... 11-43 11.2.1.8.9 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-43 11.2.1.8.10 EFACEC Engenharia ........................................................................... 11-44 11.2.1.8.11 Federal Pacific ..................................................................................... 11-44 11.2.1.8.12 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-44 11.2.1.8.13 Hyosung Corp Power and Industrial Performance Group ................... 11-44 11.2.1.8.14 Hyundai Heavy Industries ................................................................... 11-45 11.2.1.8.15 Industrial Power Systems Inc .............................................................. 11-45 11.2.1.8.16 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-45 11.2.1.8.17 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-45 11.2.1.8.18 Powell Industries Inc ........................................................................... 11-46 11.2.1.8.19 Rauscher Stoecklin .............................................................................. 11-46 11.2.1.8.20 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-47 11.2.1.8.21 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-47 11.2.1.8.22 Thomson Technology LLP .................................................................. 11-47 11.2.1.8.23 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, and Industrial Systems Co ......... 11-48 11.2.1.8.24 Vijai Electricals Ltd. ............................................................................ 11-48

11.2.1.9 Motor Control Center .................................................................................................. 11-48 11.2.1.9.1 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-48 11.2.1.9.2 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-49 11.2.1.9.3 Hyosung Corp Power and Industrial Performance Group ................... 11-50 11.2.1.9.4 Hyundai Heavy Industries ................................................................... 11-50 11.2.1.9.5 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-50 11.2.1.9.6 Powell Industries Inc ........................................................................... 11-50 11.2.1.9.7 Rockwell Automation .......................................................................... 11-51 11.2.1.9.8 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-51

11.2.1.10 Wiring and Cables ....................................................................................................... 11-51 11.2.1.10.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-51 11.2.1.10.2 General Cable ...................................................................................... 11-52 11.2.1.10.3 Nexans ................................................................................................. 11-52 11.2.1.10.4 Novinium ............................................................................................. 11-53 11.2.1.10.5 Phoenix Contact ................................................................................... 11-53 11.2.1.10.6 Prysmian Cables and Systems ............................................................. 11-53 11.2.1.10.7 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-53 11.2.1.10.8 SuperPower Inc .................................................................................... 11-53

11.2.1.11 Motors ......................................................................................................................... 11-54 11.2.1.11.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-54 11.2.1.11.2 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-54 11.2.1.11.3 Rockwell Automation .......................................................................... 11-54 11.2.1.11.4 TECO-Westinghouse Motor Co .......................................................... 11-54

11.2.1.12 Backup Generators ...................................................................................................... 11-55 11.2.1.12.1 Aggreko ............................................................................................... 11-55 11.2.1.12.2 Assurance Power Systems ................................................................... 11-55

xi Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.1.12.3 Atlas Copco .......................................................................................... 11-55 11.2.1.12.4 Baldor Motor ........................................................................................ 11-55 11.2.1.12.5 Belyea Company Inc. ........................................................................... 11-56 11.2.1.12.6 Caterpillar Inc. ...................................................................................... 11-56 11.2.1.12.7 Chroma Systems Solutions Inc ............................................................. 11-56 11.2.1.12.8 Cummins Power Generation................................................................. 11-57 11.2.1.12.9 Doosan Infracore Portable Power ......................................................... 11-57 11.2.1.12.10 EPG Enginuity Portable Grid ............................................................... 11-57 11.2.1.12.11 General Electric .................................................................................... 11-58 11.2.1.12.12 Genmac USA Inc .................................................................................. 11-58 11.2.1.12.13 Indeck Power Equipment Company ..................................................... 11-58 11.2.1.12.14 International Power Machinery Company ........................................... 11-58 11.2.1.12.15 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd .................................................................... 11-58 11.2.1.12.16 Man Diesel and Turbo SE .................................................................... 11-59 11.2.1.12.17 Maven Power ........................................................................................ 11-59 11.2.1.12.18 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-59 11.2.1.12.19 MTU Onsite Energy Corp .................................................................... 11-60 11.2.1.12.20 Kohler Engines ..................................................................................... 11-60 11.2.1.12.21 Siemens AG .......................................................................................... 11-60 11.2.1.12.22 Wabash Power Equipment Co .............................................................. 11-60 11.2.1.12.23 Winco Inc ............................................................................................. 11-61

