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Wolf, J., and J. Luksch, 1887b: Bericht an die Seebehorde in Fiume über die am Bord der Dampf yacht "Deli" und des Dampfbootes "Nautilus" wahrend des Sommers 1875 durchgeführten physikalischen Untersuchungen in Nord becken der Adria, II, Fiume.

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INDEX

Acqua alta, 26, 49, 94, 99 Acqua Alta platform, 14 Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

(ADCP), 27, 29, 31-34, 77-9, 89, 91, 117, 122, 173, 178-9, 222, 241

Adige River, 61, 62, 144, 160 Adria Kommission, 10 Adriatic Deep Water (ADW)

amount, 43-44, 113, 121-2, 244 flow, 23, 88, 90 formation, 22, 43-44, 116, 126, 244 outflow at Otranto, 27, 31, 43,

88-90, 111-3, 115, 117, 121-2, 127, 129, 141

properties, 21, 100, 103, 116, 126, 138, 141-2

Aegean Sea, 2 pigment, 36, 38 water masses, 130, 134, 138, 141 winds, 8, 36, 49

Air press ure, 6, 24,45,47,88,89, 111, 144, 168, 179, 180, 190-1, 193, 195, 203, 206, 209, 239

Albanian co ast , 3, 36, 38, 42, 96, 108, 214,

215 rivers, 1, 36, 61, 62, 104, 125, 214-6 shelf, 86, 214-6

Alps, 62, 173 Altimetry, 35, 86 Amphidromic point, 218, 220, 222-3,

226, 237 Ancona, 3, 4, 31, 35, 76, 79-81, 82,

159, 182, 186, 219 Anticyclonic gyres, 106, 241, 242

Gulf of Trieste, 177 Istria, 100 Kastela Bay, 196 Mediterranean Sea, 36, 130, 133,

134 near Po delta, 76, 95, 148, 150, 186 northern Adriatic, 72, 151 southern Adriatic, 104, 106, 108,

189 Vir Sea, 198 wind driven, 94, 95, 100, 151, 152,

154 Zadar and Pasman Channels, 198 see also Double gyre

Apennines, 3, 4, 61, 62 Autumn, 36, 72

chlorophyll, 148, 149 circulation, 24, 39, 42, 43, 44, 69,

70-1, 72-4, 76, 77, 82-6, 93, 105, 106, 107, 115, 151, 152, 162, 177, 182

outflow, 113-4, 121 rivers, 62, 124, 145 stratification, 19, 188 surface fluxes, 58, 59, 62, 64, 144-5 winds, 8, 48, 52

AVHRR, 28, 29, 35, 37-8, 40, 86, 149, 164

Azores High, 6, 45 Bakar, 13, 24, 167, 190, 193, 218, 239 Bakar Bay, 203, 210

see also Rijeka Bay Bannock cruises, 14, 15 Bari, 3, 119, 126, 189 Baroclinic

adjustment, 93, 127 motions, 68, 72, 83, 89, 94,100,104,

106, 150, 155, 159, 162-3, 163, 173, 176, 183, 186, 218

waves, 4, 191, 210-3 Baroclinic instability, 6, 98, 108, 126,

157, 187 - see also Instabilities Bathymetry, 2-3, 143-4, 167, 168, 190,

281

282

214,229 Bifurcation, 99, 131, 188 Bora (or Bura), 8,17,46,53,54,56

characteristics, 47-8, 191, 198 cooling effect, 8, 42, 58 curl (shear), 54, 144, 151, 154, 186,

198 deep-water formation, 91, 116, 122,

144-5 effect on circulation, 8, 18, 76, 94,

95-8, 151, 153-4, 159, 184, 194, 196-200

effect on nutrients, 146 effect on Po plurne, 95, 150, 159,

164, 186-7 effect on sea level, 97, 163, 191, 194,

196 Ekman pumping, 56, 199 mixing ofwater, 36, 42,164,179 modeling, 51, 53, 97, 153, 159, 163,

179, 196 seasonality, 8, 47, 50 two types, 8, 48 upwelling, 96 wind speeds, 47, 96, 200, 215

Bottles, 11, 27, 28, 67-8,69, 82 bubbles from bottles, 168

Bottom circulation, 19, 42, 88-91, 92, 97, 111, 121, 151-2, 196, 197-8, 244

Bottom density-driven current, 43, 92, 112,115,117, 122, 123, 182,244

see also DWOC Bottom friction, 91, 94, 95, 179, 183,

203, 209, 228-9, 234, 236-7, 239 Bottom pressure, 179, 203-4 Bottom slope, 4, 22, 98, 226, 234-5 Bottom torque, 157 Brat Channel, 223 Breeze - see Sea breeze Buoyancy flux, 83, 91, 94, 100, 191,

