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References and Works Cited
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Index
Abercrombie, P., 25, 131, 146 Abu-Lughod, J. E., 56, 58-g, 89 Acculturation of ethnic groups
in the U.S., 61 Ackerman, F., 25 Addams,J., 17, 18,25 AfHuent apartment complex,
life style in, 65 African metropolis, rise of
tribai consciousness in, 82 AIIocative trend-modifying,
mode of planning, 179 Ameliorative problem-solving,
mode of planning, 178 Amenity, role of, in
Netheriands, 153 America, see Uni ted States Anderson, C., 60 Annexation as factor in
twentieth-century U.S. metropolitan growth, 46
Anomic society, 34 Apartheid
city, 112 policy of, I 13
Apartment house, appearance of, 126
Architecture domestic, history of, in Conti
nental Europe, 126-8 landscape,2Q--I, 125
Armor, D. J., 61, 66 Assimilation
of immigrant groups in U .S., 60
subprocesses of, 60- i
Australia control of urban growth in,
168 decentralisation policy in,
168 Austria, municipal socialism in,
125
'Balanced growth' in Israel, 106-g in Turkey, 102
Bantu, experience of migrants, 111-13
Barlow, M ., 131 Barlow Report, 131 Barnett, S. A., 25 Baroque court city, 124 Barriadas, 83 Barrios, 83 Barung-barongs, 83 Bell, D., 49-50 Bellamy, E., 20 Berghe, P. L. von der, 119 Berry, B. J . L., 97 Bidonvilles, 83 Booth, C., 25,129 Brazil, planning in, 101 Britain, see Uni ted Kingdom Bruner, E. H., 88 Brutzkus, E., J08, 109 Burgess, E. W., 121 Burnham, D., 22 Bustees of Calcutta, 89
194 INDEX
Ga/lampas, 83 Canada
urban growth, impetus for, 72 urban problems in, 72-3
Candilis, G., 153 Calcutta, 92 Careerism, 65 Causes of nineteenth-century
urbanisation, 2-4 Centralised administration in
Third World countries, 78 Centrality, erosion of, in U.S.,
54 Chadwick, E., 121 Cherry, G. E., 129, 134, 180 Chicago,61 China, anti-urban bias in,
105-6 Choay, F., 120 Christaller, W., 107 Gite Parallel, idea oe, 153 Cities
as administrative centres, 78 as main centres of social and
political change, 79 as symbols, 79 heterogeneity of
nineteenth-century, 15 systems of, 96
City as spectroscope of society, 8 dass antagonism in
nineteenth-century,9 complexity of government, 9 core-oriented, dissolving in
U.S·,54 differentiation in, 31 essential nature of, 30 of Socialist Man, 154-63 size, concern for, 160
City Beautiful Movement, 22,25
City planning, atrophy oe, in U.S., 166
Civic design, concern with, in Europe, 124-6
Clark, C., 97 Class conftict, new forms of, in
Third World, 94 Clinard, M. B., 87 Cohen, E., 107 Colombia, planning in, 101-2 Golonias, 83 Commission on Population
Growth and the American Future (1972),46
Communities, isolation of, in U.S.,59
Concentration process, in nineteenth century, 6
Conkin, P. K., 67 Continental Europe, directions
in planning, 142-54 Conurbation, 25 'Conventional wisdom', I
domination oe, 89-90 limitations of, 82
Cooley, C. H., 17 Cornelius, W. A., Jr, 81 Cosmopolitan centres, 65 Cosmopolitanism, 65 Cowan, P., 141 Crooks, R. ]., 88 Cultural pluralism in U.S., 56,
59-64
Daily urban systems, growth of, in U.S., 38-48
Davies, J. R., 110 Davis, A. J., 21 Davis, K., 91 Death-controI gains in
