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Index

Abreu, Marcelo de Paiva, 214 accession, of new members, 41, 52, 57,

251-61 passim ACP,8,49,258, 267,270-1,293 acquis, 40-1 administration, of trade, 224-5,

236-41, 247 AEC,47,48,50, 59,89,90,260,

275-7, 282; and trade, 98, 100, 121, 147, 149, 150

Africa, 5, 9, 88, 92, 115, 147, 149, 177, 195, 196, 234, 260-1, 271, 272, 288, 294 (see also individual entries); Development Bank, 90; North, 47, 270

Agosin, Manuel R., 144 agriculture, 39, 43, 56, 103, 104, 106,

116-17, 122, 137, 172, 210, 211, 227, 234

aid, 266-7, 269, 270 air services, 90, 214, 238 Akrasanee, N., 63 Andean group/Pact, 9, 14, 48, SO,

52-4, 56, 62, 63, 68-71 passim, 75, 77, 89, 90, 92, 221, 223, 228, 232,233,235,241,242,245,246, 254, 266-70, 273-7 passim, 282, 285, 288, 294; and investment, 167, 170, 173, 182-7 passim, 198, 199, 202-3; and labour 216, 219; and negotiations, 256, 258, 259; and services, 214; and trade, 98, 10~ 107, 11~ 111, 11~ 130-1, 142, 148-50 passim, 154; institutions, 238

Angola, 195, 204 ANZCERTA, 47-50 passim, 61, 63, 68,

70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79,89,90,216, 220,222,224,226,275,276,294; and investment, 167, 171-2, 191-2, 197-9 passim; and labour, 216; and services, 213; and trade,

98, 102, 107, 111, 119, 136-7, 149, 150, 156

APEC, 39, 47-50 passim, 58, 61-2, 68-73 passim, 89, 92, 122, 224, 225, 231, 235, 239-40, 244-6 passim, 252, 260, 275-7 passim, 282, 283, 285, 287, 290-2 passim; and investment, 192, 193, 195-7; and services, 216; and trade, 100-1, 121, 147, 149, 150, 161-2

Arab Maghreb Union, 260 Argentina, 143-6 passim, 148, 158,

169, 223, 226-9 passim, 231, 232, 243, 245, 267-8, 273; and Brazil, 52,55, 63,105,123,177-81 passim, 234; and MERCOSUR, 55, 56, 104, 105, 110, 123-9 passim, 152, 177-81, 201, 214, 228, 229, 232-5 passim, 256, 258

Ariff, Mohamed, 75 ASEAN, 31, 47, 48, SO, 59-61 passim,

63, 69, 70, 73, 75, 76, 79, 89, 90, 169, 185, 222, 224, 229-31 passim, 234, 239, 243-5, 258-60 passim, 270, 274-6 passim, 282, 284,286,289,291,292,294;and investment, 167, 172, 173, 187, 192-4, 197-9 passim, 203-4; and services, 215-16; and trade, 98, 102, 107, 109, 111, 119, 122, 135, 137-40, 149, 150, 156-7; institutions, 239

Asia, 5, 20, 22, 29, 32, 38, 60-2 passim, 69, 76,88,92, 175,198,222,228, 240, 250-2, 254, 259-60, 270, 291, 294 (see also individual entries)

Australia, 11, 39, 61, 68, 71, 76, 137, 156,161,171-2, 191-2,231;and New Zealand, 30, 73, 91, 252, 294 (see also ANZCERT A)

Austria, 51, 151, 230

313

314 Index

Bahamas, 153, 158 Baize, Felipe A.M.de Ia, 169 bananas, 99 Bangladesh, 61, 138, 141, 157, 172 banking, 169, 180, 212 banks, regional development, 90, 235 Bannister, Geoffrey, 180 Barbados, 129-30, 153, 158, 170 bargaining power, 38-40, 254 Barshefsky, Charlene, 272 Baumann, Renata, 143 beef, 99, 106, 135 Belgium, 51, 151, 230 Belize, 129, 143, 144, 153, 159 Benelux, 51, 151, 229 Bernal, Richard L., SS, 294 Bhagwati, ]agdish, 76 Black Sea, 49 Bli:imstrom, Magnus, 168 Bogar declaration, 61, 287 Bolivia, 62, 143-6 passim,

148, 159, 197, 218; and Andean Pact, 110, 130, 154, 182-4 passim, 202; and MERCOSUR, 53, 56, 68, 92, 104, 106, 122-8 passim, 147, 152,169,181,202,215,228,235, 256-8 passim, 273

