31
University of Groningen Images of unfolding diversification projects Bood, R.P. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2001 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Bood, R. P. (2001). Images of unfolding diversification projects: charting organisational learning in small and medium-sized enterprises from a cognitive perspective Groningen: s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 27-04-2018

References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

  • Upload
    hoangtu

  • View
    215

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

University of Groningen

Images of unfolding diversification projectsBood, R.P.

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2001

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):Bood, R. P. (2001). Images of unfolding diversification projects: charting organisational learning in smalland medium-sized enterprises from a cognitive perspective Groningen: s.n.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 27-04-2018

Page 2: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References

A

Abell, D.F. (1980), Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Adams, A. (1982), ‘Barriers to product innovation in small firms: policy implications’. EuropeanSmall Business Journal, 1 (1): 67-86.

Allard-Poesi, F. (1994), ‘From individual causal maps to a collective causal map: An exploratorystudy’. In: C. Eden & B. Winterscheid, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop onManagerial and Organizational Cognition, 1-25, Brussels, May 26-27.

Allard-Poesi, F. (1997), ‘Understanding collective representations in working groups: Acomparison of 3 case studies’. Paper presented at the 5th International Workshop onManagerial and Organizational Cognition, EIASM, Namur, Belgium, September 3-5.

Allard-Poesi, F. (1998), ‘Representations and influence processes in groups: Towards a socio-cognitive perspective on cognition in organization’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 14(4): 395-420.

Allison, G.T. (1971), Essence of Decisionmaking: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston:Little, Brown.

d’Amboise, G., & M. Muldowney (1988), ‘Management theory for small business: Attempts andrequirements’. Academy of Management Review, 13 (2): 226-240.

Amburgey, T.L., & A.S. Miner (1992), ‘Strategic momentum: The effects of repetitive, positional,and contextual momentum on merger activity’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 335-348.

Amihud, Y., & B. Lev (1981), ‘Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomeratediversification’. The Bell Journal of Economics, 12: 605-617.

Amit, R., & J. Livnat (1988a), ‘Diversification and the risk-return trade-off’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 31 (1): 154-166.

Amit, R., & J. Livnat (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economicperformance’. Strategic Management Journal, 9 (2): 99-110.

Amit, R., & J. Livnat (1989), ‘Efficient corporate diversification: Methods and implications’.Management Science, 35 (7): 879-897.

Amit, R., J. Livnat & P. Zarowin (1989), ‘The mode of corporate diversification: Internal venturesversus acquisitions’. Managerial and Decision Economics, 10: 89-100.

Anderson, J.R. (1983), The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Ansoff, H.I. (1957), ‘Strategies for diversification’. Harvard Business Review, Sept.-Oct.: 113-

124.Ansoff, H.I. (1958), ‘A model for diversification’. Management Science, 4: 392-414.Ansoff, H.I. (1965), Corporate Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Ansoff, H.I., & R.G. Brandenburg (1971), ‘A language for organization design, parts I and II’,

Management Science, 17: 705-731.Araujo, L. (1998), ‘Knowing and learning as networking’. Management Learning, 29 (3): 317-336.Argenti, J. (1976), Corporate Collapse: The Causes and Symptoms. London: McGraw-Hill.Argyres, N. (1996), ‘Capabilities, technological diversification and divisionalization’. Strategic

Management Journal, 17: 395-410.

Page 3: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

340 References

Argyris, C., & D.A. Schön (1978), Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Armstrong, P.L. (1991), ‘The development of a management team in the fast growth smallbusiness’. Paper presented at the 21st European Small Business Seminar, Barcelona,September 18-20.

Astley, W.G., & A.H. Van de Ven (1983), ‘Central perspectives and debates in organizationtheory’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 245-273.

Augoustinos, M., & I. Walker (1995), Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction. London:SAGE Publictions.

Aw, B.-Y., & G. Batra (1998), ‘Firm size and the pattern of diversification’. International Journalof Industrial Organization, 16 (3): 313-332.

Axelrod, R. (ed.)(1976), Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political Elites. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press.

B

Bäckström, L.G., & S.K. Lindquist (1991), ‘SME management and entrepreneurial learning atdifferent stages of growth’. Paper presented at the 21st European Small Business Seminar,Barcelona, September 18-20.

Balakrishnan, S. (1988), ‘The prognostics of diversifying acquisitions’. Strategic ManagementJournal, 9: 185-196.

Bane, W.T., & F.-F. Neubauer (1981), ‘Diversification and the failure of new foreign activities’.Strategic Management Journal, 2: 219-233.

Barkema, H.G., & F. Vermeulen (1998), ‘International expansion through start-up or acquisition: Alearning perspective’. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1): 7-26.

Barr, P.S., & A.S. Huff (1997), ‘Seeing isn’t believing: Understanding diversity in the timing ofstrategic responses’. Journal of Management Studies, 34 (3): 337-370.

Barr, P.S., J.L. Stimpert & A.S. Huff (1992), ‘Cognitive change, strategic action, andorganizational renewal’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 15-36.

Bartlett, F.C. (1932), Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Barton, S.L. (1988), ‘Diversification strategy and systematic risk: Another look’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 31 (1): 166-175.

Bartunek, J.M. (1984), ‘Changing interpretive schemes and organizational restructuring: Theexample of a religious order’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29: 355-372.

Bartunek, J.M., J.R. Gordon & R.P. Weathersby (1983), ‘Developing a “complicated”understanding of administrators’. Academy of Management Review, 8: 273-284.

Bass, F.M., P. Catin & D.R. Wittink (1978), ‘Firm effects and industry effects in the analysis ofmarket structure and profitability’. Journal of Marketing Research, 15: 3-10.

Baysinger, B., & R.E. Hoskisson (1989), ‘Diversification strategy and R&D intensity inmultiproduct firms’. Academy of Management Journal, 32 (2): 310-332.

Beattie, D.L. (1980), ‘Conglomerate diversification and performance: A survey and time seriesanalysis’. Applied Economics, 12: 251-273.

Begley, T.M., & D.P. Boyd (1987), ‘Psychological characteristics associated with performance inentrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses’. Journal of Business Venturing, 2: 79-93.

Belkaoui, A., & E. Pavlik (1992), ‘The effects of ownership structure and diversification strategyon performance’. Managerial and Decision Economics, 13: 343-352.

Berger, P., & T. Luckman (1967), The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, NY: AnchorBooks.

Berger, P.G., & E. Ofek (1995), ‘Diversification’s effect on firm value’. Journal of FinancialEconomics, 37: 39-65.

Page 4: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 341

Bergh, D.D. (1995), ‘Problems with repeated measures analysis: Demonstration with a study of thediversification and performance relationship’. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (6): 1692-1708.

Bergh, D.D., & G.F. Holbein (1997), ‘Assessment and redirection of longitudinal analysis:demonstration with a study of the diversification and divestiture relationship’. StrategicManagement Journal, 18 (7): 557-572.

Bergh, D.D., & M.W. Lawless (1998), ‘Portfolio restructuring and limits to hierarchicalgovernance: The effects of environmental uncertainty and diversification strategy’.Organization Science, 9 (1): 87-102.

Berry, C.H. (1971), ‘Corporate growth and diversification’. Journal of Law and Economics, 14:371-384.

Berry, C.H. (1975), Corporate Growth and Diversification. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Besanko, D., D. Dranove & M. Shanley (1996), Economics of Strategy. New York: Wiley.Bethel, J.E., & J.P. Liebeskind (1998), ‘Diversification and the legal organization of the firm’.

Organization Science, 9 (1): 49-67.Bettis, R.A. (1981), ‘Performance differences in related and unrelated diversified firms’. Strategic

Management Journal, 2: 379-393.Bettis, R.A., & W.K. Hall (1981), ‘Strategic portfolio management in the multibusiness firm’.

California Management Review, 24 (1): 23-38.Bettis, R.A., & W.K. Hall (1982), ‘Diversification strategy, accounting determined risk, and

accounting determined return’. Academy of Management Journal, 24: 254-264.Bettis, R.A., & V. Mahajan (1985), ‘Risk/return performance of diversified firms’. Management

Science, 31 (7): 785-799.Bettis, R.A., & C.K. Prahalad (1995), ‘The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension’. Strategic

Management Journal, 16: 5-14.Bieri, J. (1955), ‘Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior’. Journal of Abnormal

and Social Psychology, 51: 263-268.Biggadike, E.R. (1976), Corporate Diversification: Entry, Strategy, and Performance. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press.Bijmolt, T.H.A. (1995), Multidimensional Scaling in Marketing: Towards Integrating Data

Collection and Analysis. Capelle a/d IJssel: Labyrinth Publication.Bijmolt, T.H.A., & M. Wedel (1995), ‘The effects of alternative methods of collecting similarity

data for multidimensional scaling’. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12 (4):363-372.

Bird, B. (1988), ‘Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention’. Academy ofManagement Review, 13 (3): 442-453.

Birley, S. (1985), ‘The role of networks in the enterpreneurial process’. Journal of BusinessVenturing, 1: 107-117.

Bitner, L.N., & J.D. Powell (1987), ‘Expansion planning for small retail firms’. Journal of SmallBusiness Management, April: 47-54.

Blackler, F. (1993), ‘Knowledge and the theory of organizations: Organizations as activity systemsand the reframing of management’. Journal of Management Studies, 30 (6): 864-884.

Bontis, N., & M.M. Crossan (1999), ‘Managing an organisational learning system: A meta-framework for organisational learning’. In: M. Easterby-Smith, L. Araujo & J. Burgoyne(eds.), Proceedings on the 3rd International Conference on Organizational Learning, 150-190,Lancaster.

Bood, R.P. (1992), ‘Diversificatie als proces’ (in Dutch; ‘Diversification as a process’). M&O -Tijdschrift voor Organisatiekunde en Sociaal Beleid, 46: 277-293.

Bood, R.P. (1994), ‘Aandeelhouderwaarde in strategisch perspectief’ (in Dutch; ‘Shareholdervaluein strategic perspective’). Tijdschrift voor Financieel Management, 3: 14-24.

Bood, R.P. (1996a), ‘Management van het strategie proces’ (in Dutch; ‘Management of the strategyprocess’), Maandblad voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie, 70 (10): 504-512.

Page 5: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

342 References

Bood, R.P. (1996b), ‘Registreren van organisatorische leerprocessen’ (in Dutch; ‘Chartingorganisational learning processes’). Economisch en Sociaal Tijdschrift, 3: 403-429.

Bood, R.P. (1996c), ‘Learning during diversification in small businesses’. In: A. Haahti (ed.),Growth through Networks, 87-104, Tampere: Tampere University Press.

Bood, R.P. (1996d), ‘Tracking managerial learning in a diversifying firm’. In: R. Donckels (ed.),Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Research in Entrepreneurship and Small Business,Theme 2: Growth in SMEs, 20-39, Brussels.

Bood, R.P. (1998a), ‘Charting organizational learning: A comparison of multiple mappingtechniques’. In: C. Eden & J.C. Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition:Theory, Methods and Research, 210-230, London: SAGE Publications.

Bood, R.P. (1998b), ‘Images of an unfolding diversification project’. Scandinavian Journal ofManagement, 14 (4): 351-371.

Bood, R.P., Th.H. Homan, M.M. Rietdijk & J. van Uden (1998), ‘Studying organisational learningresulting from Large Scale Interventions’. Paper presented at the Academy of Management’sMidyear Conference on ‘Organizational learning: Moving from Theory to Research’.Washington, March 22-23.

Bood, R.P., D.J.F. Kamann, Th.J.B.M. Postma & D. Strijker (1994), ‘Conflicting orcomplementary? Four contrasting perspectives on a diffusion-process’. In: W.G. Biemans &P.N. Ghauri (eds.), Meeting the Challenges of New Frontiers, Proceedings of the 10th IMPAnnual Conference, 161-187, Groningen.

Bood, R.P. & R.H.M. Paping (1994), ‘Conversie van de defensie-industrie’ (in Dutch; ‘Conversionof the defense industry’). Economisch Statistische Berichten, 79: 125-129.

Bood, R.P. & Th.J.B.M. Postma (1997), ‘Strategic learning with scenarios’. EuropeanManagement Journal, 15 (6): 633-647.

Bood, R.P., Th.J.B.M. Postma, S. Terpstra & A.M.M. Vijverberg (1993), Toekomstverkenning inOrganisaties (in Dutch; Forecasting in Organisations), Heerlen: Open Universiteit.

Bougon, M. (1983), ‘Uncovering cognitive maps: The Self-Q technique’. In: G. Morgan (ed.),Beyond Method; Strategies for Social Research, 173-189, Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications.

Bougon, M., N. Baird, J.M. Komocar & W. Ross (1990), ‘Identifying strategic loops: The Self-Qinterviews’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, 327-354, Chichester: Wiley.

Bougon, M., K. Weick & D. Binkhorst (1977), ‘Cognition in organizations: An analysis of theUtrecht Jazz Orchestra’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22: 606-639.