11.2.1.13 UPS Systems ................................................................................................................ 11-61 11.2.1.13.1 The Alpha Group .................................................................................. 11-61 11.2.1.13.2 AMETEK Solid State Controls ............................................................ 11-61 11.2.1.13.3 Behlman Electronics ............................................................................. 11-61 11.2.1.13.4 Benning Power Electronics .................................................................. 11-62 11.2.1.13.5 Caterpillar Inc. ...................................................................................... 11-62 11.2.1.13.6 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-62 11.2.1.13.7 Emerson ................................................................................................ 11-62 11.2.1.13.8 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd .................................................................... 11-62 11.2.1.13.9 Power Source Unlimited Inc. ............................................................... 11-63

11.2.1.14 Salvage Companies ...................................................................................................... 11-63 11.2.1.14.1 Select Equipment Co. ........................................................................... 11-63 11.2.1.14.2 Transformer Salvage Inc. ..................................................................... 11-63

11.2.2 Operational Practices ..................................................................................................................... 11-63 11.2.2.1 Inspection Technology ................................................................................................. 11-63

11.2.2.1.1 Acoustic Eye Inc .................................................................................. 11-63 11.2.2.1.2 Advanced Inspection Technologies ...................................................... 11-64 11.2.2.1.3 Capture 3D Inc ..................................................................................... 11-64 11.2.2.1.4 Cygnus Instruments .............................................................................. 11-65 11.2.2.1.5 Fluke Corp ............................................................................................ 11-65 11.2.2.1.6 General Electric .................................................................................... 11-66 11.2.2.1.7 Industrial Power Systems Inc ............................................................... 11-67 11.2.2.1.8 InterTest Inc ......................................................................................... 11-67 11.2.2.1.9 Machida Inc .......................................................................................... 11-68 11.2.2.1.10 Olympus NDT ...................................................................................... 11-68 11.2.2.1.11 Palmer Wahl Instrumentation Group .................................................... 11-69 11.2.2.1.12 Paris Mountain Consulting ................................................................... 11-69 11.2.2.1.13 Syn-Fab Inc .......................................................................................... 11-70 11.2.2.1.14 UE Systems Inc .................................................................................... 11-70

11.2.2.2 Arc Flash Safety........................................................................................................... 11-71 11.2.2.2.1 ABB ...................................................................................................... 11-71

xii Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.2.2.2 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-71 11.2.2.2.3 Rockwell Automation .......................................................................... 11-72 11.2.2.2.4 SEL ...................................................................................................... 11-72

11.2.3 Refinery Power Management ........................................................................................................ 11-72 11.2.3.1 Lighting Control .......................................................................................................... 11-72

11.2.3.1.1 Emerson ............................................................................................... 11-72 11.2.3.2 Digital Fault Recorder ................................................................................................. 11-72

11.2.3.2.1 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc .......................................................... 11-72 11.2.3.2.2 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-73

11.2.3.3 Demand Metering and Control Systems ..................................................................... 11-73 11.2.3.3.1 Basler Electric ...................................................................................... 11-73 11.2.3.3.2 Chroma Systems Solutions Inc ............................................................ 11-73 11.2.3.3.3 Cooper Industries Plc. .......................................................................... 11-74 11.2.3.3.4 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-74 11.2.3.3.5 EFACEC Engenharia ........................................................................... 11-74 11.2.3.3.6 Fluke Corp ........................................................................................... 11-75 11.2.3.3.7 General Electric ................................................................................... 11-75 11.2.3.3.8 IBM ...................................................................................................... 11-76 11.2.3.3.9 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc .......................................................... 11-77 11.2.3.3.10 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-77

11.2.3.4 Digital Control System ................................................................................................ 11-77 11.2.3.4.1 Chromalox Precision Heat and Control ............................................... 11-77 11.2.3.4.2 Dresser-Rand Co Ltd ........................................................................... 11-78 11.2.3.4.3 Industrial Power Systems Inc .............................................................. 11-78 11.2.3.4.4 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-79 11.2.3.4.5 MSE Tetragenics ................................................................................. 11-79 11.2.3.4.6 Rockwell Automation .......................................................................... 11-80 11.2.3.4.7 Siemens AG ......................................................................................... 11-80

11.2.3.5 Wireless Sensor Network ............................................................................................ 11-80 11.2.3.5.1 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc .......................................................... 11-80

