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223

access to medicines campaign, 8–9, 13, 66–92

accountability, 174Achmat, Zachie, 76Action Contre le Faim (ACF), 117activism, globalisation and, 19–22ACT-UP, 87Afghanistan, 58–9, 60, 62African Muslim Agency, 55AIDS (Acquired Immune-Deficiency

Syndrome), 70, 86–8American Civil Liberties Union

(ACLU), 55, 57Amsterdam Statement, 75–7anti-colonialism, 12, 121–2,

127–8, 131anti-globalisation movement,

12, 181anti-money laundering measures, 11,

49–50, 53, 55–6anti-NGO sentiment, 12, 115–19,

121–7, 130–1, 204anti-retrovirals (ARVs), 86–7Anti-Terrorist Certificates, 10–11, 50,

55–6, 203Anti-Terrorist Financing

Guidelines, 61Apparel industry labour rights

movement (ALARM), 100, 110Argentina, 7, 8, 10

children in, 23–8children’s rights advocacy

in, 18–40CRC and, 23–39, 203legal reform in, 30–4, 38–9NGOs in, 28–36Patronato system, 23–31, 34–5, 38

Bangladesh, 21Benjamin, Daniel, 58bilateral development agencies, 46Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation, 180, 188

Bin Laden, Osama, 41Blair, Tony, 51–2blood diamonds, 10boomerang strategy, 21Bretton woods institutions, 183Brown, Gordon, 50Bush, George W., 41, 48, 200

Cameron, David, 65n10capacity-building programmes,

120, 179, 195capitalism, 14, 130, 147Center for Policy Studies (CPS), 192Central European University

(CEU), 181–2, 192–3Central Intelligence Agency

(CIA), 45, 144–5Centre for Democratic

Development (CDD), 98Centre for Trade and Development

(CENTAD), 100Charity and Security Network, 60Charity Commission of England

and Wales, 54–5child labour, 25, 27child protection, 121–4children’s rights, 8, 18–40,

121–4, 203child welfare, 7China, 56, 57, 164–5Christian Aid, 60Christianity, 12, 115–16, 118,

121, 130, 204civil society, 4–5

in 1990s, 43–8global, 179, 180‘global turn’ in, 192–6‘golden era’ of, 46–8military actors and, 58securitisation of, 7–8, 41–65, 203theories of, 3

coalition-building, 66–9, 82–5, 86–9

Index

224 Index

coalitions, 8–9Cold War, 2, 44–6, 47, 200collaboration, 150–1collective identity, 136–7, 140–3,

150–1, 158colonialism, 121, 127, 204Committee for the Pursuit and

Application of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CSACIDN), 28–30, 31–4, 37–8

Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), 97, 109

communication technologies, 1communism, 44–5, 188, 196community-based NGPAs, 107–8community-based resistance, 174–5compulsory licenses, 9, 82, 84conspiracy theories, 138Consumer Project on

Technology, 13Convention on the Rights of the

Child (CRC), 7, 8, 10, 18–19, 22–39, 203, 204

corporal punishment, 122–3corporatism, 3Council of Europe, 182, 194counterterrorism efforts, 10–11,

48–50, 59–62, 200–1, 203see also War on Terror

Counter-Terrorist Cooperation Centre, 60

CPTech, 70–3, 75, 88credibility, 16, 74, 173, 179, 182,

187, 197criminal organisations, 53cross-national learning, 190culture

elite, 128–30local, 121–4

‘Cut the Cost’ Campaign, 77–8, 83

DANIDA, 52, 62democracy, 44–5, 111, 163–5, 184democratisation, 3, 16, 21, 46developing countries, 8–9

coalitions between NGOs and, 68–9, 82–9

intellectual property rights and, 66–92

development, intellectual property rights and, 66–89

development institutions, in 1990s, 43–8

development studies, 205dis-identification work, 15, 137–8,

143–7, 149–50, 151Doha Declaration, 8, 13, 81–4domestic politics, 4, 6, 8,

10, 111–13global norms and, 18–40in Sri Lanka, 128

donor agencies, 120, 182, 202drug pricing, 70, 75, 77–8Dutch Committee on

Afghanistan, 59

Earth Action, 156East-East: Partnership Beyond

Borders, 190economic rights, 21–2Economic Social Research

Council, 5Ekta Parishad, 100, 102,

109–10, 111elite culture, 128–30enemy, collective, 138environmental groups, 1, 15–16,