Bower, J.L. (1970), Managing the Resource Allocation Process. Boston, MA: Harvard University.Bowman, C., & V. Ambrosini (1997), ‘Perceptions of strategic priorities, consensus and firm

performance’. Journal of Management Studies, 34 (2); 241-258.Bowman, E.H. (1980), ‘A risk/return paradox for strategic management’. Sloan Management

Review, Spring: 17-31.Bowman, E.H. (1984), ‘Content analysis of annual reports for corporate strategy and risk’.

Interfaces, 14 (1): 61-71.Breene, R.T., & S.C. Coley (1984), ‘Adding value through diversification’. The McKinsey

Quarterly, Winter: 64-73.Brockhaus, R.H. (1980), ‘Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs’. Academy of Management

Journal, 23 (3): 509-520.Brockhaus, R.H. (1982), ‘The psychology of the entrepreneur’. In: C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton & K.H.

Vesper, Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 39-57, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Bromiley, P. (1990), ‘On the use of finance theory in strategic management’. In: P. Shrivastava & R.

Lamb (eds.), Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 6, 71-98, Greenwich CT: JAI Press.Brouwer, E., E. Edelmann, C.M. van Praag & B.M.S. van Praag (1996), Start-, Slaag- en Faalkansen

van Hoger Opgeleide Startende Ondernemers (in Dutch; Chances of Start, Success, andFailure of Higher Educated Entrepreneurs). The Hague: SDU.

Brown, J.S., & P. Duguid (1991), ‘Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward aunified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 2 (1): 40-57.

Page 6: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 343

Brown, S. (1992), ‘Cognitive mapping and repertory grids for qualitative survey research: Somecomparative observations’. Journal of Management Studies, 29: 287-308.

Bühner, R. (1987), ‘Assessing international diversification of West German corporations’.Strategic Management Journal, 8(1): 25-37.

Burgelman, R.A. (1983), ‘A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified majorfirm’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 223-244.

Burgelman, R.A. (1984), ‘Designs of corporate entrepreneurship in established firms’. CaliforniaManagement Review, 26 (3): 154-166.

Burgelman, R.A. (1985), ‘Managing the new venture division – research findings and impliciationsfor strategic management’. Strategic Management Journal, 5: 241-264.

Burgelman, R.A., & L.R. Sayles (1986), Inside Corporate Innovation: Strategy, Structure, andManagerial Skills. New York: The Free Press.

Burns, P. (1996), ‘Introduction: The significance of small firms’. In: P. Burns & J. Dewhurst,Small Business and Entrepreneurship – 2nd edition, 1-19, London: MacMillan.

Burns, P., & C. Choisne (1991), ‘High performance SMEs: A two country study’. Paper presentedat the 21st European Small Business Seminar, Barcelona, September 18-20.

Burrell, G., & G. Morgan (1979), Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London:Heinemann.

Busija, E.C., H.M. O’Neill & C.P. Zeithaml (1997), ‘Diversification strategy, entry mode, andperformance: Evidence of choice and constraints’. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (4):321-327.

C

Calori, R., G. Johnson & P. Sarnin (1994), ‘CEOs’ cognitive maps and the scope of theorganization’. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 437-457.

Campbell, A. (1994), ‘Managing diversification and business development’. Long Range Planning,27 (2): 128-130.

Cannon, T. (1985), ‘Innovation, creativity and small firm organisation’. International SmallBusiness Journal, 4 (1): 33-41.

Capon, N., J.M. Hulbert, J.U. Farley & L.E. Martin (1988), ‘Corporate diversity and economicperformance: The impact of market specialization’. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 61-74.

Cardinal, L.B., & T.C. Opler (1995), ‘Corporate diversification and innovative efficiency: Anempirical study’. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 19: 365-381.

Carland, J.W., J.A.C. Carland & C.D. Aby, Jr., (1989), ‘An assessment of the psychologicaldeterminants of planning in small businesses’. International Small Business Journal, 7 (4): 23-34.

Carland, J.W., F. Hoy, W.R. Boulton & J.A. Carland (1984), ‘Differentiating entrepreneurs fromsmall business owners: A conceptualization’. The Academy of Management Review, 9 (2):354-359.

Carson, D., & S. Cromie (1989), ‘Marketing planning in small enterprises: A model and someempirical evidence’. Journal of Marketing Management, 5 (1): 33-49.

Cassidy, D. (1992), Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg. New York: W.H.Freeman.

Caves, R.E., M.E. Porter & A.M. Spence (1980), Competition in the Open Economy. Cambridge,MA: Harvard University Press.

Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (1999), Bedrijven naar Grootte, naar Rechtsvorm en naar Regio(in Dutch: Companies Classified into Size, Legal Form and Region). StatLine(http://argon2.cbs.nl/statweb/indexned.stm).

Chandler, A.D. (1962), Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the IndustrialEnterprise, Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.

Chandler, G.N., & S.H. Hanks (1994), ‘Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venturestrategies, and venture performance’. Journal of Business Venturing, 9: 331-349.

Page 7: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

344 References

Chang, S.J. (1996), ‘An evolutionary perspective on diversification and corporate restructuring:Entry, exit, and economic performance during 1981-89’. Strategic Management Journal, 17:587-611.

Chang, Y., & H. Thomas (1987), ‘The impact of diversification strategy on risk-returnperformance’. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, 2-7.

Channon, D.F. (1975), The Strategy and Structure of British Enterprise. London: MacMillan.Chapin, C.K., & D.O. Jermain (1985), ‘Increasing the success of your diversification program’.

Sloan Management Review, Summer: 65-71.Chatterjee, S. (1986), ‘Types of synergy and economic value: The impact of acquisitions on

merging and rival firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 2: 119-139.Chatterjee, S., & J.D. Blocher (1992), ‘Measurement of firm diversification: Is it robust?’.

Academy of Management Review, 17: 219-224.Chatterjee, S., & M. Lubatkin (1990), ‘Corporate mergers, stockholder diversification, and changes

in systematic risk’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 255-268.Chatterjee, S., M.H. Lubatkin, D.M. Schweiger & Y. Weber (1992), ‘Cultural differences and

shareholder value in related mergers: Linking equity and human capital’. StrategicManagement Journal, 13: 319-334.

Chatterjee, S., & B. Wernerfelt (1991), ‘The link between resources and type of diversification:Theory and evidence’. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 33-48.

Checkland, P., & S. Holwell (1998), ‘Action research: Its nature and validity’. Systemic Practiceand Action Research, 11 (1): 9-21.

Chell, E. (1985), ‘The entrepeneurial personality: A few ghosts laid to rest?’. International SmallBusiness Journal, 3 (3): 43-54.

Chen, R. (1996), ‘Technological expansion: The interaction between diversification strategy andorganizational capability’. Journal of Management Studies, 33 (5): 649-666.

Chenhall, R.H. (1984), ‘Diversification within Australian manufacturing enterprise’. Journal ofManagement Studies, 21 (1): 23-60.

Chi, M.T.H., & R. Glaser (1980), ‘The measurment of expertise: Analysis of the development andknowledge and skill as a basis for assessing achievement’. In: E.L. Baker & E.S. Quellmalz(eds.), Educational Testing and Evaluation: Design, Analysis and Policy, Beverly Hills, CA:SAGE Publications.

Chia, R. (1996), Organizational Analysis as Deconstructive Practice. New York: Walter deGruyter.

Chiesa, V., & R. Manzini (1997), ‘Competence-based diversification’. Long Range Planning, 30(2): 209-217.

Child, J. (1972), ‘Organization structure, environment and performance: The role of strategicchoice’. Sociology, 6: 1-22.

Chomsky, N. (1957), Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.Christensen, H.K., & C.A. Montgomery (1981), ‘Corporate economic performance: Diversification

strategy versus market structure’. Strategic Management Journal, 2: 327-343.Churchill, N.C., & V.L. Lewis (1983), ‘The five stages of small business growth’. Harvard

Business Review, May-June: 30-50.Ciscel, D.H., & R.D. Evans (1984), ‘Returns to corporate diversification in the 1970s'’ Managerial

and Decision Economics, 5 (2): 67-71.Clarke, C.J., & K. Brennan (1990), ‘Building synergy in the diversified business’. Long Range

Planning, 23 (2): 9-16.Clifford, M., V. Nilakant & R.T. Hamilton (1990), ‘Management succession and the stages of

small business development’. International Small Business Journal, 9 (4): 43-55.Coase, R.H., ‘The nature of the firm’. Economica, 4: 386-406.Cohen, M.D. (1991), ‘Individual learning and organizational routine: Emerging connections’.

Organization Science, 2 (1): 135-139.Cohen, W.M., & D.A. Levinthal (1990), ‘Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and

innovation’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 128-152.

Page 8: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 345

Cohen, N.J, & L.R. Squire (1980), ‘Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill inamnesia using perceptual learning’. Cortex, 17: 273-278.

Coleman, J.S. (1988), ‘Social capital in the creation of human capital’. American Journal ofSociology, 94 (1): 95-120.

Committee for Economic Development (1978), as quoted in Carson and Cromie (1989).Cook, S.D.N., & D. Yanow (1993), ‘Culture and organizational learning’. Journal of Management

Inquiry, 2 (4): 373-390.Cooper, A.C. (1982), ‘The entrepreneurship-small business interface’. In: C.A. Kent, D.L. Sexton

& K.H. Vesper, Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 193-208, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Cooper, A.C., C.Y. Woo & W.C. Dunkelberg (1989), ‘Entrepreneurship and the initial size offirms’. Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 317-332.

Cooper, L.G. (1983), ‘A review of multidimensional scaling in marketing research’. AppliedPsychological Measurement, 7 (4): 427-450.

Cossette, P., & M. Audet (1992), ‘Mapping of an idiosyncratic schema’. Journal of ManagementStudies, 29 (3): 325-347.

Cowan, D.A. (1993), ‘Rhytms of variation: Patterns that integrate individual and organizationallearning’. Paper presented at First International Workshop on Managerial andOrganizational Cognition, EIASM, Brussel, Belgium, May 13-14.

Crain, W. (1992), Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications – 3rd edition. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cromie, S., & S. Johns (1983), ‘Irish entrepreneurs: Some personal characteristics’. Journal ofOccupational Behaviour, 4: 317-324.

Crossan, M.M., & T. Guatto (1996), ‘Organizational learning research profile’. Journal ofOrganizational Change Management, 9 (1): 107-112.

Crossan, M.M., H.W. Lane & T. Hildebrand (1993), ‘Organizational learning: Theory to practice’.In: J. Hendry, G. Johnson & J. Newton, Strategic Thinking: Leadership and the Managementof Change, 229-265, New York: Wiley.

Crossan, M.M., H.W. Lane & R.E. White (1999), ‘An organizational learning framework: Fromintuition to institution’. Academy of Management Review, 24 (3): 522-537.

Cunningham, J.B., & J. Lischeron (1992), ‘Defining entrepreneurship’. Journal of Small BusinessManagement, January: 45-61.

Curran, J., R. Jarvis, R.A. Blackburn & S. Black (1992), ‘Networks and small firms: Constructs,methodological strategies and some findings’. International Small Business Journal, 11 (2):13-25.

Cyert, R.M., & J.G. March (1963), A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.

D

Daft, R.L., & K.E. Weick (1984), ‘Toward a model of organisations as interpretation systems’.Academy of Management Review, 9 (2): 284-295.

Datta, D.K., N. Rajagopalan & A.M.A. Rasheed (1991), ‘Diversification an performance: Criticalreview and future directions’. Journal of Management Studies, 28 (5): 529-558.

Davidsson, P. (1991), ‘Continued entrepreneurship: Ability, need, and opportunity as determinantsof small firm growth’. Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 405-429.

Davis, P.S., R.B. Robinson, J.A. Pierce II & S.H. Park (1992), ‘Business unit relatedness andperformance: A look at the pulp and paper industry’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 349-361.

Davis, R., & L.G. Thomas (1993), ‘Direct estimation of synergy: A new approach to the diversity-performance debate’. Management Science, 39 (11): 1334-1346.

De, S. (1992), ‘Diversification patterns and long-term corporate performance’. Managerial andDecision Economics, 13: 1-13.

Page 9: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

346 References

Deakens, D., & M. Freel (1998), ‘Entrepreneurial learning and the growth processes in SMEs’. TheLearning Organization, 5 (3): 144-155.

DeCarlo, J.F., & P.R. Lyons (1979), ‘A comparison of selected personal characteristics of minorityand non-minority female entrepreneurs’. Journal of Small Business Management, 17 (4): ???-???.

Delios, A., & P.W. Beamish (1999), ‘Geographic scope, product diversification and the corporateperformance of Japanese firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 20 (8): 711-728.

Delmar, F. (1996), ‘Measuring growth: Methodological considerations and empirical results’.Paper presented at RENT X, ‘Research in entrepreneurship and small business’, Brussels,November 20-23.