11.2.3.6 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) ................................................ 11-81 11.2.3.6.1 EnerSys Corp ....................................................................................... 11-81 11.2.3.6.2 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-81 11.2.3.6.3 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ...................................................................... 11-81 11.2.3.6.4 MSE Tetragenics ................................................................................. 11-82 11.2.3.6.5 Rockwell Automation .......................................................................... 11-82 11.2.3.6.6 Schneider Electric ................................................................................ 11-82 11.2.3.6.7 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc .......................................................... 11-83 11.2.3.6.8 Phoenix Contact ................................................................................... 11-83

11.2.3.7 Smart Grids ................................................................................................................. 11-84 11.2.3.7.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-84 11.2.3.7.2 EATON ................................................................................................ 11-84 11.2.3.7.3 EFACEC Engenharia ........................................................................... 11-85 11.2.3.7.4 Honeywell ............................................................................................ 11-85 11.2.3.7.5 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd .............................................................. 11-85

11.2.3.8 Asset Management ...................................................................................................... 11-86 11.2.3.8.1 ABB ..................................................................................................... 11-86 11.2.3.8.2 Emerson Process Management ............................................................ 11-86 11.2.3.8.3 IBM ...................................................................................................... 11-88 11.2.3.8.4 Honeywell Process Solutions............................................................... 11-88 11.2.3.8.5 Intergraph ............................................................................................. 11-89 11.2.3.8.6 Invensys ............................................................................................... 11-90

xiii Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.3.8.7 KBC ...................................................................................................... 11-91 11.2.3.8.8 Metso .................................................................................................... 11-91 11.2.3.8.9 Oracle ................................................................................................... 11-92 11.2.3.8.10 OSIsoft ................................................................................................. 11-92 11.2.3.8.11 Qualitrol Corp ...................................................................................... 11-92 11.2.3.8.12 Rockwell Automation ........................................................................... 11-93 11.2.3.8.13 SAP....................................................................................................... 11-93 11.2.3.8.14 Siemens ................................................................................................ 11-94 11.2.3.8.15 Yokogawa ............................................................................................. 11-95

11.2.3.9 Advanced Process Control (APC) ............................................................................... 11-95 11.2.3.9.1 ABB Group .......................................................................................... 11-95 11.2.3.9.2 EFACEC Engenharia ........................................................................... 11-96 11.2.3.9.3 Flowserve ............................................................................................. 11-96 11.2.3.9.4 Motornostix .......................................................................................... 11-97 11.2.3.9.5 Power Analytics ................................................................................... 11-97 11.2.3.9.6 Rockwell Automation ........................................................................... 11-98 11.2.3.9.7 Schneider Electric and AssetPoint ....................................................... 11-99 11.2.3.9.8 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories................................................. 11-100

11.2.3.10 Cyber Security ........................................................................................................... 11-100 11.2.3.10.1 IBM .................................................................................................... 11-100

11.2.4 Onsite Power Generation ............................................................................................................. 11-101 11.2.4.1 Combined Heat and Power ........................................................................................ 11-101

11.2.4.1.1 American Electric Technologies Inc .................................................. 11-101 11.2.4.1.2 Dresser-Rand Co Ltd .......................................................................... 11-101 11.2.4.1.3 General Electric .................................................................................. 11-102 11.2.4.1.4 Kawasaki Heavy Industries ................................................................ 11-102 11.2.4.1.5 Wartsila North America Inc ............................................................... 11-103

11.2.4.2 Combined Cooling, Heat, and Power (CCHP/Trigeneration) .................................... 11-103 11.2.4.2.1 General Electric .................................................................................. 11-103

11.2.4.3 Combined Cycle Power Plants .................................................................................. 11-104 11.2.4.3.1 General Electric .................................................................................. 11-104 11.2.4.3.2 Kawasaki Heavy Industries ................................................................ 11-104 11.2.4.3.3 Siemens AG ........................................................................................ 11-104

11.2.4.4 Wind Power ............................................................................................................... 11-105 11.2.4.4.1 ABB .................................................................................................... 11-105 11.2.4.4.2 Alstom Grid ........................................................................................ 11-105 11.2.4.4.3 American Electrical Technologies Inc ............................................... 11-105 11.2.4.4.4 EATON .............................................................................................. 11-106 11.2.4.4.5 General Electric .................................................................................. 11-106 11.2.4.4.6 Hyosung Corp Power and Industrial Performance Group .................. 11-106 11.2.4.4.7 Powerohm Resistors Inc ..................................................................... 11-106

