REFERENCES - shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10437/... · iii Castro C.M., Rodrigues P., Soares F., Makridis P., Skjermo J. and Dinis M.T. (2003)

i

REFERENCES

Abdelkhalek N.K.M., Viola H.Z. and Yousef M.A.A. (2008) Effect of some

immunostimulants on health status and disease resistance of Nile tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus). 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture,

2008. pp. 1073-1080.

Amlashi A.S., Falahatkar B., Sattari M. and Tolouei Gilani M.H. (2011) Effect of dietary

vitamin E on growth, muscle composition, hematological and immunological

parameters of sub-yearling beluga Huso huso L. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 30

(3): 807-814.

Anderson D.P. (1992) Immunostimulants, adjuvants and vaccine carriers in fish:

Applications to Aquaculture. Ann. Rev. of Fish Dis. 2: 281.

Andrews S.R., Sahu N.P., Pal A.K. and Kumar S. (2009) Haematalogical modulation and

growth of Labeo rohita fingerlings, Aqua. Res. 41(9): 61- 69.

Andrews S.R., Sahu N.P., Pal A.K., Mukherjee S.C. and Kumar S. (2010) Yeast extract,

brewer’s yeast and spirulina in diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings affect haemato

immunological responses and survival following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge.

Res. Vet. Sci. PMID: 2082595959.

Anil Kumar V., Janaiah C. and Venkateswarlu P. (2010). Impact of thiamethoxam on

proteases, aminases and glutamate dehydrogenase in some tissues of freshwater

fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). The Bioscan, 5(1): 135-137.

Arijo S., Brunt J., Chabrillon M., Diaz-Rosales P. and Austin B. (2008) Subcellular

components of Vibrio harveyi and probiotics induce immune responses in rainbow

PDF Creator - PDF4Free v2.0 http://www.pdf4free.com

http://www.pdfpdf.com/0.htm

ii

trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), against V. harveyi. J. Fish Dis.

31: 579-590.

Aydin S., Gure H., Cakici H., Colakoglu S. and Bircan R. (2009). Gross pathology, blood

chemistry, lipid and peroxide contents in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss

Walbaum) affected by experimental Arcobacter cryaerophilus infection at low

water temperature. Acta Vet. Hungarica, 57(2): 305-317.

Bela Z., Raghu Prasad S. G. and Nagaraja R. (2009) Alternation in hematology of Labeo

rohita under stress of pollution from lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Environ. Mon. and Assess. ISSN, pp. 0167-6369.

Bhatnagar C., Bhatnagar M. and Regar B. (2007). Fluoride-induced histopathological

changes in gill, kidney and intestine of freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita. Res. Rep.

Fluoride, 40: 55-61.

Bowden T.J. (2008) Modulation of the immune system of fish by their environment. Fish

& Shellfish Immunol. 25 (4): 373-383.

Burton K. (1956) A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction

for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem. J. 62: 315.

Camargo M.M. and Martinez C.B. (2007). Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a

Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 5: 327-336.

Camp B.J., Hejtmancik K., Armour C. and Lewis D.H. (1974).Acute effects of Arocolor

1254 (PCB) on Ictalurus punctatus (cat fish), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

12: 204-208.



iii

Castro C.M., Rodrigues P., Soares F., Makridis P., Skjermo J. and Dinis M.T. (2003)

Development of the immune system and use of immunostimulants in Senegalese

sole (Solea senegalensis). The Big Fish Bang - Proceedings of the 26th Annual

larval Fish Conference, 2003, pp. 189-192.

Cengiz E. and Unlu E. (2006). Sublethal effects of commercial deltamethrin on the

structure of the gill, liver and gut tissues of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis: A

microscopic study. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 21: 246-253.

Chakrabarti R. and Vasudeva Rao. Y. (2006) Achyranthes aspera stimulates the immunity

and enhances the antigen clearance in Catta catla. Internat. Immunopharmacol.

6/5: 782-790.

Chen J., Wu H.Q., Niu H., Shi Y.H. and Li M.Y. (2009) Increased liver protein and

mRNA expression of natural killer cell-enhancing factor B (NKEF-B) in ayu

(Plecoglossus altivelis) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection, Fish & Shellfish

Immunol. 26(3): 567-571.

Choudhury D., Pal A.K., Sahu N.P., Kumar S., Das S. S. and Mukherjee S.C. (2005)

Dietary yeast RNA supplementation reduces mortality by Aeromonas hydrophila in

rohu (Labeo rohita L.) juveniles. Fish & Shellfish immunol. 19(3): 281-291.