244 see also Heat flux, Evaporation and Precipitation

Chioggia, 46, 47 Chlorophyll, 5, 28,37,38,83,86,

INDEX

119-20, 147, 149, 215-6 Ciclope cruises, 11, 14, 68 Circulation, 11, 16, 67-109, 241-2

Gulf of Trieste, 176, 177-9 northern Adriatic, 150-3 subsurface, 23, 74, 79, 133, 183 surface, 12, 28-9, 68-71, 73, 183 topographie effects, 86 wind driven, 76, 78, 94-8, 104-5,

177,198,242 Climate, 6-9 Climatic changes, 21-6, 93, 242 Coastal currents, 4, 69, 76

see also Eastern Adriatic Current (EAC) and Western Adriatic Current (WAC)

Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), 35, 37-40, 110, 148-9, 163, 182, 215-6

CODAR, 29, 31, 35, 79-81 Convection, 22, 42-4, 91, 116, 118,

125-6, 129, 155 Conveyor belt, 129, 134, 141 Cooling - see Heat flux Cretan Gyre, 36, 133 Cretan Passage, 130-1, 134, 138 Croatian Coast, 2, 3, 4, 6, 47, 76, 98,

189-214, 215-6, 223-5, 243 CTD, 117, 137, 179 Currentmeters, 177, 196, 198,211,218

see also Moorings Cyclones, 6, 8, 24 Cyclonic gyres, 67-8, 82, 126

Gulf of Trieste, 173, 177 middle Adriatic, 39, 72 northern Adriatic, 22, 69, 72, 82,

95, 150-2, 155-7, 162, 183, 186 southern Adriatic, 69, 72, 77, 104,

115, 119, 120 wind driven, 95, 196, 198-9 see also Double gyre

Dalmatia, 2, 10, 59, 63, 190, 218, 225, 229

Data assimilation, 100, 108, 153 Deep-water formation, 11, 22, 42-4, 59,

111-29, 242, 244, 245

INDEX

Gulf of Trieste, 168, 180, 181 middle Adriatic, 21-2, 43-4, 125-6 modeling, 100, 124-9, 158 northern Adriatic, 91, 118-9, 122-4,

126, 158, 184, 243 southern Adriatic, 69, 100, 115-22,

125-6 Dense Water Outflow Current

(DWOC), 89, 91, 92-3 Density

at bottom, 123, 138, 168, 173 Gulf of Trieste, 172-5, 179, 180 Mediterranean Sea, 137 Otranto, 140-1 at surface, 128

Dinaric Alps, 2, 3, 4, 8, 47, 51, 61 Dispersion, 29 Double gyre, 76, 82, 95, 148, 151-2,

154, 198 Downwelling, 164, 199 Drainage basin, 61-2 Drifters, 28-9, 82-5, 86, 106, 113,

152-3,173,189,241 Drifting buoys, 27-8, 82 Drin (or Drini) River, 61, 62, 214 Dubrovnik, 15, 189-90, 193-4, 202,

205-8, 209, 219 Dynamic topography, 16,68-9, 71,

72-4,89 Eastern Adriatic Current (EAC), 69,

92-3, 182 middle Adriatic, 76, 99 northern Adriatic, 122, 145, 150,

153 southern Adriatic, 72, 83, 104 variability, 69, 72, 83, 98, 108, 241

Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW), 17,43, 103, 129, 130-1, 134, 138, 245

Eastern Mediterranean Transient, 130 Ekman currentmeters, 72 Ekman layer

atmospheric, 54 bottom, 31, 179 surface, 80, 96, 179 transport, 194

Ekman pumping, 56, 199 ELNA, 17, 72, 75 ERS-1, 7, 37,41,56,86

283

Estuarine circulation, 91-3, 176, 242 Etesian wind, 8, 36, 45-6, 49, 69, 98 Eurasian High, 45 European Centre for Medium Range

Weather Forecast (ECMWF), 50, 52, 101-2, 124-5, 163, 186

Evaporation, 8-9, 21, 59-61, 129, 145, 155, 242

Fall - see Autumn Filaments, 4, 6, 83, 86, 149, 189, 215,

245 Fish catch, 25 Fiume - see Rijeka Floats, 29, 30, 91 Frequency spectra - see Spectral anal­ysis Fronts, 17, 18,22,86,124,242,244 Gale-force wind, 47, 48 Gargano - see Monte Gargano

Peninsula and Split-Gargano line Gas-drilling platforms, 26, 49, 82,

150-1 Geopotential topography, 16, 69-70 GEOSAT, 35, 37, 41 Geostrophic currents, 58, 59, 68-9, 72,