11.2.4.5 Solar Power ................................................................................................................ 11-107 11.2.4.5.1 ABB .................................................................................................... 11-107 11.2.4.5.2 Alstom Grid ........................................................................................ 11-108 11.2.4.5.3 American Electrical Technologies Inc ............................................... 11-108 11.2.4.5.4 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd ............................................................. 11-108 11.2.4.5.5 EATON .............................................................................................. 11-109 11.2.4.5.6 General Electric .................................................................................. 11-109 11.2.4.5.7 Hyosung Corp Power and Industrial Performance Group .................. 11-110 11.2.4.5.8 Kawasaki Heavy Industries ................................................................ 11-110 11.2.4.5.9 Mitsubishi Electric Corp .................................................................... 11-110 11.2.4.5.10 Nissin Electric Co ............................................................................... 11-111

xiv Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.2.4.5.11 Powerohm Resistors Inc .................................................................... 11-111 11.2.4.5.12 Siemens AG ....................................................................................... 11-111

11.2.4.6 Geothermal Plants ..................................................................................................... 11-112 11.2.4.6.1 Alstom Grid ....................................................................................... 11-112 11.2.4.6.2 Atlas Copco ....................................................................................... 11-112

11.2.4.7 Microgrids ................................................................................................................. 11-112 11.2.4.7.1 ABB ................................................................................................... 11-112 11.2.4.7.2 IBM .................................................................................................... 11-112

11.3 Company Overview .................................................................................................................................. 11-113 11.3.1 North America ............................................................................................................................. 11-113

11.3.1.1 Acme Electric ............................................................................................................ 11-113 11.3.1.2 Actuant ...................................................................................................................... 11-113 11.3.1.3 Advanced Inspection Technologies .......................................................................... 11-114 11.3.1.4 American Electric Technologies Inc. ........................................................................ 11-114 11.3.1.5 AMETEK Solid State Controls ................................................................................. 11-114 11.3.1.6 Assurance Power Systems ......................................................................................... 11-115 11.3.1.7 AZZ Inc ..................................................................................................................... 11-115 11.3.1.8 B&J USA Inc ............................................................................................................ 11-115 11.3.1.9 Babcock and Wilcox Company ................................................................................. 11-115 11.3.1.10 Baldor Motor ............................................................................................................. 11-116 11.3.1.11 BASLER ELECTRIC ............................................................................................... 11-116 11.3.1.12 BECKWITH ELECTRIC .......................................................................................... 11-116 11.3.1.13 Behlman Electronics Inc ........................................................................................... 11-116 11.3.1.14 Belyea Company Inc ................................................................................................. 11-116 11.3.1.15 Benjamin Electric Company ..................................................................................... 11-117 11.3.1.16 Beta Engineering ....................................................................................................... 11-117 11.3.1.17 Capture 3D Inc .......................................................................................................... 11-117 11.3.1.18 Caterpillar Inc ............................................................................................................ 11-117 11.3.1.19 CCI Thermal Technologies Inc ................................................................................. 11-117 11.3.1.20 Chroma Systems Solutions Inc ................................................................................. 11-118 11.3.1.21 Chromalax Precision Heat and Control ..................................................................... 11-118 11.3.1.22 CID Associates Inc .................................................................................................... 11-118 11.3.1.23 Cummins Power Generation ..................................................................................... 11-118 11.3.1.24 Cygnus Instruments ................................................................................................... 11-119 11.3.1.25 Doosan Infracore Portable Power.............................................................................. 11-119 11.3.1.26 EATON Corp. ........................................................................................................... 11-119 11.3.1.27 Emerson ..................................................................................................................... 11-120 11.3.1.28 EnerSys Corp ............................................................................................................ 11-120 11.3.1.29 EPG Enginuity Portable Grid .................................................................................... 11-120 11.3.1.30 Erico International Corp ............................................................................................ 11-121 11.3.1.31 Federal Pacific ........................................................................................................... 11-121 11.3.1.32 Flowserve .................................................................................................................. 11-121 11.3.1.33 Fluke Corp ................................................................................................................. 11-121 11.3.1.34 General Cable ............................................................................................................ 11-122 11.3.1.35 General Electric ......................................................................................................... 11-122 11.3.1.36 Gexpro ....................................................................................................................... 11-124 11.3.1.37 Hammond Power Solutions ....................................................................................... 11-124 11.3.1.38 Honeywell ................................................................................................................. 11-124 11.3.1.39 Houston Wire and Cable Co ...................................................................................... 11-125 11.3.1.40 Howard Power Solutions ........................................................................................... 11-125 11.3.1.41 Hubbell Inc ................................................................................................................ 11-125 11.3.1.42 IBM ........................................................................................................................... 11-126