153–77, 202Essential Action, 71–2European Commission, 182European Union, 194expertise, 181–2, 192–3, 196–8external funding, 14extremism, 61–2

feminists, 1Financial Action Task Force (FATF),

50, 65n13Financial Action Task Force

Special Recommendations, 11, 50, 56, 64n7

Focus on the Global South, 90n18Ford Foundation, 14, 134, 139–40,

143–8, 150–1, 202foreign policy, during Cold

War, 44–5Framework Convention on

Tobacco Control (FCTC), 98

Index 225

Friends of the Earth International (FOEI), 15–16, 153–77, 202

campaigns, 170–2constituency of, 172–5democracy and, 163–5forms of action, 167–70internal structure and

relationships, 159–63relations with government and

business, 165–7research methodology, 157–9transformations in environmental

movement and, 155–7vision of, 154–5

funding, 14–15, 42, 94, 108, 134, 202, 207–8

see also resource mobilisation; resource renunciation

Gandhiyam movement, 116Gates, Bill, 188Georgia, 184Ghana, 109, 110, 112Ghana Association of Private

Voluntary Associations (GAPVOD), 98

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 77–8global civil society, 179, 180Global Drug Policy Program, 190–1global environmental

movement, 153–77globalisation, 18, 19–22, 118, 180,

192, 205global issues, 1global justice movement, 155global norms, 6–7, 10, 18–40, 206–7global policy, 192–6global politics, 2, 4, 6–12, 18–40,

201, 205global public policy, 95Global Public Policy Networks

(GPPNs), 185–6Global Security and Development

Network, 60global security regime, 10–11, 41–65‘golden era’ of civil society, 46–8good governance, 47, 120, 183Goonatilake, Susantha, 118, 130Gore, Al, 72

governmentality, 119–21, 127government funding, 11, 14,

42, 208Greenpeace, 15, 153–4, 164–5

Havel, Vaclav, 43Health Action International, 13Health Action International (HAI),

70–1, 73, 75Health Global Access Project, 87health policy, 8, 13, 70, 81–3, 85Highly Active Antiretroviral

Treatment (HAART), 70HIV/AIDS, 70, 86–8Holder v. Humanitarian Law

Project 561, 56Holy Land Foundation, 55home-town associations, 99, 105,

106, 107, 112–13, 114n2human development, 9Humanitarian Forum, 61humanitarian organisations, 44human rights, 9, 19–22human rights lawyers, 60, 65n18human rights organisations, 117human security, 9Hungary, 188–9

ideas, spread of, 20identity

collaboration and, 150–1collective, 136–7, 140–3, 150–1, 158resource renunciation and, 137–8,

148–9, 151identity work, 14–15, 137–8, 140–3,

147, 151imperialism, 12, 121, 144, 147India, 10, 57, 65n15, 107, 109, 112Indymedia, 5, 14–15, 134–52insider-outsider coalitions, 18, 21insurgents, 62Integrated Social Development

Centre (ISODEC), 98intellectual property rights, 8, 9, 13,

66–92, 202inter-faith dialogue, 51International Centre for Sustainable

Trade and Development (ICTSD), 79–80, 88

226 Index

international development, 43–8international human rights

conventions, 6, 10, 203–4domestic politics and, 18–40

International Islamic Relief Organisation, 54

international knowledge networks, 186–7

international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), 93–4

hostility toward, 115–19, 124–7, 130–1

relationship between state officials and, 42–8, 119–21, 124–7

in Sri Lanka, 115–32as threat to local culture, 121–4

international norms, see global normsInternational Red Cross, 44International Relief and

Development (IRD), 59internet, 1Interpal, 54–5Iraq, 62

JHU, 119JVP, 116, 119, 128

Kenya, 55Kimberley Process, 10, 97, 100Knowledge Ecology International

(KEI), 70knowledge networks, 186–7

La Mansaamo Kpee (LMK), 99LANDNET Rwanda, 98, 107, 109legal reform, in Argentina, 30–4, 38–9legislation, counter-terrorist, 49, 56–7,