twentieth-century non-industriaI countries, 78
Democratic capitalism, idea of, 19
Demographie structure of new nine1eenth-centurycities,6
'Demonstration' effect in Third World development, 100
Design in European city, 124-6 Deviancy in the city, 34 Dewey,J., 17, 18 DeWitt, B. P., 17 Diffusion
Third World, 95~ hierarchical, 96
Dotson, A., 105 'Dual economies' in Third
World,99 Durkheim, E., 10,58 Dynamic density (rate of
interaction), 58
Edwards, A. T., 131 E.E.C., employment changes
in, 143 Elkins, T. H., 143, 149, 159 Engels, F., 120-1, 122-3,
[29 Ethnic
centres, 65 subcultures, cohesiveness of,
33 Europe
central concern of urban policy in, 142
changes in urban system in, 127
concern with civic design in, 124-5
Continental directions in planning, 142-54
historie city types in, 115 post-war planning in, 115-63 tradition of public
involvement in, 123-4 urban growth policies, goals
and objectives, 142-3, 144-5
urbaninheritancein, 115-41
INDEX 195
urban patterns and social structure in, 116-23
western, radicalism of welfare states of, 17 I
European cities control of skyline in, 117 design in, 124-6 Eastern, impact of Russian
socialism, 158-60 street pattern of, I 16 heterogeneity in, 118-19 socio-political structure of
classical pre-industrial, 117-19
Exclusive suburb, characteristics of, in U.S., 65
Exploitive opportunity-seeking mode of planning, 179
External economies in nineteenth-century urbanisation, 4
Eyre, L. A., 89
Fabian socialists, 25 'Fa~ade culture', 124 Fair, T. J. D., 110 Familism, 65 Familistic areas of American
cities,65 Family structure, traditional,
appearance of, 33 Farm migrants, number of, in
twentieth-century American urbanisation, 46
Favelas, 83 'Filtering' process in U .S.
housing market, 52-3 Finland
building of Tapiola, 147-8 planning in, 147-8
Fischer, C. S., 31 Fisher, J. C., 157, 158, 160 Foley, D. L., 132
196 INDEX
Follett, M. P., 17 'Footloose' industries, 50 Foreshaw, J. H., 131 France
Cite Parallel, idea of, 152-3 economic and urban
planning in, 148-53, 168 grands ensembles of, I 4~50 major thrust of national
planning effort, 148-g metropoles d'equilibre,
mechanisms to achieve goals of, 152
national urban growth strategy, idea of, 151
OREAM, establishment of, 152
PADOG, strategy of, 150-1 'preferential axes' concept,
15 1
problems of Paris, 150-1 Schema directeur (1960),
15 1- 2 Free-enterprise dynamics in
twen tieth -cen tury urbanisation, 166-7
Friction theory in South Africa, 110
Friedmann, J., 44, 91
Galle, O. R., 35 Gans, H. J., 33, 66 Garden City, 21
activists, 26 International Federation
(1913),26 ~ovement,24-5,26
Gecekondu, 83 Geddes, P., 25 Gentrification process in
neighbourhood change, 144
George, P., 151 Ghettos, 65
Giddings, F., I 7 Glickson, A., 107 Goldstein, S., 6 I Gordon, M. M., 60 Gottmann, J., 46 Gourbiuilles, 83 Gravier, J. F., Paris et le desert
franfais, 150 Greenbelt
continental concept, 125-6 strategy in D.K., 131
Greer, S., 56 Griffen, W. B., 21 Growth centres
in Colombia, 103 in regional development,
1°3 in South Africa, I 13
Hall, P., 136 Handlin, 0., 46, 54 Harris, C. D., 156 Harrison, A., 128 Haussmann, Baron, 22, 125 Hautreux, J., 151 Hautreux, J. (with~.