Bora, Bijit, 147, 171-2, 225, 287 border arrangements, 9, 228-30, 248;

Cross-Border Initiative, 271 Botswana, 90, 101, 106, 111, 177, 196,

200,204,231,242 Bouzas, Roberto, 53, 169 Brazil, SS, 62, 72, 101, 143-6 passim,

148,159,198,223,227-35 passim, 269; and Argentina, 52, SS, 63, lOS, 177-81 passim, 214, 215, 234; and MERCOSUR, 56, 69, 71, 104, lOS, 110, 123-9 passim, 152, 169, 177-81 passim, 201, 229, 232-S passim, 242, 243, 245, 255, 256, 258, 273, 285

Breuer, L., SS Brunei, 137-9 passim, 156, 161, 203 Budnevich, Carlos, 214 Burkina Paso, 149 Bunna,S9,243,270,286 business, 217-26 passim, 237, 238,

240, 244-S, 247, 294, 295

Caballeros, Otero R6mulo, 53 CACM, 14, 48, SO, 53, 54, 63, 64, 68,

70, 71, 73, 78,88,89,91,93,219, 221,224,231,238,242,244,245, 256, 267-9, 274-6 passim, 282, 285, 294; and investment, 167, 170-1,182-3,186,188, 191;and labour, 217; and negotiations, 256-9 passim, 264; and services, 214; and trade, 98, 103-4, 107, 110, 111, 119, 131, 142, 149, 150, 154-S; institutions, 238

Cairns group, 264-S Cambodia, 59, 243, 286 Canada, 144,159,161, 176,227;and

Chile, 49, 87, 92, 109, 219, 220, 258, 285; and Mexico, 16, 56-7, 74; and NAFTA, 4, 16, 57, 75, 92, 132, 133, 135, 155, 185, 189, 191, 203, 232, 259; and US, 16, 57, 88, 109,135,188,213,217,227

Caribbean, S, 54, 58, 88, 91, 107, 120, 135, 142-4, 253, 258, 259, 274, 292, 294 (see also CARICOM); and Latin America, 142-3,149,158-61, 178, 179; Basin Initiative, 259

CARICOM, 14, 48, SO, 52, 54-S, 63, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 88, 89, 93, 186-8 passim, 199, 213, 216, 222, 224, 231-3 passim, 242, 245, 246, 273-6 passim, 282, 285, 288; and investment, 167, 169-70, 173, 182;andlabour,217;and negotiations, 256-9 passim, 264; and services, 213; and trade, 98, 104, 110, 111, 118, 122, 129-30, 149, 150, 153-4; institutions, 238-9

CARIFTA, 88 cars, 56, 99, 103, lOS, 110, 111, 125,

126, 128-31 passim, 134, 136, 138, 141, 149, 168, 184, 227-8, 231; Autopact, 227

Cartagena group, 52 Carvalho, Alexandre, 143 Cassim, Rashad, 142 CEFIR, 228 CEFTA, 272 Central African Republic, 149

Central America, 52-4passim, 62, 143, 144, 147, 253, 258, 267, 274

centrally planned economies, ex-, 39, 99, 115

Chad, 149 chemicals, 102, 104, 132, 134, 180,

189, 190 Chia, Siow Yue, 193 Chile, 52, 53, 57, 62, 63, 91, 143-6

passim, 148, 159, 161, 181, 182, 198, 218, 228, 268; and Canada, 49, 87, 92, 109, 219, 220, 258, 285; and MERCOSUR, 56, 68, 71-2, 106, 110, 122-8 passim, 144, 153, 169, 177-9 passim, 181, 202, 215, 237, 243, 256-8 passim, 260, 273, 294; and Mexico, 258; and NAFTA, 20, 144, 255, 256

China, 61, 72, 76, 135, 147, 161, 175, 192, 193, 235, 244, 270, 287

Chudnovsky, Daniel, 129, 177 cigarettes, 103 clothing, 39, 99, 102-3, 109, 110, 125,

134, 135, 142, 184 coffee, 103 Colombia, 52, 55, 62, 142-6 passim,

148,159,253,255, 274;and Andean Pact, 53, 104, 130, 154, 181-4passim, 197,202, 269; and Group of Three, 54, 92, 102-3, 155,171,226,285,286

colonies, 82-4 passim, 99; history, 75, 76,168,213,241,245

COMESA, 47, 73, 92, 260, 271 commitment, 14, 15, 23, 37, 211, 283 common company system, 168, 173 common markets, 8, 51, 55 communications, 6, 209, 211, 212,