61, 64n3, 64n4, 203legitimacy, 14, 16, 127, 130–1, 172–3,

179, 181, 202Ley Agote, 23–8liberal democracy, 44–5Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE), 115local culture, 121–4Local Government and Public Sector

Initiative (LGI), 192local knowledge, 14Love, James, 70, 71, 72, 88

Make Trade Fair campaign, 10, 83, 97–8, 100

Malayalee Association UK (MAUK), 99, 107–8

Malaysia, 111, 113material support, for terrorists, 56,

60, 65n18McCarthy era, 44medicines, global access to, 8–9, 13,

66–92Medicins Sans Frontieres (MSF), 13,

71, 73, 74–5, 85Mercy Corps, 56Mexico, 21Michnik, Adam, 43military actors, 58, 60minority groups, 16missionaries, 12Montreux Initiative, 60–1MSF Access to Essential Medicines

Campaign, 74–5Multi-Fibre Agreement, 10, 100multilateral institutions, 1, 2Muslim communities, 11, 51, 54,

58–9, 61–3, 203Muslim organisations, 42, 54,

55, 59–61Mutur massacre, 117, 132n2

National Council of Voluntary Organisations, 61

nationalism, 128–31national security, 2, 47, 48, 52

see also security regimeNazism, 188neglected diseases, 74, 76, 90n9networks, 185–7non-governmental organisations

(NGOs), 43–8coalitions, 66–9, 82–9development-oriented, 1environmental, 153–77hostility toward, 115–19,

124–7, 130–1legitimacy of, 172–3military actors and, 58role of, 173in Sri Lanka, 115–32state officials and, 119–21, 124–7

Index 227

non-governmental public actionconcept of, 5–6, 207factors affecting, 1–2future research on, 204–8global security regime and, 41–65North-South relations in, 12–17,

93–114, 201–2, 206political context and, 2, 4, 6–12role of, 5

non-governmental public actorsin 1990s, 46–8, 200in Argentina, 28–36definition of, 5dependence on government

funding of, 11, 14, 42, 208development-oriented, 45funding of, 14–15, 108legitimacy of, 202policy effectiveness of, 93–114political context and, 111–13political skills and strategies

of, 112–13power relations among, 2–5,

12–17, 202proliferation of, 3regime context and, 111–12role of, 1–2transnational, 3–4, 93–114

Northern-based non-governmental actors

dominance by, 108, 113, 201–2funding by, 108power relations between

Southern actors and, 2–5, 12–17, 202

North-South environmentalisms, 153–77

North-South relations, 12–17, 93–114, 201–2, 206

North-South transnational advocacy campaigns, 9–10

Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation, 46

Obama, Barack, 41, 63online media movements, 133–52Open Society Foundation, 4–5, 16–17,

178–98, 202–3organisational size, 136

Oxfam, 9, 10, 13, 44, 60, 77–8, 83, 97–8, 100, 109–12, 115, 117

Pakistan, 112Pakistan Anti-Tobacco Coalition

(PATC), 98, 107Para 55 HIV/AIDS Action Group,

97, 109Participatory Research In Asia (PRIA),

98, 103, 107, 110, 111Partnership Africa Canada (PAC), 10,

97, 100, 110–11Partners in Development

Programme, 45–6Partner Vetting system, 11, 55–6, 203paternalism, 23Patronato system, 23–31, 34–5, 38Peki Union, 99, 110Penal Reform International (PRI),

99, 109People’s Global Action, 156pharmaceutical patents, 70, 77, 80,

83, 86, 87philanthropic foundations, 16, 56,

178–98Policy Association for an Open

Society (PASO), 192, 195policy communities, 95–6policy effectiveness, 93–114, 205–6policy expertise, 192–3, 196–8policy-making, 95–6policy transfer, 183–5political context, 2, 4, 6–12,

111–13, 201poor children, 24–6Popper, Karl, 188post-9/11 security regime, 41–65poverty reduction, 207Powell, Colin, 58power relations, North-South, 2–5,