Citarasu T., Alfred Das K., Velmurugan S., Thanga viji., V Kumaran T., Michael Babu M.

and Selvaraj T. (2011) Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophilla from infected

ornamental fish hatchery during massive disease outbreak. Internat. J. Cur. Res.

2(1): 037-041.

Clark D.H. (1975) Exercise physiology. Presntice Hall Inc., Engle wood ciffs, New

Jersey.



iv

Cuesta A., Meseguer J. and Esteban M.A. (2004) Total serum immunoglobulin M levels

are affected by immunomodulators in seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Vet. Immunol.

Immunopathol. 101(3-4): 203-210.

Currie S. and Tufts B. L. (1997). Synthesis of stress protein 70 (Hsp 70) in Rainbow Trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Red blood cells. The J. Of Exptl. Biol. 200: 607-614.

Daniel W.W. (1974) The “t” distribution in Biostatistics: A Foundation for the analysis in

the health sciences. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

Davis C.R., Gary D. Marty., Mark A. Adkison., Ellen F. Freiberg. and Ronald P. Hedrik.

(1999) Association of plasma IgM with body size, histopathological changes, and

plasma chemistries in adult pacific herring Clupea Pallasi. Dis. Aqua. Organ.

38: 125-133.

Deivasigamani B. (2011). Role of the immune organ (thymus) in Mystus gulio. Inter. J.

Phar. Bio Sci. 2(1): B-402-B-406.

Dempson I.B., Schwarz, C.J., Shears M. and Furey G. (2004). Comparitive proximate

body composition of Atlantic salmon with emphasis on parr from fluvial and

lacustrine habitats. J. Fish Biol. 64: 1257-1271.

Dezfuli B.S. and Giari L. (2008) Mast cells in the gills and intestines of naturally infected

fish: evidence of migration and degranulation. J. Fish Dis. 31: 845-852.

Donald D. Ourth. (1980) Secretary IgM, lysozyme and lymphocytes in the skin, muccus

of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Develop. & Compar. Immunol.

4: 65-74.



v

Durairaj S. and Selvarajan V.R. (1992). Influence of quinolphos, an organophosphorus

pesticide, on the biochemical constituents of the tissues of fish, Oreochromis

mossambicus. J. Envirol. Biol. 13(3): 181-185.

Dutta H., Richmonds C. and Zeno T. (1993). Effects of diazinon on the gills of blue gill

sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 12: 219-227.

Eissa N.M.E., Abou El-Ghiet., Shaheen A.A. and Abbas A (2010) Characterization of

Pseudomonas species isolated from Tilapia “Oreochromis niloticus” in Qaroun and

Wadi-El-Rayan lakes, Egypt. Global. Vet. 5(2): 116-121.

Ellis A.E. (1988) General principles of fish vaccination. In Fish Vaccination, edited by

Ellis A.E: (Academic Press, London) pp. 20.

Elmore S.A. (2006). Enhanced histopathology of the thymus. Toxicol. Pathol.

34(5): 656-665.

Fernandes M.N. and Mazon A.F. (2003). Environmental pollution and fish morphology.

In: Val, A.L. and Kapoor, B.G (Eds.). Fish adaptation. Enfield, Science

Publishers, pp. 203-231.

Gannam A. and Robin M. (1999) Immnostimulants in fish diets. J. App. Aqua.

9(4): 53-89.

Goldschmidt-Clermont E., Wahli T., Frey J. and Burr S.E. (2008) Identification of

bacteria from the normal flora of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and evaluation of their

inhibitory potential towards Aeromonas species. J. Fish Dis. 31: 353-359.

Guang Hong Wu., Chuntao Yuan., Meifang Shen., Jianging Tang., Yi gong., Dongmei

Li., Fangfang Sun., Cheng Huang. and Xiaodong Han. (2010) Immunological and



vi

bio chemical parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Qompsell feed ingredients

for long-term administration. Aqua Res. 38 (3): 246-255.

Guojun Yin., Ardo L., Thompsom K.D., Adams A., Jeney Z. and Jeney G. (2008) Chinese

herbs (Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of

carp, Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish &

Shellfish Immunol. 26: 140-145.

Gupta S.K., Pal A.K., Sahu N.P., Dalvi R., Kumar V. and Mukharjee S.C. (2008)

Microbial levan in the diet of Labeo rohita Hamilton juveniles : effect on non-

specific immunity and histopathological changes after challenge with Aeromonas

hydrophila. J. Fish Dis. 31: 649-657.