227, 267 community, sense of, 74-6 competition/competitiveness, 6, 18,

19, 22, 31, 43, 209, 217-20, 247 complementarity, 22, 24-5, 113 Confederacao Nacional de Industria,

180-1 contlict, 62, 64, 229, 233 Congo, 59, 149; Democratic Republic,

243 construction, 169, 215

Index 315

Contadura group, 52, 54 coordination, macroeconomic, 232-4,

248,253,289 Costa Rica, 103, 145, 154, 159, 183 cross-membership, 91-2, 253-4 Cuba, 53,62,258 culture, 74-6 customs, regulations, 224-5; unions,

8, 14, 16,40,49,51,53,55, 58, 64, 68, 81, 83-4, 87, 91, 93, 107, 111-12, 164,211,220, 250, 255-6, 262-4, 274, 281, 283, 289,294

Cyprus, 51 Czech Republic, 88

de Brun, Julio, 213, 215 debt, 53, 55 decentralization, 34 definition, of region, 5-6, 83 de Melo, Jaime, 23, 29, 49, 76 democracy, 51, 243, 244 Denmark, 51, 151 devaluation, 132, 231 development, 13, 20, 24, 26, 37, 71-2,

77, 226, 234, 235, 284, 288-9; HDI, 70

Devlin, R., 125 disinvestment, 165, 159, 176, 177 dispute procedures, 9, 12, 35, 74, 83,

99, 165, 166, 169, 171-3 passim, 218, 241-2, 294, 295

Djibouti, 149 Dominica, 129-30, 153, 159 Dominican Republic, 159, 198 Drysdale, Peter, 61, 239 dumping, 99; anti-, 16, 56, 111,

219-20, 225, 247, 257

ECCAS, 260 Echavarria, J, 54, 56, 102, 238 ECLAC, 253-4 economies of scale, 7, 9, 18, 23-6

passim, 33, 114, 210, 226 ECOWAS, 260 Ecuador, 62, 136, 143, 148, 159; and

Andean Pact, 53, 104, 110, 130-1, 154, 182-4 passim, 202, 269

education, 19, 33, 40, 213

316 Index

effects, of regions, 28, 37, 39, 41-6, 113-17, 174, 426-8

efficiency, 7, 22-7 passim, 41, 164, 210,222,223

EFTA, 39 Egypt, 260 El Mercurio, 219 El Salvador, 103, 131, 145-6, 155, 159,

197, 259 elasticities, demand/supply, 27, 42 electrical goods, 103, 134 electronics, 110 employment, 132, 134 Endsley, Harry B., 242 energy, 110, 211, 212, 214, 216, 227,

228, 231 environment, 9, 10, 16, 17, 31, 35, 36,

57,90,209,211,220-1,247,253, 255, 288, 292, 294, 295; North American Agreement on Environment Cooperation, 221

establishment, 6, 34, 213, 242 Estevadeordal, Antonio, 104 Europe, Eastern, 47, 51, 62, 69, 85, 87,

88, 99, 265, 266, 272, 293; Western, 175, 198, 242, 294 (see also European Community/ Union)

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 262, 265

European Coal and Steel Community, 6, 51, 227

European Community, 4, 8, 35, 38, 39, 57, 62, 85, 88, 122, 229, 242-3, 266-7; Union, 3-6 passim, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 22, 27, 36, 39, 41, 47-51 passim, 54, 57, 64, 68-77 passim, 87, 89, 91-3 passim, 220-1, 223, 226, 228, 232-7 passim, 258, 261-72, 274-7 passim, 282, 284, 288, 289, 291-6 passim; and ACP, 250, 270-1; and Asia, 270; and investment, 167, 168,173, 191;andlabou~216-19 passim; and Latin America, 258, 266-70, 273; and services, 213; and trade, 97-100, 109, 111, 118, 122, 150-2; common currency, 230, 234, 265; institutions,

236-8, 241, 246; single market, 4, 8, 20, 25, 28, 39,42, 85,122, 225, 294

evolution, 5-6, 10, 26, 35, 45, 251, 291 exchange rates, 24, 33, 165, 173,

230-1, 248 exports, 42, 84, 122-63 passim expropriation, 165, 170, 171 extension, of regions, 13, 15, 24,

