Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
References
Adams, G.L., Manson, R.J., Turner, I., Sindram, D., Lawson, J.H. (2007). The
balance of thrombosis and haemorrhage in surgery. Hematol Oncol Clin
North Am. 21(1), 13-24.
Aisa, Y., Miyakawa, Y., Nakazato, T. (2005). “Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human
HS-Sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation
of ERK pathways”. American Journal of Haematology 78(1), 7–14.
Albuquerque, I.R.L., Queiroz, K.C.S., Alves, L.G., Santos, E.A., Leite, E.L., Rocha,
H.A.O. (2004). Hetarofucans from Dictyota menstrualis have anticoagulant
activity. Braz. J. M ed. Biol. Res. 37, 167-171.
Alekseyenko, T.V., Zhanayeva, S.Y., Venediktova, A.A., Zvyagintseva, T.N.,
Kuznetsova, T.A., Besednova, N.N., Korolenko, T.A. (2007). Antitumor
and antimetastatic activity of fucoidan, a sulphated polysaccharide isolated
from the Okhotsk sea Fucus evanescens brown alga. Bull. Exp. Biol.Med.
143, 730-732.
Anderson, N.S., Dolan, T.C.S., Rees, D.A. (1973). Carrageenans. Part VII.
Polysaccharides from Eucheuma spinosum and Eucheuma cottonii. The
covalent structure of L-carrageenan. J. Chem.Soc. Perkin Trans. 2173–
2176.
Athukorala, Y., Lee, K.W., Kim, S.K., Jeon, Y.J. (2007). Anticoagulant activity of
marine green and brown algae collected from Jeju Islands in Korea.
Bioresource Technology 98, 1711-1716.
Bagchi, K., Puri, S. (1998). Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease.
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 4(2), 350-360.
References 172
Bao, X., Liu, C., Fang, J., Li, X. (2001). Structural and immunological studies of a
major polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst.
Carbohydate Research 332, 67–74.
Bao, X.F., Wang, X.S., Dong, Q., Fang, J.N., Li, X.Y. (2002). Structural features of
immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum.
Phytochemistry 59, 175–181.
Barrow, C., Shahidi, F. (2008). Marine nutraceuticals and functional foods. New
York, USA: CRC Press.
Baumann, H. (2001). The role of regioselectively sulphated and acetylated
polysaccharide coatings of biomaterials for reducing platelet and plasma
protein adhesion. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 27, 445-463.
Béguin, S., Lindhout, T., Hemker, H.C. (1988). The mode of action of heparin in
plasma. Thromb. Haemostas. 60, 457–462.
Bernardi, G., Springer, G.F. (1962). Properties of highly purified fucan. J. Biol.
Chem. 237, 75–80.
Berteau, O., Mulloy, B. (2003). Sulphated fucans, fresh perspectives: Structures,
functions, biological properties of sulphated fucans and overview of enzymes
active towards this class of polysaccharide. Glycobiology 6, 29R–40R.
Bhakuni, D.S. (1994). J. Sci. Ind. Res. 53, 340.
Bilan, M.I., Grachev, A.A., Shashkov, A.S., Kelly, M., Sanderson, C.J., Nifantiev,
N.E., Usov, A.I. (2010). Further studies on the composition and structure of
a fucoidan preparation from the brown alga Saccharina latissima.
Carbohydr. Res. 345, 2038–2047.
Bilan, M.I., Vinogradova, E.V., Shashkov, A.S., Usov, A.I. (2007). Structure of a
highly pyruvylated galactan sulphate from the Pacific green alga Codium
yezoense (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). Carbohydr. Res. 342, 586–596.
References 173
Bishayee, S., Balasubramanian, A.S. (1971). Assay of lipid peroxide formation.
J Neurochem 18, 909–920.
Black, D.J., Livingston, R.B. (1990). Antineoplastic drugs. A review (Part I). Drug
39, 489-501.
Blomster, J., Maggs, C.A., Stanhope, M.J. (1998). J. Phycol. 34, 319-340.
Blondin, C., Fischer, E., Boisson-Vidal, C., Kazatchkine, M.D., Jozefonvicz, J.
(1994). Inhibition of complement activation by natural sulfated
polysaccharides (fucans) from brown seaweed. Mol.Immunol. 31, 247–253.
Blunt, J.W., Copp, B.R., Munro, M.H.G., Northcote, P.T., Prinsep, M.R. (2004).
Nat.Prod. Rep. 21, 1.
Borchers, A.T., Stern, J.S., Hackman, R.M. (1999). Mushrooms, tumours and
immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 221, 281–93.
Bot, A., Smorenburg, H.E., Vreeker, R., Paques, M., Clark, A.H. (2001). Melting
behaviour of Schizophyllan extrcellular polysaccharide gels in the temperature
range between 5 and 20 °C. Carbohydrate Polymers 45, 363–372.
Boyed, J.A., Barrett, J.C. (1990). Tumour suppressor genes. Possible Carcinog. 3,
325-329.
Bravin, B., Peressini, D., Sensidoni, A. (2006). Development and application of
polysaccharide–lipid edible coating to extend shelf-life of dry bakery
products. Journal of Food Engineering 76(3), 280–290.
Brod, J., Serota, J.H. (1980). Non-protein nitrogen, urea, urate, creatine and
creatinine. In. Practical Clinical Biochemistry. Varley, H., Gowenlock,
A.H., Bell, M. (eds). Vol. 1, 5th edn, Willium Heinmann Medical Books
Ltd, London. pp 478-480.
Bubb, W.A. (2003). NMR spectroscopy in the study of carbohydrates:
Characterizing the structural complexity. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
Part A 19 A (1), 1–19.
References 174
Buck, J.D., Meyers, S.P., Kamp, K.M. (1962). Marine bacteria with anti yeast
activity. Science 138, 1339-1340.
Burrows, F., Louime, C., Abazinge, M., Onokpise, O. (2007). Extraction and
evaluation of chitin from crab exoskeleton as a seed fungicide and plant
growth enhancer. Amer.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 2, 103–111.
Buschmann, A.H., Gomez, P. (1993). Hydrobiologia 260/261, 345-351.
Butler, M.S. (2005). Natural products to drugs: natural products derived compounds
in clinical trials. Nat Prod Rep. 22, 162 – 195.
Cahyana, A.H., Shuto, Y., Kinoshita, Y. (1992). Biosci. Biotechnol. Agrochem. 56,
1533–1535.
Calazans, G.M.T., Lima, R.C., Franca, F.P.de., Lopes, C.E. (2007). Molecular
weight and antitumor activity of Zymomonas mobilis levans.
Int.J.Biol.Macromol. 27, 245-247.
Caliborne, A.L. (1985). Assay of catalase. In: Handbook of Oxygen Radical
Research. Ed. Greenwald, R.A., CRC Press, Baco-Raton.
Canter-Lund, H., Lund, J.W.G. (1995). Freshwater Algae .Their Microscopic World
Explored. Bio Press Limited, Bristol, 360 pp.
Carlucci, M.J., Pujol, C.A., Ciancia, M., Noseda, M.D., Matulewicz, M.C.,
Damonte, E.B., Cerezo, A.S. (1997). Antiherpetic and anticoagulant
properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and
their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological
activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 20, 97-105.
Cases, M.R., Stortz, C.A., Cerezo, A.S. (1994). Structure of the ‘corallinans’-
sulphated xylogalactans from Corallina officinalis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
16, 93–97.
References 175
Chan, S.L., Yeung, J.H.K. (2006a). Polysaccharide peptides from COV-1 strain of
Coriolus versicolor induce hyperalgesia via inflammatory mediator release
in the mouse. Life Science 78, 2463–2470.
Chan, S.L., Yeung, J.H.K. (2006b). Effects of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from
Coriolus versicolor on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide in the rat
and cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 689–
694.
Chan, S.L., Yeung, J.H.K. (2006c). Modulation of antipyrine clearance by
polysaccharide peptide (PSP) isolated from Coriolus versicolor in the rat.
Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 1607–1612.
Chattopadhyay, N., Ghosh, T., Sinha, S., Chattopadhyay, K., Karmakar, P., Ray, B.
(2010). Polysaccharides from Turbinaria conoides: Structural features and
antioxidant capacity. Food Chem. 118, 823–829.
Chaudhari, A.R. (2000a). RBC count. In. A text book of practical physiology.
Chaudhari, A.R (ed). PARAS Medical Publisher, Hyderabad, India, pp 97-
103.
Chaudhari, A.R. (2000b). Total leukocyte count. In. A text book of practical
physiology. Chaudhari, A.R (ed). PARAS Medical Publisher, Hyderabad,
India, pp 104-108.
Chen, H., Zhang, M., Qu, Z., Xie, B. (2007). Compositional analysis and
preliminary toxicological evaluation of a tea polysaccharide conjugate.
Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry 55, 2256–2260.
Chen, H., Zhang, M., Qu, Z., Xie, B. (2008). Antioxidant activities of different
fractions of polysaccharide conjugate from green tea (Camellia sinensis).
Food Chemistry 106, 559–563.
Chen, H., Zhang, M., Xie, B. (2004). Quantification of uronic acids in tea
polysaccharide conjugates and their antioxidant properties. Journal of
Agriculture Food and Chemistry 52, 3333–3336.
References 176
Chen, H., Zhang, M., Xie, B. (2005). Components and antioxidant activity of
polysaccharide conjugate from green tea. Food Chemistry 21, 17–21.