Denis, D.J., D.K. Denis & A. Sarin (1997), ‘Agency problems, equity ownership, and corporatediversification’. Journal of Finance, 52 (1): 135-160.

Dennett, D. (1991), Consciousness Explained. London: Penguin Books.Dess, G.G., & A. Miller (1993), Strategic Management, New York, McGraw-Hill.DiBella, A.J., & E.C. Nevis (1997), How Organizations Learn: An Integrated Approach to

Building Learning Capability, San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.DiBella, A.J., E.C. Nevis & J.M. Gould (1996), ‘Understanding organizational learning capability’.

Journal of Management Studies, 33 (3): 361-379.Dijk, B. van, & A.R. Thurik (1998), ‘Entrepreneurship, typologieën en succes’ (in Dutch:

‘Entrepreneurship, typologies and success’). Bedrijfskunde, 70 (4): 42-49.Dixon, N. (1994), The Organizational Learning Cycle: How We Can Learn Collectively.

Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.Dixon, N. (1997), ‘The hallways of learning’. Organizational Dynamics, Spring: 23-34.Dodge, H.R., & J.E. Robbins (1992), ‘An empirical investigation of the organizational life cycle

model for small business development and survival’. Journal of Small Business Management,January: 27-37.

Donaldson, L. (1982), ‘Divisionalization and diversification: A longitudinal study’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 25 (4): 909-914.

Douma, S. (1991), ‘Success and failure in new ventures’. Long Range Planning, 24 (2): 54-60.Douma, S., & H. Schreuder (1991), Economic Approaches to Organizations. New York: Prentice-

Hall.Draaisma, D. (1995), De Metaforenmachine: Een Geschiedenis van het Geheugen (in Dutch; The

Metaphormachine: A History of the Memory). Groningen: Historische Uitgevery.Dubovsky, P., & P.R. Varadarajan (1987), ‘Diversification and measures of performance:

Additional empirical evidence’. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 597-608.Duhaime, I.M., & C.R. Schwenk (1985), ‘Conjectures of cognitive simplicification in acquisition

and divestment decision making’. Academy of Management Review, 10 (2): 287-295.Duncan, R. and Weiss, A. (1979), ‘Organizational learning: Implications for organizational

design’. In: B. Staw (ed.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1:75-123.

Dundas, K.N.M., & P.R. Richardson (1980), ‘Corporate strategy and the concept of marketfailure’. Strategic Management Journal, 1: 177-188.

Dundas, K.N.M., & P.R. Richardson (1982), ‘Implementing the unrelated product strategy’.Strategic Management Journal, 3: 287-301.

Dunn, W.N., A.G. Cahill, M.J. Dukes & A. Ginsberg (1986), ‘The policy grid: A cognitivemethodology for assessing policy dynamics’. In: W.N. Dunn (ed.), Policy Analysis:Perspectives, Concepts, and Methods, 355-375, New York: JAI Press.

Dunn, W.N., & A. Ginsberg (1986), ‘A sociocognitive network approach to organizationalanalysis’. Human Relations, 40 (11): 955-976.

Page 10: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 347

E

Easterby-Smith, M., R. Snell & S. Gherardi (1998), ‘Organizational learning: divergingcommunities of practice?’. Management Learning, 29 (3): 259-272.

Easterby-Smith, M., R. Thorpe & A. Lowe (1991), Management Research: An Introduction.London: SAGE Publications.

Eden, C. (1988), ‘Cognitive mapping’. European Journal of Operational Research, 36: 1-13.Eden, C. (1989), ‘Using cognitive mapping for strategic options development and analysis (SODA)’.

In: J. Rosenhead (ed.), Rational Analysis for a Problematic World, 21-42, Chichester: Wiley.Eden, C. (1992a), ‘On the nature of cognitive maps’. Journal of Management Studies, 29: 261-

265.Eden, C. (1992b), ‘Strategic management as a social process’. Journal of Management Studies, 29:

799-811.Eden, C., & F. Ackermann (1998a), ‘Analysing and comparing idiographic causal maps’. In: C.

Eden & J.C. Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methods andResearch, 192-209, London: SAGE Publications.

Eden, C., & F. Ackermann (1998b), Making Strategy. London: SAGE Publications.Eden, C., F. Ackermann & S. Cropper (1992), ‘The analysis of cause maps’. Journal of

Management Studies, 29 (3): 311-324.Eden, C., & C. Huxham (1996), ‘Action research for the study of organizations’. in: S. Clegg, C.

Hardy & W. Nord (eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies, 526-542, Beverly Hills: SAGEPublications.

Eden, C., & S. Jones (1984), ‘Using repertory grids for problem construction’. Journal ofOperational Research Society, 3 (9): 779-790.

Eden, C., S. Jones & D. Sims (1979), Thinking in Organizations. London: MacMillan.Eden, C., S. Jones & D. Sims (1983), Messing About in Problems: An Informal Structured

Approach to their Identification and Management. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Eden, C., & P. Simpson (1989), ‘SODA and cognitive mapping in practice’. In: J. Rosenhead (ed.),

Rational Analysis in a Problematic World, 43-70, Chichester: Wiley.Eden, C. & J.C. Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methods and

Research. London: SAGE Publications.Edmondson, A., & B. Moingeon (1998), ‘From organizational learning to the learning

organization’. Management Learning, 29 (1): 5-20.Edwards, C.D. (1955), ‘Conglomerate bigness as a source of power’. In: National Bureau

Committee for Economic Research, Business Concentration and Pricing Policy, 331-360,Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Edwards, D. (1997), Discourse and Cognition. London: SAGE Publications.Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), ‘Building theories from case study research’. Academy of Management

Review, 14 (4): 532-550.Eisenhardt, K.M. (1991), ‘Better stories and better constructs: The case for rigor and comparative

logic’. Academy of Management Review, 16 (3): 620-627.Elgers, P.T., & J.J. Clark (1980), ‘Merger types and stockholder returns: Additional evidence’.

Financial Management, 9 (?): 66-72.Erdener, C.B., & C.P. Dunn (1990), ‘Content analysis’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic

Thought, 291-300, Chichester: Wiley.Eysenck, M.W., & M.T. Keane (1990), Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. London:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

F

Fahey, L., & V.K. Narayanan (1989), ‘Linking changes in revealed causal maps and environmentalchange: An empirical study’. Journal of Management Studies, 360-378.

Page 11: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

348 References

Farjoun, M. (1994), ‘Beyond industry boundaries: Human expertise, diversification and resource-related industry groups’. Organization Science, 5 (2): 185-199.

Farjoun, M. (1998), ‘The independent and joint effects of the skill and physical bases of relatednessin diversification’. Strategic Management Journal, 19: 611-630.

Feeser, H.R., & G.E. Willard (1990), ‘Founding strategy and performance: A comparison of highand low growth high tech firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 87-98.

Feldman, S.P. (1994), Bookreview ‘Organizational Culture and Leadership: Exploring theCorporate Mind’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39 (2): 342-344.

Fineman, S. (1997), ‘Emotion and management learning’. Management Learning, 28 (1): 13-25.Fiol, C.M. (1990a), ‘Explaining strategic alliance in the chemical industry’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.),

Mapping Strategic Thought, 227-249, Chichester: Wiley.Fiol, C.M. (1990b), ‘Narrative semiotics: Theory, procedure and illustration’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.),

Mapping Strategic Thought, 377-402, Chichester: Wiley.Fiol, C.M. (1994), ‘Consensus, diversity, and learning in organizations’. Organization Science, 5:

403-419.Fiol, C.M., & A.S. Huff (1992), ‘Maps for managers: Where are we? Where do we go from here?’.

Journal of Management Studies, 29 (3): 267-285.Fiol, C.M., & M.A. Lyles (1985), ‘Organizational learning’. Academy of Management Review, 10

(4): 803-813.Fiske, S.T., & S.E. Taylor (1991), Social Cognition – 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.Flavell, J.H., P.H. Miller & S. Miller (1993), Cognitive Development – 3rd edition. Englewood

Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Fletcher, K.E., & A.S. Huff (1990a), ‘Argument mapping’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic

Thought, 355-375, Chichester: Wiley.Fletcher, K.E., & A.S. Huff (1990b), ‘Strategic argument mapping: A study of strategy

reformulation at AT&T’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, 165-193,Chichester: Wiley.

Fombrun, C.J., & S. Walley (1989), ‘Structuring small firms for rapid growth’. Journal of BusinessVenturing, 4: 107-122.

Forgas, J.P. (1979), ‘Multidimensional scaling: A discovery method in social psychology’. In: G.P.Ginsberg (ed.), Emerging Strategies in Social Psychological Research, 253-288, Chichester:Wiley.

Fornell, C., P. Lorange & J. Roos (1990), ‘The cooperative venture formation process: A latentvariable structural modeling approach’. Management Science, 36 (10): 1246-1255.

Fox, M.A., & R.T. Hamilton (1994), ‘Ownership and diversification: Agency theory or stewardshiptheory’. Journal of Management Studies, 31: 69-81.

Fransella, F., & D. Banniser (1977), A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique. London: AcademicPress.

G

Gadenne, D. (1999), ‘Critical success factors to small business: An inter-industry comparison’.International Small Business Journal, 17 (1): 36-56.

Galbraith, C.S., & N.M. Kay (1986), ‘Towards a theory of multinational enterprise’. Journal ofEconomic Behavior and Organization. 7: 3-19.

Galbraith, C.S., B. Samuelson, C. Stiles & G. Merrill (19[??]), ‘Diversification, industry researchand development, and market performance’. Academy of Management Best PaperProceedings, 17-20.

Galbraith, J.R., (1983), ‘Strategy and organization planning’. Human Resource Management, 22(1/2): 63-77.

Galbraith, J.R., & R.K. Kazanjian (1986), Strategy Implementation: Structure, Systems andProcess, 2nd edition, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Page 12: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 349

Gankema, H.G.J., L. Hulsebos & P.S. Zwart (1994), Internationale Strategieën in het NederlandseMidden- en Kleinbedrijf (in Dutch; International Strategies of Dutch Small and Medium-SizedEnterprises). University of Groningen: Small Business Research Memorandum 94-02.

Gartner, W.B. (1985), ‘A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venturecreation’, Academy of Management Review, 10 (4): 696-706.

Gartner, W.B., T.R. Mitchell & K.H. Vesper (1989), ‘A taxonomy of new business ventures’.Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 169-186.

Gasse, Y., (1982), ‘Elaborations on the psychology of the entrepreneur’. In: C.A. Kent, D.L.Sexton & K.H. Vesper, Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 57-66, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.

Geringer, J.M., P.W. Beamish & R.C.daCosta (1989), ‘Diversification strategy andinternationalization: Implications for MNE performance’. Strategic Management Journal, 10:109-119.

Geus, A.P. de (1988), ‘Planning as learning’. Harvard Business Review, 66: 70-74.Geus, A.P. de (1992), ‘Foreword: Modelling to predict or to learn?’. European Journal of

Operational Research, 59 (1): 1-5.Geus, A.P. de (1997), The Living Company: Habits for Survival in a Turbulent Environment.

Boston: Harvard Business School Press.Gherardi, S., D. Nicolini & F. Odella (1998), ‘Towards a social understanding of how people learn

in organizations’. Management Learning, 29 (3): 273-297.Ghoshal, S., & H. Mintzberg (1994), ‘Diversifiction and diversifact’. California Management

Review, 37 (1): 8-27.Gibb, A. (1999), ‘Can we build ‘effective’ entrepreneurship through management development?’.

Journal of General Management, 24 (4): 1-21.Gibb, A., & L. Davies (1990), ‘In pursuit of frameworks for the development of growth models of

the small business’. International Small Business Journal, 9 (1): 15-31.Gibb, A., & M. Scott (1985), ‘Strategic awareness, personal commitment and the process of

planning in the small business’. Journal of Management Studies, 22 (6): 597-631.Gibson, J.L., J.M. Ivancevich & J.H. Donnelly, Jr. (1994), Organizations: Behaviour, Structure,

Processes – 8th ed. Burr Ridge, Ill.: Irwin.Giddens, A. (1976), New Rules for Sociological Method. New York: Basic Books.Giddens, A. (1979), Central Problems in Social Theory. Berkeley, CA: University of California

Press.Giddens, A. (1984), The Constitution of Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Ginsberg, A. (1988), ‘Measuring and modelling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and

empirical directions’. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 559-575.Ginsberg, A. (1989), ‘Construing the business portfolio: A cognitive model of diversification’.

Journal of Management Studies, 26 (4): 417-438.Ginsberg, A. (1990), ‘Connecting diversification to performance: A sociocognitive approach’.