251-4

Fawcett, Louise, 45, 175 Ffrench-Davis, R., 52 Finland, 51, 122, 151 fiscal policy, 19, 24, 33, 230-2, 248 fish/fishing, 109, 110, 134, 256 foods, 103, 104, 122, 125-7 passim,

129, 130, 138, 181, 188-90 passim footwear, 103, 104 France, 51, 75, 151, 175 free trade areas, 8, 14, 16, 26-8 passim,

54, 57-9 passim, 61, 64, 68, 83, 84,86,91, 107,108,116,220, 232, 233, 239, 246, 250-6 passim, 260, 268-9, 271, 283, 289

FTAA,47,48,50,57-8,62,63,89,90, 92, 211, 215, 219, 225-6, 240-1, 244, 253, 255-8 passim, 272, 277, 282,285,286,291,292;and services, 216; and trade, 98, 101, 109, 121, 122, 142-50 passim, 158-61

fuels, 125-7 passim, 129, 138, 227 Fundaci6n Invertir Argentina, 177-8

Garay, Luis Jorge, 104 Garnaut, Ross, 61, 239 GATT, 10, 16, 17, 35, 36, 39, 49, 57,

81-90 passim, 108, 115, 165, 209, 210,226,240,241,252,261,264, 292; Article XXIV, 83-8, 251-3 passim, 291, 295; Enabling Clause, 85, 88, 291

geographical factors, 20-1, 36, 66-9, 76, 193

Germany, 49, 51, 122, 151, 175, 230 Gould, David M., 135 'gravity' models, 114, 135 Greece, 51, 151

Grenada, 129-30, 153, 159 Group of Three, 48, SO, 54, 56, 57,

63, 68, 70, 71, 76, 79, 88, 89, 91, 92, 222, 223, 226-8 passim, 242, 255, 259, 260, 275, 276, 282, 285-6, 294; and investment, 167,171,173,191, 199;and labour, 217; and services, 214, 216; and trade, 98, 102-3, 107, 109-11 passim, 119, 136, 142, 149, 150, 155-6; institutions, 239

Guatemala, 104, 131, 145-6, 155, 159, 259

Guyana, 129, 153, 159

Haines-Ferrari, Marta, 237 Haiti, 160 Harriss, Stuart, 240 health factors, 32, 33, 54, 86, 90, 97,

103, 169, 209, 212, 213, 218, 222, 223

Higgott, Richard, 229, 240 Hirst, Monica, 55 Honduras, 53, 104, 155, 160, 259 Hong Kong, 135, 147, 161, 175,

192,231 'hub and spokes' model, 27, 250,

257-8, 271 Hurrell, Andrew, 45, 75, 175

identity, 15, 210, 229, 286 Iglesias, Enrique V., 90 ILO, 34, 292 Imada, Pearl, 63, 75, 224 IMF, 34, 82, 90, 265, 292; Survey,

231 immigration, 217 imports, 41, 42, 122-62 passim;

substitution, 6, 53, 54, 72, 254 income, 20, 22, 28, 41, 67, 71, 163 India, 60, 69, 71, 102, 138, 141, 157,

172, 190, 260 Indian Ocean, 49, 92 Indonesia, 60, 68, 102, 137-9 passim,

147, 156, 161, 192, 193, 203, 229-31 passim, 244

industry, 6, 9, 12, 23, 25, 35, 52, 53, 129, 211, 236

information technology, 100, 227

Index 317

infrastructure, 5, 6, 19, 37, 56, 59, 83, 172, 194, 212,216,226-8 passim, 267

instability, 37, 230, 233, 243-4, 288 institutions, 7, 11, 12, 19, 22-4passim,

29, 35-6, 40, 74, 236-44, 246, 248-9, 265-6, 288, 292

Insulza, Jose Miguel, 215 insurance, 169,180,189,190,212,214 intellectual property, 8, 11, 12, 19, 30,

31,34,36,39,86, 90,209,221-2, 247, 263, 288, 290, 294; TRIPs, 221; WIPO, 265

Inter-American Bank, 90, 108, 109, 124,125,177,180,181,227,228, 232, 264

interest groups, 11, 23, 34, 35, 37, 40, 73-4, 100, 217, 236-8 passim, 245,284

interests, 29-32; common, 3, 26, 31, 36,40,45,46, 60,66-80,91,193, 209, 283, 293

inventory management, 110 investment, 8, 9, 12, 20, 25, 28-32

passim, 35, 43-5 passim, 53, 57, 64, 83, 86, 163-206, 263, 281 (see also under individual entries); Guidelines on Foreign Investment, 169-70; limitations on, 165, 169, 182; MIGA, 166, 169; Non-Binding Investment Principles, 287; repatriation of, 168, 176