Haley P., Perry R., Ennulat D., Frame S., Johnson C., Lapointe J.M., Nyska A., Snyder P.,

Walker D. and Walter G. (2005). STP position paper: Best practice guideline for

the routine pathology evaluation of the immune system. Toxicol. Pathol. 33: 404-

407.

Halinmayer L.M.G., Francios M., Hascheke P.M. and Fisher E.H. (1970). Control of

phosphorylase activity in a muscle glycogen particle II activities of calcium. J. of

Biol. Chem. 245: 6649-6650.

Haniffa M.A. and Abdul Kader M.K.P. (2011) Hematological changes in Channa striatus

experimentally infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Biores. Bull. 4: 246-253.

Hanna M., Shaheed I. and Elias N. (2005). A contribution on chromium and lead toxicity

in cultured Oreochromis niloticus. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. Fish. 9: 177-209.



vii

Harikrishan R. and Balasundaram C. (2005) Modern tends in Aeromonas hydrophila

disease management with fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 13(4): 281-320.

Harikrishnan R., Balasundaram C. and Heo M.S. (2010) Supplementation Diet containing

Probiotics, Herbal and Azardirachtin on hematological and biochemical changes in

Cirrhina mrigala against Aphanomyces invadans. Fish. and Aqua. J. Vol. 2010:

FAJ-4.

Harikrishnan R., Balasundaram C., Kim M.C., Kim J.S., Han Y.S. and Heo M.S. (2009)

Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal

solvent extracts. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 27(3): 508-515.

Harikrishnan R., Kim M.C., Kim J.S., Balasundaram C. and Heo M.S. (2011) Protective

effect of herbal and probiotics enriched diet on haematological and immunity status

of Oplegnathus faciatus (Temminek & Schelegel) against Edwardsiella tarda. Fish

& Shellfish Immunol. 30(3): 886-893.

Harleman, J.H. (2000) Approaches to the identification and recording of findings in the

lymphoreticular organs indicative for immunotoxicity in regulatory type toxicity

studies. Toxicol. 142: 213-219.

Holbrook (Jr). D.J. (1980). Effects of toxicants on nucleic acid and protein metabolism.

In: Introduction to biochemical toxicology (Eds: E. Hodgson and F.E. Guthrie)

Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp. 261-284.

Hong - gang Tang., Tian-xing Wu., Zhan-yu Zhao. and Xiao-dong Pan. (2008) Effects of

fish protein hydrolysate on growth performance and humoral immune response in

large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.). J. Zhejiang Univer. Sci. 9(9):

684-690.



viii

Huang X., Wang K., Zong-jun D., Geng Y. and Deng Y. (2010) Identification, isolation

and invitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Aeromonas veronii associated

with an acute death of Channel cat fish (Ictalurus lunetas) in China. Afr. J.

Biotech. 9(14): 2161-2164.

Ian B. and Roy A.D. (2005) The use of immunostimulants in fish larval aquaculture. Fish

& Shellfish Immunol. 19(5): 457-472.

Iqbal F., Ali M., Umar K. and Rana S.A. (2005). Effect of feed cycling on specific growth

rate, condition factor, body composition and Rna/Dna ratio of Crrhinus mrigala. J.

Appl. Sci. and Environ. Manage. 10(2): 129-133.

Jaya kumari., Sahoo P.K. and Giri S.S. (2007) Effects of polyherbal formulation

“Immuplus” on immunity and disease resistance of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita

at different stages of growth. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 45: 291-298.

Jeney G. and Anderson D.P. (1993). Enhanced immune response and protection in

rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin following prior immersion in

immunostimulants, Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 3: 51-58.

Jiang J., Zheng T., Zhou X.Q., Liu Y. and Feng L. (2009) Influence of glutamine and

vitamin E on growth and antioxidant capacity of fish enterocytes. Aqua. Nut.

15 (4): 409-414.

Jin-Ying W. and Hao-Ran L. (2008). Microstructure and Ultrastucture of the thymus of

orange-spotted groupers Epinephelus coioide. Curnt. Zool. 54(2): 342-355.

Jones B.L. and Wilcox M.H. (1995) Aeromonas infections and their treatment. J. of

Antimicro. Chemothe. 35(4): 453-461.



ix

Jorge Galindo-Villegas., Toshiro Masumoto. and Hidetsuyu Hosokawa. (2006) Effect of

continuous and interval administration of peptidoglycan on innate immune response

and disease resistance in Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aqua. Sci. 54

(2): 163-170.

Kakuta I. and Murachi S. (1997) Physiological response of carp, Cyprinus carpio,

exposed to raw sewage containing fish processing wastewater. Environ. Toxicol.

Waste Quality, 12: 1-9.