76, 86 horizontal distribution, 15, 16, 18,

75 vertical distribution, 19, 183-5

Grado, 168, 169, 170, 202, 223 Lagoon, 168, 170

Halley, Edmund, 167 Heat flux, 8, 43, 55-9, 100, 101-2, 118,

122, 125-6, 144-5, 180, 242 Hvar Island, 223 Iceland Low, 45 Inertial oscillations, 8, 95, 98, 113,

192, 210-1 Instabilities, 4, 83, 86, 181, 188-9, 241,

243 Interannual variations, 24, 100, 242,

245 chlorophyll, 120

284 INDEX

currents, 69, 86, 93, 115, 241 138, 145, 215, 244 water formation, 121, 125, 127-9 properties, 130 Otranto, 114, 121, 134 Levantine Surface Water (LSW), salinity, 15, 22, 138 130-1 sea level, 239 Libeccio, 49 temperature, 15, 21, 138 Lim Channel, 203-6

Intermediate circulation Livenza River, 160 Adriatic Sea, 88-91, 93, 244 Long-term trends Mediterranean Sea, 131, 133 bora, 48, 180 see also Thermohaline circulation precipitation, 180

Internal waves, 98, 192, 210-1 sea level, 180, 239 internal tides, 224 seiches, 208-9 see also Kelvin waves water exchange, 245

Ionian Sea, 1, 2, 24, 111, 129-31, 133, water masses, 141 134, 138-9, 244 Maestrale, 45, 49

Ionian Surface Water (ISW), 59, 77, Mali Losinj, 56, 61, 202 82, 89, 93, 130-1, 182 Mali Ston Bay, 190, 194

Isonzo River, 160, 170, 172-3, 176 Marjan Cape, 21 flow rate, 180-1 Meanders, 4, 5, 18, 72, 86, 93, 98, 104,

Istria (Istra), 3,48,67,69, 76, 100, 126, 149, 186,243,245 150-1, 190, 210-2 Mediterranean Sea, 2, 10, 129-38

Italian Coast, 2, 38, 95, 98, 146, 182-9, circulation, 17, 100, 133 243 evaporation, 59, 129

Jabuka Pit - see Mid-Adriatic Pit geography, 1, 2 Jets, 4, 83, 86, 149 modeling, 99-101 Jugo wind - see Sirocco remote sensing, 35-8 Kastela Bay, 17, 190, 196-7,203,237 sea level, 239-40 Katabatic wind, 8, 47 tides, 217, 228 Kelvin waves water budget, 64

baroclinic (internal), 4, 192, 211-2 water formation, 69, 100, 125, 242, barotropic (surface), 224, 226-7, 237, 245

239 winds, 37, 49, 54 Kinetic energy, 82-3, 85 Meltemi wind - see Etesian wind Koper, 168, 170-2, 174, 218-9 Memory effect, 100, 129, 242, 244 Korcula Island, 190, 203 Merz, Alfred, 167-8, 169 Krk, 202 Mesoscale variability, 4, 28, 29, 32, 42, KrkaEstuary, 197, 210 76,83,86,108,113,115,128, Kvarner, Gulf of, 10, 210-1 187-8,241,244 Lagrangian observations, 27-9, 82-5, 151 Mid-Adriatic Dense Water LANDSAT images, 210-1 (MAdDW), 21, 22, 23 Lastovo Island, 208,224 Mid-Adriatic Gyre (MAG), 126 Levante wind, 49 Mid-Adriatic Pit (MAP) Levantine Basin, 2, 129-31, 134 circulation, 72, 123, 157,241 Levantine Intermediate Water deep-water formation, 21-2, 43-4,

(LIW), 22-4,43,59,88-90,93, 96, 91, 124, 125 100, 103, 112, 122, 129-32, 134-5, monitoring, 245

INDEX

stratification, 125 topograph~ 2, 3, 98 ventilation, 43, 123

Middle Ages, 9, 217 Mistral, 36, 49 Mixing, 36, 41, 69, 86, 94, 117, 119,

123, 173, 176 Models of

circulation, 83, 99-108, 153-65, 184, 186, 242

deep-water formation, 100, 124-9, 158

storm surges, 26, 94, 99, 194-5 tides, 10, 179,224,226-7,228-34 wind-driven motions, 94-8, 104-5,

153-5, 161-2, 179, 194, 198 Modified Atlantic Water (MAW),

129-32, 135 Monitoring, 27, 61, 77, 79, 147, 170,

181,217,245 Monte Gargano Peninsula, 3, 4, 110,

182, 186, 189, 224 Moorings, 26-7, 72, 77, 89-90,150-1,

222, 241 Mucilage, 17, 173, 243, 245 Muggia, Bay of, 177 Najade cruises, 11, 13-5, 68 Nautilus cruises, 10, 14 Neretva River, 61, 76, 160, 191 Nile River, 21, 36 North Adriatic Dense Water