Cheng, S., Jian-Wen, W., Lei, F., Xiang, D.G., Ren, X.T. (2004). Free radical
scavenging and antioxidant activities of EPS2, an exopolysaccharide
produced by a marine filamentous fungusKeissleriella sp.YS410.
LifeSciences 75(9), 1063-1073.
Choi, E.M., Kim, A.J., Kim, Y.O., Hwang, J.K. (2005). Immunomodulating activity
of arabinogalactan and fucoidan in vitro. J Med Food 8, 446–53.
Clarkson, B.D., Burchenal, J.H. (1965). “Preliminary screening of antineoplastic
drugs”. Progress in Clinical Cancer 1, 625.
Colman, R.W., Clowes, A.W., George, J.N., Goldhaber, S.Z., Marder, V.J.
(2006a). Overview of haemostasis. In: Colman, R.W., Marder, V.J.,
Clowes, A.W., George, J.N., Goldhaber, S.Z. eds. Hemostasis and
Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice.5th ed. Philadelphia,
PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 3-16.
Colman, R.W., Marder, V.J.J., Clowes, A.W. (2006b). Overview of coagulation,
fibrinolysis and their regulation. In: Colman, R.W., Marder, V.J., Clowes,
A.W., George, J.N., Goldhaber, S.Z., eds.I Hemostasis and Thrombosis:
Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins, 17-20.
Conchie, J., Percival, E.G.V. (1950). Fucoidin. Part II. The hydrolysis of a methylated
fucoidin prepared from Fucus vesiculosus. J. Chem. Soc., 827–832.
Coombe, D.R., Parish, C.R., Ramshaw, I.A., Snowden, J.M. (1987). “Analysis of
the inhibition of tumour metastasis by sulphated polysaccharides”.
International Journal of Cancer 39(1), 82–88.
References 177
Costa, L.S., Fidelis, G.P., Cordeiro, S.L., Oliveira, R.M., Sabry, D.A., Camara,
R.B.G. (2010). Biological activities of sulphated polysaccharides from
tropical seaweeds. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 64, 21–28.
Cui, J., Chisti, Y. (2003). Polysaccharo-peptides of Coriolus versicolor:
Physiological activity, uses, and production. Biotechnology Advances 21,
109–122.
Cumashi, A., Ushakova, N.A., Preobrazhenskaya, M.E., D'Incecco, A., Piccoli, A.,
Totani, L., Tinari, N., Morozevich, G.E., Berman, A.E., Bilan, M.I., Usov,
A.I., Ustyuzhanina, N.E., Grachev, A.A., Sanderson, C.J., Kelly, M.,
Rabinovich, G.A., Iacobelli, S., Nifantiev, N.E.A. (2007). Comparative
study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and
antiadhesiveactivities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds.
Glycobiology 17, 541–552.
Daniel, R., Chevolot, L., Carrascal, M., Tissot, B., Mourao, P.A.S., Abian, J.
(2007). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of oligosaccharides
derived from fucoidan of Ascophyllum nodosum. Carbohydr. Res. 342,
826–834.
David, T. (2002). Seaweeds. Natural History Museum, London.
www.seaweed.ie/books.
De Paula Alves Sousa, A., Barbosa, P.S., Torres, M.R., Martins, A.M., Martins,
R.D., de Sousa Alves, R., de Sousa, D.F., Alves, C.D., Costa-Lotufo, L.V.,
Monteiro, H.S. (2008). The renal effects of alginates isolated from brown
seaweed Sargassum vulgare. J Appl Toxicol 28, 364-369.
De Reviers, B., Leproux, A. (1993). Characterization of polysaccharides from
Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) link, chlorophyta. Carbohydr. Polym. 22,
253- 259.
References 178
de Sousa, A.P.A., Torres, M.R., Pessoa, C., de Moraes, M.O., Filho, F.D.R., Alves,
A.P.N.N., Costa-Lotufo, L.V. (2007a). In vivo growth-inhibition of
Sarcoma 180 tumour by alginates from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare.
Carbohydrate Polymers 69, 7-13.
de Souza, M.C.R., Marques, C.T., Dore, C.M.G., da Silva, F.R.F., Rocha, H.A.O.,
Leite, E.L. (2007b). Antioxidant activities of sulphated polysaccharides
from brown and red seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology 19, 153-160.
Deleu, D., Hanssens, Y., Northway, M.G. (2004). Subcutaneous apomorphine: an
evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging 21,
687-709.
Desai, U.R. (2004). New antithrombin-based anticoagulants. Medicinal Research
Reviews 24, 151–181.
Desbruyeres, D., Chevaldonne, P., Alayse, A.M., Jollivet, D., Lallier, F.H., Jouin-
Toulmond, C., Zal, F., Sarradin, P.M., Cosson, R., Caprais, J.C. (1998).
Biology and ecology of the “Pompeii worm” (Alvinella pompejana), a
normal dweller of an extreme deep-sea environment: A synthesis of current
knowledge and recent developments. Deep Sea Res. Part II 45, 383–422.
Dewick, P.M. (2002). Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. 2nd
ed. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons.
Dhargalkar, V.K., Pereira, N. (2005). Seaweed: promising plant of the millennium.
Science and Culture 71, 60-66.
Diplock, A.T., Charleux, J.L., Crozier-Willi, G. (1998). Functional food science and
defence against reactive oxidative species. Br. J. Nutr. 80, S77-S112.
Dodgson, K.S. (1961). Determination of inorganic sulphate in studies on the
enzymic and non enzymic hydrolysis of carbohydrate and other sulphate
esters. Biochem J. 78, 312.
References 179
Drakin, D.L., Austin, J.H. (1932). Spectrophotometric constants for common
haemoglobin derivatives in human, dog, rabbit blood. J Biol Chem 98, 719-68.
Duarte, M.E.R., Cauduro, J.P., Noseda, D.G., Noseda, M.D., Gonçalves, A.G.,
Pujol, C.A., Damonte, E.B., Cerezo, A.S. (2004). The structure of the
agaran sulfate from Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales)
and its antiviral activity. Relation between structure and antiviral activity in
agarans. Carbohydr. Res. 339, 335–347.
Duarte, M.E.R., Noseda, D.G., Noseda, M.D., Tulio, S., Pujol, C.A., Damonte, E.B.
(2001). Inhibitory effect of sulphated galactans from the marine alga
Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro.
Phytomedicine 8, 53-58.
Dubois. M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F. (1956). Analyt.
Chem 28, 350.
Duh, P.D. (1999). Antioxidant activity of water extract of four Harng Jyur
(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) varieties in soybean oil emulsion.
Food Chem. 66, 471–476.
Dwek, R.A. (1996). Glycobiology: Toward understanding the function of sugars.
Chemical Review 96, 683–720.
Egan, H., Kirk, R.S., Sawyer, R. (1981). Pearson’s Chemical Analysis of Foods, 8th
edition, Churchill Livingstone, London, p 150.
Eo, S.K., Kim, Y.S., Lee, C.K., Han, S.S. (2000). Possible mode of antiviral activity
of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum
on herpes simplex viruses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72, 475–481.
Espevik, T., Otterlei, M., Skjak-Braek, G., Ryan, L., Wright, S.D., Sundan, A. (1993).
The involvement of CD14 in stimulation of cytokine production by uronic
acid polymers. Europ. J. Immunol. 23, 255-261.
References 180
Estevez, J.M., Ciancia, M., Cerezo, A.S. (2000). The system of low-molecular-
weight carrageenans and agaroids from the room-temperature-extracted
fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carbohydr. Res 325, 287–299.
Fan, L., Zhan, S., Yu, L., Ma, L. (2006). Evaluation of antioxidant property and
quality of breads containing Auricularia auricula polysaccharide flour.
Food Chemistry 101, 1158–1163.
Fareed , J.W., Hoppensteadt, D., Bick, R.L. (2000). An update of heparins at the
beginning of the new millennium. Sem Thromb Haemost. 26, 5–21.
Farias, E.H.C., Pomin, V.H., Valente, A.P., Nader, H.B., Rocha, H.A.O., Mourao,
P.A.S. (2008). A preponderantly 4-sulfated, 3-linked galactan from the green
alga Codium isthmocladum. Glycobiology 18, 250–259.
Farias, W.R.L., Valente, A.P., Pereira, M.S., Mourao, P.A.S. (2000). Structure and
anticoagulant activity of sulphated galactans. Isolation of a unique
sulphated galactan from the red algae Botryocladia occidentalis and
comparison of its anticoagulant action with that of sulphated galactans from
invertebrates. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29299–29307.
Fatema, M.K., Nonami, H., Ducatti, D.R.B., Gonçalves, A.G., Duarte, M.E.R.,
Noseda, M.D., Cerezo, A.S., Erra-Balsells, R., Matulewicz, M.C. (2010).
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)
mass spectrometry analysis of oligosaccharides and oligosaccharide alditols
obtained by hydrolysis of agaroses and carrageenans, two important types
of red seaweed polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 345, 275–283.
Faulkner, D.J. (1994). Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 11, 355-394.
Faulkner, D.J. (2002). Marine natural products. Nat. Prod. Rep. 19, 1-48
Fecchio, D., Sirosis, P., Russo, M., Janear, S. (1990). Studies on inflammatory
response induced by Ehrlich tumour in mice peritoneal cavity. Inflammation
14, 125-131.