Academy of Management Review, 15 (3): 514-535.Gioia, D.A., & E. Pitre (1990), ‘Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building’. Academy of

Management Review, 15 (4): 584-602.Gioia, D.A., & P.P. Poole (1984), ‘Scripts in organisation behaviour’. Academy of Management

Review, 15 (3): 398-405.Glaser, B., & A. Strauss (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies of Qualitative

Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Glueck, W.F. (1980), Business Policy and Strategic Management, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-

Hill.Glynn, M.A., T.K. Lant & F.J. Milliken (1994), ‘Mapping learning processes in organizations’. In:

C. Stubbart, J.R. Meindl & J.F. Porac (eds.), Advances in Managerial Cognition andOrganizational Information Processing – Volume 5, 43-83, Middlesex: JAI Press.

Goldhar, J.D., & M. Jelinek (1983), ‘Plan for economies of scope’. Harvard Business Review,November-December: 141-148.

Page 13: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

350 References

Goldstein, K.M., & S. Blackman (1978), Cognitive Style: Five Approaches and RelevantResearch. New York: Wiley.

Goll, I., R.B. Sambharya (1995), ‘Corporate ideology, diversification and firm performance’.Organization Studies, 16 (5): 823-846.

Gomez-Mejia, L.R. (1992), ‘Structure and process of diversification, compensation strategy, andfirm performance’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 381-397.

Goold, M., & A. Campbell (1987), Strategies and Styles: The Role of the Centre in ManagingDiversified Corporations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Goold, M., A. Campbell & M. Alexander (1994), Corporate-Level Strategy: Creating Value in theMultibusiness Company. New York: Wiley.

Gorecki, P.K. (1980), ‘A problem of measurement, from plants to enterprises in the analysis ofdiversification: A note’. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 28 (3): 327-334.

Gort, M. (1962), Diversification and Integration in American Industry. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press.

Grant, R.M. (1988), ‘On ‘dominant logic’, relatedness and the link between diversity andperformance’. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 639-642.

Grant, R.M., & A.P. Jammine (1988), ‘Performance differences between the Wrigley/Rumeltstrategic categories’. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 333-346.

Grant, R.M., A.P. Jammine & H. Thomas (1988), ‘Diversity, diversification, and profitabilityamong British manufacturing companies, 1972-84’. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (4):771-801.

Gray, B., M. Bougon & A. Donnellon (1985), ‘Organizations as constructions and destruction ofmeaning’. Journal of Management, 11 (2): 83-98.

Greiner, L. (1972), ‘Evolution and revolution as organisations grow’. Harvard Business Review,July-August: 37-46.

Grieve Smith, J., & V. Fleck (1987), ‘Business strategies in small high-technology companies’.Long Range Planning, 20 (2): 61-68.

Grinyer, P.H., M. Yasai-Ardekani & S. Al-Bazzaz (1980), ‘Strategy, structure, the environment,and financial performance in 48 United Kingdom companies’. Academy of ManagementJournal, 23 (2): 193-220.

H

Hair, J.F., R.E. Anderson & R.L. Tatham (1990), Multivariate Data Analysis – 2nd edition. NewYork: MacMillan.

Hall, E.H., & C.H. St. John (1994), ‘A methodological note on diversity measurement’. StrategicManagement Journal, 15: 153-168.

Hambrick, D.C., & L.M. Crozier (1985), ‘Stumblers and stars in the management of rapid growth’.Journal of Business Venturing, 1: 31-45.

Hamilton, R.T., & G.S. Shergill (1993), ‘Extent of diversification and company performance: TheNew Zealand Evidence’. Managerial and Decision Economics, 14: 47-52.

Hampden-Turner, C. (1990), Charting the Corporate Mind: From Dilemma to Strategy. Oxford:Basil Blackwell.

Hansen, G.S., & B. Wernerfelt (1989), ‘Determinants of firm performance: The relative importanceof economic and organizational factors’. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 399-411.

Harrigan, K.R. (1983), ‘Research methodologies for contingency approaches to business strategy’.Academy of Management Review, 8 (3): 398-405.

Harrigan, K.R. (1985), Strategies for Vertical Integration. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.Hart, A. (1989), Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. London: Kogan Page.Haspeslagh, P.C. (1982), ‘Portfolio planning: uses and limits’. Harvard Business Review, Jan.-

Feb.: 58-73.Haspeslagh, P.C., & D.B. Jemison (1991), Managing Acquisitions: Creating Value Through

Corporate Renewal. New York: The Free Press.

Page 14: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 351

Hatten, T.S. (1997), Small Business – Entrepreneurship and Beyond. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall.

Haveman, H.A. (1993), ‘Organizational size and change: Diversification in the savings and loanindustry after deregulation’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 20-50.

Hay, M., & K. Kamshad (1993), ‘Limits to small firm growth’. Paper presented at the RENT VIIResearch in Entrepreneurship Workshop, Budapest, November 25-26.

Hay, M., P. Verdin & P. Williamson (1993), ‘Successful new ventures: Lessons for entrepreneursand investors’. Long Range Planning, 26 (5): 31-41.

Hedberg, B. (1981), ‘How organizations learn and unlearn’. In: P.C. Nystrom & W.H. Starbuck(eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design, 8-27, London: University Press.

Hedberg, B., & S. Jönnson (1977), ‘Strategy making as a discontinuous process’. InternationalStudies of Management and Organisation, 7: 88-109.

Heider, F. (1958), The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.Hendry, C., M.B. Arthur, & A.M. Jones (1995), Strategy Through People: Adaptation and

Learning in the Small-Medium Enterprise. London: Routledge.Heston, S.L., & K.G. Rouwenhorst (1994), ‘Does industrial structure explain the benefits of

international diversification?’. Journal of Financial Economics, 36: 3-27.Hill, C.W.L. (1983), ‘Conglomerate performance over the economic cycle’. The Journal of

Industrial Economics, 22 (2): 197-211.Hill, C.W.L. (1985), ‘Diversified growth and competition: The experience of twelve large UK

firms’. Applied Economics, 17: 827-847.Hill, C.W.L. (1994), ‘Diversification and economic performance: Bringing structure and corporate

management back into the picture’. In: R. Rumelt, D.E. Schendel & D.J. Teece (eds.),Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda, 297-321, Boston, MA: HarvardBusiness School Press.

Hill, C.W.L., & G.S. Hansen (1991), ‘A longitudinal study of the cause and consequences ofchanges in diversification in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry 1977-1986. StrategicManagement Journal, 12: 187-199.

Hill, C.W.L., M.A. Hitt & R.E. Hoskisson (1992), ‘Cooperative vs. competitive structures inrelated and unrelated diversified firms’. Organization Science, 3 (4): 501-521.

Hill, C.W.L., & R.E. Hoskisson (1987), ‘Strategy and structure in the multiproduct firm’. Academyof Management Review, 12: 331-341.

Hinkle, D.N. (1965), The Change in Personal Constructs from the Viewpoint of a Theory ofImplications. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ohio State University.

Hirschman, A.O. (1964), ‘The paternity of an index’. American Economic Review, 54: 761-762.Hitt, M.A., J. Harrison, R.D. Ireland & A. Best (1998), ‘Attributes of successful and unsuccesful

acquisitions of U.S. firms’. British Journal of Management, 9 (2): 91-114.Hitt, M.A., R.E. Hoskisson & H. Kim (1997), ‘International diversification: Effects on innovation

and firm performance in product-diversified firms’. Academy of Management Journal, 40 (4):767-798.Hitt, M.A., & R.D. Ireland (1985), ‘Corporate distinctive competence, strategy,industry and performance’. Strategic Management Journal, 6: 273-293.

Hitt, M.A., & R.D. Ireland (1986), ‘Relationships among corporate level distinctive competencies,diversification strategy, corporate structure and performance’. Journal of Management Studies,23 (4): 401-416.

Hodgkinson, G., & G. Johnson (1994), ‘Exploring the mental models of competitive strategists:The case for a processual approach’. Journal of Management Studies, 31: 525-551.

Hornaday, J.A., & J. Aboud (1971), ‘Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs’. PersonnelPsychology, 24: 141-153.

Horst, R. van der, & K.I. de Lind van Wijngaarden (1998), ‘Het Nederlandse MKB in Europeesperspectief’ (in Dutch; ‘Dutch SMEs in an European perspective’). In: D.P. Scherjon & A.R.Thurik (eds.), Handboek Ondernemers en Adviseurs in het MKB (in Dutch; HandbookEntrepreneurs and Advisors in SMEs), 627-643, Deventer: Kluwer Bedrijfsinformatie.

Page 15: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

352 References

Hoskisson, R.E. (1987), ‘Multidivisional structure and performance: The diversification strategycontingency’. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 625-644.

Hoskisson, R.E., & R.A. Johnson (1992), ‘Corporate restructuring and strategic change: The effecton diversification strategy and R&D intensity’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 625-634.

Hoskisson, R.E., & M.A. Hitt, R.A. Johnson & D.D. Moesel (1993), ‘Construct validity of anobjective (entropy) categorical measure of diversification strategy’. Strategic ManagementJournal, 14: 215-235.

Hrebiniak, L.G., & W.F. Joyce (1985), ‘Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice andenvironmental determinism’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30: 336-349.

Huang, X., & A. Brown (2000), ‘An analysis and classification of problems in small business’.International Small Business Journal, 18 (1): 73-85.

Huber, G.P. (1991), ‘Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures’.Organization Science, 2 (1): 88-115.

Huff, A.S. (ed.)(1990a), Mapping Strategic Thought. Chichester: Wiley.Huff, A.S. (1990b), ‘Mapping strategic thought’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought,

11-49, Chichester: Wiley.Huff, A.S., & K.E. Fletcher (1990), ‘Conclusion: Key mapping decisions’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.),

Mapping Strategic Thought, 403-412, Chichester: Wiley.Hughes, K., & C. Oughton, (1993), ‘Diversification, multi-market contact and profitability’.

Economica, 60: 203-224.Hunsdiek, D. (1985), ‘Financing start-up and growth of new technology-based firms in West

Germany’. Journal of Small Business Management, 23: 10-24.

I

Ilinitch, A.Y., & C.P. Zeithaml (1995), ‘Operationalizing and testing Galbraith’s center of gravitytheory’. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 401-410.

Imel, B., & P. Helmberger (1971), ‘Estimation of structure-profit relationships with application tothe food processing sector’. American Economic Review, 61: 614-627.

Ingham, H., & S. Thompson (1994), ‘Wholly-owned vs. collaborative ventures for diversifyingfinancial services’. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 325-334.

Inkpen, A.C., & M.M. Crossan (1995), ‘Believing is seeing: Joint ventures and organizationlearning’. Journal of Management Studies, 32 (5): 595-618.

Itami, H., T. Kagono, H. Yoshihara & A. Sakuma (1982), ‘Diversification strategies and economicperformance’. Japanese Economic Studies, 11 (1): 78-110.

J

Jacquemin, A.P., & C.H. Berry (1979), ‘Entropy measure of diversification and corporate growth’.Journal of Industrial Economics, 27 (4): 359-369.

James, W. (1890), Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.Janis, I.L. (1972), Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Jarillo, J.C. (1989), ‘Entrepreneurship and growth: The strategic use of external resources’. Journal

of Business Venturing, 4: 133-147.Jauch, L.R., & W.F. Glueck (1989), Strategic Management and Business Policy. New York:

McGraw-Hill.Jelinek, M. (1979), Institutionalizing Innovation. New York: Praeger.Jemison, D.B., & S.B. Sitkin (1986), ‘Corporate acquisitions: A process perspective’. Academy of

Management Review, 11 (1): 145-163.Jenkins, M. (1998), ‘The theory and practice of comparing causal maps’. In: C. Eden & J.C.

Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methods and Research,231-249, London: SAGE Publications.

Page 16: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 353

Jenkins, M., & G. Johnson (1997), ‘Linking managerial cognition and organizational performance:A preliminary investigation using causal maps’. British Journal of Management, 8: S77-S90.

Jensen, M.C. (1968), ‘The performance of mutual funds in the period 1954-64’. Journal ofFinance, 23: 389-415.

Jensen, M.C. (1986), ‘Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and take-overs’.American Economic Review, 76: 323-329.

Johannisson, B. (1988), ‘Business formation – A network approach’. Scandinavian ManagementJournal, 4 (3/4): 83-99.

Johnson, G. (1987), Strategic Change and the Management Process. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Johnson, G., & K. Scholes (1999), Exploring Corporate Strategy - Text and Cases, 5th ed. New

York: Prentice Hall.Johnson, G., & H. Thomas (1987), ‘The industry context of strategy, structure and performance:

The U.K. brewing industry’. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 343-361.Johnson, P., K. Daniels & R. Asch (1998), ‘Mental models of competition’. In: C. Eden & J.C.

Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methods and Research,130-146, London: SAGE Publications.

Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1983), Mental Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Jones, E.E., & K.E. Davis (1965), ‘From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person

perception’. In: L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2: 219-266,New York: Academic Press.

Jones, J.C.H., L. Laudadio & M. Percy (1977), ‘Profitability and market structure: A cross-sectional comparison of Canadian and American manufacturing industry’. Journal ofIndustrial Economics, 25 (3): 195-211.