(NAdDW), 21-2, 23, 31, 43-4, 123-4,126,173,176,181,243,244

properties, 124, 169 North Adriatic Gyre (NAG), 105,

162-3 North Adriatic Water (NAW), 168

see also North Adriatic Dense Water

Nutrients, 17, 36, 41, 42, 119, 146, 148, 186, 245

Operational network, 27 Ortona, 157, 195, 219 Oscillations, 8, 13, 89, 114-5, 180, 203,

211,212-3 see also Inertial oscillations and

Seiches Ostro wind, 49 Otranto, Strait of

285

currents, 27, 76, 77-9, 82, 89-90, 112,114,117,120-1

heat exchange, 9, 59 salt exchange, 9 topography, 1, 2, 3, 22, 93 water exchange, 9, 22, 31, 43, 64,

69,82,88,93,94,100,102,111-5, 121, 125, 127

wind effect, 113-5 Otranto, tides at, 219, 224 P-ALACE float, 29, 30 Palagruza Island, 10, 46, 49, 60, 89,

219 Palagruza Sill, 2, 3, 10, 18, 22, 43, 67,

76, 78, 93, 98-9, 123 Pasman Channel, 198, 205, 211-3, 223 Pesaro, 46, 48, 219-21, 229 Piave River, 61, 62, 144 Pigment, 32, 36-9, 41, 86, 145

see also Chlorophyll Piran, 168, 170, 177-8

Bay of, 177-8, 202 Platforms, 14, 26, 27, 44, 49, 72,

150-1 Po River, 61-3, 243

delta, 3, 26, 68, 76, 82, 144, 148, 159, 163, 168, 182, 234

flow rate, 1, 62-3, 145 influence, 72, 86, 91, 155-60, 161 plume, 36, 39-40, 108, 147-50,

159-61, 182, 186 variability, 4, 39-40, 145, 184

Poincare waves, 212, 226 Ponente wind, 49 Porno Depression -

see Mid-Adriatic Pit Precipitation, 6, 21, 41, 59-61, 145,

173,191,242 Pressure gradient, 91, 92, 94, 95, 155

162,176, 182, 184,186 Princeton Ocean Model (POM),

100-1, 104, 105, 124, 154, 159 PRISMA, 17, 27, 31, 89

286

Pula, 3, 168, 190, 193, 200, 205-7, 219, 222, 229

Radar observations, 35, 86, 94 see also CODAR

Radius of deformation, 2, 4, 187, 210 Rainfall - see Precipitation Regio Committato Talassografico

Italiano, 10-1 Remote sensing, 32, 35-42, 54-5, 83,

86-8, 119, 147, 214 Rhodes Gyre, 36, 129, 133 Rijeka Bay, 3, 17, 190, 198-201, 203,

206, 219, 237 Rijeka N autical Academy, 10 River runoff, 1, 9, 60, 61-4, 91, 145,

173, 191, 214 Rovinj, 11, 13, 15, 61, 190, 195, 203,

207, 218-9, 222 Runoff

land, 62-3, 191 rivers, 1, 9, 36, 41, 61-4, 91, 160,

163-4, 180-1, 191, 214, 244 Salinity, 21, 22, 25, 137, 139-40

at bottom, 11, 122, 134, 136, 138, 141, 168

Gulf of Trieste, 170-2, 174, 179 maximum, 131-2, 135 minimum, 131-2, 135 observations, 10, 57, 89, 168 surface distribution, 21, 145-6,

160-1, 164-5 Satellite observations, 32-42, 106, 108

chlorophyll, 5, 83, 86, 147-9 sea surface temperature, 6, 20, 28,

86, 88, 110, 119, 147-8, 188 winds, 32, 36-7, 39, 41, 54-5

Savudrija Cape, 170, 173, 176 Scatterometer, 49, 54 Sea breeze, 8, 45, 49, 177 Sea level, 13, 24, 93, 94, 97, 154, 193,

195-6,203, 205-7,239-40 Sea surface temperature (SST), 4, 6,

20, 37, 40, 86, 88, 119, 145-8 Seasonal variations, 4, 6-9, 15, 63, 65,

69, 98, 148 circulation, 15-16, 70-1, 73-4, 76-7,

INDEX

82, 93, 104-5, 106, 126, 189, 241 Mediterranean Sea, 36 Otranto, 113, 121-2 Po River, 39-40 temperature, 18, 29, 40