Kaleeswaran B., Ilavenil S. and Ravi Kumar S. (2011) Growth response, feed conversion

ratio and antiprotease activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) mixed diet in Catla catla

(Ham.). J. Ani. and Vet. Adv. 10(4): 511-517.

Kasiri M., Farahi A. and Sudagar M. (2011) Effects of supplemented diets by levemisole

and Echinacea purpuria extract on growth and reproductive parameters in angel

fish (Pterophyllum scalare), AACL Bioflux, 4 (1): 46-51.

Kikuchi T., Okamoto H., Chiku K. and Natori Y. (1986). Effects of glucose and amino

acid depletions on protein synthetic parameters in liver and skeletal muscle of rats

during parental nutrition. J. Nut. and Sci. Vit. 32: 601-612.

Kumar V., Sahu N.P., Pal A.K. and Kumar S. (2007) Immunomodulation of Labeo rohita

juveniles due to dietary gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch. Fish and shellfish

Immunol. 23 (2): 341-353.

Kumari J., Swain T. and Sahoo P.K. ( 2003) Dietary bovine lactoferrin induces changes in

immunity level and disease resistance in Asian catfish Clarius batrachus, Vet.

Immunol. and Immunopathol. 94: 1.



x

Kunttu H.M.T., Valtonen E., Suomalainen L.R., Vielma J. and Jokinen IE. (2009) The

efficacy of two immunostimulants against Flavobacterium columnare infection in

juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 26(6):

850-857.

Kuper, C.F., Harleman J.H., Richter-Reichelm, H.B. and Vos, J.G. (2000) Histopathologic

approaches to detect changes indicative of immunotoxicity. Toxicol. Pathol. 28:

454-466.

Lapatra SE., Plant KP., Alcorn S., Ostland V. and Winton J. (2010) An experimental

vaccine against Aeromonas hydrophila can induce protection in rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 33: 143-151.

Li X., Bai H. and Gong S. (2008) Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on muscle

composition and hepatic fatty acid profile in juvenile Synechogobius hasta. J. of

Appl. Ichthyol. 24 (1): 116-119.

Lied E., Rosenlund G., Lund B. and Von D.D.A. (1983). Effect of starvation and re-

feeding on vitro protein synthesis in white trunk muscle of Atlantic cod (Gadus

morhua). Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 76B: 777-781.

Lnnstroem L.G., Hoffren M.L. and Wiklund T. (2008) Flavobacterium psychrophilum

associated with mortality of farmed Perch, Perca fluviatilis L. J. Fish Dis. 31(10):

793-797.

Loughna P.T. and Goldspink G (1984). The effects of starvation upon protein turnover on

red and white myotomal muscle of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.

J. of Fish Biol. 25: 223-230.



xi

Lowery O.H., Rosebrough N.J., Fare A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951) Protein measurement

with Folin Phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.

Magnadottir B. and Gudmundsdottir B.K. (1992). A comparison of total and specific

immunoglobulin levels in healthy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and in salmon

naturally infected with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes. Vet.

Immunol. Immunopathol. 32: 179-189.

Maqsood S., Singh.P., Samoon M.H. and Araoye P.A. (2008) Immunostimulants : the

best alternative to vaccination and antibiotics in aquaculture. Nigerian J. Fishe. 5

(2): 195-209.

Marisol Goni-Urriza., Lionel Pineau., Michele Capdepuy., Christine Roques., Pierre

Caumette. and Claudine Quentin. (2000) Antimicrobial resistance of mesophilic

Aeromonas spp. Isolated from two European rivers. J. of Antimicro. Chemother.

46(2): 297-301.

Marshal. J.S. and Jawdat D.M. (2004) Mast cells in innate immunity. J. Aller. and Clin.

Immunol. 114: 21- 27.

Marty G.D., Freiberg E.F., Mayers T.R., Wilcock J. and Farver T.B and Hinton D.E

(1998). Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Ichthyophonus hoferi, and other

causes of morbidity in Pacific herring Clupia pallasi spawning in Prince Willium

Sound, Alaska, USA. Dis. Aqual. Org. 32: 15-40.

Marzouk M.S., Moustafa. M.M and Nermeen M. Mohamed. (2008) Evaluation of

immunomodulatary effects of some probiotics on cultured Oreochromis niloticus.

8th International symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, 2008. pp. 1043-1058.



xii

Masaki Nagae., Hirotoshi Fuda., Akihiko Hara., Hiroshi Kawamura. and Kohei

Yamauchi. (1993) Changes in serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations

during early development of chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) as determined by

sensitive elisa technique. Com. Biochem. and Physiol. Part A: Physiol. 106 (1):

69-74.