IRELA, 177, 225 Ireland, 51, 122, 152 Irwin, D., 49 Israel, 49, 57, 88, 270 Italy, 49, 51, 152 Izam, Miguel, 125

Jamaica, 129, 144, 153, 160, 170 Japan, 29, 39, 61, 72, 161, 175, 191-3

passim, 235, 270

Kelegama, Saman, 135 Kokko, Ari, 168 Kouparitsas, Michael A., 135 Krugman, Paul, 23, 29 Kumar, Sree, 224

318 Index

labour, 6, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 35, 36, 43, 51,57, 163,194,209,211,212, 216-19, 236, 238, 247, 255, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295; North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation, 218-19

LAFTA,S2, 53,88 LAIA,47, 48, SO, 52, 88, 89,91-3

passim, 98, 142, 150, 200, 257-9 passim, 269, 275, 276, 282

Laird, Samuel, 42 language, 6, 114 Laos, 59 Latin America, S, 6, 8, 29, 32, 38, 49,

52-4,58,71, 75, 76, 84-5,87,88, 91, 93, 219, 222, 225, 230, 234, 242, 250-1, 253, 254-9, 266-70, 283, 288, 294 (see also individual entries); and Caribbean, 142-3, 149, 158-61, 178, 179; and investment, 173, 175, 176, 181, 182, 197-8; and trade, 120, 122, 130-1, 158-61

law/legal systems, 74, 82, 164, 168, 211, 247

leather, 103, 181 Lesotho, 205, 220, 243, 263 liberalization, 14, 17-19 passim, 22,

24,27,41,82, 100,212,214, 288-90

linkages, economic, S, 7-9 passim, 11, 12, 23, 41, 74, 209-450, 281-2; academic, 245; military/security, 75, 242-4

Lipsey, Richard G., 54-7 passim, 102, 169, 238

Lome Convention, 8, 17, 39, 49, ss, 88, 91, 92, 99, 106, 109, 226, 250, 258, 266, 267, 270-2 passim, 291

Lopez, David, 177, 242 Lowe, Michele, A.M., 267 Lucangeli, Jorge, 168, 178, 180, 214,

232

Machado, ]oao Bosco, 223-S passim machinery, 104, 134 Madagascar, 69 Malawi, 106, 142, 149, 158, 205

Malaysia, 137-9 passim, 147, 156, 161, 192, 193, 204, 229-31 passim, 244, 245

Maldives, 141, 157 Maletta, H., 228 Mangkusuwondo, Suhadi, 60 Manila Action Plan, 100 manufactures/manufacturing, 42, 103,

116, 122, 125-8 passim, 130-1, 137, 138, 141-4 passim, 149, 180, 188-91 passim

Marshall Plan, S 1 Mauritius, 59, 69, 101, 158, 205 Mediterranean countries, 49, 68, 99,

270 Meller, Patricio, 54-7 passim, 102, 169,

238 MERCOSUR, S, 14, 16, 20, 28, 29,

39,40,48, SO, 52, SS-6, 58, 64, 68-78, 88-93 passim, 220, 222-9 passim, 232, 234, 235, 242, 243, 245, 246, 253, 274-7, 282-S passim, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294; and EU, 240, 258, 267-70, 272; and investment, 167-9 passim, 173, 177-81, 185, 187, 198, 199, 201-2; and labour, 216-19 passim; and negotiations, 255-60 passim, 264, 273; and services, 214-15; and trade, 98, 104-7, 110-12 passim, 118, 122-9, 135, 142-50 passim, 152-3, 211; Colonia Protocol, 168; institutions, 237-8, 240

metals, 134, 180 Mexico, 39, 52, 54-7 passim, 62, 109,

14~ 14~ 160, 161, 171, 181, 18~ 234, 257-60 passim, 264, 268-9, 27 4; and Group of Three, 54, 71, 76,92, 102-4,226,227,28S;and NAFTA, 16-17,38,52,74-6,88, 91-3 passim, 103, 111, 132-6 passim, 155, 171, 184, 189, 191, 203, 213-14, 227, 232, 253, 284, 288; and US, 38, 56-7, 62, 188, 213, 217-19, 228, 229, 231, 259

