PRESENTED BY -ANJALI YADAVPG STUDENTDEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPAEDICS

CONTENTSEVOLUTION OF BEGG TECHNIQUE EVOLUTION OF REFINED BEGGAPPLIANCE DESIGNSTAGE -ISTAGE -II AND PRE STAGE IIISTAGE IIIVARIOUS AUXILLARIESFINISHING AND DETAILINGCONCLUSION

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEDr. Beggs experience with the edgewise appliance under the dictum of non-extraction approach taught by Dr. Angle was disappointing due to slow tooth movements, too far forwardly positioned teeth and an unpleasant facial profile at the end of treatment.

He developed this technique due to the peculiar needs of his practice, wherein patients with severe malocclusions had to travel long distances to undergo treatment.He always wanted an appliance which would exert light continuous forces over extended periods of time.Hence he modified the ribbon arch bracket and used it with the light round wire to develop the classical Begg technique.

CONCEPTSHis studies on Attritional occlusion convinced him that extractions were essential in most patients to make up for the lack of attrition in modern man.He also introduced the concept of differential forces to move different segments of teeth based on Storey and Smiths work.

MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTSHe kept close tabs with advancements in metallurgy and his association with A.J. Wilcock lead to the development of high tensile stainless steel light wires.In fact these wires were only a spin-off from the metallurgical research equipment that was being developed during the war time years.

CLASSICAL BEGGADVANTAGESLight forcesAnchorage controlQuick correctionEfficient uprightingLess demands on patient cooperationLow costDISADVANTAGESNo precise controlPosterior root torque is difficultTrue intrusion is less likelyPoor rotational controlOver use of class II elasticsUncontrolled tipping and root resorptionHeavy torque requirementOver emphasis on extractionsNo fail safe mechanism

EVOLUTIONMODIFIED BEGGChange in the shape of the bracketEx: Tip edge BEDDTIOT C.A.T and other Combination bracketsREFINED BEGGUse the same Begg bracketUse of newer high tensile wires and auxillaries to overcome the drawbacks of the classic technique

REFINED BEGGRefinements can be broadly classified under the following headings:

CONCEPTUAL CHANGESHARDWARE ADVANCEMENTSMODIFICATION OF MECHANICS

Theoretical foundationTreatment objectivesDiagnosisTreatment planningBiomechanicsArch-forms

1. Conceptual changesAttritional occlusion and Differential forces are viewed in a new perspective.

2. Treatment objectivesTreatment objectives now include Andrews 6 keys to normal occlusion and Gnathologic goals set by Roth.

3. DiagnosisDiagnosis is now broad based, involving skeletal, dental and soft tissue analysis, growth estimation and VTO

4. Treatment planningTreatment planning varies according to the facial pattern and other individual requirements such as controlling incisor exposure.Treatment during mixed dentition for controlling and redirecting growth with functional appliances either before or during fixed therapy are considered.

Upper molar distalization by modifying the archwire is possible.The molars are held back and the Leeway space is utilized for resolving mild crowding in border line cases.

In the early days the rule of thumb was to extract when in doubt.Nowadays when in doubt we start the case non-extraction. When extractions do become necessary the choice of teeth is dictated by the diagnosis

all first premolars, 21123487654356782112348765435678

all second premolars21123487654356782112348765435678

all first molars, 21123487654356782112348765435678

upper first premolars and lower second premolars21123487654356782112348765435678

or vice versa,21123487654356782112348765435678

asymmetric extractions, 21123487654356782112348765435678

upper second molars and lower third molars,21123487654356782112348765435678

single arch premolar extractions 21123487654356782112348765435678

a single lower incisor extraction21123487654356782112348765435678

Interproximal enamel reduction is also a viable option in cases with excess tooth material.

5. Biomechanics The conventional method tipped the teeth uncontrollably thereby leading to iatrogenic root resorption.Refined method aims at achieving controlled tipping in the first and second stages by using torquing springs made with thin dimension high tensile premium and supreme wires.

Advantages of using torquing auxillaries right from Stage I Prevents uncontrolled tipping and related root resorption.Make stage III short and simple.Provide labial root torque for blocked in lateral incisors right from the beginning.Enhances intrusion and retraction of canines which are touching the labial cortical plate.