Misra C.K., Das B.K. and Mukherjee S.C. (2009) Immune response, growth and survival

of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed with levamisole supplemented diet for longer

duration. Aqua. Nut. 15 (4): 356-365.

Mohamed F.A.S. (2009). Histopathological studies on Tilapia zillii and Solea vulgaris

from lake Quarun, Egypt. World. J. Fish and Marine Sci. 1(1): 29-39.

Mohanty BR., Sahoo P.K., Mahapatra K.D. and Saha J.N. (2007) Innate immune

responses in families of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, differing in their

resistance to Edwardsiella tarda infection. Curnt. Sci. 92 (9): 1270-1274.

Nicholas V., Robert W. and Joseph J.R. (1956) The determination of glycogen in liver and

muscle by use of anthrone reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 220(2): 583-593.

Nya E.J. and Austin B. (2009) Use of dietary ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, as an

immunostimulant to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout,

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 32: 971-977.

Nya E.J. and Austin B. (2011) Development of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorynchus

mykiss, Walbaum) to Aeromonas hydrophila after the dietary application of garlic.

Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 30(3): 845-850.



xiii

Nya E.J., Dawood Z. and Austin B. (2010) The garlic component, allicin prevents disease

caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

(Walbaum), J. of Fish Dis. 33: 293-300.

Olurin K., Olojo E., Mbaka G. and Akindele A. (2006). Histopothological responses of

the gill and liver tissues of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to the herbicide,

glyphosate. African J. Biotechnol. 5: 2480-2487.

Page J.W. and Andrews A. (1973) Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on

channel cat fish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 103: 1339-1346.

Pal Devonita., Joardar Siddhartha N., Roy Barun. and Kumar Sudhir. (2007). Yeast cell

wall preparation from Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides protection in Indian

Major carp Labeo rohita. J. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 9(1&2): Print ISSN:

0972-0561.

Parikh P.H., Rangrez A., Adhikari-Bagchi R. and Desai B.N. (2010) Effect of diamethoate

on some histo architecture of fresh water fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters,

1852). The Bioscan, 5(1): 55-58.

Pelczar M.J.Jr., Chan E.C.S. and Noel R. Krig. (1993) Characerization of

microorganisms. Microbiology concepts and Applications, pp. 81-83. (Robert

Koch, 1883)

Pieters N., Brunt J., Austin B. and Lyndon A.R. (2008) Efficacy of in-feed probiotics

against Aeromonas bestiarum and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis skin infections in

rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). J. Appl. Microbiol. 105(3): 723-

732.



xiv

Poleksic V. and Mitrovic-Tutundzic V. (1994). Fish gills as a monitor of sublethal and

chronic effects of pollution. In: Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on

freshwater fish. Muller, R. Lloyd, R. (Eds.). Oxoford, Fishing News Books. pp.

339-359.

Punitha S.M.J., Babu. M.M., Sivaram V., Shankar V.S, Dhas S.A., Mahesh T.C.,

Immanuel G. and Citarasu T. (2008) Immunostimulating influence of herbal

biomedicines on non-specific immunity in Grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile

against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aqua. Internat. 16(6): 511-523.

Raa J. (1996) The use of immunostimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming.

Rev. Fish Sci. 4: 229-288.

Raa J., Robertso. G., Ingested R. and Robertson B. (1992) The use of immunostimulants

to increase resistance of aquatic resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial

infections. In Diseases in Asian aquaculture 1, edited by Sharif I.M, Subasinghe

R.P, Arthur J.R. (Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.

Philippines). pp. 39.

Raheman M.Z., Hossaain Z., Mollh M.F. and Ahmed G.U. (2002) Effect of diazinon 60

Ec on Anubs testydineus, Channa panctatus and Bebodes gonionotus Naga. The

ICLARM Quaterly. 25(2): 8-12.

Ramazan Adanir D.O. and Hulya Turutoglu. (2007) Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility

of Aeromonas hydrophila in a carp (Cyprinus carpio) hatchery farm. Bull. Vet.

Inst. Pulawy, 51: 361-364.

Rao K.G., Mohan C.V. and Seenappa D. (1992) The use of chemotherapeutic agents in

fish culture in India, In Diseases in acian aquaculture 1, edited by Sharif I.M,



xv

Subasinghe R.P, Arthur J.R. (Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila.

Philippines). pp. 505.

Rao M.B. and Pamavathi V.V. (2004). The effect of doxycycline on the total carbohydrate

and total protein contents of the tissues of Catla catla. J. Aqua. Biol. 19(2): 193-

196.