SeaVViFS, 5, 35, 86, 149, 163, 187 Seiches, 202, 236-9

basin-wide, 95, 205-9, 224, 236-9 currents, 143, 205 decay, 203, 209, 237 internal, 210-1 local, 13, 169-70, 200, 202-5, 210,

214, 223, 237 Senigallia, 35, 80-1, 183, 185 Senj, 8, 47, 49, 151, 163, 190, 198-9 Ship drift, 27, 67, 69, 76 Ship wrecks, 27 Sibenik, 190, 197, 219 Sicily, Strait of, 2 Sirocco, 8, 46, 48, 54-5

characteristics, 48 curl, 48, 95, 144 effect on circulation, 69, 72, 79-80,

94-5, 114-5, 159-61, 184, 186, 189, 194, 196-8

effect on salinity, 164 effect on sea level, 94, 193-4, 209 seasonality, 8, 48, 50, 69 wind speeds, 48

Slope - see Bottom slope Soca River - see Isonzo River South Adriatic Gyre (SAG), 43, 77,

83, 92-3, 115-6 variability, 86, 128

South Adriatic Pit (SAP) circulation, 72, 87, 89, 115, 123, 241 deep-water formation, 17, 22, 43-4,

91, 100, 125-6 monitoring, 245 stratification, 127, 139 topography, 2, 3, 4, 98 ventilation, 44, 116, 118, 123, 243,

244 South Adriatic VVater (SAdVV), 21 Spectral analysis, 193, 203-4, 207-8,

210-1

INDEX

Split, 3, 8, 13, 15, 21, 24, 47, 51, 190, 193, 196, 202, 203, 206-8, 209, 219, 239

Split-Gargano line, 15, 19, 21, 22, 76, 89, 98

Spring, 36, 72 circulation, 70-1, 72-4, 77, 83-4, 107,

188 rivers, 62

StonCica station, 24 Storm surges, 26, 48, 54, 94, 99, 194-5,

209, 236 Stratification, 29-30, 96, 98, 139 Summer, 36, 72

circulation, 12, 16, 25, 33, 69, 70-1, 72-4,83-4,107,123,156,170,173, 184, 215

rivers, 62, 170 stratifieation, 171, 178 surfaee fluxes, 59, 64-5 upwelling, 4, 96 winds, 8, 45, 69

Synthetie Aperture Radar (SAR), 6, 7 Tagliamento River, 160, 181 Taranto, Gulf of, 3, 189 Temperature, 18-21, 139-40

at bottom, 11, 18, 136, 138, 141, 168, 212

Gulf of Trieste, 171-2, 174, 179 Mediterranean Sea, 136-7 surface distribution, 6, 20, 37, 40,

145-8 see also Sea surfaee temperature

Thermocline, 29, 69 Thermohaline circulation, 23, 78, 82,

91-3, 129, 155-60, 183-4, 242 Tidal eurrents

ellipses, 34, 218, 222-3, 226, 228, 230, 233

periodie eurrents, 143, 177, 179,205, 218, 222-5, 228, 230-3

phases, 34, 231-2 residual eurrents, 234-5

Tides, 10, 144, 192, 217-35 amplitudes, 217-21 internal tides, 224

287

measurements, 167, 191, 217 models, 10, 179, 224, 226-7, 228-34

Timavo River, 176 TOPEX-POSEIDON, 35, 37, 41 Topographie effeets, 18, 43, 79, 86, 88,

93, 95, 98-9, 115, 124, 134, 154, 182, 191, 198, 210, 242

Topographie waves, 192,209-11,226 Trajectories, 28, 30 Tramontana wind, 49 Transient - see Eastern

Mediterranean Transient Trieste, 3, 168

air pressure, 24, 89 preeipitation, 61, 180 sea level, 163, 195, 237 tides, 13, 167,217-8,219,228 winds, 8, 47, 51, 151

Trieste, Gulf of, 167-181, 243 bathymetry, 168, 229 cireulation, 173, 176, 177-9 deep-water formation, 168, 173,

180-1 heat flux, 56, 58 platform, 27 rivers, 180-1 seiehes, 169-70,202, 237 tides, 167, 179, 218, 231-3, 234 water budget, 61, 180 water properties, 168-9, 170-5, 179,

180 wind eurrents, 76, 177-9

T-S diagrams, 19, 103, 131 Tyrrhenian Sea, 36, 46, 47 Underwater springs, 170, 191

see also Vrulje Upwelling, 4, 8, 86, 96, 98, 160, 186,

199, 215 Variability - see Interannual, Mesoseale

or Seasonal Vela Luka Bay, 202, 203 Velebitski Kanal, 237 Veniee, 3, 26, 47, 49, 54, 94, 144, 163,