References 181
Floreto, E.A.T., Teshima, S. (1998). The fatty acid composition of seaweeds
exposed to different levels of light intensity and salinity. Botanica Marina
4, 467-481.
Fujihara, M., Iizima, N., Yamamoto, I., Nagumo, T. (1984). Purification and
chemical and physical characterization of an antitumor polysaccharide from
the brown seaweed Sargassum fulvellum. Carbohydr. Polym. 125, 97 – 106.
Fujihara, M., Nagumo, T. (1992). The effect of the content of D-mannuronic and L-
guluronic acid blocks in alginates on antitumor activity. Carbohydr. Res.
224, 343 – 347.
Fujimoto, K., Ohmura, H., Kaneda, T. (1985), Screening test for antioxygenic
compounds from marine algae and fractionation from Eisenia bicyclis and
Undaria pinnatifida. Bull Jpn Soc Fish 46, 1125–1130.
Funami, T., Hiroe, M., Noda, S., Asai, I., Ikeda, S., Nishinari, K. (2007). Influence
of molecular structure imaged with atomic force microscopy on the
rheological behaviour of carrageenan aqueous systems in the presence or
absence of cations. Food Hydrocolloids 21, 617–629.
Gan, L., Zhang, S.H., Yang, X.L., Xu, H.B. (2004). Immunomodulation and
antitumor activity by a polysaccharide–protein complex from Lycium
barbarum. International Immunopharmacology 4, 563–569.
Getoff, N. (2007). Anti-aging and aging factors in life: The role of free radicals.
Radiat. Phys. Chem. 76, 1577-1586.
Ghobrial, I.M., Witzig, T.E., Adjei, A.A. (2005). “Targeting apoptosis pathways in
cancer therapy”. Ca: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 55(3), 178–194.
Giannini, E.G., Testa, R., Savarino, V. (2005). Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for
clinicians. CMAJ 172 (3), 367–379.
Gideon, T.P., Rengasamy, R. (2008). Toxicological evaluation of fucoidan
from Cladosiphon okamuranus. J Med Food 11, 638-642.
References 182
Glauser, B.F., Rezende, R.M., Melo, F.R., Pereira, M.S., Francischetti, I.M.B.,
Monteiro, R.Q., Rezaie, A.R., Mourao, P.A.S. (2009). Anticoagulant
activity of a sulphated galactan: Serpin-independent effect and specific
interaction with factor Xa. Thromb. Haemost. 102, 1183–1193.
Goh, K.K.T., Pinder, D.N., Hall, C.E., Hemar, Y. (2006). Rheological and light
scattering properties of flax seed polysaccharide aqueous solutions.
Biomacromolecules 7, 3098–3103.
Goncalves, A.G., Ducatti, D.R., Grindley, T.B., Duarte, M.E., Noseda, M.D. (2010).
ESI-MS differential fragmentation of positional isomers of sulphated
oligosaccharides derived from carrageenans and agarans. J. Am. Soc. Mass
Spectrom. 21, 1404–1416.
Gonçalves, A.G., Ducatti, D.R.B., Duarte, M.E.R., Noseda, M.D. (2002). Sulphated
and pyruvylated disaccharide alditols obtained from a red seaweed galactan:
ESIMS and NMR approaches. Carbohydr. Res. 337, 2443–2453.
Gonçalves, A.G., Ducatti, D.R.B., Paranha, R.G., Eugênia, M., Duarte, R., Noseda,
M.D. (2005). Positional isomers of sulphated oligosaccharides obtained
from agarans and carrageenans: preparation and capillary electrophoresis
separation. Carbohydr. Res. 340, 2123–2134.
Gordon, G.C., Yen, P., Duh, D., Tsai, C.L. (1993). Relationship between
antioxidant activity and maturity of peanut hulls. J Agric Food Chem 41,
67–70.
Granert, C., Raud, J., Xie, X., Lindquist, L., Lindbom, L. (1994). Inhibition of
leukocyte rolling with polysaccharide fucoidin prevents leocytosis in
experimental meningitis in the rabbit. J. Clin.Invest. 93, 929–936.
Grice, H.C. (1988). Safety evaluation of butylated hydroxyanisole from the
perspective of effects on forestomach and oesophageal squamous
epithelium. Food Chem. Toxicol. 26(8), 717–723.
References 183
Groth, I., Grunewald, N., Alban, S. (2009). Pharmacological profiles of animal- and
nonanimal-derived sulphated polysaccharides-comparison of unfractionated
heparin, the semisynthetic glucan sulphate PS3, and the sulphated
polysaccharide fraction isolated from Delesseria sanguinea. Glycobiology
19, 408–417.
Groth, T., Wagenknecht, W. (2001). Anticoagulant potential of region selective
derivatized cellulose. Biomaterials 22, 2719-2729.
Guglielmone, H.A., Agnese, A.M., Montoya, S.C.N., Cabrera, J.L. (2002).
Anticoagulant effect and action mechanism of sulphated flavonoids from
Flaverina bidentis. Thrombosis Research 105, 183–188.
Guiry, M., Blunden, G. (1991). Seaweeds resources in Europe: uses and potential.
John Wiley, London.
Guiry, M.D., Guiry, G.M. (2008). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication,
National University of Ireland, Galway. (http://www.algaebase.org).
Guiry, M.D., Nic Dhonncha, E. (2002). AlgaeBase: http://www.algaebase.com/
default.html.
Guzmán, S., Gato, A., Lamela, M., Freire, G.M., Calleja, J. M. (2003). Anti-
inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharide from
Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytotherapy
research PTR 17(6), 665-670.
Haddad, T.C., Greeno, E.W. (2006). Chemotherapy-induced thrombosis. Thromb
Res 118, 555–68.
Haefner, B. (2003). “Drugs from the deep: marine natural products as drug
candidates”. Drug Discovery Today 8(12), 536–544.
Hall, M.G., Wilks, M.F., Provan, W.M., Eksborg, S., Lumholtz, B. (2001).
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NTBC [2-(2-nitro-4-
fluoromethyl-benzoyl)-1, 3-cyclohexanedione] and mesotrione, inhibitors
References 184
of 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate deoxygenase (HPPD) following a single dose
to healthy male volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 52, 169 – 177.
Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity,
cause, or consequence? Lancet 344, 721-724.
Halliwell, B., Aerchabach, R., Lologer, J., Aruoma, O.I. (1995). Food Chem.
Toxicol. 33(7), 601-617.
Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1984). Lipid peroxidation, oxygen radicals, cell
damage and antioxidant therapy. The Lancet 323, 1396-1397.
Hamann, M.T., Otto, C.S., Scheuer, P.J., Dunbar, D.C. (1996). Kahalalides:
Bioactive peptides from a marine mollusc Elysia rufescens and its algal diet
Bryopsis sp. J. Org. Chem. 61, 6594–6600.
Hamann, M.T., Scheuer, P.J. (1993) Kahalalide F: A bioactive depsipeptide from
the sacoglossan mollusc, Elysia rufescens and the Green Alga Bryopsis sp.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 5825–5826.
Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. (2000). Cell 100, 57-70.
Hao, D., Hammond, L.A., Eckhardt, S.G. (2003). A phase I and pharmacokinetic
study of squalamine, an aminosterol angiogenesis inhibitor. Clin Cancer
Res. 9, 2465 - 2471.
Harada, N., Maeda, M. (1998). Chemical structure of antithrombin-active Rhamnan
sulphate from Monostrom nitidum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 1647–
1652.
Hasui, M., Matsuda, M., Okutani, K. (1995). In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated
polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides)
against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses. Int. J.
Biol.Macromol. 17, 293-297.
References 185
Hayakawa, Y., Hayashi, T., Lee, J.B., Srisomporn, P., Maeda, M., Ozawa, T.,
Sakuragawa, N. (2000). Inhibition of thrombin by sulphated
polysaccharides isolated from green algae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1543,
86–94.
Hayden, H. S., Blomster, J., Maggs, C. A., Silva, P. C., Stanhope, M. J., Waaland,
J. R. (2003). Eur. J. Phycol. 38, 277-294.
Heinrich, M., Teoh, H.L. (2004). Galanthamine from snowdrop-the development of
a modern drug against Alzheimer’s disease from local Caucasian
knowledge. J Ethnopharmacol. 92, 147 – 162.
Heit, J.A. (2005). Venous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk
factors. J Thromb Haemost. 3(8), 1611-1617.
Hoffman, M., Monroe, D.M. (2007). Coagulation: a modern view of
hemostasis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 21(1), 1-11.
Horgen, F.D., delos Santos, D.B., Goetz, G., Sakamoto, B., Kan, Y., Nagai, H.,
Scheuer, P.J. (2000). A new depsipeptide from the sacoglossan mollusc
Elysia ornata and the green alga Bryopsis species. J. Nat. Prod. 63, 152–15.
Howes, M.J.R., Perry, N.S.L., Houghton, P.J. (2003). Plants with traditional uses
and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer’s disease and other
cognitive disorders. Phytother Res. 17, 1-18.
Huang, R., Du, Y., Yang, J., Fan, L. (2003). Influence of functional groups on the in
vitro anticoagulant activity of chitosan sulphate. Carbohydrate Research
338, 483–489.
Huntington, J. A., Read, R. J., Carrell, R. W. (2000). Structure of a serpin-protease
complex shows inhibition by deformation. Nature 407, 923–926.