Rao V.Y. and Chakrabarti R. (2004) Enhanced anti-proteases in Labeo rohita fed with

diet containing herbal ingredients. Ind. J. Clin. Biochem. 19(2): 132-134.

Rao V.Y. and Chakrabarti R. (2005) Stimulation of immunity in India Major carp Catta

catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 18: 327-334.

Rao V.Y., Romesh M., Singh A. and Chakrabarti R. (2004) Potentiation of antibody

production in Indian major carp Labeo rohita, rohu by Achyranthes aspera as a

herbal feed ingredient. Aqua. 238(1-4): 67-73.

Rathore G., Kumar G., Sood N., Kapoor D. and Lakra W.S. (2008) Development of

monoclonal antibodies to rohu (Labeo rohita) immunoglobulins for use in

immunoassays. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 25(6): 761-774.

Reddy A.T.V. and Yellamma K. (1991). Perturbations in carbohydrate metabolism during

cypermethrin toxicity in fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters), Biochem.

International. 23(4): 633-638.

Rehman T., Akanda M.M.R., Rehman M.M. and Chowdhury M.B.R. (2009) Evaluation of

the efficacies of selected antibiotics and medicinal plants on common bacterial fish

pathogens. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univer. 7(1): 163-168.



xvi

Ribelin W.E. and Migaki G. (1975) The Pathology of Fishes. University Wisconsin Press,

Madison, pp. 1004.

Rijkers G.T., Teunissen A.G., Van Oosterom R. and Van Muiswinkel W.B. (1980) The

immune system of cyprinid fish. The immunosuppressive effects of the antibiotic

oxytetracycline in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aqua. 19: 177.

Sahoo P.K. and Mukherjee S.C. (2001) Effect of dietary â-1,3 glucon on immune

responses and disease resistance of healthy and aflotoxin B1-induced

immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton), Fish & Shellfish Immunol.

11: 683.

Sahoo P.K. and Mukherjee S.C. (2002) The effect of dietary immunomodulation upon

Edwardsiella tarda vaccination in healthy and immunocompromised Indian major

carp (Labeo rohita). Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 12: 1.

Sahoo P.K., Das A., Mohanty S., Mohanty B.R., Pillai B.R. and Mohanty J. (2008)

Dietary â-1,3-glulcan improves the immunity and disease resistance of freshwater

prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aqua.

Res. 39 (14): 1574-1578.

Sahoo P.K., Kumari J. and Mishra B.K. (2005) Non-specific immune responses in

juveniles of Indian major carps, J. App. Ichthyol. 21(2): 151-155.

Sahoo PK. and Mukherjee SC. (2003) Immunomodulation by dietary vitamin C in healthy

and aflotoxin B1-induced immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita). Comp.

Immunol. Micro. Infec. Dis. 26: 65.



xvii

Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan J., Samal S.K., Sarangi N. (2008) Effect of

dietary curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of rohu, Labeo

rohita (Ham.), infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aqua. Res. 39(16): 1720-

1730.

Sahu. S., Das. B.K., Mishra. B.K., Pradhan. J. and Sarangi. N. (2006) Effect of Allium

sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonos

hydrophila. J. App. Ichthyol. 23(1): 80-86.

Sakai. M. (1999) Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture.

172: 63.

Saleem M. and Zofair S.M. (1985) Seasonal variations in protein, RNA and DNA

concentrations in Major Carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhina mrigala.

Japanese J. Ichthyol. 32(2): 258-262.

Samuel Sudhakaran D., Srirekha P., Devasree L.D., Premsingh S. and Dinakaran Michael

R. (2006) Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in

Oreochromis mossambicus. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 44: 726-732.

Sang-Hoon Choi., Kwan-Ha Park., Taek-Joon Yoon., Jong --Bae Kim., Yong-Suk Jang.

and Chung Hyeon Choe. (2007) Dietary Korean mistletoe enhances cellular non -

specific responses and survival of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Fish &

Shellfish Immunol. 24: 67-73.

Sanjay K G., Asim K.P., Narottam P., Sahu N.P., Dalvi R.S., Akhta. M.S., Jha A.K. and

Baruah K. (2010) Dietary Mcrobial levan enhances tolerance of Labeo rohita

(Hamilton) juveniles to thermal stress, Aquaculture, 306(1-4): 398-402.



xviii

Schuurman, H.J., Van Loveren, H., Rozing, J. and Vos, J.G. (1992) Chemicals trophic for

the thymus: Risk for immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Internat. J.

Immunopharmacol. 14: 369-375.