Jose, M.L., L.M. Nichols & J.L. Stevens (1986), ‘Contributions of diversification, promotion, andR&D to the value of multiproduct firms: A Tobin’s q approach’. Financial Management, 15(4): 33-42.

Judelson, D.N. (1968), ‘A philosophy for a conglomerate company’. Business Horizons, June: 5-13.

K

Kaish, S., & B. Gilad (1991), ‘Characteristics of opportunities search of enterpreneurs versusexecutives: Sources, interests, general alertness’. Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 45-61.

Kamann, D.J.F. (1998), ‘Research on industry dynamics analyzed from a network perspective’. In:A.G. Woodside (ed.), Advances in Business Marketing and Purchasing – Volume 8.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Kamann, D.J.F., & D. Strijker (1989), ‘The network approach: Concepts and applications’. In: R.Camagni (ed.), Innovation Networks, 145-173, London: Belhaven-Pinter.

Kanter, R. (1985), ‘Supporting innovation and venture development in established companies’.Journal of Business Venturing, 1: 47-60.

Karpik, P., & A. Riahi-Belkaoui (1994), ‘The effect of the implementation of the multidivisionalstructure on shareholder’s wealth: The contingency of diversification strategy’. Journal ofBusiness Finance & Accounting, 21 (3): 349-365.

Kashlak, R.J., & M.P. Joshi (1994), ‘Core business regulation and dual diversification patterns inthe telecommunication industry’. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 603-611.

Kazanjian, R.K. (1988), ‘Relation of dominant problems to stages of growth in technology-basednew ventures’. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (2): 257-279.

Kazanjian, R.K., & R. Drazin (1987), ‘Implementing internal diversification: Contingency factorsfor organization design choices’. Academy of Management Review, 12: 342-354.

Kazanjian, R.K., & R. Drazin (1990), ‘A stage-contingent model of design and growth fortechnology based new ventures’. Journal of Business Venturing, 5: 137-150.

Keats, B.W. (1990), ‘Diversification and business economic performance revisited: Issues ofmeasurement and causality’. Journal of Management, 16: 61-72.

Page 17: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

354 References

Keeley, R.H., & J.B. Roure (1990), ‘Management strategy, and industry structure as influences onthe success of new firms: A structural model’. Management Science, 36 (10): 1256-1267.

Kelly, G.A. (1955), The Psychology of Personal Constructs – Volume 1. New York: W.W. Norton.Kerr, J.L. (1985), ‘Diversification strategies and managerial rewards: An empirical study’.

Academy of Management Journal, 28 (1): 155-179.Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1999), Struggling with the Demon: Essays on individual and

organizational irrationality. Madison, Conn.: Psychosocial Press.Kets de Vries, M.F.R., & D. Miller (1984), The Neurotic Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-

Bass.Khan, A.M., & V. Manopichetwattana (1989), ‘Models for distinguishing innovative and non-

innovative small firms’. Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 187-196.Kiesler, S., & L. Sproull (1982), ‘Managerial responses to changing environments: Perspectives on

problem sensing from social cognition’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27: 548-570.Kim, D.-J., & B. Kogut (1996), ‘Technological platforms and diversification’. Organization

Science, 7 (3): 283-301.Kim, W.C. (1989), ‘Developing a global diversification measure’. Management Science, 35 (3):

376-383.Kim, W.C., P. Hwang & W.P. Burgers (1993), ‘Multinationals’ diversification and the risk-return

trade-off’. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 275-286.Kimberly, J.R., & R.H. Miles (1980), The Organizational Life Cycle. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Kitching, J. (1967), ‘Why do merger miscarry?’. Harvard Business Review, 45 (6): 84-101.Kitching, J. (1973), Acquisitions in Europe: Causes of Corporate Successes and Failures. Geneva:

Business International.Klein, B., R.G. Crawford & A.A. Alchian (1978), ‘Vertical integration, appropriable rents and

competitive contracting process’. Journal of Law and Economics, 21: 297-326.Kleinknecht, A. (1989), ‘Firm size and innovation: Observations in Dutch manufacturing

industries’. Small Business Economics, 1: 215-222.Klimecki, R., & H. Lassleben (1998), ‘Modes of organizational learning: Indications from an

empirical study’. Management Learning, 29 (4): 405-430.Klimoski, R., & S. Mohammed (1994), ‘Team mental model: Construct or metaphor?’. Journal of

Management, 20 (2): 403-437.Kochhar, R., & M.A. Hitt (1998), ‘Linking corporate strategy to capital structure: diversification

strategy,type and source of financing’, Strategic Management Journal, 19 (6): 601-610.Kosslyn, S.M. (1980), Image and Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Kozulin, A. (1997), ‘Vygotsky in context’, introduction to L. Vygotsky, Thought and Language –

10th edition (1997), xi – lvi.Krijnen, H.G. (1992), Strategie en Management (in Dutch; Strategy and Management).

Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.Krippendorff, K. (1980), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Meaning. Beverly Hills, CA:

SAGE Publications.Krishnan, H.A., A. Miller & W.O. Judge (1997), ‘Diversification and top management team

complementarity: Is performance improved by merging similar or dissimilar teams?’. StrategicManagement Journal, 18 (5): 361-374.

Kruskal, J.B., & M. Wish (1991), Multidimensional Scaling. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.Kuhn, T.S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions – 2nd edition. Chicago, IL.: University

of Chicago Press.Kuwada, K. (1998), ‘Strategic learning: The continuous side of discontinuous strategic change’.

Organizational Learning, 9 (6): 719-736.

L

Lachman, R., J. Lachman & E. Butterfield (1979), Cognitive Psychology and InformationProcessing: An Introduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Page 18: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 355

Lakoff, G., & M. Johnson (1980), Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, IL: University of ChicagoPress.

Lakoff, G., & M. Johnson (1998), Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challengeto Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.

Lamont, B.T., & C.R. Anderson (1985), ‘Mode of corporate diversification and economicperformance’. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (4): 926-934.

Lane, P.J., A.A. Cannella & M.H. Lubatkin (1998), ‘Agency problems as antecedents to unrelatedmergers and diversification: Amihud and Lev reconsidered’. Strategic Management Journal,19 (6): 555-578.

Langfield-Smith, K. (1992), ‘Exploring the need for a shared cognitive map’. Journal ofManagement Studies, 29: 349-368.

Lant, T.K., & S.J. Mezias (1990), ‘Managing discontinuous change: A simulation study oforganizational learning and entrepreneurship’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 147-179.

Lang, L.H.P., R.M. Stulz (1994), ‘Tobin’s q, corporate diversification, and firm performance’.Journal of Political Economy, 12 (6): 1248-1280.

Latour, B. (1993), We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Lauenstein, M.C. (1985), ‘Diversification – The hidden explanation of success’. Sloan

Management Review, Fall: 49-55.Laukkanen, M. (1990), ‘Describing management cognition: The cause mapping approach’.

Scandinavian Journal of Management, 6 (3): 197-216.Laukkanen, M. (1992), Comparative Cause Mapping of Management Cognitions. Helsinki:

Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration, Publication D-154.Laukkanen, M. (1998), ‘Conducting causal mapping research: Opportunities and challenges’. In:

C. Eden & J.C. Spender (eds.), Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Theory, Methodsand Research, 168-191, London: SAGE Publications.

Lave, J., & E. Wenger (1991), Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lawrence, P.R., & J.W. Lorsch (1967), Organization and Environment, Homewood, IL: Irwin.Leahay, T.H., & R.J. Harris (1997), Learning and Cognition – 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Prentice Hall.Lecraw, D.J. (1984), ‘Diversification strategy and performance’. The Journal of Industrial

Economics, 23 (2): 179-197.Leiber, J. (1991), An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Leonard-Barton, D. (1990), ‘A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal

single site with replicated multiple sites’. Organization Science, 1 (3): 248-266.Leontiades, M. (1989), Mythmanagement: An Examination of Corporate Diversification as Fact

and Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Leontiades, M., & A. Tezel (1981), ‘Some connections between corporate-level planning and

diversity’. Strategic Management Journal, 2: 413-418.Leroy, F., & B. Ramanantsoa (1997), ‘The cognitive and behavioral dimensions of organizational

learning in a merger: An empirical study’. Journal of Management Studies, 34 (6): 871-895.Levine, J.M., L.B. Resnick & E.T. Higgins (1993), ‘Social foundation of cognition’. Annual

Review of Pscyhology, 44: 585-612.Levitt, B., & J.G. March (1988), ‘Organizational learning’. Annual Review of Sociology, 14: 319-

340.Levitt, T. (1960), ‘Marketing Myopia’. Harvard Business Review, 38 (4): 45-56.Levy, D.T. (1989), ‘Predation, firm-specific assets and diversification’. The Journal of Industrial

Economics, 38 (2): 227-233.Levy, D.T., & L.J. Haber (1986), ‘An advantage of the multiproduct firm’. Journal of Economic

Behavior and Organization, 7: 291-302.Lewellen, W.G. (1971), ‘A pure financial ratio for the conglomerate merger’. Journal of Finance,

26: 521-537.

Page 19: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

356 References

Lewis, W.W. (1984), ‘The CEO and corporate strategy in the eighties: Back to basics’. Interfaces,14 (1): 3-9.

Lichtenberg, F.R. (1992), ‘Industrial de-diversification and its consequences of productivity’.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 18: 427-438.

Lim, G.E., & T.Y. Teck (1995), ‘Diversification strategies, firm characteristics and performanceamong Singapore firms’. International Journal of Management, 12 (2): 223-233.

Lippman, S.A., & R.P. Rumelt (1981), ‘Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differencesin efficiency’. Bell Journal of Economics, 13: 418-438.

Lloyd, W.P., & J.S. Jahera (1994), ‘Firm-diversification effects on performance as measured byTobin’s q’. Managerial and Decision Economics, 15: 259-266.

Lubatkin, M. (1983), ‘Mergers and the performance of the acquiring firm’. Academy ofManagement Review, 8 (2): 218-225.

Lubatkin, M. (1987), ‘Merger strategies and stockholder value’. Strategic Management Journal, 8(1): 39-53.

Lubatkin, M., & S. Chatterjee (1994), ‘Extending modern portfolio theory into the domain ofcorporate diversification: Does it apply?’. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (1): 109-136.

Lubatkin, M., H. Merchant & N. Srinivisan (1993), ‘Construct validity of some unweightedproduct-count diversification measures’. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 433-449.

Lubatkin, M., & H.M. O’Neill (1987), ‘Merger strategies and capital market risk’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 30 (4): 665-684.

Lubatkin, M., & R. Rogers (1989), ‘Diversification, system risk, and shareholder return: A capitalmarket extension of Rumelt’s study’. Academy of Management Journal, 32 (3): 454-465.

Luffman, G.A., & R. Reed (1982), ‘Diversification in British industry in the 1970s’. StrategicManagement Journal, 3: 303-314.

Luffman, G.A., & R. Reed (1984), The Strategy and Performance of British Industry 1970-1980.New York: St. Martins’ Press.

Lundström, A., & B. Gandemo (1991), ‘Medium-sized industrial firms: Financial performance,growth and change’. . Paper presented at the 21st European Small Business Seminar,Barcelona, September 18-20.

Lynn, M.L. (1998), ‘Patterns of micro-enterprise diversification in transitional Eurasianeconomies’. International Small Business Journal, 16 (2): 34-43.

Lynn, M.L., & N.L. Reinsch (1990), ‘Diversification patterns among small businesses’. Journal ofSmall Business Management, 28 (?): 60-70.

M

MacDonald, J.M. (1985), ‘R&D and the directions of diversification’. The Review of Economicsand Statistics, 67: 583-590.

MacMillan, I.C. (1987), ‘New business development: A challenge for transformational leadership’.Human Resource Management, 26 (4): 439-455.

Mahoney, J.T., J.R. Pandian (1992), ‘The resource-based view within the conversation of strategicmanagement’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 363-380.

March, J.G., & H.A. Simon (1958), Organizations. New York: Wiley.March, J.G., L.S. Sproull & M. Tamuz (1991), ‘Learning from samples of one or fewer’.

Organization Science, 2 (1): 1-13.March, J.G., & J.P. Olsen (1976), ‘Organisational learning and the ambiguity of the past’. In:

Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations, 54-67, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.March, J.G., & H.A. Simon (1958), Organizations. New York: Wiley.Markham, J.W. (1973), Conglomerate Enterprise and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press.Markides, C.C. (1992), ‘Consequences of corporate refocusing: Ex ante evidence’. Academy of

Management Journal, 35 (2): 398-412.

Page 20: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 357

Markides, C.C. (1995), ‘Diversification, restructuring and economic performance’. StrategicManagement Journal, 16: 101-118.

Markides, C.C. (1996), Diversification, Refocusing, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.

Markides, C.C. (1997), ‘To diversify or not to diversify’. Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec.:93-99.