Ialenti, A., lanaro, A., Moncada, S., Di Rosa, M. (1995). Modulation of acute
inflammation by endogenous nitric oxide. European Journal of
Pharmacology 211, 177-184.
References 186
Irani, K., Xia, Y., Zweier, J.L., Sollott, S.J., Der, C.J., Fearon, E.R., Sundaresan,
M., Finkel, T., Goldschmidt-Clermont, P.J. (1997). Mitogenic signaling
mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts. Science 275, 1649-
1652.
Jackson, J.R., Seed, M.P., Kircher, C.H., Willoughby, D.A., Winkler, J.D. (1997).
The co-dependence of angiogenesis and chronic inflammation. Journal of
the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 11, 457-
465.
Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (2000). Marine microorganisms and drug discovery:
current status and future potential. In: Fusetani N, ed. Drugs from the Sea.
New York: Karger, 6-29.
Jerjes-Sanchez, C. (2005). Venous and arterial thrombosis: a continuous spectrum
of the same disease? Eur Heart J. 26(1), 3-4.
Jurd, K.M., Rogers, D.J., Blunden, G., McLellan, D.S. (1995). J. Appl. Phycol. 7,
3339–3345.
Kaji, T., Fujiwara, Y., Inomata, Y., Hamada, C., Yamamoto, C., Shimada, S.
(2002). Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured bovine aortic endothelial
cells is inhibited by Calcium spirulan, a novel sulphated polysaccharide
isolated from Spirulina platensis. Life Science 70, 1841–1848.
Kaji, T., Okabe, M., Shimada, S., Yamamoto, C., Fujiwara, Y., Lee, J.B. (2004).
Sodium spirulan as a potent inhibitor of arterial smooth muscle cell
proliferation in vitro. Life Science 74, 2431–2439.
Kakkar, P., Das, B., Viswanathan, P.N. (1984). A modified spectrophotometric
assay of Super oxide dismutase (SOD). Ind. J. Biochem. Biophys. 21,130–
132.
Karim, S., Jessica, P., Farida, G., Christine, D.L., Corinne, S., Jacqueline, R.,
Gaston, G., Anne-Marie, F., Dominique, H., Sylvia, C. J. (2011). Marine
References 187
Polysaccharides: A Source of Bioactive Molecules for Cell Therapy and
Tissue Engineering. Mar. Drugs 9, 1664-1681.
Karlson, P. (1956). Annl. Sci. Nat. 188, 125.
Kathiresan, K., Duraisamy. (2005). “Current issue of microbiology”. ENVIS Centre
Newsletters 4, 3–5.
Kijjoa, A., Sawangwong, P. (2004). Drugs and Cosmetics from the Sea. Mar. Drugs
2(2), 73–82.
Kim, K.H., Kim, Y.W., Kim, H.B., Lee, B.J., Lee, D.S. (2006). Anti-apoptotic
activity of laminarin polysaccharides and their enzymatically hydrolyzed
oligosaccharides from Laminaria japonica. Biotechnology Letters 28, 439-
446.
Kim, Y.S., Eo, S.K., Oh, K.W., Lee, C.K., Han, S.S. (2000). Antiherpetic activities
of acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum
alone and in combinations with interferons. Journal of Ethnopharmacology
72, 451–458.
Kinsella, J.E., Frankel, E., German, B., Kanner, J. (1993). Possible mechanisms for
the protective role of antioxidants in wine and plant foods. Food Technol. 4,
85–89.
Kjelleberg, S., Steinberg, P. (2001). Surface warfare in the sea. Microbiology Today
28, 134–135.
Kloareg, B., Quatrano, R.S. (1988). Structure of cell walls of marine algae and
ecophysiology functions of the matrix polysaccharides. Ocenogr. Mar. Biol.
Ann. Rev. 26, 259-315.
Knutsen, S.H., Myslabodski, D.E., Larsen, B., Usov, A.I. (1994). A modified system
of nomenclature for red algal galactans. Bot. Mar. 37, 163–170.
References 188
Kumar, M.N.V., Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C., Sashiwa, H., Domb, A.J.
(2004). Chitosan chemistry and pharmaceutical perspectives. Chem. Rev.
104, 6017–6084.
Kumar, V., Abbas, A.K., Fausto, N. (2004b). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis
of disease, 7th (ed) Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p.47-86.
Kupfahl, C., Geginat, G., Hof, H. (2006). Lentinan has a stimulatory effect on
innate and adaptive immunity against murine Listeria monocytogenes
infection. International Immunopharmacology 6, 686–696.
Kylin, H. (1913). Biochemistry of sea algae. Phys. Chem. 83, 171–197.
Laere, K.M.V., Hartemink, R., Bolveld, M., Schols, H.A., Voragen, A.G.J. (2000).
Fermentation of plant cell wall derived polysaccharides and their
corresponding oligosaccharides by intestinal bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem.
48, 1644-1652.
Lahaye M. (1998). NMR spectroscopic characterisation of oligosaccharides from
two Ulva rigida ulvan samples (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) degraded by a lyase.
Carbohydr Res 314, 1–12.
Lahaye, M., Brunel, M., Bonnin, E. (1997). Fine chemical structure analysis of
oligosaccharides produced by an ulvan-lyase degradation of the water-
soluble cell-wall polysaccharides from Ulva sp. (Ulvales, Chlorophyta).
Carbohydr. Res. 304, 325–333.
Lahaye, M., Cimadevilla, E.A.C., Kuhlenkamp, R., Quemener, B., Lognone, V.,
Dion, P. (1999). J. Appl. Phycol. 11, 1-7.
Lahaye, M., Kaeffer, B. (1997). Sci. Aliments 17, 563-584.
Lahaye, M., Ray, B. (1996). Cell-wall polysaccharides from the marine green alga
Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)-NMR analysis of ulvan
oligosaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 283, 161–173.
References 189
Lahaye, M., Robic, A. (2007). Structure and functional properties of ulvan, a
polysaccharide from green seaweeds. Biomacromolecules 8, 1765–1774.
Lai, L.S., Yang, D.H. (2007). Rheological properties of the hot-water extracted
polysaccharides in Ling-Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum). Food Hydrocolloids 21,
739–746.
Langseth, L. (1996). Oxidants, antioxidants and disease prevention. Belgium,
International Life Science Institute.
Leandro, S.C., Gabriel, P.F., Cinthia, B.S.T., Nednaldo, D. S., Rafael, Barros, G.C. ,
Sara, L.C., Mariana, S.S.P.C., Jailma, A.L., Raniere, F.M.S., Ruth, M.O.,
Ivan, R. L.A., Giulianna, P.V.A., Hugo, A.O.R. (2011). Antioxidant and
Antiproliferative activities of Heterofucans from the Seaweed Sargassum
filipendula. Mar. Drugs 9, 952-966.
Lee, J.M., Kwon, H., Jeong, H., Lee, J.W., Lee, S.Y., Baek, S.J. (2001). Inhibition
of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum.
Phytotherapy Research 15, 245–249.
Lee, Y.S., Shin, K.H., Kim, B.K., Lee, S. (2004). Anti-diabetic activities of of
fucosterol from Pelvetia siliquosa. Arch. Pharm. Res. 27, 1120.
Lewis, J.G., Stanley, N.F., Guist, G.G., Lembi, C.A., Waaland, J.R. (1988). Algae
and human affairs. New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 205–36.
Li, B., Lu, F., Wei, X., Zhao, R. (2008). Fucoidan: structure and bioactivity.
Molecules 13, 1671–1695.
Li, W., Cui, S.W., Wang, Q. (2006). Solution and conformational properties of
wheat β-D-glucans studied by light scattering and viscometry.
Biomacromolecules 7, 446–452.
Li, X.L., Zhou, A.G., Li, X.M. (2007a). Inhibition of Lycium barbarum
polysaccharides and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative
References 190
injury induced by c-irradiation in rat liver mitochondria. Carbohydrate
Polymers 69, 172–178.
Li, X.M., Li, X.L., Zhou, A.G. (2007b). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the
polysaccharides extracted from Lycium barbarum fruits in vitro. European
Polymer Journal 43, 488–497.
Libby, P., Ridker, P.M., Maseri, A. (2002). Inflammation and Atherosclerosis.
Circulation 105, 1135-1143.
Lim, B.L., Ryu, I.H. (2009). Purification, structural characterization, and
antioxidant activity of antioxidant substance from the red seaweed
Gloiopeltis tenax. J. Med. Food 12, 442–451.
Lincoln, R.A., Strupinski, K., Walker, J.M. (1991). Bioactive compounds from
algae. Life Chem. Rep. 8, 97–183.
Lindahl, U. (1997). Heparan sulphate-a polyanion with multiple messages. Pure
Appl. Chem. 69, 1897–1902.
Lindahl, U., Backström, G., Thumberg, L. (1983). The antithrombin-binding
sequence in heparin. Identification of an essential 6-O-sulfate group. J. Biol.
Chem. 258, 9826–9830.
Lins, K.O., Bezerra, D.P., Alves, A.P., Alencar, N.M., Lima, M.W., Torres, V.M.,
Farias, W.R., Pessoa, C., de Moraes, M.O., Costa-Lotufo, L.V. (2009).
Antitumor properties of a sulphated polysaccharide from the red
seaweed Champia feldmannii (Diaz-Pifferer). J Appl Toxicol 29, 20-26.
Lip, G.Y., Blann, A.D. (2000). Thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis in acute coronary
syndromes. Important facets of a prothrombotic or hypercoagulable state? J
Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (7), 2044-2046.