Selvaraj V., Sampath K. and Sekar V. (2009) Administration of lipopolysaccharide

increases specific and non-specific immune parameters and survival in carp

(Cyprinus carpio) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 286 (3-4):

176-183.

Shahana Banu,, Kulkarni R.S. and Khaja Pasha. (2010) Biochemical contents of brain in

the freshwater fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) in relation to sex. The Bioscan,

5(1): 127-129.

Sharma M. and Jain K.L. (2008) Protein profile of liver tissue in the fish Labeo rohita

(Ham.) through the chronic exposure to some pesticides and their subsequent

withdrawal. J. Aquaculture, 16: 13-18.

Sinha G.M. (1983). Scanning electron microscopic study of the intestinal mucosa of an

freshwater adult major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch,

97(6): 979-992.

Sitja-Bobadilla A. (2008) Living off a fish: A trade-off between parasites and the immune

system. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 25 (4): 358-372.

Siwicki A. K. (1989) Immunostimulating influence of levamisole on non-specific

immunity in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Dev. Comp. Immunol., 13: 87-91.

Siwicki A.K and Korwin K.M. (1988) The influence of levamisole on the growth of carp

(Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 4: 178.



xix

Siwicki A.K., Klein P., Morand M., Kiczka W. and Studnicka M. (1998)

Immunostimulatory effects of dimerized lysozyme (KLP – 602) on the non specific

defence mechanisms and protection against furunculosis in Salmonids. Vet.

Immunol. and Immunopathol. 61(2-4): 369-378.

Siwicki A.K., Zdzistaw Zakes., Elzbieta Terech-Majewska., Krzysztof Kazun., Agnieszka

Lepa. and Edward Glabski. (2008) Dietary Macrogard reduces Aeromonas

hydrophila mortality in tench (Tinca tinca) through the activation of cellular and

humoral defense mechanisms. Rev. Fish Biol. and Fisheries, ISSN, 0960-3166.

Smart G.R. (1978). Investigation of toxic metabolism of ammonia to fish-gas exchange in

rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to acute lethal concentrations. J. Fish.

Biol. 12: 93-104.

Smith A.C. and Romos F. (1976) Occult haemoglobin in fish skin mucus as an indicator

of early stress. J. Fish Biol. 9: 537-541.

Soltani M. and Pourgholam R. (2007) Lysozyme activity of grass carp (Ctenopharingodon

idella) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of organophosphate,

diazinon. J. Vet. Res. 62(2): 49-52.

Soltani M., Sheikhzadeh N., Ebrahimzadeh-Mousavi H.A. and Zargar A. (2010). Effects

of Zataria multiflora essential oil on innate immune responses of common carp

(Cyprinus carpio). J. Fisheries and Aqua. Sci. ISSN 1816-4927.

Soner B., Musa Bulut. and Asli Muge Bilen. (2011) Immunostimulant effects of Cotinus

coggyria on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunol,

30(2): 451-455.



xx

Soufy H., Soliman M., El-M.E. and Gaffa A. (2007). Some biochemical and pathological

investigations on monosex Tilapia following chronic exposure to carbofuran

pesticides. Global Vet. 1: 45-52.

Stosik M., Deptula W. and Travnicek M. (2001) Resistance in carps (Cyprinus carpio L.)

affected by a natural bacterial infection. Vet. Med. - Czech, 46(1): 6-11.

Suomalainen L.R., Bandilla M. and Valtonen E.T. (2009) Immunostimulants in

prevention of columnaris disease of rainbow trout, Oncorhychus mykiss

(Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 32(8): 723-726.

Suresh Babu, P.P., Shankar, K.M., Honnananda, B.R., Vijaya kumara Swamy, H.V.,

Prasanna Sharma, K., Suryanarayana, V.V.S. and Dechamma, H.J. (2008). Isolation

and characterization of immunoglobulin of the Indian major carp, rohu [Labeo

rohita (Ham.)]. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 24(6): 779-783.

Suresh K.R., Todd J.M. and Egla P.M. (1986). The induction of stress related proteins by

lead. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 1930-1940.

Swain P., Behura A., Dash S. and Nayak S.K. (2007 a) Serum antibody response of Indian

Major carp, Labeo rohita to three species of pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas

hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Vet. Immunol.

and immunopathol. 117(1-2): 137 - 141.

Swain P., Dash S., Sahoo P.K., Routray P., Sahoo S.K., Gupta S.D., Meher P.K. and

Sarangi N. (2007 b) Non-specific immune parameters of brood Indian major carp

Labeo rohita and their seasonal variations. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 22(1-2):

38-43.



xxi

Swan C.M., Lindstrom N.M. and Cain K.D. (2008) Identification of a localized mucosal

immune response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mikiss (Walbaum), following

immunization with a protein-hapten antigen. J. of Fish Dis. 31, 383-393.