Markides, C.C., & C.D. Ittner (1993), ‘Shareholder benefits from corporate internationaldiversification: Evidence from U.S. international acquisitions’. Journal of InternationalBusiness Studies, 25 (2): 343-366.

Markides, C.C., & P.J. Williamson (1994), ‘Related diversification, core competences andcorporate performance’. Strategic Management Journal, 15 (S): 149-166.

Markides, C.C., & P.J. Williamson (1996), ‘Corporate diversification and organizational structure:A resource-based view’. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (2): 340-367.

Mason, R.H., & M.B. Goudzwaard (1976), ‘Performance of conglomerate firms: A portfolioapproach’. Journal of Finance, 31: 39-84.

McCann, J.E. (1991), ‘Patterns of growth, competitive technology, and financial strategies inyoung ventures’. Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 189-208.

McClelland, D. (1961), The Achieving Society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.McDougall, F.M., & D.K. Round (1984), ‘A comparison of diversifying and nondiversifying

Australian industrial firms’. Academy of Management Journal, 27 (2): 384-398.McPhee, R.D. (1990), ‘Alternate approaches to integrating longitudinal case studies’. Organization

Science, 1 (4): 393-405.McVey, J. (1972), ‘The industrial diversification of multi-establishment manufacturing firms: A

developmental study. Canadian Statistical Review, 47: 1-6 & 112-113.Meindl, J.R., C. Stubbart & J.F. Porac (eds.)(1996), Cognition Within and Between Organizations,

Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.Melicher, F.W., & D.F. Rush (1973), ‘The performance of conglomerate firms: Recent risk and

return experience’. Journal of Finance, 28: 381-388.Merz, G.R., P.B. Weber & V.B. Laetz (1994), ‘Linking small business management with

entrepreneurial growth’. Journal of Small Business Management, October: 48-60.Michel, A., & I. Shaked (1984), ‘Does business diversification affect performance?’. Financial

Management, 13 (4): 18-25.Michel, J.G., D.C. Hambrick (1992), ‘Diversification posture and top management team

characteristics’. Academy of Management Journal, 35 (1): 9-37.Miles, M., & A.M. Huberman (1984), Qualitative Data Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE

Publications.Miles, R.H. (1982), Coffin Nails and Corporate Strategies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.Miller, G.A. (1956), ‘The magic number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for

processing information’. Psychological Review, 63: 81-93.Miller, G., & P. Johnson-Laird (1976), Language and Perception. Boston: Belknap Press.Miner, A.S., & S.J. Mezias (1996), ‘Ugly duckling no more: Pasts and futures of organizational

learning research’. Organization Science, 7 (1): 88-99.Mintzberg, H. (1978), ‘Patterns in strategy formation’. Management Science, 24 (9): 934-948.Mintzberg, H. (1987), ‘The strategy concept: Five P’s for strategy’. California Management

Review, 30 (1): 11-24.Mintzberg, H. (1988), ‘Generic strategies: Toward a comprehensive framework’. In: R. Lamb & P.

Shrivastava (eds.), Advances in Strategic Management - Volume 5, 1-67, Greenwich, CT: JAIPress.

Mintzberg, H. (1990a), Strategy formation: Schools of thought. In: J. Fredrickson (ed.),Perspectives on Strategic Management, Ch. 5: 105-235, New York: Ballinger.

Mintzberg, H. (1990b), ‘The Design School: Reconsidering the basic premises of strategicmanagement’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 171-195.

Page 21: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

358 References

Mintzberg, H., & J.A. Waters (1982), ‘Tracking strategy in an entrepreneurial firm’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 25 (3): 465-499.

Mirvis, P.H. (1996), ‘Historical foundations of organizational learning’. Journal of OrganizationalChange Management, 9 (1): 13-31.

Montgomery, C.A. (1982), ‘The measurement of firm diversification: Some new empiricalevidence’. Academy of Management Journal, 25 (2): 299-307.

Montgomery, C.A. (1985), ‘Product-market diversification and market power’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 28 (4): 789-798.

Montgomery, C.A. (1994), ‘Corporate diversification’. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8 (3):163-178.

Montgomery, C.A., & H. Singh (1984), ‘Diversification strategy and systematic risk’. StrategicManagement Journal, 5: 181-191.

Montgomery, C.A., & B. Wernerfelt (1988), ‘Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin’s q’.RAND Journal of Economics, 19 (4): 623-632.

Morck, R., A. Shleifer & R.W. Vishny (1990), ‘Do managerial objectives drive bad acquisitions?’.The Journal of Finance, 55 (1): 31-48.

Morris, T. (1987), ‘Strategy and organisation’. Journal of General Management, 13 (2): 90-96.Mosakowski, E. (1990), ‘Entrepreneurial diversification and causal ambiguity: A dynamic analysis

of entrepreneurial firms in the computer industry’. Academy of Management Best PaperProceedings, 64-68.

Moscovici, S. (1988), ‘Notes towards a description of social representations’. European Journal ofSocial Psychology, 18: 211-250.

N

Napier, N.K., & M. Smith (1987), ‘Product diversification, performance criteria and compensationat the corporate manager level’. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 195-201.

Nathanson, D.A., & J. Cassano (1982), ‘What happens to profits when a company diversifies?’.Wharton Magazine, Summer: 19-26.

Nayyar, P.R. (1990), ‘Information asymmetries: A source of competitive advantage for diversifiedservice firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 513-519.

Nayyar, P.R. (1992), ‘On the measurement of corporate diversification strategy: Evidence fromlarge U.S. service firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 219-235.

Nayyar, P.R. (1993), ‘Stock market reactions to related diversification moves by service firmsseeking benefits from information asymmetry and economies of scope’. Strategic ManagementJournal, 14: 569-591.

Neisser, U. (1976), Cognition and Reality – Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology.New York: Freeman.

Nguyen, T.H., A. Séror & T.M. Devinney (1990), ‘Diversification strategy and performance inCanadian manufacturing firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 411-418.

Nonaka, I. (1994), ‘A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation’. OrganizationScience, 5 (1): 14-37.

Nonaka, I., & H. Takeuchi (1995), The Knowledge Creating Company – How JapaneseCompanies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nonaka, I., & T. Yamanouchi (1989), ‘Managing innovation as a self-renewing process’. Journalof Business Venturing, 4: 299-315.

Nooteboom, B. (1984), ‘Innovation, life cycle and the share of independents: Cases from retailing’.International Small Business Journal, 3 (1): 21-33.

Nooteboom, B. (1994), ‘Innovation and diffusion in small firms: Theory and evidence’. SmallBusiness Economics, 6: 327-347.

Normann, R. (1977), Management for Growth. Chichester: Wiley.Normann, R. (1985), ‘Developing capabilities for organizational learning’. In: J.M. Pennings (ed.),

Organizational Strategy and Change, 217-248, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Page 22: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 359

Nystrom, P.C., & W.H. Starbuck (1984), ‘To avoid organizational crises, unleaern’.Organizational Dynamics, Spring: 53-65.

O

O’Farrell, P.N., & D.M.W.N. Hitchens (1988), ‘Alternative theories of small-firm growth: Acritical review’. Environment and Planning A, 20: 1365-1383.

Osgood, C., G. Suci, & P. Tannebaum (1957), The Measurement of Meaning. Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press.

P

Palepu, K. (1985), ‘Diversification strategy, profit performance and the entropy measure’.Strategic Management Journal, 6: 239-255.

Palich, L.E., & L.B. Cardinal & C.C. Miller (2000), ‘Curvilinearity in the diversification-performance linkage: An examination of over three decades of research’. StrategicManagement Journal, 21: 155-174.

Palich, L.E., & D.R. Ragby (1995), ‘Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking:challenging conventional wisdom’. Journal of Business Venturing, 10: 425-438.

Panzar, J.C., & R.D. Willig (1981), ‘Economies of scope’. American Economic Review, 71 (2):268-272.

Paris, S.G., M.Y. Lipson & K.K. Wixson (1983), ‘Becoming a strategic reader’. ContemporaryEducational Psychology, 8: 293-316.

Pavan, R.J. (1972), The Strategy and Structure of Italian Industrial Entreprise, Ph.D. dissertation,Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.

Pavlov, I.P. (1927), Conditioned Reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.Pearce, R.D. (1983), ‘Industrial diversification amongst the world’s leading multinational

enterprises’. In: M. Casson (ed.), The Growth of International Business, Chapter 6, London:Allen & Unwin.

Pearce, J.A. & R.B. Robinson (1994), Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation andControl. Burr Ridge, Ill.: Irwin.

Pedler, M., J. Burgoyne, & T. Boydell (1991), The Learning Company: A Strategy for SustainableDevelopment. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.

Pennings, J.M., H. Barkema & S. Douma (1994), ‘Organizational learning and diversification’.Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3): 608-640.

Penrose, E.T. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Perry, C. (1985), ‘Growth strategies for small firms: Principles and case studies’. International

Small Business Journal, 5 (2): 17-25.Perry, C., R. Macarthur, G. Meredith & B. Cunnington (1984), ‘Need for achievement and locus of

control of Australian small business owner-managers and super-entrepreneurs’. InternationalSmall Business Journal, 4 (4): 55-64.

Pervin, L.A. (1984), Personality. New York: Wiley.Peters, T.J. & R.H. Waterman (1982), In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run

Companies, New York: Harper & Row.Peters, V., F. Wester & R. Richardson (1989), Kwalitatieve Analyse in de Praktijk en Handleiding

by Kwalitan (in Dutch; Qualitative Analysis in Practice and Manual of Kwalitan). Nijmegen:SWI.

Peterson, R.A., G. Albaum & G. Kozmetsky (1986), ‘The public’s definition of small business’.Journal of Small Business Management, 24 (3): 63-69.

Pettigrew, A.M. (1973), The Politics of Organizational Decision Making. London: Tavistock.Pettigrew, A.M. (1988), ‘Introduction: Researching strategic change’. In: A.M. Pettigrew (ed.), The

Management of Strategic Change, Introduction, 1-13, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Page 23: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

360 References

Pettigrew, A.M. (1990), ‘Longitudinal field research on change: Theory and Practice’.Organization Science, 1 (3): 267-292.

Pfeffer, J. (1981), Power in Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Piaget, J. (1936), ‘The origins of intelligence in children’. In: H.E. Gruber & J.J. Vonèche (eds.),

The Essential Piaget: An Interpretive Reference and Guide, 215-249, New York: BasicBooks.

Piaget, J. (1937), ‘The construction of reality in the child’. In: H.E. Gruber & J.J. Vonèche (eds.),The Essential Piaget: An Interpretive Reference and Guide, 250-294, New York: BasicBooks.

Pitts, R.A. (1977), ‘Strategies and structures for diversification’. Academy of ManagementJournal, 20: 197-208.

Pitts, R.A. (1980), ‘Toward a contingency theory of multibusiness organization design’. Academyof Management Review, 5 (2): 203-210.

Pitts, R.A., & H.D. Hopkins (1982), ‘Firm diversity: Conceptualization and measurement’.Academy of Management Review, 7: 620-629.

Pooley-Dias, G. (1972), Strategy and Structure of French Enterprise. Ph.D. dissertation,Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.

Polanyi, M. (1967), The Tacit Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Polanyi, M. (1975), ‘Personal knowledge’. In: M. Polanyi & H. Prosch (eds.), Meaning, 22-45,

Chichago: University of Chicago Press (in: Tsoukas, 1996).Porac, J.F., J.R. Meindl, C. Stubbart (1996), ‘Introduction’. In: Meindl, J.R., C. Stubbart & J.F.

Porac (eds.), Cognition Within and Between Organizations, ix-xxiii, Thousand Oaks: SAGEPublications.

Porac, J.F., H. Thomas & C. Baden-Fuller (1989), ‘Competitive groups as cognitive communities:The case of Scottish knitwear manufacturers’. Journal of Management Studies, 26 (4): 397-416.

Porter, M.E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.New York: The Free Press.

Porter, M.E. (1985), Competitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. NewYork: The Free Press.

Porter, M.E. (1987), ‘From competitive advantage to corporate strategy’. Harvard BusinessReview, May-June: 43-59.

Prahalad, C.K., & R.A. Bettis (1986), ‘The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity andperformance’. Strategic Management Journal, 7: 485-501.

Prahalad, C.K., & G. Hamel (1990), ‘The core competence of the corporation’. Harvard BusinessReview, May-June: 79-90.

Probst, G., & B. Büchel (1997), Organizational Learning: The Competitive Advantage of theFuture. London: Prentice-Hall.

Q

Qian, G. (1997), ‘Assessing product-market diversification of U.S. firms’. ManagementInternational Review, 37 (2): 127-149.

R

Ramanujam, V., & P. Varadarajan (1989), ‘Research on corporate diversification: A synthesis’.Strategic Management Journal, 10: 523-551.

Ravenscraft, D.J. (1983), ‘Structure-profit relationships at the line of business and industry level’.The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65: 22-32.

Ravenscraft, D.J., & F.M. Scherer (1987), Mergers, Sell-offs, and Economic Efficiency.Washington: Brookings Institute.