6. Arch-formsProper arch form and co-ordination of upper and lower arch wires is checked at every stage.

AttachmentsArch WiresElasticsOther Components

1. AttachmentsBrackets: Basic design remains the sameBuilt in torque (Kameda)Anti rotation (Mollenhauer)

Tubes: Round / Oval / RectangularBuilt in distal offsetOval / Rectangular tubes are used to get better bucco-lingual control.Combination tubes

Other attachmentsPalatal bracketsHooks Lingual buttons, cleats or eyeletsAdditional round tubesLingual and palatal sheaths

2. Arch-wiresNewer high grade Australian stainless steelPremiumPremium plusSupremeDecrowding is done withThin premium plus / Supreme wiresMulti stranded co-axial wiresNickel titanium wiresFinishing is done withAlpha titanium rectangular wiresBraking is achieved withCombination / Tandem wires

3. ElasticsUltra lightRoadrunner of OrmcoLightYellow elastics of T.P. OrthodonticsMany configurations besides the conventional class I and class II are usedCheck / distal vertical / box / M / W etc.

4. Other ComponentsBy pass hooks and power pins (Kameda)Trans palatal archesJasper jumper

STAGE WISE MODIFICATIONS

Stage IMulti looped arch wires are avoided for decrowding, instead ultra fine Australian wires, coaxial steel or NiTi wires are used along with 0.016 inch base wire.MAA as an integral part of stage I.More importance to incisor intrusion.

Modified arch wires such as bypass wiresDistalizing arch wires are used when neededBase wire is changed to 0.018 as soon as the teeth permit for efficient incisor intrusion, rotation control and maintenance of the arch formOpen bite cases are started with 0.014 arch wire.

Stage IIMAA is continued for controlled tipping of anteriors.Base wire may be changed to 0.020 size.Excessive tipping of incisors is avoided by applying efficient brakes.Kameda recommends to start torquing incisors from this stage itself.

Stage IIIBase wire is 0.020 premium for resisting unfavourable side effects of torquing auxillaries and uprighting springsUprighting springs and torquing auxillaries are made of finer higher grade wires.

Prevention and correction of occlusal displacement of palatal cusps is ensured.Second molars are banded and included in the appliance for their proper positioning.Headgear can be used to reinforce anchorage if needed.

FinishingRectangular wires along with staples and T-pins can be used for maintaining or improving the proper torque and tipDifferent elastic configurations with lighter round wires may be used to obtain a tight buccal occlusionA pre finishing cephalograph is advised to make sure completion of all corrections.

RetentionConventional Begg did not emphasize retention of lower teeth.Nowadays it is an accepted practice to use a removable Hawleys plate with a fitted labial bow or a fixed lingual retainer for maintaining the corrected lower anterior teeth till relapse tendency due to continued growth and / or third molars is ruled out.

What still remainsUse of light forces.Crown tipping and root tipping are kept separate for efficient anchorage management.Differential forces for differential movement of groups of teethSequence of stages and treatment steps remain same.

Use of light intra oral elastics.En-masse movement of teeth for space closure.Separation of root moving forces from arch wire forcesOver correction of all displacements.

Bracket design0.0200.0150.045

Built in Torque adjustment

Molar Tubes0.0360.0720.0245 mm6 mm

Combination Tubes0.0360.0180.0255.5 mm6.2 mm

Placement of the attachmentsHeightMesio-distal locationBracketsMolar tubes

Bracket Heights

Maxillary teeth7654321Height (mm)33.53.53.543.54Height (mm)33.53.53.5444Mandibular teeth7654321

Maxillary Anteriors321Height (mm)3.534Height (mm)3.53.54Mandibular Anteriors321

Mesio-distal locationBracketsIdeally placed along the long axisOffseted in case of rotationsMolar tubesMesial of the tube in line with mesio-buccal cusp tip

Arch wires (in the order of increasing yield strength)Australian wires formerly availableRegularRegular plusSpecialSpecial plusNewer grades of wiresPremium (P)Premium plus (P+)Supreme (S)

Availability of newer wires

WIRE SIZE (INCH).008.009.010.011.012.014.016.018.020PREMIUM*********PREMIUM PLUS********SUPREME****

Mechanical properties of the newer grade wires

Working range(maximum flexibility)ResiliencyZero stress relaxationFormability

Clinical usage of new grade wiresDepending on the load deflection rate desired the wire size will be decidedIf the chances of fracture of an arch wire are high a slightly lower grade may be preferred

Considering these factors Premium plus, Premium or at least Special plus grade wires are recommended for making arch wires. The other lower grade wires have almost become extinct in clinical practice.