Liqun, Y., Li, M.Z. (2009). Chemical structural and chain conformational
characterization of some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural
sources. Carbohydrate Polymers 76, 349–361.
References 191
Lo, T.C.T., Tsao, H.H., Wang, A.Y., Chang, C.A. (2007). Pressurized water
extraction of polysaccharides as secondary metabolites from Lentinula
edodes. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55, 4196–4201.
Lombardo, D., Dennis, E. A. (1985). J. Biol.Chem. 260, 7234-7240.
Lovell, F. M. (1966). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 4510.
Lowe, G.D. (2008). Common risk factors for both arterial and venous thrombosis.
Br J Haematol. 140, 488–495.
Lowry, O.H., Farr, A.L., Rosebrough, N.J., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein
measurement with the Folin phenol method. Journal of Biological
Chemistry 193, 265-267.
Luo, Q., Li, Z., Huang, X., Yan, J., Zhang, S., Cai, Y. Z. (2006). Lycium barbarum
polysaccharides: Protective effects against heat-induced damage of rat
testes and H2O2-induced DNA damage in mouse testicular cells and
beneficial effect on sexual behavior and reproductive function of
hemicastrated rats. Life Science 79, 613–621.
Luppi, E., Cesaretti, M., Volpi, N. (2005). Purification and characterization of
heparin from the Italian clam Callista chione. Biomacromolecules 6, 1672–
1678.
Ma, Y., Mizuno, T., Ito, H. (1991). Antitumor activity of some polysaccharides
isolated from a Chinese mushroom ‘Huangmo’ the fruiting body of
Hohenbuehelia srotina. Agriculture Biological Chemistry 55, 2701-2710.
Ma, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, L. (2008). Structure and chain conformation of β-glucan
isolated from Auricularia auricula-judae. Biopolymers 89, 614–622.
Mackman, N. (2008). Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis. Nature
451(7181), 914-918.
References 192
Mandal, P., Pujol, C.A., Carlucci, M.J., Chattopadhyay, K., Damonte, E.B., Ray, B.
(2008). Anti-herpetic activity of a sulfated xylomannan from Scinaia hatei.
Phytochemistry 69, 2193–2199.
Mao, W., Zang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, H. (2006). Sulphated polysaccharides from
marine green algae Ulva conglobata and their anticoagulant activity.
J. Appl. Phycol 18, 9–14.
Marnett, L. (2000). Oxyradicals and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 21, 361-370.
Marsh, W.H., Figerhut, B., Miller, H. (1980). Non-protein nitrogen, urea, urate,
creatine and creatinine. In. Practical Clinical Biochemistry. Varley, H.,
Gowenlock, A.H., Bell, M. (eds). Vol. 1, 5th edn, Willium Heinmann
Medical Books Ltd, London. pp 456-460.
Marshall, C.J. (1991). Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 64, 313-326.
Martone, P.T., Navarro, D.A., Stortz, C.A., Estevez, J.M. (2010). Differences in
polysaccharide structure between calcified and uncalcified segments in the
coralline Calliarthron cheilosporioides (Corallinales, Rhodaphyta). J.
Phycol. 46, 507–515.
Maruyama, H., Tamauchi, H., Hashimoto, M., Nakano, T. (2005). Suppression of
Th2 immune responses by mekabu fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida
sporophylls. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 137, 289–294.
Mathlouthi, M., Koenig, J.L. (1986). Vibrational spectra of carbohydrates.
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 44, 7–89.
Matsubara, K., Matsuura, Y., Bacic, A., Liao, M.L., Hori, K., Miyazawa, K. (2001).
Anticoagulant properties of a sulphated galactan preparation from a marine
green alga, Codium cylindricum. Int.J. Biol. Macromol. 28, 395–399.
Matsui, M.S., Muizzuddin, N., Arad, S., Marenus, K. (2003). Sulphated
polysaccharides from red microalgae have anti-inflammatory properties in
vitro and in vivo. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 104, 13–22.
References 193
Mauray, S., Sternberg, C., Theveniaux, J., Millet, J., Sinquin, C., Tapon-
Bretaudiere, J., Fischer, A.M. (1995). Thromb.Haemost. 74, 1280–1285.
Mayer, A., Gustafson, K. R. (2006). Marine pharmacology in 2003-4: Antitumour
and cytotoxic compounds. Eur. J. Cancer 43, 2241-2270.
Mc Cord, J.M., Fridovich, I. (1969). Superoxide dismutase: An enzyme function of
erythrocuprin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 244, 6049-6055.
Melo, F.R., Pereira, M.S., Fogue, D. (2004). Antithrombin-mediated anticoagulant
activity of sulfated polysaccharides. J Biol Chem. 279, 20824―20835.
Melo, M.R.S., Feitosa, J.P.A., Freitas, A.L.P., de Paula, R.C.M. (2002).
Carbohydr.Polym. 49, 491–498.
Merli, G.J. (2006). Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis, thrombophilia, and the
diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis-pulmonary embolism in the elderly. Clin
Geriatr Med. 22(1), 75-92.
Meunier, F., Wilkinson, K.J. (2002). Nonperturbing fluorescent labelling of
polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 3, 857–864.
Miao, B., Geng, M., Li, J. (2004). “Sulphated polymannuroguluronate, a novel anti-
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) drug candidate, targeting
CD4 in lymphocytes”. Biochemical Pharmacology 68(4), 641–649.
Miao, B., Li, J., Fu, X., Ding, J., Geng, M. (2005). “T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 is
involved in sulphated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG)-induced T lymphocyte
activation”. International Immunopharmacology vol. 5, no. 7-8, pp. 1171–
1182.
Miller, I.J. (2003). Evaluation of the structures of polysaccharides from two
New Zealand members of the Ceramiaceae. Bot. Mar. 46, 378–385.
References 194
Miller, I.J., Furneaux, R.H. (1997). The structural determination of the agaroid
polysaccharides from four New Zealand algae in the order Ceramiales by
means of 13C-NMR Spectroscopy. Bot. Mar. 40, 333–340.
Mitchell, G., Bartlett, D.W., Fraser, T.E.M. (2001). Mesotrione: a new selective
herbicide for use in maize. Pest Manag Sci. 57, 120-128.
Mitchell, R. N., Cotran, R. S. (2000). In: Robinsons Basic Pathology, 7th (ed).
Harcourt Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 33-42.
Mohun, A.F., Cook, I.J.Y. (1957). Simple methods for measuring serum level of the
glutei oxalacetic and glutei pyruvic transaminases in routine laboratories.
Journal of Clinical Pathology 10, 394-399.
Morand, P., Briand, X. (1996). Excessive growth of macroalgae: a symptom of
environmental disturbance. Bot. Mar. 39, 491-516.
Morrice, L.M., McLean, M.W., Long, W.F., Williamson, F.B. (1984). Porphyran
primary structure. Hydrobiologia 116–117, 572–575.
Mou, H., Xiaolu, J., Huashi, G. (2003). A kappa-carrageenan derived
oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation containing anti-tumour
activity. J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 297–303.
Mour~ao, P.A.S. (2004). Use of sulphated fucans as anticoagulant and
antithrombotic agents: future perspectives. Current Pharmaceutical Design
10, 967-981.
Mulloy, B., Ribeiro, A.C., Alves, A.P., Vieira, R.P., Moura˜o, P.A.S. (1994).
J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22113–22123.
Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Muzzarelli, C. (2005). Chitosan chemistry: Relevance to the
biomedical sciences. Adv. Polym. Sci. 186, 151–209.
Nagai, T., Yukimoto, T. (2003). Preparation, functional properties of bevarages
made from sea algae. Food Chem. 81, 327–332.
References 195
Nand, S., Fischer, S.G., Salgia, R., Fisher, R.I. (1987). Haemostatic abnormalities
in untreated cancer: incidence and correlation with thrombotic and
hemorrhagic complications. J Clin Oncol 5, 1998-2003.
Nandita, S., Rajini, P.S. (2004). Free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous
extract of potato peel. Food Chem. 85, 611–616.
Navarro, D.A., Stortz, C.A. (2008). The system of xylogalactans from the red
seaweed Jania rubens (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr. Res. 343,
2613–2622.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. (2004b). Marine natural products and related
compounds in clinical and advanced preclinical trials. J Nat Prod. 67, 1216-
1238.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., (2004a). Advanced preclinical and clinical trials of
natural products and related compounds from marine sources. Curr Med
Chem. 11, 1693-1713.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Snader, K.M. (2000). The influence of natural
products upon drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep. 17, 215 - 234.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., Snader, K.M. (2003). Natural products as sources of
new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat Prod. 66, 1022-1037.
Nichans, W.G., Samuelson, B. (1968). Formation of malondialdehyde from
phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation. Eur J
Biochem 6, 126–30.
Nigrelli, R.F., Stempien, M.F., Ruggirei, G.D., Liguori, V.R., Cecil, J.T. (1967).
Substances of potential biomedical importance from marine organisms.
Fed. Proc. 26, 1197–1205.
Nuijen, B., Bouma, M., Talsma, H., Manada, C., Jimeno, J.M., Lopez-Lazaro, L.,
Bult, A., Beijnen, J.H. (2000). Development of a lyophilized parenteral
References 196
pharmaceutical formulation of the investigational polypeptide marine
anticancer agent kahalalide F. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 27, 767-780.