Rochefort), La Fonction Regionale dans l'Armature Urbaine Franfaise (1964), 151
HeartIand of D.S., 95 Heraud, B. J., 139 Hertzen, H. von, 148 'Hierarchical diffusion', 96 Holzner, L., I 13 Hoover, E. ~., 44 Housing
Acts (D.S.), 69, 70 industry, suburban D.S., 51 market, 'filtering' process in,
52-3 policy in D.S., 68-70 preferences in Europe, 126-8
programmes, Federal, 69 reform,innineteenth-eentury
planning, 22-3 Howard, E., 21, 123, 129-30,
137, 142, 165 Garden Cities o{ Tomorrow,
129 Howe, F. C., 9,17
Indian Amerieans, 61 Indonesia, planning in, 100-1 Infant mortality in
nineteenth-eentury eities, 6
Interaetional density, 58-9 Inter-metropolitan periphery,
45 Internal differentiation in U.S.
eities, 59-63 Israel
absorption of migrants, 107 planning in, 106-g
Jaeger, 1., 91 Janowitz, M., 64 Japan
aeeeierated eentralisation in, 168-9
National Capital Regional Development Law, provisions of, 169
national development polieies, 169-70
urban laws, 169-70 J apanese Amerieans, 6 I Jefferson, M., 97-8 J ewish Amerieans, 6 I Johnson, President L. B., 53-4 Juppenlatz, M., 83
Kampongs, 83 Khorev, B. S., 161 Kinship hypothesis, 32-3 Kitano, H . H. L., 61 Kivell, P. T., 141
INDEX 197
Kohl,]. G., 118, 149 Kristol, I., 54 Kuznets, S., 2
Labour market dynamies in Third W orId urban eeonomies, 93-4
Landseape arehiteeture, 20-1, 125
Lawton, R., 115 Le Corbusier,]., 120, 165
Ville Radieuse, 120
Leaeoek, E., 87 Lenin, V. 1., 155 Lewis, J. W., 105 Lewis, 0., 85 Liehtenberger, E., 115 Life eyde, stages of, 64 Lindbloom, C. E., 72 Lithwiek, N. H., 72 Little, K ., 82 Loealism in U.S., 65 Lugard, F. J. D. (later Lord),
Dual Mandate, 110
McClelland, D. C., 50 MeGee, T. G., 92-3 Maekaye,B.,25 Maine, H., 10 Malaysia, planning in, 102 Mangin, W., 87 Marris, P., 94 Material density (population
concentration), 58 Mayhew, H., 129 Meiser, R. L., 58 Melting-pot
in South Africa, 109-14 in U.S., 59-64
Mental disorders, frequeneies of, in U.S., 58
Merlin, P., 152 Metropoles d'equilibre
(Franee), 152
198 INDEX
Metropolitan area eoneept, 27-8 eoneentration in
twentieth-eentury U.S., eonsequenees of, 27-35
growth, changing nature of, in U.S.,46
influence, eores of, in U.S., 45 Mexiean Arnericans, 6 I Migrant subeultures in Third
World,82 Migrants, farm, in U.S., 46 Migration
eityward,5 eonsequenees of, in Third
World,80-3 nature of, in Third World
urbanisation, 80 rate of farm population, 46 smaller eities as staging
points in, 5 theory, eonventional,
defieieney of, 8 1-2 Milgram, S., 3 I Military juntas, 79 Miller, j., 44 Mills, E., 45 Miner, H., 82 Modemisation,
nineteenth-eentury,4 Moore, J. W., 61 Mosaie eulture
eriminal subeultures in, 66 life styles in, 64-6
Mumford, L., 25, 146 Munieipal-Ievel planning in
Third W orld, 104-5 Mutual aid networks in Third
World cities, 94
National Association of Real Estate Boards, 70
National Conferenee of City Planning (1909), 24
'National Society', emergenee of, in U.S., 49, 54
Neighbourhood niehes, homogeneity of, in U.S., 51
'Neighbourhood unit' eoneept in U.S.,69
Neighbourhoods, U.S. boundaries of, 63 defended, 64 mental map of, 63 raeial separation of, 52-3
Netherlands planning in, 153-4 polyeentrie 'eoneentrated
deeoneentration' poliey, 154
Randstad, 153-4 role of amenity, 153
New eities, population strueture of, nineteenth-eentury, 6
'New town blues' in the U .K., 138
NewTowns, Britain's, 128-41 assessed, 136-9 impact on deeentralisation,
137 new trends and polieies,
139-41 oceupational strueture of,
139 post-war plans, 13 1-5 spatial segregation of housing