Protocol for bending these wiresWarm the wire by pulling between fingers before bending since these wires have ductile brittle transition temperature slightly above the room temperature.Sharp bends are to be made around the square beak. This provides a moment arm between the thumb and the wire gripping point thus reducing the applied stress.

General considerations in bending the archwires

Cuspid circlesSizeLocationOccluso-gingival location of anterior & posterior segments.PlaneMolar stops

Gable bends: distal to canine & it made in third stage arch wire to maintain bite opening. it causes relative extrusion of canine & intrusion of lateral & central incisors. Hocevars modification: a bend on eitherside of canine. They causes central incisors intrusion while canine & laterals both extruded. Kamedas modifications: includes simultaneously gable & anchor bend results canine extrusion & incisors intrusion.

Accesories Power pins (Kameda)Trans palatal archesPinsStage I pinsStage III pinsHigh hat pinsHook pins T pins

Stage wise modifications

STAGE IObjectives of conventional BeggAlignment of teethElimination of cross bitesOver bite correction Over jet correctionCorrection of arch formMatching the midlinesAttaining class I molar and canine relation

STAGE I OF REFINED BEGGPrioritiesOverbite reduction to precede overjet reductionCrowding to be relieved so as to engage 0.016 or 0.018 base wires into all the bracket slots for applying intrusive force to all teeth evenly.If canines are to be moved distally to relieve crowding or if they are badly rotated they receive priority over everything else initially.Severely proclined or retroclined incisors are to be brought to proper inclination before applying higher intrusive forces

Objectives of Sub stage I-ACreate space for decrowding or close existing spaces.Alignment of teethLabio-ligual movementsCorrection of rotationsCorrection of anterior cross biteImprove upper incisor inclination to +/- 10o of normal.Molar rotations and posterior cross bites to be corrected with TPA.Premolar rotations to be corrected using only palatal or lingual attachments.Upper arch form in the canine area is broadened, if narrow to facilitate mandibular advancement for class II correction.

Objectives of Sub stage I-BMaximize incisor intrusion and minimize molar extrusion during bite opening.To achieve controlled tipping of upper incisors during retraction.Prevent uncontrolled tipping of lower incisors during bite opening.Apply root control for correction of extreme labio-lingual movements such as blocked in lateral incisors.Control the mandibular plane angle.Match skeletal and dental midlines.Correct inter arch relationship to Class I.Premolar displacements and rotations are corrected if they are bonded.

Arch form and rotational controlArch wire selection in stage 1Anterior overbite and effect of elasticsSpaces to be opened or closedAlignment of teeth

Arch wires in Stage-IFor closing spaces or for decrowding the teeth have to slide over the wire, hence thinner wires (0.014 / 0.016) are used.Alignment of teeth is done with sectional NiTi wires, multi stranded or thin stainless steel wires tied piggy back over a rigid base wire with small vertical offsets for the malposed teeth.

In average or deep bite cases 0.018 premium or premium plus wires are used.Provides adequate intrusive force on upper incisorsResists lingual rolling of lower molarsIn anterior open bite cases the upper 0.014 and lower 0.016 P/P+ wires are used.To efficiently correct and maintain arch form and for better rotational control the base wire is changed to 0.018 as early as possible.

SUB STAGE I-AI. Alignment of crowded anterior teethDecline in the use of multi looped wires due toInadequate or uneven bite openingLabial and buccal flaring of incisors and caninesLoss of control over molar positionsFailure to maintain anchorageWire bending needs skill and is time consumingSoft tissue irritationDifficult to adjust intra orallyCan distort arch form, width and symmetry Difficult to maintain oral hygiene

1.Arch wire strength needed to negate the side effects of elasticsBadly positioned caninesFull length NiTi wire along with 0.014 S.S base wire with anchor bend but no cuspid circle tied piggy back. Step up or step down bends are given if the base wire comes in the way of tooth movement.Full length NiTi wire without support from a S.S. wire can be used in open bite cases or if the canines are highly placed.

2.Amount of canine distalization needed for decrowding and cuspid circle positionMild crowding (space required-0.5 mm)Kept touching the canine brackets on both sidesSlightly more crowded (1 mm)Kept 0.5 mm distal to the canine bracket on either sideMore crowding (2mm)One or both circles are omitted and elastics engaged on to high hat pins on the canines

If canines tip distal excessively they are fitted with uprighting springs made of 0.010 supreme wire.