xv Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.3.1.43 i-Gard ......................................................................................................................... 11-126 11.3.1.44 Indeck Power Equipment Company .......................................................................... 11-127 11.3.1.45 Industrial Power Systems Inc .................................................................................... 11-127 11.3.1.46 International Power Machinery Company ................................................................. 11-127 11.3.1.47 Intergraph ................................................................................................................... 11-127 11.3.1.48 InterTest Inc ............................................................................................................... 11-127 11.3.1.49 Jefferson Electric ....................................................................................................... 11-128 11.3.1.50 Kohler Engines .......................................................................................................... 11-128 11.3.1.51 Littlefuse .................................................................................................................... 11-128 11.3.1.52 Machida Inc ............................................................................................................... 11-128 11.3.1.53 Maven Power ............................................................................................................. 11-129 11.3.1.54 McBurney Corp ......................................................................................................... 11-129 11.3.1.55 Meramec Electrical Products ..................................................................................... 11-130 11.3.1.56 MSE Tetragenics ........................................................................................................ 11-130 11.3.1.57 Novinium ................................................................................................................... 11-130 11.3.1.58 NWL Transformers .................................................................................................... 11-130 11.3.1.59 Olympus NDT............................................................................................................ 11-131 11.3.1.60 Oracle ......................................................................................................................... 11-131 11.3.1.61 OSIsoft ....................................................................................................................... 11-132 11.3.1.62 Palmer Wahl Instrumentation Group ......................................................................... 11-132 11.3.1.63 Paris Mountain Consulting ........................................................................................ 11-132 11.3.1.64 Pauwels ...................................................................................................................... 11-132 11.3.1.65 Peerless Manufacturing Company ............................................................................. 11-133 11.3.1.66 Point Eight Power Inc. ............................................................................................... 11-133 11.3.1.67 Power Source Unlimited Inc. ..................................................................................... 11-133 11.3.1.68 Powerohm Resistors Inc ............................................................................................ 11-134 11.3.1.69 Power Analytics ......................................................................................................... 11-134 11.3.1.70 Qualitrol Corp ............................................................................................................ 11-134 11.3.1.71 RKC Instrument ......................................................................................................... 11-134 11.3.1.72 Rockwell Automation ................................................................................................ 11-135 11.3.1.73 Schweitzer Engineering Lab Inc ................................................................................ 11-135 11.3.1.74 Select Equipment ....................................................................................................... 11-135 11.3.1.75 SPX Group ................................................................................................................. 11-136 11.3.1.76 SuperPower Inc .......................................................................................................... 11-136 11.3.1.77 Syn-Fab Inc. ............................................................................................................... 11-137 11.3.1.78 The ALPHA Group .................................................................................................... 11-137 11.3.1.79 TECO-Westinghouse Motor Co ................................................................................ 11-138 11.3.1.80 Thomson Technology LLP ........................................................................................ 11-138 11.3.1.81 Trans Mag Corporation .............................................................................................. 11-138 11.3.1.82 Transformer Protector Corp ....................................................................................... 11-138 11.3.1.83 Transformer Salvage, Inc. .......................................................................................... 11-139 11.3.1.84 UE Systems Inc .......................................................................................................... 11-139 11.3.1.85 Wabash Power Equipment Co ................................................................................... 11-139 11.3.1.86 Winco Inc ................................................................................................................... 11-139

11.3.2 Europe/Middle East/Africa .......................................................................................................... 11-139 11.3.2.1 ABB Group ................................................................................................................ 11-139 11.3.2.2 AcousticEye ............................................................................................................... 11-140 11.3.2.3 Aggreko ..................................................................................................................... 11-141 11.3.2.4 Alstom Grid ............................................................................................................... 11-141 11.3.2.5 Atlas Copco ............................................................................................................... 11-141 11.3.2.6 BCV Technologies ..................................................................................................... 11-141 11.3.2.7 BENNING Power Electronics ................................................................................... 11-142