types in, 139 NewTownsMovement, 123 New York State Tenement
Housing Law (1901), 23 Nineteenth-eentury growth
salient features of, 3 urbanisation, scale and eauses
Of,2-4 Nixon, President R . M ., 70-1 Non-industrial countries
eonditions in cities of, 78
old institutional structures in, importance of, 78
urban fertility in, 78 Normative goal-oriented
planning, 179
Olmsted, F. L., 20, 21 OREAM (France),
establishment of, 152 Osborn, F. J., 26, 130 Owen, R., 129
Packard, V., 47, 57 PADOG (France), 150-1 Pahl, R. E., 138 'Parasitic cities', 99 Paris, growing concern with
problems of, 150-1 Park, R. E., 17, 18, 5g-60, 121 Perevedentsev, V. V., 161-2 Perry, C., 69,137,146 Pinkney, A., 61 Planning
modes of allocative trend-modifying (regulatory), 178-9
ameliorative problem-solving (reactive), 178
exploitive opportunity-seeking (entrepreneurial), 179
normative goal-oriented (future-oriented), 179
municipal-Ievel, in Third World, 104-5
professionalisation of, 23-6 'reactive', 'curative', focus of,
178 styles, long-range results of,
179 urban, roots of, in
nineteenth-century, 15-26
INDEX 199
Pluralism problem in U .S., 71-3
Polarisation patterns in U.S., 53 Policy
formulation of, 178 planning models, 172
Population mobility in U .S., 47 Poverty, culture of, traits of,
85-7 'Preferential axes' concept in
France, 151 'Primacy'
idea of, in Third World, 97-8 reasons for, 99
'Private cities', 99 'Privatism' tradition in
America, 26 Progressive thought
ideologists' beliefs, 17 in nineteenth-century urban
planning, 17-20 Proletarias, 83 Public involvement tradition of
Europe, 123-4 Purdom, C. B., 26, 130
Quandt,J.,17
Racial discrimination in U.S., 52-3 separation of neighbourhoods
in U.S., 53 Ranchos, 83 Randstad, 153-4 'Rank-size distribution' of
cities,97 Rasmussen, S. E., 144-5 Redfield, R., 82 Regional planning, see
respective countries Reissmann, L., 23 Reith, Lord, 131 Reith Committee, 137
200 INDEX
Revolution of rising expectations in Third World,78
Robson, B. T., 130 Rochefort, M., 151 Rodwin, L., 180 Roosevelt, President F. D., 67 Rosser, C., 89 Rowntree, S., 129 Royce, J., 17 Rural traditions, continuity of,
in Third W orld cities, 82
Sanitary Reform Movement in U.K., 121
Satellite cities,26 communities, as unified
settlements in Sweden, 146-7
'Satisficing' solutions, notion of, in planning, 167
Segmental society, in nineteenth-century cities, 10
Servan-Schreiber, J.-J., 55-6 Scale and mobility in social
theory, 56-8 Scale of nineteenth-century
urbanisation, 2-4 Shachar, A. S., 106, 109 Simmel, G., I I
Singapore, 90, 101 Sjoberg, G., 164 Social organisation in
nineteenth century, 17-18 Social philosophers in
nineteenth century, 12-14 Sodal theoretidans in
nineteenth century, 12-14 Sodal theory
interactional density in, 58-9 internal differentiation in,
59-64
scale and mobility in, 56-8 toward a new, 56-66
Socialist directions in planning, 172 Man, the city of, 154-5
Societal scale, increasing, in V.S., 56
South Africa apartheid
city, 112 control via, 110-14 policy of, 11 3
experience of Bantu, I I 1-13 friction theory, 1 IO
growth centres in, 113 urban migration control in,
I I I
Soviet V nion Moscow's growth, official
Soviet policy, 157-8 official policy for urban
growth, 157 planning experience, 155-8 State Planning Commission,
156 urban development,
accomplishments of, 156 conditions affecting, 156-7
Spread effect in regional development, 96
Squatter settlements conventional wisdom about,
83 extent of, 84 functional role of, 87 in Third World, 83-91