O’Connor, A. Strasser, L.A. O’Reilly. (1998). “Bim: a novel member of the Bcl-2
family that promotes apoptosis,” EMBO Journal vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 384–
395.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K. (1979). Assay for lipid peroxide in animal tissues
by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Annal Biochem. 95(2), 351-358.
Oka, M., Hazama, S., Suzuki, M., Wang, F., Wadamori, K., Iizuka, N. (1996). In
vitro and in vivo analysis of human leukocyte binding by the antitumor
polysaccharide, Lentinan. International Journal of Immunopharmacology
18, 211–216.
Okai, Y., Higashi-Okai, K., Ishizaka, S., Ohtani, K., Matsui- Yuasa, I., Yamashita,
U. (1998). “Possible immunodulating activities in an extract of edible
brown alga, Hijikia fusiforme (Hijiki)”. Journal of Science and Food
Agriculture 76, 56–62.
Okamura, K., Suzuki, M., Chihara, T., Fujiwara, A., Fukuda, T., Goto, S. (1986).
Clinical evaluation of Schizophyllan combined with irradiation in patients
with cervical cancer. Cancer 58, 865–872.
Ooi, V.E., Lin, F. (2000). Immunomodulation and anti-tumor activity of
polysaccharide protein complexes. Curr Med Chem 7, 715–29.
Otterlei, M., Ostgaard, K., Skjak-Braek, G., Smidsrod, O., Soon-Shiong, P.,
Espevik, T. (1991). Induction of cytokine production from human
monocytes stimulated with alginate. J.Immunother. 10, 286 – 291.
Pace, N.R. (1991). Origin of life-facing up to the physical setting. Cell 65, 531–533.
Paradossi, G., Cavalieri, F., Chiessi, E. (2002). Macromolecules 35, 6404-6411.
References 197
Paradossi, G., Cavalieri, F., Pizzoferrato, L., Liquori, A.M. (1999). A
physicochemicalstudy on the polysaccharide ulvan from hot waterextraction of
the macroalga Ulva. Int J Biol Macromol 25, 309–15.
Parish, C.R., Freeman, C., Hulett, M.D. (2001). Heparanase: a key enzyme involved
in cell invasion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1471, 99–108.
Patankar, M.S., Oehninger, S., Barnett, T., Williams, R.L., Clark, G.F. (1993). A
revised structure for fucoidan may explain some of its biological activities.
J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21770–21776.
Pe´rez, R. (1997). Ces Algues qui Nous Entourent; IFREMER: Plouzane´, France.
Peng, Y.F., Zhang, L.N., Zeng, F.B., Kennedy, J.F. (2005). Structure and antitumor
activities of the water-soluble polysaccharides from Ganoderma tsugae
mycelium. Carbohydr. Polym. 59, 385-392.
Percival, E., McDowell, R.H. (1967). Chemistry and Enzymology of Marine Algal
Polysaccharides; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, p. 219.
Pereira, M.G., Benevides, N.M.B., Melo, M.R.S., Valente, A.P., Melo, F.R.,
Mourao, P.A.S. (2005). Structure and anticoagulant activity of a sulphated
galactan from the red alga, Gelidium crinale. Is there a specific structural
requirement for the anticoagulant action? Carbohydr. Res. 340, 2015–2023.
Pereira, M.S., Mulloy, B., Moura˜ o, P.A.S. (1999). Structure and anticoagulant
activity of sulphated fucans. Comparison between the regular, repetitive and
linear fucans from echinoderms with the more heterogeneous and branched
polymers from brown algae. J. Biol. Chem. 274(12), 7656-67.
Philchenkov, A. (2004). “Caspases: potential targets for regulating cell death”.
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 8(4), 432–444.
References 198
Politi, M., Groves, P., Chavez, M.I., Canada F.J., Jimenez-Barbero, J. (2006).
Useful applications of DOSY experiments for the study of mushroom
polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Res. 341, 84-89.
Ponce, N.M.A., Pujol, C.A., Damonte, E.B., Flores, M.L., Stortz, C.A. (2003).
Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction
methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohyd. Res. 338, 153–
165.
Prabhakar, R., Vreven, T., Morokuma, K., Musaev, D.G. (2005). Elucidation of the
mechanism of selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPx) catalyzed
hydrogen peroxide reduction by two glutathione molecules: a density
functional study. Biochemistry 44, 11864–11871.
Prado, H.J., Ciancia, M., Matulewicz, M.C. (2008). Agarans from the red seaweed
Polysiphonia nigrescens (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). Carbohydr. Res.
343, 711–718.
Preobrazhenskaya, M.E., Berman, A.E., Mikhailov, V.I., Ushakova, N.A., Mazurov,
A.V., Semenov, A.V., Usov, A.I., Nifant'ev, N.E., Bovin, N.V. (1997).
Fucoidan inhibits leukocyte recruitment in a model peritoneal inflammation
in rat and blocks interaction of P-selectin with its carbohydrate ligand.
Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 43, 443–451.
Proksch, P., Edrada, R. A., Ebel, R. (2002). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 125-
134.
Qi, H., Zhao, T., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Xing, R. (2005b), Antioxidant activity of
different molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa
Kjellm (Chlorophyta). J Appl Phycol 17, 527–534.
Qi, H., Zhang, Q., Zhao, T., Chen, R., Zhang, H., Niu, X., Li, Z. (2005a).
Antioxidant activity of different sulphate content derivatives of
polysaccharide extracted from Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) in vitro.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 37(4), 195-199.
References 199
Quemener, B., Lahaye, M., Bobin Dubigeon, C. (1997). J. Appl. Phycol. 9, 179-
188.
Ramavat, B.K., Pazdro, K., Kosakowska, K., Pempkowiak, P. (1997). Fatty acid
content in seaweed from the Baltic Sea and the Indian Ocean. Oceanologia
39, 279-287.
Ray, B. (2006). Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha compressa: Isolation,
purification and structural features. Carbohydr. Polym. 66, 408–416.
Ray, B., Lahaye, M. (1995). Cell wall polysaccharides from the marine green alga
Ulva rigida (Ulvales, chlorophyta). Extraction and chemical composition.
Carbohydr. Res. 274, 251-261.
Reiter, R.J. (2000). Melatonin: lowering the high price of free radicals. News
Physiol. Sci. 15 (5), 246–250.
Renn, D.W. (1997). Biotechnology and the red seaweed polysaccharide industry:
status needs and prospects. Tibtech. 15, 9–14.
Ridley, B.L., O'Neill, M.A., Mohnen, D. (2001). Pectins: Structure, biosynthesis
and oligogalacturonic related signalling. Phytochemistry 57, 929-967.
Rinehart, K.L. (2000). Antitumor compounds from tunicates. Med Res Rev. 20, 1-27.
Riou, D., Colliec-Jouault, S., Du Sel, D. P. (1996). Antitumor and antiproliferative
effects of a fucan extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum against a non-
small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line. Anticancer Res 16, 1213-
1218.
Rocha de Souza, M., Marques, C., Guerra Dore, C., Ferreira da Silva, F., Oliveira
Rocha, H., Leite, E. (2007). Antioxidant activities of sulfated
polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds. J. Appl.Phycol 19, 153–160.
References 200
Rotruck, J.T., Pope, A.L., Gasther, H.E., Hafeman, D.G., Hoekstra, W.G. (1973).
Selenium- bio-chemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase.
Science 179, 588–590.
Rout, S., Banerjee, R. (2007). Free radical scavenging, anti-glycation and tyrosinase
inhibition properties of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the rind
from Punica granatum. Bioresource Technology 98(16), 3159–3163.
Ruperez, P., Ahrazem, O., Leal, J.A. (2002). Potential antioxidant capacity of
sulphated polysaccharides from the edible marine brown seaweed
Fucus vesiculosus. J Agric Food Chem. 50, 840–845.
Saravanan, R., Shanmugam, A. (2010). Isolation and Characterization of Low
Molecular Weight Glycosaminoglycans from Marine Mollusc Amussium
pleuronectus (Linne) using Chromatography. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
160, 791–799.
Sayed, K.A, Bartyzel, P., Shen, X., Perry, T.L., Zjawiony, J.K., Hamann, M.T.
(2000). Marine natural products as antituberculosis agents. Tetrahedron 56,
949–953.
Schwartsmann, G., Da Rocha, A. B., Mattei, J., Lopes, R. (2003). Expert Opin.
Investig. Drugs 12, 1367–1383.
Senni, K., Gueniche, F., Foucault-Bertaud, A., Igondjo-Tchen, S., Fioretti, F.,
Colliec-Jouault, S., Durand, P., Guezennec, J., Godeau, G., Letourneur, D.
(2006). Fucoidan a sulphated polysaccharide from brown algae is a potent
modulator of connective tissue proteolysis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 445,
56–64.
Sevag, M. G. (1934). Biochem. Z. 273, 419.
Shanmugam, S., Mody, K.H. (2000). Heparonid active sulphated polysaccharides
from marine algae as potential blood coagulant agents. Curr Sci 79, 1672–
1683.
References 201
Sharon, N., Lis, H. (1993). Scientific American 74-81.
Sheng, J.C., Yu, F., Xin, Z.H., Zhao, L.Y., Zhu, X.J., Hu, Q.H. (2007). Preparation,
identification and their antitumor activities in vitro of polysaccharides from
Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Food Chem 105, 533–9.