If the lower arch is made without cuspid circles for bilateral canine movement, molar stops are bent mesial to the molar tube.If both cuspid circles are omitted in the upper arch, its ends are lightly bent (not tightly cinched) about 1mm away from the distal ends of molar tubes which provide for uprighting of the molars.

If only one cuspid circle is omitted in the upper arch, the wire is stabilized using a cuspid tie to the circle on the other side. Under similar conditions in the lower arch, the molar stop may still be required on the opposite side for resisting forward molar movement.

3.Amount of wire deflectionMinimal crowding of 1-2 mm can be corrected by giving horizontal offset or V bends in a 0.016 or 0.014 S.S. wire.If crowding is more than 2 mm, more flexible 0.014 or 0.016 NiTi, 0.0165 co axial or 0.009 supreme wires will be required.

Considerations for choice of wireSame diameter coax wire exerts less force than a NiTi wire, whereas a S.S 0.009 supreme wire exerts more force than the 0.014 NiTi.NiTi wires have highest spring back. Coax wires are most prone to deformation and S.S under size wires have the least spring back.S.S wires have the least friction, NiTi wires have greater friction, while coax wires offer maximum resistance to sliding.NiTi wires are more costly than the coax or supreme wires

4.Amount of rotational control requiredThe arch wire should fill the slot as much as possible for rotational corrections0.014 NiTi or coax wires are the best choice but they must be supported by a stiff base wireIf a 0.009 supreme wire is used, it would require exaggerated horizontal offsets

5.Indication for using a single loopWhen a single incisor is out of the arch while all the remaining incisors and the other side canine are well aligned but tipped towards the crowded incisor.A single loop is made in the 0.014 or 0.016 arch wire with the cuspid circle abutting the canine and a stop abutting the lateral incisor.

Indication for using a single loop

6.Anterior open biteUpper 0.014 S.S if incisor extrusion is needed with mild anchor bends balanced by suitable class II elasticsLower 0.016 S.S wire is used.

7.Over correction of rotationsAs one proceeds to stiffer wires forcing the wire into anti rotation brackets may lead to bond failureHence, rotated teeth should be corrected at each visit on the lesser dimension wires by using rotation modules, so that bigger size wires can be easily engaged in the subsequent visits.

II. Closing of anterior spacing

Cuspid circles should be kept 2 mm mesial to the bracket and must be rolled mesially as spaces close. Keeping them too far mesially may lead to round tripping but is valid if canines are to be moved mesiallyIntrusion takes up some space, hence active space closure should not be done until intrusion is achieved.

III.Improving the inclination of upper incisors

Severely proclined teeth are first retracted with class I or II elastics along with mild/moderate anchor bendsRetroclined incisors are allowed to upright under the effect of anchor bends, by avoiding class II elastics. Loops against the molar tubes can be used if active proclination is required.

IV.Molar position correctionRotated molars are corrected with appropriate toe-in or toe-out bends in a 0.016 S.S wireMild bucco-lingual displacements can be corrected by arch wire expansion or contractionMore than 2mm corrections are to be attempted with a TPA, Quad helix, NiTi expander or a removable expansion appliance

V. Premolar derotationsCan be achieved by tying only the palatal or lingual attachments.Those requiring the use of rotational springs in the brackets are differed to sub stage IB, because the springs would hinder a free sliding of the arch wire, which is an essential part of the sub stage IA

Pins used in sub stage I AWell positioned incisors can receive stage I pins which allow free tipping of teeth either to open or close spacesHigh hat pins are used on canines if they are to be moved distally for decrowding, which facilitate engagement of class II elasticsIf a piggy back sectional wire is to be pinned the hook pins are used.

SUB STAGE I BIt forms the major part of the first stageArch wires used are 0.018 P/P+The elastics employed are mostly class II light or ultra lightSteps Bite openingElimination of overjet with controlled tippingControlling the mandibular plane angleCorrecting midline discrepancyCorrecting the inter-arch relation to class I

I. Bite openingTrue intrusion of incisors and avoiding molar extrusion are of prime importanceThe interplay of intrusive and elastic forces determines the magnitude and direction of the net resultant forceThe site for placing bite opening bends is yet another important consideration

Strategies for bite openingInitially when incisors are severely proclinedIntrusive force=45gmsClass II force=60gmsAs inclination improvesIntrusive force=60gmsClass II force=30gmsApplying class I force from power arms soldered gingival to the molar tube is yet another option.