Page 24: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 361

Reber, A.S. (1993), Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge: An Essay on the CognitiveUnconscious. New York: Oxford University Press.

Reed, R. (1991), ‘Bimodality in diversification: An efficiency and effectiveness rationale’.Managerial and Decision Economics, 12: 57-66.

Reed, R., & G.A. Luffman (1986), ‘Diversification: The growing confusion’. StrategicManagement Journal, 7: 29-35.

Reed, R., & M. Reed (1989), ‘CEO experience and diversification strategy fit’. Journal ofManagement Studies, 26 (3): 251-270.

Reger, R.K. (1990a), ‘Managerial thought structures and competitive positioning’. In: A.S. Huff(ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, 71-88, Chichester: Wiley.

Reger, R.K. (1990b), ‘The repertory grid technique for eliciting the content and structure ofcognitive constructive systems’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, 301-309,Chichester: Wiley.

Reger, R.K., & A.S. Huff (1993), ‘Strategic groups: A cognitive perspective’. StrategicManagement Journal, 14: 103-124.

Reuber, A.R., L.S. Dyke, & E.M. Fischer (1990), ‘Experientially acquired knowledge andentrepreneurial venture success’. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, 69-73.

Rhoades, S.A. (1973), ‘The effect of diversification on industry profit performance in 241manufacturing industries: 1963’. Review of Economics and Statistics, 55: 146-155.

Rhoades, S. (1974), ‘A further evaluation of the effect of diversification on industry profitperformance’. Review of Economics and Statistics, 56: 557-559.

Riahi-Belkaoui (1996), ‘Internationalization, diversification strategy and ownership structure:Implications for French MNE performance’. International Business Review, 5 (4): 367-376.

Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (1998), ‘The impact of multi-divisional structure on organizational slack: Thecontingency of diversification strategy’. British Journal of Management, 9 (3): 211-218.

Riahi-Belkaoui, A., & J.W. Bannister (1994), ‘Multidivisional structure and capital structure: Thecontingency of diversification strategy’. Managerial and Decision Economics, 15: 267-276.

Richter, I. (1998), ‘Individual and organizational learning at the executive level: Towards aresearch agenda’. Management Learning, 29 (3): 299-316.

Robson, G., C. Gallagher & M. Daly (1991), ‘Diversification strategy and practice in small firms’.International Small Business Journal, 11 (2): 37-53.

Roll, R. (1986), ‘The hubris hypothesis of corporate takeovers’. Journal of Business, 59 (2): 197-216.

Rosa, P. (1999), ‘Entrepreneurial processes of business cluster formation and growth by ‘habitual’entrepreneurs’. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer: 43-61.

Rose, N.L., & A. Shepard (1994), ‘Firm diversification and CEO compensation: Managerial abilityor executive entrenchment?’. NBER Working Paper No. 4723, Cambridge, MA: NationalBureau of Economic Research.

Rothwell, R. (1989), ‘Small firms, innovation and industrial change’. Small Business Economics,1: 51-64.

Rotter, J.B. (1966), ‘Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control ofreinforcement’. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80: 609.

Rowe, W.G., & P.M. Wright (1997), ‘Related and unrelated diversification and their effect onhuman resource management controls’. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (4): 329-338.

Rumelhart, D.E., & D.A. Norman (1978), ‘Accretion, tuning and restructuring: Three modes oflearning’. In: J.W. Cotton & R. Klatzky (eds.), Semantic Factors in Cognition, Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rumelt, R.P. (1974), Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.

Rumelt, R.P. (1982), ‘Diversification strategy and profitability’. Strategic Management Journal, 3:359-369.

Rumelt, R.P. (1991), ‘How much does industry matter?’. Strategic Management Journal, 12: 167-185.

Page 25: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

362 References

Rumelt, R.P., D. Schendel & D.J. Teece (1991), ‘Strategic management and economics’. StrategicManagement Journal, 12: 5-29.

Ryle, G. (1949), The Concept of Mind. San Fransisco: Hutchinson.

S

Sackmann, S.A. (1991), Organizational Culture and Leadership: Exploring the Corporate Mind.Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.

Sackmann, S.A. (1992), ‘Cultures and subcultures: An analysis of organisational knowledge’.Administrative Science Quarterly, 37 (1): 140-162.

Salter, M.S., & W.A. Weinhold (1978), ‘Diversification via acquisition: Creating value’. HarvardBusiness Review, 56 (4): 166-176.

Salter, M.S., & W.A. Weinhold (1979), Diversification through acquisition: Strategies forCreating Economic Value. New York: The Free Press.

Salter, M.S., & W.A. Weinhold (1981), ‘Choosing compatible acquisitions’. Harvard BusinessReview, 59 (1): 116-127.

Sambharya, R.B. (1996), ‘Foreign experience of top management teams and internationaldiversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations’. Strategic Management Journal,17: 739-746.

Sandberg, W.R., & C.W. Hofer (1987), ‘Improving new venture performance: The role of strategy,industry structure, and the entrepreneur’. Journal of Business Venturing, 2: 5-28.

Sandvig, J. C., & L. Coakley (1998), ‘Best practices in small firm diversification’. BusinessHorizons, 41 (3): 33-40.

Santarelli, E., & A. Sterlacchini (1990), ‘Innovation, formal vs. informal R&D, and firm size:Some evidence from Italian manufacturing firms. Small Business Economics, 2: 223-228.

Schank, R.C., & R.P. Abelson (1977), Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Schein, E.H. (1985), Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View. San Fransisco,CA: Jossey-Bass.

Scheinberg, S., & I.C. MacMillan (1988), ‘An 11 country study of motivations to start a business’.In: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 669-687, Wellesly, MA: Babson College.

Scheper, W.J. (1991), Group Decision and Support Systems: An Inquiry into Theoretical andPhilosophical Issues. Tilburg: Tilburg University.

Scheper, W.J., & J. Faber (1994), ‘Do cognitive maps make sense?’. In: C. Stubbart, J.R. Meindl &J.F. Porac (eds.), Advances in Managerial Cognition and Organizational InformationProcessing – Volume 5, 165-185, Middlesex: JAI Press.

Scherjon, D.P., & A.R. Thurik (eds.)(1998), Handboek Ondernemers en Adviseurs in het MKB (inDutch; Handbook Entrepreneurs and Advisors in SMEs). Deventer: Kluwer Bedrijfsinformatie.

Schmalensee, R. (1985), ‘Do markets differ much?’. American Economic Review, 75: 341-351.Schneider, S.C., & R. Angelmar (1993), ‘Cognition in organizational analysis: Who’s minding the

store?’. Organization Studies, 14 (3): 347-374.Schollhammer, H., & A. Kuriloff (1979), Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. New

York: Wiley.Schön, D.A. (1983), ‘Organizational learning’. In: G. Morgan (ed.), Beyond Method; Strategies for

Social Research, 114-128, Beverly Hills: SAGE Publications.Schumpeter, J.J., (1910), Theorie der Wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, Leipzig: Dunsher und

Humbold.Schwandt, D.R. (1997), ‘Integrating theory and organizational learning: A theory of action

perspective’. In: J.P. Walsh & A.S. Huff (eds.), Advances in Strategic Management:Organizational Learning and Strategic Management, 337-359, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Scott, M., & R. Bruce (1987), ‘Five stages of growth in small business’. Long Range Planning, 20(3): 45-52.

Page 26: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 363

Scott, J.T. (1993), Purposive diversification and economic performance. New York: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Senge, P. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. NewYork: Doubleday Currency.

Senge, P., A. Kleiner, C. Roberts, R. Ross, G. Roth & B. Smith (1999), The Dance of Change: TheChallenge to Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations. New York: Doubleday.

Sengenberger, W., G. Loveman & M.J. Piore (eds.)(1990), The Re-emergence of SmallEnterprisies: Industrial Restructuring in Industrial Countries. Geneva: International Institutefor Labour Studies.

Seth, A. (1990), ‘Value creation in acquisitions: A re-examination of performance issues’.Strategic Management Journal, 11: 99-115.

Sexton, D.L., & N. Bowman (1985), ‘The entrepreneur: A capable executive and more’. Journal ofBusiness Venturing, 1: 129-140.

Sharma, A., & I.F. Kesner (1996), ‘Diversifying entry: Some ex ante explanations for postentrysurvival and growth’. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3): 635-677.

Sharpe, W. (1966), ‘Mutual fund performance’. Journal of Business, 39: 119-138.Shelton, L.M. (1988), ‘Strategic business fits and corporate acquisition: Empirical evidence’.

Strategic Management Journal, 9: 279-287.Shleifer, A., & R.W. Vishny (1989), ‘Management entrenchment: The case of manager-specific

investments’. Journal of Financial Economics, 25: 123-139.Shrivastava, P. (1983), ‘A typology of organizational learning systems’. Journal of Management

Studies, 20 (1): 7-28.Siegel, R., E. Siegel & I.C. MacMillan (1993), ‘Characteristics distinguishing high-growth

ventures’. Journal of Business Venturing, 8: 169-180.Simmonds, P.G. (1990), ‘The combined diversification breadth and mode dimensions and the

performance of large diversified firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 399-410.Simon, H.A. (1946), Administrative Behavior. New York: MacMillan.Simon, H.A. (1991), ‘Bounded rationality and organizational learning’. Organization Science, 2

(1): 125-134.Sims, D. (1998), ‘Organizational learning as the development of stories: Canons, apochryphas and

free markets’. in: M. Easterby-Smith, L. Araujo & J. Burgoyne (eds.), OrganizationalLearning and the Learning Organization: Developments in Theory and Practice, 44-58,London: SAGE Publications.

Sims, D., & L. McAuley (1995), ‘Management learning as a learning process: An invitation’.Management Learning, 26 (1): 5-20.

Sims, H.P., & D.A. Gioia (1986), The Thinking Organization: Dynamics of Organizational SocialCognition. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

Singh, H., & C.A. Montgomery (1987), ‘Corporate acquisition strategies and economicperformance’. Strategic Management Journal, 8: 377-386.

Siropolis, N.C., Small Business Management, 4th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Sitkin, S. (1991), ‘Learning through failure: The strategy of small losses’. Research in

Organizational Behavior, 14: 231-266.Sjölander, S., & C. Oskarsson (1995), ‘Diversification: Exploiting the flow of technology. A

Swedish comparison’. International Journal of Technology Management, 10 (1): 21-30.Skinner, B.F. (1938), The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton Century Croft.Smallbone, D., R. Leigh & D. North (1991), ‘Growth in small and medium sized manufacturing

enterprises: A study of mature manufacturing firms in London in the 1980s’. Paper presentedat the 21st European Small Business Seminar, Barcelona, September 18-20.

Smallbone, D., R. Leigh & D. North (1995), ‘The characteristics and strategies of high growthSMEs’. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 1 (3): 44-62.

Smircich, L. (1983), ‘Concepts of culture and organizational analysis’. Administrative ScienceQuarterly, 28: 339-358.

Page 27: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

364 References

Smith, C.G., & A.C. Cooper (1988), ‘Established companies diversifying into young industries: Acomparison of firms with different levels of performance’. Strategic Management Journal, 9:111-121.

Smith, K.G., T.R. Mitchell & C.E. Summer (1985), ‘Top level management priorities in differentstages of the organizational life cycle’. Academy of Management Journal, 28 (4): 799-820.

Smith, K., & D. Tito (1969), ‘Risk-return measures of ex post portfolio performance’. Journal ofFinancial and Quantitative Analysis, 4: 449-471.

Snuif, H.R. (1995), ‘Stage of organizational development models: A mature branch of organizationtheory?. Small Business Research Memorandum, 95-02.

Snuif, H.R., & P.S. Zwart (1994), Modelling new venture development as a path of configurations’.In: Proceedings of the 39th ICSB World Conference, Straatsburg, 263-274.

Song, J.H. (1982), ‘Diversification strategies and the experience of top executives of large firms’.Strategic Management Journal, 3: 377-380.

Song, J.H. (1983), ‘Diversifying acquistions and financial relationships: Testing 1974-1976behaviour’. Strategic Management Journal, 4: 97-108.

Sparrow, P.R. (1999), ‘Strategy and cognition: Understanding the role of management knowledgestructures, organizational memory and information overload’. Creativity and InnovationManagement, 8 (2): 140-148.

Spender, J.-C. (1996a), ‘Organizational knowledge, learning and memory: Three concepts in searchof a theory’. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 9 (1): 63-78.