Srole, L., 32, 58 Staffelweise mode of internal
migration, 5 'Staging points', smaller dties
as, in migration, 5 Steffens, L., 9 Stein, C., 25, 67, 146 Strong, A. L., 148
Subcultural deviance in U.S., 66
Suburban towns, development of, in nineteenth century, 20
Suburbanisation of white city-dwellers in twentieth-century U.S., 55
Sullivan, F., 91 Sumatra, urban Batak life, 88 Sumner, W. G., I I
Survival economy, maintenance of, in Third W orId, 94
Suttles, G. D., 62-4, 65 Sweden
Master Plan for Stockholm, 146-7
planning achievements in, 145-7
satellite communities, creation of, 146
Systems of cities, 96
Tisdale, H., 27 Third WorId
big-city population of, 74 centralised administration in,
78 dass conflict in, new forms
of,94 development, governmental
nature of, 78-9 diffusion in, 95-9
hierarchieal, 96 imprint of colonialism in, 78 labour market dynamics in
urban economies of, 93-4
migration consequences of, 80-3 nature of,80 research in, 80-3 theory, deficiency of
conventional, 81-2
INDEX 201
planning in, 99-106 municipallevel, 104-5
political circumstances in, 78-9
'primacy' idea of, in 97-8 reasons for, 99
'primate cities' in, 99 rural traditions, continuity
of, in cities of, 82 squatter settlements in, 83
conventional wisdom about,83
extent of, 84 functional role of, 87
survival economy maintenance, 93-4
traditional subcultures in, reinforcement of, 94-5
urban economies absorption of labour in,
91-9 structure of, 91-3
urban growth in, different context of, 74-80
urbanisation, 74-114 contemporary, 75-80 demographie factors in, 80 efforts to control, 80 growth of peripheral urban
settlements,8o-g1 Thomas, R., 137, 138, 139 Tönnies, F., IO
Transitional urban settlements economic levels of, 88 seIf-improving nature of, 90
Tugwell, R. G., 67 Turkey
balanced growth in, idea of, 102
planning in, 101 Turner, ]., 88 Turnham, D., 91 Tweed, B., 18
202 INDEX
Twentieth-century urbanisation, North American experience, 27-73
Uni ted Kingdom air pollution in cities of, 134,
136 Barlow Report, 131 County of London Plan
(1943),13 1 Greenbelt strategy, 131 local-authority housing in,
social impact of, 130-1 local-authority intervention,
evaluation of, 134, 136 'new town blues', 138 New Towns, 128-41
assessment of, 136-9 impact on decen tralisation,
137 New Towns Movement, 123 New trends and policies,
139-41 occupational structure of,
139 post-war plans, 131-5 seIf-containment goal, 138 social balance in, 138 spatial segregation of
housing types in, 139 planning
development controls in, 134, 136
early growth of, 128-3 I effort for London, goals of,
132-4 new trends and policies,
139-41
Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population, 13 1
Sanitary Reform Movement, 121
South-East Study (1964), 141
Strategie Plan for the South-East (1970),141
Town and Country Planning Acts (1941 and 1944), 132
Town and Country Planning Association (1941), 26
Town Planning Act (1909), 26; (1932), 130
Town Planning Institute (1914),26
urban ecology and social structure in nineteenth century, 120-1
White Paper on Central Scotland (1963), 141
V.N. Centre for Housing, Building, and Planning, recommendations of, 90-1
United States acculturation of ethnic
groups, 61-2 age structure of
nineteenth-century cities in, 6-7
American City Planning Institute (1917), 24
American culture, mainstream of, 50
American planning style, 66-73
atrophy of city planning in, 166
Bureau of the Budget, Committee on Metropolitan Area Definition, 28
city, core-oriented, dissolving of,54
communities in isolation of, 59 new fonns of, 62-7