194,217-9,224,228,234,236,239 Ventilation

Mid-Adritie Pit, 43, 123

288

South Adriatic Pit, 44, 116, 118, 123, 243, 244

Vir Sea (Virsko More), 190, 198, 210, 211,223

Vis Island, 76-7, 219, 224 Viski Channel, 223 Vrulje,63 Water balance, 8-9, 59-65 Water masses, 21-6, 170-6 Watershed - see Drainage basin Wave radiation, 203, 209, 236-7 Waves - see Baroclinic, Internal, Kelvin,

Poincare and Topographie waves Westerlies belt, 6, 45, 190 Western Adriatie Current (WAC), 4,

18, 91-2, 99, 122-3, 150, 182-9, 243-4

modeling, 102, 104-5, 162-4, 186 observations, 31 speed, 76, 80, 83, 183, 185 transport, 78, 123 variability, 72, 76-7, 78-9, 83, 86,

93, 98, 102, 106, 108, 126, 241 width, 80, 83, 104, 184-5

Western Coastal Layer (WCL), 148-50, 163-4, 182-4

Winds, 4, 8, 45-55, 143-4, 242, 244 climatology, 50-2 curl, 8, 48, 54, 144, 154, 186, 198 gaps, 4, 8, 47, 51,196 spatial resolution, 49, 50-1, 54 speed, 36, 37, 39, 41 stress, 50, 51, 53, 54 variability, 69, 100, 190 see also Bora, Etesian, Katabatie,

Sea breeze and Sirocco Winter, 36, 72, 242

circulation, 25-6, 69, 70-1, 72-4, 77, 83-4, 93, 101, 102, 104, 107, 124, 155-6, 160, 162, 184, 188, 214-5

mesoscale features, 4 rivers, 62 surface fluxes, 59, 64-5 winds, 8, 95-6, 240

Yellow rain, 8 Zadar, 3,4, 190, 198,202,207,219,

INDEX

223, 237 Zadar Channel, 17, 198, 205, 211-3

PLATES 289

Plate 1 (Figure 1-3). Satellite image taken by the Sea-viewing Wide Field­of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ofthe surface chlorophyll content on 14 August 1998. Noteworthy is the regular meandering pattern of the high-chlorophyll tongue along the Italian coast. Existing dynamical features along the opposite coast are not apparent only because the chlorophyll levels are very low on that side of the sea. [Courtesy of the Joint Research Centre of the European Community, Ispra]

290 PLATES

Plate 2 (Figure 1-4). Sea surface temperature distribution on 1 and 10 September 1991 exhibiting the typical contrast that exists in the dynamies along the two opposite coasts. The features along the eastern (Croatian) coast are complex and implicate many length scales, whereas the western coast is the site of more rounded features with longer wavelengths. [Adapted from Borzelli et a1., 1999.]

Plate 3 (Figure 1-15). Drifter tracks in July and October 1995 overlaid on monthly mean SST (0C) composites derived from AVHRR data. Solid circles indicate the positions of the drifters at the end of the month. [Adapted from Vogt, 1999; original satellite images from Dousset et al., 1998]

PLATES 291

350 ~

45 ., ,JI

300

44

250

150

100 41

50

40

o 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

LONGITUDE (East)

Plate 4 (Figure 1-19). M2 tidal phases and ellipses ealeulated from vertically averaged ADep data during the winter season. Phase is defined as the time when the semi-major axis is in the first or fourth trigonometrie quadrant. [From Ursella and Gacit, 2001]

292 PLATES

Pigment concenlra/ion

(mg.tmiI)

• und • < 0,011 • 0.011 - 0.08 • 0.08 - 0.12 • 0. 12 - 0,20 • 0.20 - 0.30 • 0.30 - 0.50 • 0.50 - 0.70 • OJO - 100

1.00 · 1.50 1.50 · 2.00

. 2.00-3.00

• 3.00 · 4.00 • 4.00 - 6.00 • 6.00 · 10.0

> 10.0

T~perature (Oe)

• und • < 17.0 • 17.0 · 17.4 • 17.4 · 17.8 • 17.8- 18.2 • 18.2 · IU • 18.8 - 18,0 • 18.0 · 18 4 • 18.4 · 18,8 • 19.8 · 202

20.2 - 20.8

• 20.5 · 21.0 • 21.0 - 21.4 • 21.4 · 21.8 . 21.8 · 24.0

>24.0

Wlndspeed (misl

• L.nd • < 4,00 • 4.00 - 4.25 • 4.25 - 4.50 • 4,50 - 4.75 • 4.15 - 5.00 • MO - 5,25 • 5.25 · 5.50 • 5.50 · 5.15 • 5.75 - 6.00 • 5.00 · 5.25 • 6.25 - 6,50

5.50 - 6.15 • 6.75 - 7.00

7.00 - 8.00 > 8.00

Plate 5 (Figure 1-21). Integrated geographical and environmental data from remote-sensing archives for the Mediterranean Sea. Upper Plate: Mean chlorophyll-like pigment concentration (in mg/m3 ) derived from CZCS data. Middle Plate: Mean sea surface temperature (in 0c) derived from AVHRR data. Lower Plate: Mean wind speed (in m/s) derived from the GEOSAT, ERS-! and TOPEX-POSEIDON data sets.