Controlling the net resultant forceAs they become more upright

Elastic force is applied more obliquely downwards from TPAIntrusive force is increased by increasing anchor bends from 30o to 50o on a 0.016 and later on a 0.018 S.S. wire

Class II elastic force is reduced by over stretching them before use, using them over extended periods (3-5 days) or by switching from yellow (5/16) to the Road runner (3/8) elastics.Elastic force vector is changed from class II to class I and later engaged from the TPA as the situation demands.

Control of force vector

Modifications for uniform intrusionGingival curve in the incisor segmentRecommended by Dr. SwainVertical step-up bends 4-5 mm in height and placed 2-3 mm mesial to the molar tubeRecommended by Dr. JayadeIn actual clinical situation it is better to place them 5mm mesial to the tube, as the bend moves 2mm distally on engagement within the slotPlacing incisal segment occlusally to negate extrusion of canineReinforcing vertical anchorage by including second molars in extreme deep bite cases.

Gingival curve & Step-up bend

Use of elastics from TPALingual sheaths to be welded on upper molar bandsFour additional brackets to be bonded on the palatal aspect of incisors with their slots facing incisallySectional 0.016 wire to be engagedHigh hat pins to be used for elastic engagement

Predicting the net intrusive force vectorLateral cephalograph taken with barium coated palatal elastics engaged from the TPA

II Elimination of overjetAttaining an edge to edge incisor relation by use of cl II elastics. a)Attempt to achieve controlled tipping is emphasized Higher intrusive forceLeast possible elastic forceM/F ratio is kept close to 8:1MAA auxillary is used to provide the counter balancing moment

b)Preventing uncontrolled tipping of lower incisorsLower incisor brackets are bonded more gingivallyLess anchor bend in the lower arch wireMAA with labial root torqueArch wire ends are cinched tight

c)Root control of teeth with extreme labio-lingual displacements

MAA for in standing incisorsJenners auxillary for lingual root movement of canines with prominent root eminencesSpec auxillary for reciprocal root movements of adjacent teeth

III. Controlling the mandibular plane

Strong anchor bends and heavy class II elastics are to be avoidedAdjuncts such as TPA and high pull head gear can prevent extrusion of upper molarsBite blocks can be used to prevent extrusion of upper and lower molars

IV. Correcting midline discrepancy

Uneven class I or II elastic force with stronger elastic force on the side to which the midline has to move are used0.018 premium plus Base wire is to be used to prevent unwanted canting of occlusal plane due to uneven elastic forceIf both upper and lower midlines are to be moved reciprocally diagonal elastics are usedIf only lower midline is to be corrected unilateral class I elastics are used. For more correction an uprighting spring is engaged on the opposite canine which supplements with a pushing force

V.Correcting inter-arch relation to Class IIn a growing child the class II correction is achieved by encouraging mandibular growth with a functional applianceClass II elastics are said to have a functional appliance like effectIn adults mesial movement of the lower molars is achieved with class II elastics aloneIn selected cases class II molar relation is corrected by Distalizing upper molars

Pins in stage I BMollenhauer observed that excess freedom offered by stage I pins does more harm than good most of the time .Hence stage III pins can be used for engaging the arch wire in well aligned teeth with good contacts

Check list at the end of stage IEdge to edge incisor relationMatching midlinesClass I molar and canine relationRotations are slightly over correctedCo-ordinated upper and lower arch formsCorrected molar rotations and labio-lingual displacementsMaintain good control over root positions and the mandibular plane angle

STAGE II AND PRE STAGE IIIObjectivesArch wires in stage IIControlled tipping of incisorsBraking mechanics for protracting posteriorsElastics used in stage IIPins used in stage IIDuration of stage IIRotations of premolars Check list at the end of stage IIPre stage III

ObjectivesTo maintain all corrections achieved in stage ITo close all extraction spacesIn additionControlled tipping during retraction with MAA used for lingual root torqueUse of efficient brakes for posterior protractionCorrection of cross bites and rotations of premolars

Arch wires used in stage IIUsually 0.018 P/P+ or 0.020 P wires are usedThe heavy 0.020 arch wires are good for maintaining rotation correction, deep bite correction and the arch form

Braking mechanicsPassive uprighting springs made in 0.018 wire are used as braking springsAngulated T pins help in maintaining the tipping already brought about and prevent further tippingTwo spur or four spur torquing auxillaries or MAA made with 0.010 or 0.011 wire over a 0.020 base wire can be usedCombination wires also can be used.