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11.3.2.8 Brush Transformers ................................................................................................... 11-142 11.3.2.9 Combustion Energy & Steam Specialists Ltd ........................................................... 11-142 11.3.2.10 Cooper Industries Plc. ............................................................................................... 11-143 11.3.2.11 Dresser-Rand Co Ltd ................................................................................................. 11-143 11.3.2.12 EFACEC Engenharia ................................................................................................ 11-143 11.3.2.13 Genmac USA Inc ...................................................................................................... 11-143 11.3.2.14 JST Transfo Lyon ...................................................................................................... 11-144 11.3.2.15 Invensys ..................................................................................................................... 11-144 11.3.2.16 KBC ........................................................................................................................... 11-144 11.3.2.17 Man Diesel & Turbo SE ............................................................................................ 11-144 11.3.2.18 Metso ......................................................................................................................... 11-144 11.3.2.19 MF Tranformatori ..................................................................................................... 11-145 11.3.2.20 Motornostix ............................................................................................................... 11-145 11.3.2.21 MTU Onsite Energy Corp ......................................................................................... 11-145 11.3.2.22 New Polygen ............................................................................................................. 11-145 11.3.2.23 Nexans ....................................................................................................................... 11-146 11.3.2.24 Phoenix Contact ........................................................................................................ 11-146 11.3.2.25 Powell Industries Inc ................................................................................................. 11-147 11.3.2.26 Prysmian Cables & Systems...................................................................................... 11-147 11.3.2.27 Powertech Transformers............................................................................................ 11-148 11.3.2.28 Rauscher Stoecklin .................................................................................................... 11-148 11.3.2.29 SAP ........................................................................................................................... 11-149 11.3.2.30 Schneider Electric ..................................................................................................... 11-149 11.3.2.31 SGB Smit .................................................................................................................. 11-149 11.3.2.32 Siemens AG ............................................................................................................... 11-150 11.3.2.33 Trench Group ............................................................................................................ 11-150 11.3.2.34 Wartsila North America Inc ...................................................................................... 11-150

11.3.3 Asia/Pacific .................................................................................................................................. 11-151 11.3.3.1 Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric............................................................................ 11-151 11.3.3.2 Bharat Bijlee Ltd ....................................................................................................... 11-151 11.3.3.3 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd .................................................................................... 11-151 11.3.3.4 China Electric Power Equipment and Tech Co. Ltd. ................................................ 11-152 11.3.3.5 Chint Group ............................................................................................................... 11-152 11.3.3.6 Crompton Greaves ..................................................................................................... 11-153 11.3.3.7 Ekarat Engineering Public Co ................................................................................... 11-153 11.3.3.8 Hyosung Corp Power & Industrial Performance Group ........................................... 11-153 11.3.3.9 Hyundai Heavy Industries ......................................................................................... 11-153 11.3.3.10 IMP Power Ltd .......................................................................................................... 11-154 11.3.3.11 Indo Tech Transformers Ltd. .................................................................................... 11-154 11.3.3.12 JSHP .......................................................................................................................... 11-154 11.3.3.13 Kawasaki Heavy Industries ....................................................................................... 11-154 11.3.3.14 Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd ......................................................................................... 11-154 11.3.3.15 LS Industrial Systems Co Ltd ................................................................................... 11-155 11.3.3.16 Mitsubishi Electric Corp ........................................................................................... 11-155 11.3.3.17 Nissin Electric Co ...................................................................................................... 11-156 11.3.3.18 Sanbian Sci-Tech Co. Ltd. ........................................................................................ 11-156 11.3.3.19 Shihlin Electric and Engineering Corp ...................................................................... 11-156 11.3.3.20 Tamura Corp of America .......................................................................................... 11-156 11.3.3.21 TeBian Electric Apparatus Stock Co ......................................................................... 11-157 11.3.3.22 Toshiba Transmission, Distribution, & Industrial Systems Co ................................. 11-157 11.3.3.23 Transformers and Electricals Kerala Ltd ................................................................... 11-157 11.3.3.24 Transformers and Rectifiers India Ltd. ..................................................................... 11-157

xvii Copyright © Hydrocarbon Publishing Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11.3.3.25 Vijai Electricals Ltd. .................................................................................................. 11-157 11.3.3.26 Voltamp Transformers ............................................................................................... 11-158 11.3.3.27 Xian Electric Engineering Corp ................................................................................. 11-158 11.3.3.28 Yokogawa .................................................................................................................. 11-158

SECTION 12 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 12-1

SECTION 13 INDEX ......................................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.1 Company ....................................................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.1 Subject ........................................................................................................................................................... 13-6

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