PLATES

C/8SSlflc./Jon ( __ 01

plgmenl_nlnllIon -,."".-, """"" ·e ---"Da . 14'4:""

0'". · 011 • f7 0 - I" D~ . D2S • "1 .. »" 0.11 · 02" ", . "' 0" - 011 . 112 · "6 ("» · 0"2 . "' · 1d.I OI11 · GOII . ",. ".

-cO1fT • "' - ZID

293

Plate 6 (Figure 1-22). Spatial classification of the Mediterranean pigment and temperature annual means, derived from CZCS and AVHRR historical time series. This picture was obtained by unsupervised classification of the two­band image constructed with the histogram-matched pigment and temperature annual means, using spectral distance to assign each pixel to a cluster. [From Barale and Zin, 1997].

OOS

008

0.12

020

0.30

0.50

0.80 1.30

200

3.00

4.00

6.00

10 0

Plate 7 (Figure 1-23). Monthly mean pigment values (in mg/m3 ) for the Adriatic Sea derived from CZCS data.

294 PLATES

I I I d" \1,'\ '.: \1.'( li \1'1,'11

'- :ß':

\ i \\ 1I '\.1 11 1 , \1 (,I , ,

. :'

*' , ... 'i 1'11 \11\1;'

,,, 1\ 11 t I I~ 'I )\ I \lBI I~ 1>1 , 1 \111 1 It

Plate 8 (Figure 1-25). Monthly mean surface temperature (in Oe) for the Adriatic Sea derived from AVHRR data.

m/ 2

5.5

9

Plate 9 (Figure 1-26). Monthly mean wind speed (in m/s) for the Adriatic Sea derived from GEOSAT, ERS-l and TOPEX-POSEIDON data.

PLATES 295

'2.

~~----~--~~----~----~----~ Longilude (deg)

Plate 10 (Figure 3-8). Average current vectors from ten stations in the southern Adriatic and Strait of Otranto regions, between May 1994 and Nove'm­ber 1995 [adapted from Kovaeevic et al., 1999].

MCCSTWEEl<l.Y COMPOSITE : 1·7 AoIguoIIII95

26 265

Plate 11 (Figure 3-15). AVHRR-derived mean SST for the first week of August 1995 in the middle and southern Adriatic. Seven-day long drifter tracks are overlaid; solid circles indicate the drifter positions on 7 August 1995 at 24:00 UT. [Adapted from Vogt, 1999; original satellite image from Dousset et al.,1998]

296

12 2'

0 . ·200

-400

E ~ -600 a. ~

.aoo

· 1000

·1200

0 12 24

,-----, ~, . '---- ..... ....... - .......... - ....

30 48 60 72

Oistance (km)

""'--------" ,

I . , , , , ...... ...... ......... ...

..... _ .................................. \

\., ..................

30 48 60 72

Oistance (km)

PLATES

. .. .. ... .. ..

. .. · . , . · ~ ....

''',,\10 .,... .. " ' lII " U .,. ..

IID-.I ' .....

· .. ..... ..... ..... . ... · · · · , . · ," · , , · , · . .. . .. · ' \1. -.0

-14 -'. ·,..··1. -»-., • .. ....

Plate 12 (Figure 3-16). Section along 300 50'N between Italy (left) and Greeee (right) showing the vertical distribution of the monthly averaged in­ftowing eurrents in (a) Februaryand (b) May 1995. Stars indicate the loeation of eurrentmeters. Positive values eorrespond to northward ftow, the heavy white line represents the zero isoline, and the eontour interval is 2 em/s. The eross-sectional area oeeupied by LIW (water more saline than 38.75) and ADW (water with potential density exeess larger than 29.18 kg/m3 ) are depicted by dashed and dotted lines, respeetively. [From Poulain et al., 1996]

PLATES 297

Plate 13 (Figure 4-7). Surface distribution of Chlorophyll-a in the southern Adriatic Sea following a cooling episode in March 1998. Note the instability of the central gyre. [Courtesy of E. Mauri).

291~

Plate 14 (Figure 4-10). A vein of dense water (colder and less saline than the surrounding water) formed on the continental shelf of the northern parts of the basin by the middle of February and reaching the western continental shelf of the southern Adriatic by the middle of March. Contours are isolines of potential density excess, in kg/m3 .