cultural pluralism in, 62 diffusion in, 95-7 ethnic groups, acculturation
(assimilation) of, 61-2 ethnic subcultures in,
cohesiveness of, 33 familism in, 65 familistic areas in cities of, 65 fann migrants in, 46 'footloose' industries, 50 ghettos, 65 Housing
Act (1937), 30 industry, suburban, 51 market, 'filtering' process
in, 52-3 policy, 68-70 programmes, Federal, 69
life cyc1e in, stages of (as de-velopmental process), 64
localism in, 65 megalopolis, 46 'melting-pot', 60-2 metropolitan area(s)
concept of, 27-8 growth of, 46-7 influence, cones of, 45
metropolitan concentration, consequences of, in twentieth century, 25-35
Mosaic culture in, 64-6 National Resources
Committee, Our Cities. Their Role in the National Economy (1937),28-30
'national society' in, emergence of, 49, 54
neighbourhoods in, 63-4 racial separation of, 52-3
INDEX 203
'neighbourhood unit' concept,69
new towns in, 67-8 New York State Tenement
Housing Law (190 I), 23 occupational career
trajectories (as developmental process), 64-5
pluralism, problem of, in, 71-3
Population Growth and the American Future (1972), Commission on, 46
privatism, tradition of, in, 26
Regional Planning Association of America, 25
scale and mobility in, 56-8 suburb, exc1usive,
characteristics of, 65 suburbanisation of white
city-dwellers in twentieth century, 55
transfonnation of cities in nineteenth century, 27
urban change, contemporary, reasons for, 49-56
urban development in, emergence of broader concepts, 70-1
urban growth process, 95-7 self-generated nature of,
47 urban population
centrifugal movement of, 48
changes in reasons for, 48-56
urban problems, emergence of national concern with,28-30
204 INDEX
United States (contd} urban regions
new type of heterogeneity in, 62
in twentieth century, 35-8 urban systems, daily, growth
of,38-48 value systems in, 65 zoning in
as conservative holding operations, 24
as means of protecting property values, 24
for regulating urban development, 24
Unwin, R., 130 Urban
decentralisation, promotion of, in Indonesia, 100-1
development, emergence of broader concepts of, in U.S., 70-1
ecology and social structure in nineteenth-century Britain, 120-1
economies, Third W orld sectors of, 91-2 structure of, 91-3
environment, social fragmentation of, 54
explosion, 38 fields,96 growth policies
goals and objectives in Europe, 142-3
in Canada, 72-3 patterns and social structure,
in Europe, 1 16-23 population
centrifugal movement, 48 in Third World, 74
problems, emergence of national concern in U.S., 28-30
region, new twen tieth -cen tury, 36-55
system, in Europe, changes in, 127
U rbanisation nineteenth-century, 1-26 twentieth-century
divergent paths in, 164-81 North American
experience, 27-73 Third W orld experience,
74-114 U rbanism as a way of life,
14-15 U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union
Valentine, C., 87 Vaughan, R., 115 Vaux, C., 21 VeilIer, L., 23 Vernon, R., 44
Warner, S. B., 166 Weber,A. F., 1,2,20,36,74,
80, 181 The Growth 0/ Cities in the
Nineteenth Century, 20
Weber, M., 11-12 Welfare states of Western
Europe,radicalism of, 17 1
WelIs, H. G., 36-8,46, 119 White, L., 7 White, M., 7 White, W.A., 17 Wiebe, R. H., 17 Wilcox, D. F., 1 1 Wilmott, P., 138 Wirth, L., 14,27,30-5,36,59,
60, 80, 82, 164 evaluation of, 30-5
Wright, F. L., Broadacre City, 120
Wright, H., 25
Yasui, S., 169 Y oung, M., 138
Zehner, R. B., 68
INDEX 205
Zipf, G. K., 97 Zoning, U .S., 24
as conservative holding operation, 24
as means of protecting property values, 24
for regulating urban development, 24