12–17, 202Prabhakaran, 115Prevent Extremism initiative, 61–2private philanthropy, 178–98Provincial Reconstruction teams

(PRTs), 51, 58–60, 65n9public health, 8, 13, 70, 81–3, 85public opinion, 197Putin, Vladimir, 184

228 Index

Al Qaeda, 41, 48Quaker United Nations Office

(QUNO), 78, 88

Ramadan, Tariq, 65n16reform, domestic opposition to, 36regime change, non-governmental

public actors and, 1–2regime context, 111–12regulatory environment, 10–11resistance

community-based, 174–5to securitisation, 59–62

resource mobilisation, 207–8by online media

movements, 133–52resource renunciation, 135–40,

148–9, 151, 202, 207–8Revenue Watch, 180Revised Drug Strategy (RDS), 72–4rights discourses, 30–1Roma, 16, 194Russia, 184Rwanda, 107, 109, 113

Sarvodaya movement, 117securitisation

of civil society, 7–8, 41–65, 203resistance to, 59–62

security regime, 10–11, 41–65separatism, 115Sinhala nationalism, 128–30, 131Sisters in Islam (SIS), 98, 109, 111slavery, abolition of, 1Small Island Developing States

Network (SIDS), 97social justice, 207social movements

collective identity of, 136–7, 140–3, 150–1, 158

online, 133–52resource renunciation by, 135–40

social movement theories, 3, 14, 135–6, 207

social policy, 205social rootedness, 13–14soft power, 9, 95solidarity organisations, 44Soma, Gangadowila, 118, 130

Soros, George, 178, 184, 188, 191, 193Soros Foundation, 188–9South Africa, 71–2Southern-based non-governmental

actors, 94legitimacy of, 202policy effectiveness and, 108–11power relations between Northern

actors and, 2–5, 12–17role of, 4, 202social rootedness of, 13–14

sovereignty, 12, 130–1, 157Soviet Union, fall of, 43Sri Lanka, 10, 12, 100, 110, 111

anti-NGO sentiment in, 115–31, 204

child protection in, 121–4class structure, 127–9conflict in, 116–19domestic politics, 128local culture in, 121–4nationalism in, 128–31NGOs in, 115–32

Sri Narayan Guru Mission, 99state-civil society relations, 42–8,

119–21, 124–7, 165–7, 204state officials, relationships with, 12,

119–21, 124–7street children, 25–6

terrorism, 48–50see also War on Terror

terrorist organisations, 53–6Thailand, 91n24think-tanks, 182, 192–3, 197–8Third World Network (TWN), 13,

79, 88Trade, Human Rights, Equitable

Economy (3D), 83, 91n25trade agreements, 13Trade-Related Intellectual Property

Rights (TRIPS), 8, 13, 66–7, 69, 71–3, 78, 80–5, 87–8

trade unions, 1transnational advocacy, 3–4, 9–10,

13–14, 203transnational advocacy networks

(TANs), 93–114, 186transnational corporations, 1

Index 229

transnational governmentality, 119–21, 127

transnational non-governmental public actors, 93–114

transnational philanthropy, 178–98

transnational policy professionals, 95

transnational policy space, 183, 197Transparency International Research

Institute (TIRI), 180, 181, 183Treatment of Action Campaign

(TAC), 76TRIPS Council, 80–1tutela, 23–8, 34–5

UK Overseas Development Agency, 46

Ukraine, 184UNICEF, 29Union of Good, 55United Kingdom, counterterrorism

efforts, 49–52, 61United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), 45–6, 182

United Statescounterterrorism efforts, 49–52,

55–6, 61South Africa and, 71–2

universities, 181–2USAID, 10–11, 50–1USA Patriot Act, 49, 57, 65n16Uzbekistan, 57

Vietnam War, 44

War on Terror, 2, 4, 6–8, 10–11, 41, 48–50, 53, 57, 58, 200–1, 203

see also counterterrorism effortsWorld Bank, 182, 194World Economic Forum (WEF),

180, 181World Health Organisation

(WHO), 72–4World Trade Organisation

(WTO), 75–6, 86–7World Vision, 121World Wildlife Fund, 15, 154

Young Muslims Association, 55