Spender, J.-C. (1996b), ‘Making knowledge’. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 45-62.Stanworth, M.J.K., & J. Curran (1976), ‘Growth and the small firm: An alternative view’. Journal

of Management Studies, 13: 95-110.Starbuck, W.H. (1983), ‘Organizations as action creators’. American Sociological Review, 48: 91-

102.Starbuck, W.H. (1992), ‘Learning by knowledge-intensive firms’. Journal of Management Studies,

29 (6): 713-740.Steiner, G.A. (1964), ‘Why and how to diversify’. California Management Review, Summer: 11-

18.Stevenson, H.H., & J.C. Jarillo (1990), ‘A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial

management’. Strategic Management Journal, 11: 17-27.Stimpert, J.L., & I.M. Duhaime (1997a), ‘In the eyes of the beholder: Conceptualizations of

relatedness held by the managers of large diversified firms’. Strategic Management Journal,18 (2): 111-125.

Stimpert, J.L., & I.M. Duhaime (1997b), ‘Seeing the big picture: The influence of industrydiversification, and business strategy on performance’. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3): 560-583.

Storey, D.J. (1994), Understanding the Small Business Sector. London: Routledge.Storey, D.J., & P. Westhead (1996), ‘Management training and small firm performance: Why is the

link so weak?’. International Small Business Journal, 14 (4): 13-24.STRATOS-Group (1990), Strategic Orientations of Small European Businesses. Aldershot:

Avebury.Strauss, A. (1987), Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.Stubbart, C.I. (1989), ‘Managerial cognition: A missing link in strategic management research’.

Journal of Management Studies, 26 (4): 325-347.Stubbart, C.I. (1993), ‘What is managerial and organizational cognition?’. Paper presented at First

International Workshop on Managerial and Organizational Cognition, EIASM, Brussel,Belgium, May 13-14.

Stubbart, C.I., J.R. Meindl & J.F. Porac (eds.)(1994), Advances in Managerial Cognition andOrganizational Information Processing – Volume 5, 43-83, Middlesex: JAI Press.

Page 28: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 365

Stubbart, C.I., & A. Ramaprasad (1990), ‘Comments on empirical articles and recommendationsfor future research’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.), Mapping Strategic Thought, 251-288, Chichester:Wiley.

Sutherland, J.W. (1980), ‘A quasi-empirical mapping of optimal scale of enterprise’. ManagementScience, 26 (10): 963-981.

Suzuki, K. (1993), ‘Toppan printing: Successful diversification through technology’. Long RangePlanning, 26 (4): 42-52.

Swan, J. (1997), ‘Using cognitive mapping in management research: Decisions about technicalinnovation’. British Journal of Management, 8: 183-198.

Swan, J., & S. Newell (1998), ‘Making sense of technological innovation: The political and socialdynamics of cognition’ In: C. Eden & J.C. Spender (eds.), Managerial and OrganizationalCognition: Theory, Methods and Research, 108-129, London: SAGE Publications.

Swieringa, J., & A. Wierdsma (1992), Becoming a Learning Organization. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley.

T

Teece, D.J. (1980), ‘Economies of scope and the scope of the enterprise’. Journal of EconomicBehavior and Organization, 1: 223-247.

Teece, D.J. (1982), ‘Towards an economic theory of the multiproduct firm’. Journal of EconomicBehavior and Organization, 3: 39-63.

Tesch, R. (1991), ‘Software for qualitative researchers: Analysis needs and program capabilities’.In: N.G. Fielding & R.M. Lee (eds.), Using Computers in Qualitative Research, 16-37,Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.

Thanheiser, H.T. (1972), Strategy and Structure of German Industrial Enterprise. Ph.D.dissertation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.

Thomas, W.I., & D.S. Thomas (1928), The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs.New York: Knopf.

Thorelli, H.B. (1986), ‘Networks: Between markets and hierarchies’. Strategic ManagementJournal, 7 (1): 37-51.

Tobin, J. (1969), ‘A general equilibrium approach to monetary theory’. Journal of Money, Credit,and Banking, 1 (Febr.): 15-29.

Tolman, E.C. (1932), Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.

Tolman, E.C. (1948), ‘Cognitive maps in rats and men’. Psychological Review, 55: 189-208.Toulmin, S.E. (1958), The Uses of Argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Tripodi, T., & J. Bieri (1964), ‘Information transmission in clinical judgments as a function of

stimulus dimensionability and cognitive complexity’. Journal of Personality, 32: 119-137.Treynor, J. (1965), ‘How to rate management of mutual funds’. Harvard Business Review, 43 (1):

63-75.Tsang, E. (1997), ‘Organizational learning and the learning organization: A dichotomy between

descriptive and prescriptive research’. Human Relations, 50 (1): 73-89.Tsoukas, H. (1991), ‘The missing link: A transformational view of metaphors in organizational

science’. Academy of Management Review¸16 (3): 566-585.Tsoukas, H. (1996), ‘The firm as a distributed knowledge system: A constructionist approach’.

Strategic Management Journal, 17: 11-25.Tversky, A., & D. Kahneman (1974), ‘Judgement and uncertainty: Heuristics and biases’. Science,

125: 1124-1131.

Page 29: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

366 References

U

Utton, M. (1977), ‘Large firm diversification in British manufacturing industry’. The EconomicJournal, 87: 96-113.

Utton, M. (1979), Diversification and Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

V

Van der Heijden, K. (n.d.), Provoking Strategic Conversation. Presearch 1 (1), Global BusinessNetwork.

Van der Heijden, K. (1996), Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation. Chichester: Wiley.Van de Ven, A.H., & D. Polley (1992), ‘Learning while innovating’. Organization Science, 3 (1):

92-116.Varadarajan, P., & V. Ramanujam (1987), ‘Diversification and performance: A reexamination

using a new two-dimensional conceptualization of diversity in firms’. Academy ofManagement Journal, 30 (2): 380-393.

Varela, F.J., E. Thompson & E. Rosch (1993), The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and HumanExperience. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Very, P. (1993), ‘Success in diversification: Building on core competences’. Long Range Planning,26 (5): 80-92.

Vygotsky, L. (1986), Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

W

Walker, J.T. (1996), The Psychology of Learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Walsh, J.P. (1988a), ‘Selectivity and selective perception: An investigation of managers’ belief

structures and information processing’. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (4): 873-896.Walsh, J.P. (1988b), ‘Top management turnover following mergers and acquisitions’. Strategic

Management Journal, 9: 173-183.Walsh, J.P. (1995), ‘Managerial and organizational cognition: Notes from a trip down memory

lane’. Organization Science, 6 (3): 280-321.Walsh, J.P., C.M. Henderson & J. Deighton (1988), ‘Negotiated belief structures and decision

performance: An empirical investigation’. Organizational Behavior and Human DecisionProcesses, 42: 194-216.

Walsh, J.P., & L. Fahey (1986), ‘The role of negotiated belief structures in strategy making’.Journal of Management, 12: 325-338.

Wansley, J.W., W.R. Lane & H.C. Yang (1983), ‘Abnormal returns to acquired firms by type ofacquisition and method of payment’. Financial Management, 12 (3): 16-22.

Weaver, G.R., & D.A. Gioia (1994), ‘Paradigms lost: Incommensurability vs structurationistinquiry’. Organization Studies, 15 (4): 565-590.

Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.Weber, R.P. (1990), Basic Content Analysis. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.Weick, K.E. (1977), ‘Enactment processes in organisations’. In: B.M. Staw & G.R. Salancik (eds.),

New Directions in Organizational Behaviour, 267-300, Chicago: St. Clair Press.Weick, K.E. (1979a), The Social Psychology of Organizing – 2nd edition. New York: Random

House.Weick, K.E. (1979b), ‘Cognitive processes in organizations’. In: B. Staw (ed.), Research in

Organizational Behavior, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1: 41-74.Weick, K.E. (1990), ‘Introduction: Cartographic myths in organizations’. In: A.S. Huff (ed.),

Mapping Strategic Thought, 1-10, Chichester: Wiley.Weick, K.E. (1991), ‘The nontraditional quality of organizational learning’. Organization Science,

2 (1): 116-124.

Page 30: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

References 367

Weick, K.E. (1995), Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousands Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Weick, K.E., & M. Bougon (1986), ‘Organizations as cognitive maps: Charting ways to success

and failure’. In: H.P. Sims, D.A. Gioia & Associates, The Thinking Organization – Dynamicsof Organizational Social Cognition, 102-135, San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

Weick, K.E., & K.H. Roberts (1993), ‘Collective mind in organizations: Headful interrelating onflight decks’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 357-381.

Weick, K.E., & F. Westley (1996), ‘Organizational learning: Affirming an oxymoron’. In: S.R.Clegg, C. Hardy & W.R. Nord, Handbook of Organization Studies, 440-458, Newbury Park,CA: SAGE Publications.

Weinrauch, J.D., O.K. Mann, J.M. Parr & P.A. Robinson (1991), ‘Marketing strategies of smallindustrial manufacturers’. Industrial Marketing Management, 20: 251-259.

Wernerfelt, B. (1984), ‘A resource-based view of the firm’. Strategic Management Journal, 5:171-180.

Wernerfelt, B., & C.A. Montgomery (1986), ‘What is an attractive industry?’. ManagementScience, 32 (2): 1223-1230.

Wernerfelt, B., & C.A. Montgomery (1988), ‘Tobin’s q and the importance of focus in firmperformance’. American Economic Review, 78: 246-50.

Westhead, P., & M. Wright (1998), ‘Novice, portfolio and serial founders in rural and urban areas’.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer: 63-100.

Weston, J.F., & S.K. Mansinghka (1971), ‘Tests of the efficiency performance in conglomeratefirms’. Journal of Finance, 32 (10): 919-936.

Weston, J.F., K.V. Smith & R.R. Shrieves (1972), ‘Conglomerate performance using the capitalasset pricing model’. Review of Economics and Statistics, 54: 357-363.

Wiersema, M.F. (1992), ‘Strategic consequences of executive succession within diversified firms’.Journal of Management Studies, 29: 73-94.

Wiersema, M.F., & J.P. Liebeskind (1995), ‘The effects of leveraged buyouts in corporate growthand diversification in large firms’. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 447-460.

Williams, J.R., B.L. Paez & L. Sanders (1988), ‘Conglomerates revisited’. Strategic ManagementJournal, 9: 403-414.

Williamson, O.E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-Trust Implications. NewYork: Free Press.

Williamson, O.E. (1979), ‘Transaction cost economics: The governance of contractual relations’.Journal of Law and Economics, 22: 233-261.

Williamson, O.E. (1984), ‘Perspectives on the modern corporation’. Quarterly Review ofEconomics and Business, 24: 64-71.

Williamson, O.E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, RelationalContracting. New York: The Free Press.

Williamson, O.E. (1988), ‘Corporate finance and corporate governance’. Journal of Finance, 43:567-91.

Winterscheid, B.C. (1994), ‘Computer-aided text analysis: Are words a window to the mind?’. In:C. Stubbart, J.R. Meindl & J.F. Porac (eds.), Advances in Managerial Cognition andOrganizational Information Processing – Volume 5, 337-358, Middlesex: JAI Press.

Woo, C.Y., A.C. Cooper & W.C. Dunkelberg (1991), ‘The development and interpretation ofenterpreneurial typologies’. Journal of Business Venturing, 6: 93-114.

Wood, A. (1971), ‘Diversification, merger and research expenditures: A review of empiricalstudies’. In: R. Morris & A Wood (eds.), The Corporate Economy: Growth, Competition, andInnovation Potential, 428-453, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Woodworth, R., et al. (1969), The Entrepreneurial Process and the Role of Accountants, Bankers,and Lawyers (unpublished paper). Seattle: University of Washington (in: Cooper, 1982).

Wrigley, L. (1970), Divisional Autonomy and Diversification. Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge, MA:Harvard Business School.

Wynarczyk, P., R. Watson, D.J. Storey, H. Short & K. Keasey (1993), The Managerial LabourMarket in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. London: Routledge.

Page 31: References - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen · PDF fileReferences A Abell, D.F. (1980), ... (1988b), ‘Diversification strategies, business cycles and economic ... Ansoff, H.I. (1957),

368 References

Y

Yin, R.K. (1989), Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.Yip, G.S. (1982), ‘Diversification entry: Internal development versus acquisition’. Strategic

Management Journal, 3: 331-345.Young, F.W., & D.F. Harris (1993), ‘Multidimensional scaling’. In: SPSS for Windows:

Professional Statistics, Release 6.0, 155-222, Chicago: SPSS Inc.

Z

Zajac, E.J., B.R. Golden & S.M. Shortell (1991), ‘New organizational forms for enhancinginnovation: The case of internal corporate joint ventures’. Management Science, 37 (2): 170-184.

Zejan, M.C. (1990), ‘New ventures or acquisitions: The choice of Swedish multinationalenterprises’. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 28 (3): 349-355.

Zhuplev, A., A. Kon’kov & F. Kiesner (1998), ‘Russian and American small businesses:Motivations and obstacles’. European Management Journal, 16 (4): 505-516.

Zwart, P.S. (1989), Het Ondernemingsplan in het MKB: Een Hoeksteen van de Bedrijfsvoering (inDutch; The Businessplan in SMEs: A Cornerstone in Management). Inaugural lectureUniversity of Groningen, Leiden: Stenfert Kroese.