Shevchenko, N., Burtseva, Y., Zvyagintseva, T., Makar′eva, T., Sergeeva, O.,
Zakharenko, A., Isakov, V., Thi Linh, N., Xuan Hoa, N., Minh Ly, B., Van
Huyen, P. (2009). Polysaccharides and sterols from green algae Caulerpa
lentillifera and C. sertularioides. Chem. Nat. Compd. 45, 1–5.
Shimzu, M., Azzumu, C., Taniguchi, T., Murayama, T. (2004). Expression of
cytosolic phospholipase A2α in murine C12 cells, a varianL929 cells,
induces arachidonic acid release in response tophorbol myristate acetate and
Ca2+ ionophores, but not to tumour necrosis factor-α. Journal of
Pharmacological Sciences 96, 324-332.
Shriver, Z., Raguram, S., Sasisekharan, R. (2004). Glycomics: A pathway to a class
of new and improved therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 3, 863–873.
Sies, H. (1991). Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am J
Med 91, 31S-38S.
Silva, T.M.A., Alves, L.G. , De Queiroz, K.C.S. Santos, M.G.L., Marques, C.T.,
Chavante, S.F., Rocha, H.A.O., Leite, E.L. (2005). Partial characterization
and anticoagulant activity of a heterofucan from the brown seaweed Padina
gymnospora. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 38, 523-533.
Skjak, B., Martinsen. (1991). Applications of some algal polysaccharides in
biotechnology. Seaweed resources in Europe: Uses and potential, 219–56.
Sneader, W. (2005). Drug Discovery: A History. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley &Sons.
Soares, D.G., Poletto, N.P., Bonatto, D., Salvador, M., Schwartsmann, G., Henriques,
J.A.P. (2005). Low cytotoxicity of ecteinascidin 743 in yeast lacking the major
References 202
endonucleolytic enzymes of base and nucleotide excision repair pathways.
Biochem Pharmacol. 70, 59 - 69.
Sosa, S., Balicet, M.J., Arvigo, R., Esposito, R.G., Pizza, C., Altinier, G.A. (2002).
Screening of the topical anti inflammatory activity of some Central
American plants. J.Ethanopharmacol. 8, 211-215.
Sparidans, R.W., Stokvis, E., Jimeno, J.M., Lopez-Lazaro, L., Schellens, J.H.,
Beijnen, J.H. (2001). Chemical and enzymatic stability of a cyclic
depsipeptide, the novel, marine-derived, anti-cancer agent kahalalide F.
Anticancer Drugs 12, 575-582.
Springer, G.F., Wurzel, H.A., McNeal, G.M. Jr., Ansell, N.J., Doughty, M.F.
(1957). Isolation of anticoagulant fractions from crude fucoidin. Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med. 94, 404–409.
Sreejayan, Rao, M. N. A. (1997). Nitric Oxide Scavenging by Curcuminoids.
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 49(1), 105–107.
Stortz, C.A., Cerezo, A.S. (2000). Novel findings in carrageenans, agaroids and
''hybrids'' red seaweed galactans. Curr. Top. Phytochem. 4, 121–134.
Streusand, V.J., Björk, I., Gettins, P.G.W., Petitou, M., Olson, S.T. (1995).
Mechanism of acceleration of antithrombin-proteinase reactions by low
affinity heparin: role of the antithrombin binding pentasaccharide in heparin
rate enhancement. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9043–9051.
Suarez, E.R., Syvitski, R., Kralovec, J.A., Noseda, M.D., Barrow, C.J., Ewart, H. S.
(2006). Immunostimulatory polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. A
new Galactofuranan. Measurement of molecular weight and molecular
weight dispersion by DOSY NMR. Biomacromolecules 7, 2368–2376.
Suffness, M., Pezzuto, J.M. (1991). Methods in Plant Biochemistry, vol.VI.
Academic Press, New York. p 71.
References 203
Sullivan, G.M.O., Boswell, C.M., Halliday, G.M. (2000). “Langerhans cell
migration is modulated by N-sulphated glucosamine moieties in heparin”.
Experimental Dermatology 9(1), 25–33.
Svirski, E., Beer, S., Friedlander, M. (1993). Hydrobiologia 260/261, 391-396.
Syamsudin, S.P., Djamil, R., Heffen, W.L. (2010). Apoptosis of human breast
cancer cells induced by ethyl acetate extracts of Propolis. American Journal
of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 6(2), 84-88.
Tak, P. P., Firestein, G. S. (2001). N F-κB: a key role in inflammatory diseases. The
Journal of Clinical Investigation 107, 7-11.
Talwar, G.P. (1974). Hand book of practical immunology. National Book Trust,
New Delhi. p.329.
Tapon-Bretaudiere, J., Chabut, D., Zierer, M., Matou, S., Helley, D., Bros, A.,
Mourao, P.A., Fischer, A.M. (2002). A fucosylated chondroitin sulphate
from echinoderm modulates in vitro fibroblast growth factor 2-dependent
angiogenesis. Mol. Cancer Res. 1, 96–102.
Tesniere, A., Panaretakis, T., Kepp, O., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Zitvogeland, L.,
Kroemer, G. (2008). Molecular characteristics of immunogenic cancer cell
death. Cell Death and Differentiation 15, 3–12.
Thunberg, L., Backström, G., Lindahl, U. (1982). Further characterization of the
antithrombin-binding sequence in heparin. Carbohydr. Res. 100, 393–410.
Tong, H.B., Xia, F.G., Feng, K., Sun, G. G., Gao, X.X., Sun, L.W. (2009).
Structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of a novel
polysaccharide isolated from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Bioresource Technology 100(4), 1682–1686.
References 204
Trousseau, A. (1877). Ulcere chronique simple de l_estomac. In: Peter M, ed.
Clinique Medicinale de l_Hotel-Dieu de Paris.Paris: Bailliere J.-B. et fils:
80–107.
Tsai, M.C., Song, T.Y., Shih, P.H., Yen, G.C. (2007). Antioxidant properties of
water-soluble polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged
culture. Food Chemistry 104(3), 1115–1122.
Tsuji, R.F., Hoshino, K., Noro, Y., Tsuji, N.M., Kurokawa, T., Masuda, T., Akira,
S., Nowak, B. (2003). Suppression of allergic reaction by lambda-
carrageenan: toll-like receptor 4/MyD88-dependent and independent
modulation of immunity. Clin. Exp. Allergy 33, 249–258.
Ushakova, N.A., Morozevich, G.E., Ustyuzhanina, N.E., Bilan, M.I., Usov, A.I.,
Nifantiev, N.E., Preobrazhenskaya, M.E. (2009). Anticoagulant activity of
fucoidans from brown algae. Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplement Series B:
Biomedical Chemistry 3, 77–83.
Usov, A.I., Smirnova, G.P., Bilan, M.I., Shashkov, A.S. (1998). Polysaccharides of
algae: 53. Brown alga Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lam. as a source of
fucoidan. Bioorg. Khim. 24, 382–389.
Usov, A.I., Yarotsky, S.V., Shashkov, A.S. (1980). 13C-NMR spectroscopy of red
algal galactans. Biopolymers 19, 977–990.
van den Hoek, C., Mann, D.G., Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae. An Introduction to
Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. xiv.
Vilela-Silva, A.C., Alves, A.P., Valente, A.P., Vacquier, V.D., Mourao, P.A.
(1999). Structure of the sulfated alpha-L-fucan from the egg jelly coat of
the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus: Patterns of preferential 2-
O- and 4-O-sulfation determine sperm cell recognition. Glycobiology 9,
927–933.
References 205
Vinegar, R., Schreiber, W., Hugo, R. (1969). Biphasic development of carrageenan
edema in rats. J.Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 166, 96-103.
Vischer, P., Buddecke, E. (1991). “Different action of heparin and fucoidan on
arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and thrombospondin and
fibronectin metabolism”. European Journal of Cell Biology 56(2), 407-414.
Wakimoto, T., Matsunaga, S., Takai, A., Fusetani, N. (2002). Chem. Biol. 9, 309-
319.
Wang, J., Liu, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Qi, H., Li, P. (2009). Synthesized over
sulphated, acetylated and benzoylated derivatives of fucoidan extracted
from Laminaria japonica and their potential antioxidant activity in vitro.
Food Chem. 114, 1285–1290.
Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Song, H., Li, P. (2010). Potential antioxidant and
anticoagulant capacity of low molecular weight fucoidan fractions extracted
from Laminaria japonica. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 46, 6–12.
Wang, J.W., Luo, D.H. (2007). Antioxidant activities of different fractions of
polysaccharide purified from Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino.
Carbohydrate Polymers 68(1), 54–58.
Wang, Z., Luo, D., Ena, C. (2007). Optimization of polysaccharides extraction from
Gynostemma pentaphyllum Mankino using uniform design. Carbohydr.
Polymer. 69, 311-317.
Wang, Z.M., Li, L., Guo, S.Y. (2004). Application of bioactive polysaccharides in
cosmetics. China Surfact. D. Cosm. 4, 245-248.
Wasser, S.P. (2002). Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumour and
immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60, 258–
74.
References 206
Wheeler-Aceto, H., Cowan, A. (1991). Neurogenic and tissue mediated components
of formalin-induced edema: evidence for supraspinal regulation. Agents
Action 34, 264-269.
Whistler, R.L., Bushway, A.A., Singh, P.P. (1976). Advances in Carbohydrate
Chemistry and Biochemistry 32, 235-275.