Takashi Aoki. and Syuzo Egusa. (1971) Drug sensitivity of Aeromonas liquefaciens

isolated from freshwater fishes. Bull. of Japanese Soci. of Sci. Fish. 37(3): 176-

185.

Thophon S., Krutrachuc M., Upathau E., Pokcthitiyook P., Sahaphong S. and Jarikhuan

S. (2003). Histopathological alterations of white seabass, Lates calcarifer in acute

and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environ. Pollut. 121: 307-320.

Valerie Burke., Jennifer Robinson., Atkinson. H.M., Michael Dibley., Berry R.J. and

Michael Gracey. (1981) Exotoxins of Aeromonas hydrophila. Australian J.

Experi. Biol. and Med. Sci. 59: 753-761.

Van Loveren, H., Vos, J,G. and De Waal, E.J. (1996) Testing immunotoxicity of

chemicals as a guide for testing approachs for pharmaceuticals. Drug Info. J. 30:

275-279.

Van Muiswinkel W.B., Anderson D.P., Lamers C.H.J., Egberrs E., Van Loon J.J.A. and

Ijssel J.P. (1985) Fish Immunology and Fish Health. In Fish immunology and fish

health, Fish Immunology, edited by Manning M.J (Academic Press, London). pp. 1.

Vasudeva Rao Y. and Chakrabarti R. (2005) Dietary incorporation of Achyranthes aspera

seed influences the immunity of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Indian J. Ani. Sci.

75: 1097-1102.



xxii

Vasudeva Rao Y., Das B.K., Jyotyrmayee P. and Chakrabarty R. (2006) Effect of

Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with

Aeromonas hydrophila, Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 20: 263-273.

Vos J.G., Kuper C.F. and Schuurman H.J. (1997) Lymphoid tissue architecture and

pathological influences of toxicants. In: Lawrence DA, editor. Toxicology of the

Immune System. Elsevier; Oxford, United Kingdom. 5: 113-130.

Wang S.Y. and Stickle W.B. (1986). Changes in nucleic acid concentration with

starvation in the bluecrab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun. J. Crus. Biol. 6: 49-56.

Watts M., Munday B.L. and Burke C.M. (2001) Immune responses of teleost fish.

Australian Vet. J. 79 (8): 570-574.

Wijendra G.D.N.P. and Pathiratne A. (2007) Evaluation of immune responses in an Indian

carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fed with levamisole incorporated diet. J. Sci. Univ.

Kelaniya, 3: 17-28.

Wright, D.A. and Hetzel E.W. (1985). Use of RNA:DNA ratios as an indicator of

nutritional stress in the American oyster, CrassostrEa virginica. Marine. Ecol.

Prog. Ser. 25: 199-206.

Yamashita M., Yabu T. and Ojima N. (2010) Stress protein HSP70 in fish. Aqua-

Bioscience Monographs. 3(4): 111-141.

Yin G., Ardo L., Thompson K.D., Adams A., Jeney Z., Jeney. G. (2009) Chinese herbs

(Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp,

Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish

Immunol. 26(1): 140-145.



xxiii

Young L., Feng Lin., Jiang Jun., Liu Yang. and Zhou Xiao Qiu. (2009) Effects of dietary

protein levels on the growth performance, digestive capacity and amino acid

metabolism of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio varjian). Aqua. Res. 40(9):

1073-1082.

Yurdana Castelruiz., Irune Rojo. and Miguel Angel Pardo. (2006) Zebra fish Dano renio:

An innovate model to study immunostimulation in Aquaculture. World Aqua.

Soci. AQUA 2006, pp. 414.

Zapata A.G., Varas A. and Torroba M. (1992). Seasonal variations in the immune system

of lower vertebrates. Immunol. Today. 13: 142-147.

Zhang G., Gong S., Yu D. and Yuan H. (2009) Propolis and Herba Epimedic extracts

enhance the non-specific immune response and disease resistance of Chinese

sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 26 (3): 467-472.

Zilberg D., Tal A., Froyman N., Abutbul. S., Dudal N. and Golan-Goldhisch A. (2010)

Dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment for streptococcosis in tilapia,

J. Fish Dis. 33: 361-369.



Documents

REFERENCES - shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.inshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10437/... · iii Castro C.M., Rodrigues P., Soares F., Makridis P., Skjermo J. and Dinis M.T. (2003)