Elastics Various configurations are used as per the individual patients requirementClass I/Class II/Class IIICheck /Box M / W / triangularCross elastics

Check list at the end of stage IIAll spaces to be closed All teeth are well alignedRotations are over correctedEdge to edge incisor relationClass I or super class I canine and molar relation are to be attained

Pre stage IIIMost of the cases require pre stage III adjustments since the premolars are at a different level as they are not engaged to the arch wire until the spaces are closed.A horizontal offset is made between the premolar and molar. A mild vertical adjustment is also made at the same sight so as to engage the premolar brackets.A complete set of records are taken to check for the root positions which are to be corrected in stage III

Stage IIIObjectivesTo maintain corrections achieved in the first two stagesTo achieve desired root positionsAdditional objectivesTo carefully monitor anchorage requirements and reinforce them if neededTo correct the positions of second molars, whenever requiredTo monitor for root resorption, para-functional habits and cuspal interferences.

Problems encountered in Stage III

SagittalMesial movement of entire dentition or individual crownsClass II / Bimax / Rotations / Crowding reverts backSpaces opening at extraction site

VerticalAnterior deep bite reverts partially or fullyPosterior open bite may develop in second premolar or first molar extraction casesTransverseBuccal flaring of posteriors leading to functional disturbancesRoot resorption

Methods to overcome problems 1.Minimise need for root movements in this stageProper diagnosis and careful extraction planUse of efficient braking mechanismControlled tipping of teeth in the first two stages2.Use of heavy base wires3.Using lighter auxillaries and uprighting springs4.Use of light class II elastics5.Reinforcement of anchorage6.Over correction of all movements at end of stage II

Various torquing auxillariesSpur auxillaries (2,4,6)Udder arch for labial root torqueMouse trap for lingual root torqueVan der HydtKitchtonAnterior root torquingSingle root torquing ReciprocalReverse torquingBuccal root torque on molarsJenner auxillary for labial root torque on lateral incisors

Recipracal (Spec) auxiliary

Single root torquing auxiliary & placed for buccal root torque on premolarAuxiliary for lingual root torque Buccal root torquing auxiliary

Uprighting springsMini 0.5 mm diameterMidi 0.9 mm diameterMaxi 1.5 mm diameter

FinishingObjectives Intra archProper facio lingual positioningGood inter dental contactsWell aligned marginal ridgesFlat curve of speeProper tip and torque of all teethProper arch formMaintainence of lower inter canine width

Inter archNormal overjet and overbite Class I canine, premolar and molar relationsTight inter digitation of posterior occlusionFunctional No cuspal interferencesCanine and incisor guidanceHealthy and well functioning TMJControl of etiologic factors

CONCLUSIONIn this ever changing world, when things are becoming simpler, orthodontics is not behind. In the race of outdoing the other, and media type, we sometimes Forget the conventional approach of treatment. Just because the other thing is new does not guarantee a fool proof treatment. We should know about the advantages and disadvantages of both conventional and modern methods before taking a decision. The Conventional Beggs methods also refine themselves with time in order to make the life easier for an orthodontist.

REFERENCESRefined Beggs of modern times Dr. Vijay jayde Sidney Brandt Experience with Begg technique angle orthodontist 1962, vol 32, number 3. Jayade VP : Indian Begg practice at cross roads JIOS, 1989, vol. 20. Sims MR : Anchorage variation with light wire technique. Am JD, 1971, 59 : 456. Anil Kadchakar and Vijay Jayde Finishing and detailing A review. JIOS, 1994, January, vol 25, No. 1. H.S. Divakar and V.P. Jayade Comparison of uprighting springs made from lighter Australian wires. JIOS, 1995, January, vol 26, No. 1.

John Mamutil Technique Clinic Begg rotation module JCO, June 1987, vol 21, No. 6. Tan F. : Begg reverse torquing auxiliary JCO, 21, 789, 1987. H.S. Divakar and V.P. Jayade : Rectangular finishing wires in Begg technique ; JIOS, 30; 3, 1997. Barrer Current concepts in Begg philosophy and technique JCO 16 : 2, 1982. Ram. S. Nanda, Klye R. Shannon Changes in the curve of spec with treatment and at 2yrs post treatment. Am JO 124, 2004.

THANK YOU

*