Wijesekara, I., Kim, S.K. (2010). Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
from marine resources: Prospects in the pharmaceutical industry. Marine
Drugs 8, 1080–1093.
Wijesekara, I., Yoon, N.Y., Kim, S.K. (2010). Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava
(Phaeophyceae): Biological activities and potential health benefits.
Biofactors doi:10.1002/biof.114.
Witvrouw, M., De Clercq, E. (1997). Sulphated polysaccharides extracted from sea
algae as potential antiviral drugs. Gen Phamacol. 29, 497-511.
Wong, K.H., Cheung, P.C.K. (2000). Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red
and green seaweeds. Part-I. Proximate composition, amino acid profiles and
some physic chemical propereties. Food Chem 71, 475-482.
Woynarowska, B.A., Roberts, K.J., Woynarowski, M., MacDonald, J.R. Herman,
T.S. (2000). “Targeting apoptosis by hydroxymethylacylfulvene in
combination with gamma radiation in prostate tumour cells”. Radiation
Research 154(4), 429–438.
Wu, J.T., Wu, L.L. (2007). Chronic systemic inflammation leading eventually to
myocardial infarction, stroke, COPD, renal failure and cancer is induced by
multiple risk factors. J Biomed Lab Sci 19, 1-6.
Wu, S.J., Ng, L.T., Lin, C.C. (2004). Antioxidant activities of some common
ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, Angelica sinensis, Lycium
barbarum and Poria cocos. Phytotherapy Research 18, 1008–1012.
References 207
Wu, X.J., Hansen, C. (2008). Antioxidant capacity, phenol content and
polysaccharide content of Lentinus edodes grown in whey permeate-based
submerged culture. J. Food Sci 73, 1-8.
Xiao, Y., Liang, S., Qiu, G., Wu, J., Zhang, J.H.X. (2007). Preparation,
characterization and tableting properties of two new pachyman-based
pharmaceutical aids: I. Disintegrants in dispersible tablets. Polymers for
Advanced Technologies 18, 268–274.
Xu, H., Zhang, Y.Y., Zhang, J.W., Chen, D.F. (2007). Isolation and characterization
of an anti-complementary polysaccharide D3–S1 from the roots of
Bupleurum smithii. International Immunopharmacology 7(2), 175–182.
Xu, W., Zhang, F., Luo, Y., Ma, L., Kou X., Huang, K. (2009). Antioxidant activity
of a water soluble polysaccharide purified from Pteridium aquilinum.
Carbohydr. Res. 344, 217-222.
Yamamoto, M. (1980). Agric. Biol. Chem. 44, 589-593.
Yan, X.J., Chuda, Y., Suzuki, M., Nagata, T. (1999). Biosci. Biotechnol.Agrochem.
63, 605–607.
Yang, B., Jiang, Y., Zhao, M., Wang, L. (2008). Effects of ultrasonic extraction on
the physical and chemical properties of polysaccharides from longan fruit
pericarp. Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, 268–272.
Yang, B., Wang, J., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., Wang, W., Jiang, Y. (2006). Identification of
polysaccharides from pericarp tissues of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit
in relation to their antioxidant activities. Carbohydrate Research 341, 634–
638.
Yang, B., Yu, G., Zhao, X., Jiao, G., Ren, S., Chai, W. (2009). Mechanism of mild
acid hydrolysis of galactan polysaccharides with highly ordered
disaccharide repeats leading to a complete series of exclusively odd-
numbered oligosaccharides. FEBS J. 276, 2125–2137.
References 208
Yang, J. H., Du, Y. M., Huang, R. H., Sun, L. P., Liu, H., Gao, X. H. (2005).
Chemical modification and antitumour activity of Chinese lacquer
polysaccharide from lac tree Rhus vernicifera. Carbohydrate Polymers
59(1), 101–107.
Yeung, J.H.K., Or, P.M.Y. (2007). Effects of polysaccharide peptides from COV-1
strain of Coriolus versicolor on glutathione and glutathione-related
enzymes in the mouse. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45, 953–961.
Yi, E.S., Bedoya, A., Lee, H., Chin, E., Saunders, W., Kim, S.J., Danielpour, D.,
Remick, D. G., Yin, S., Ulich, T. R. (1996). Radiation- induced lung injury
in vivo: expression of transforming growth factor-beta precedes fibrosis.
Inflammation 20, 339-352.
Yiannikouris, A., Andre, G., Poughon, L., Francois, J., Dussap, C.G., Jeminet, G.
(2006). Chemical and conformational study of the interactions involved in
mycotoxin complexation with a-D-glucans. Biomacromolecules 7, 1147–
1155.
Yim, J.H., Kim, S.J., Ahn, S.H., Lee, C.K., Rhie, K.T., Lee, H.K. (2004). Antiviral
effects of sulphated exopolysaccharide from the marine microalga
Gyrodinium impudicum Strain KG03. Marine Biotechnology 6(1), 17–25.
Yim, J.H., Son, E., Pyo, S., Lee, H. K. (2005). “Novel sulphated polysaccharide
derived from red-tide microalga Gyrodinium impudicum strain KG03 with
immunostimulating activity in vivo”. Marine Biotechnology 7(4), 331–338.
Yoon, S.J., Pereira, M.S., Pavão, M.S.G., Hwang, J.K., Pyun, Y.R., Mourão, P.A.S.
(2002). The medicinal plant Porana volubilis contains polysaccharides with
anticoagulant activity mediated by heparin cofactor II. Thromb. Res. 106,
51-58.
References 209
Yoon, S.J., Pyun, Y.R., Hwang, J.K., Mour˜ao, P.A. (2007). A sulphated fucan from
the brown alga Laminaria cichorioides has mainly heparin cofactor II
dependent anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Res. 342, 2326–2330.
Yoon, S.J., Yu, M.A., Pyun, Y.R., Hwang, J.K., Chu, D.C., Juneja, L.R. (2003). The
nontoxic mushroom Auricularia auricula contains a polysaccharide with
anticoagulant activity mediated by antithrombin. Thrombosis Research
112(3), 151–158.
Yoona, S.J., Yu, M.A., Pyun, Y.R., Hwang, J.K., Chuc, D.C., Junejac, L.R. (2003).
The nontoxic mushroom Auricularia auricula contains a polysaccharide
with anticoagulant activity mediated by antithrombin. Thrombosis Research
112, 151–158.
Yoshie, Y., Wang, W., Hsieh, Y. P., Suzuki, T. (2002). “Compositional difference
of phenolic compounds between two seaweeds, Halimeda spp.” Journal of
Tokyo University Fisheries 88, 21–24.
Yu, R., Liyan Song , Yu Zhao , Wen Bin , Lei Wang, Hui Zhang, Yihang Wu,
Wencai Yea, Xinsheng Yao. (2004). Isolation and biological properties of
polysaccharide CPS-1 from cultured Cordyceps militaris. Fitoterapia 75,
465–472.
Yua, M.S., Wonga, A.Y.Y., Soa, K.K., Fang, J.N., Yuene, W.H., Chang, R.C.C.
(2007). New polysaccharides from Nerium indicum protects neurons via
stress kinase signalling pathway. Brain Res. 1153, 221-230.
Zhang, L., Li, X., Xu, X., Zeng, F. (2005). Correlation between antitumor activity,
molecular weight, and conformation of Lentinan. Carbohydrate Research
340, 1515–1521.
Zhang, Q., Li, N., Liu, X., Zhao, Z., Li, Z., Xu, Z. (2004). The structure of a
sulphated galactan from Porphyra haitanensis and its in vivo antioxidant
activity. Carbohydr. Res. 339, 105–111.
References 210
Zhang, Q., Qi, H., Zhao, T., Deslandes, E., Ismaeli, N.M., Molloy, F., Critchley,
A.T. (2005). Chemical characteristics of a polysaccharide from Porphyra
capensis (Rhodophyta). Carbohydr. Res. 340, 2447–2450.
Zhang, Q., Yu, P., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Xu, Z., Li, P. (2003). Antioxidant activities of
sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Porphyra haitanesis. J Appl Phycol
15, 305–310.
Zhang, W. (1994). Biochemical technology of carbohydrate complexes. Hangzhou:
Zhejiang University Press. pp 193–200.
Zhang, W., Couldwell, W.T., Song, H., Takano, T., Lin, J.H.C., Nedergaard, M.
(2000). “Tamoxifen-induced enhancement of calcium signalling in glioma
and MCF-7 breast cancer cells”. Cancer Research 60(19), 5395–5400.
Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Niu, X., Li, P. (2009). Preparation of the
different derivatives of the low-molecular-weight porphyran from Porphyra
haitanensis and their antioxidant activities in vitro. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
45, 22–26.
Zhao, X., Xue, C., Cai, Y., Wang, D., Fang, Y. (2005). Study of antioxidant
activities of fucoidan from Laminaria japonica. High Tech. Lett. 11, 91–94.
Zhou, G., Sheng, W., Yao, W., Wang, C. (2006). Effect of low molecular
λ-carrageenan from Chondrus ocellatus on antitumor H-22 activity of 5-Fu.
Pharmacol. Res. 53, 129–134.
Zhou, G.F., Sun, Y.P., Xin, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Z.E. Xu, Z.H. (2004). In vivo
antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight
lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus. Pharmacol Res 50, 47–53.
Zhu, X.L. (2007). Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance the function of
immunological effector cells in immunosuppressed mice. J Ethnopharmacol
111, 219–226.