298 PLATES

S'gma-'he'a 31 dep' h 10m

48

45 -

44

'" <2

.,

40 2 13 14 1S 18 17 18 '9 20

28.5 29 29.5

Plate 15 (F)gure 4-11). Potential density excess (ue in kg/m3 ) and flow field at 10 m depth in the middle of February (upper panel) and March (lower panel). The North-South Ue gradient with higher density in the northern basin is more evident during February. The permanent and cyclonic South Adriatic Gyre encircles a smaller cyclone, which is the site of open-sea deep convection during March. Mesoscale eddies appear with the onset of convection, mostly in the northerwestern part of the South Adriatic Gyre.

PLATES 299

Cruise POEM-ASe7: SaJinity minimum (0-250)

100 12..0 1~.o 18.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 2~.0 28.0 28.Q 30.0 32.0 306 0 se.0 38 0

Longitude E

Cruise POEM-ASS?: Salinity Maximum (150-600 dbar)

10.0 12.0 14.0 111.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 ~.O 28.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 306.0 36.0 38.0

Longitude E

Plate 16 (Figure 4-13). Horizontal distributions in 1987 of the salinity minimum in the upper 250 m [upper panel - redrawn from Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. (1999)], and of the salinity maximum in the 150-600 m layer ~ower panel], showing the major dispersal paths of MAW and LIW, respectively.

300 PLATES

Cruise POEMBC-091 : Salinity minimum (0-250)

100 '2.0 ' • . 0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 2C.O 26.0 26.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 3&.0 :J8.O

l.of9Iude E

Cruise POEMBC-091: Salinity maximum (150-600)

10,0 12.0 14,0 180 18,0 20,0 22,0 24-0 28,0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0

Longltude E

Plate 11 (Figure 4-15). Horizontal distributions in 1991 of the salinity min­imum in the upper 250 m [upper panel, redrawn from Malanotte-Rizzoli et al. (1999)] and of the salinity maximum in the 150--600 m intermediate layer [lower panel], showing the major dispersal paths of MAW and LIW, respectively.

PLATES

40.0

38.0

Z

301

Cruise METEOR '95: THETA 0C in bottom layer

10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 38.0 38.0

Longitude E

Cruise METEOR '95: Salinity in bottom layer

10.0 12..0 14.0 10.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 38.0 38.0

Plate 18 (Figure 4-16). Distribution ofpotential temperature (upper panel) and salinity (lower panel) in the bottom layer of the Eastern Mediterranean during the January 1995 survey conducted with the R/V Meteor [redrawn from Klein et al. (1999)]. Dots indicate hydrographie stations where physical, chemieal and biological parameters were measured.

302 PLATES

Cruise METEOR '95: Transect Eastern Mediterranecn

400 800 1200 1800

OiaUince (km)

o 400 800 1200 1800

Oia\al'lCe (I<m)

I CI.

o 400 800 1200 1800

Diata""" (Ian)

Plate 19 (Figure 4-11). Vertical distributions of potential temperature (e), salinity (S) and potential density excess (o-e) in 1995 along a zonal seetion in the Eastern Mediterranean (see insert map in bottom panel). The sampling stations are indicated at the top of each panel. The bottom topography is drawn from echosounding depths recorded by the ship at the CTD stations. Potential temperature and salinity are redrawn from Klein et al. (1999).

PLATES

j .

... ... ... -iIOt

11.,.

303

Cr~5@ !liTEOR '95· [,..,..." M<l'oc-So..lh Ionon

N Terrp<tal, .. ('Cl :b

Plate 20 (Figure 4-19). Vertical distributions ofpotential temperature (e), salinity (S) and potential density excess (0"9) along the meridional section connecting the southern Adriatic and Ionian Seas (see insert maps) in 1987 (left panel) and in 1995 (right panel). The station positions are indicated at the top of the panels. The salinity section in 1995 is redrawn from Klein et al. (1999).

304 PLATES

Chlorophyll .. (mg/m')

01 10

Plate 21 (Figure 5-4). SeaWiFS images of surface chlorophyll-a concentra­tion on 19 (left) and 20 (right) September 1997. Drifter trajectory segments are superimposed in green for aperiod of 3 days preceding the satellite pass. The "worm" head represents the drifter location at the time of the image. [Adapted from Mauri and Poulain, 2001 J

Plate 22 (Figure 6-33). CZCS level-3 satellite image taken on 1 April 1986. Red colored areas are those with highest chlorophyll, while the blue color rep­resents the lowest chlorophyll concentration. Note how far the influence of Albanian rivers extends along the Croatian coast. [From Artegiani et al., 1993]