MFN treatment, 10, 61, 82, 83, 85-7 passim, 93, 99, 100, 102, 107,

108,165,171,172,213,214,240, 252,290,291

Middle East, 47, 88, 270 migration, 218, 219, 253, 294 military factors, 75, 38, 62-4, 242-4 mining, 169, 171, 181, 211, 228 Molot, M., 57 monetary policy, 19, 24, 33, 51 Morocco, 270 Mortimore, Michael, 227 motives, 6-12, 14-46 passim, 64, 281 Mozambique, 106, 141, 142, 149, 158,

205, 243 Multifibre Arrangement, 99, 103 multilateralism, 4, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21,

254, 261-5, 289-93 multinationals, 4, 10, 32, 165, 166,

175, 180

Nadal, Edel Alejandro, 221 NAFTA, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 17, 20, 31, 39,

48, so, 52, 56-7, 61, 62, 68-76 passim, 79, 85, 88-93 passim, 221-3, 226-32 passim, 234, 235, 239, 241-2, 245, 261, 264, 275, 276,282,284,285,288,289,291, 293, 294; and investment, 167, 171, 173, 184-91, 198, 199, 203; and labour, 217-19 passim; and negotiations, 255, 256, 258-60 passim; and services, 213-14, 216; and trade, 98, 103, 107, 109-11 passim, 117,119,131-6,144,147, 149, 150, 155; institutions, 239

Namibia, 90, 92, 106, 177, 195, 196, 201, 205, 274

national treatment, 213, 214, 226, 253,290,294

Naya, Seiji, 63, 75, 224 Ndlela, Daniel B., 228 Nepal, 141, 157 nesting, 34, 250, 251, 260 Netherlands, 51, 152, 230 Neto, Raul de Gouvea, 180 New Zealand, 30, 39, 61, 68, 76, 137,

156, 161, 171-2, 191-2 (see also Australia)

Nicaragua, 88, 104, 131, 145-6, 155, 160

NICs, 29, 193, 194 Nigeria, 195

Index 319

Nogueira, Uziel, 104, 217 non-members, 9, 10, 17, 37, 43, 44,

84, 92, 251, 253, 290 non-tariff barriers, 6, 8, 9, 27, 31, 36,

97, 102, 103, 164, 210, 211

OAS, Compendium, 53, 57, 103, 105, 169-71 passim, 213,214,217, 218, 221-3 passim, 226, 227, 235, 274

objectives, 6-12, 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 100-1, 281, 283

obligations, legal, 81-93 OECD,39, 166,168,267 Oman, Charles, 10, 23, 56, 284 OPEC, 263, 264 open regionalism, Asian, 25 1-2;

ECLAC, 253-4 overlaps, 19, 34, 62, 91, 250, 253, 277

Pacific, 20, 61-2, 88, 91, 271 Paine, M., 74 Pakistan, 60, 101-2, 157, 172 Palmeter, D., 108-10 passim Panagariya, Arvind, 23, 29, 49 Panama, 54, 62, 143, 160, 181 paper, 104, 134 Paraguay, 143, 145, 160, 187, 269;

and MERCOSUR, 55, 104, 105, 110, 123, 125-8 passim, 153, 178-81 passim, 201, 220, 228, 232,243,285

Parra, Antonio R., 165, 171 performance criteria, 170, 171 permanence, 5, 26, 35, 45, 245 Peru, 55, 61, 62, 104, 143-5 passim,

148, 160, 181, 260; and Andean Group, 53-4, 130, 136, 154, 182-4 passim, 202, 269

petroleum products, 103 Philippines, 76, 102, 138-9, 147, 15 7,

162, 204 plastics, 103, 104, 134 political factors, 6, 12, 18, 22, 29, 34,

36, 37, 40, 59, 64, 72-4, 85, 91, 244-5, 270

population, 67, 69-70

320 Index

Porta, Fernando, 129, 177 Portugal, S 1, 152 potential members, 12, 250-4 preconditions, 12, 73-6 preferences, 8, 27, 49, 59-61, 82-4

passim, 91, 99, 106-9 passim, 130, 252,258,269;GSP,8, 16,56, 103, 210,218,273

Primo Braga, Carlos, 213, 215 printing products, 134 private sector, 10, 211, 238

(see also business) privatization, 177, 181 procurement, public, 57, 107, 164,

169,209,210,226,247,290 profits, 31; remittance of, 165, 168-71

passim protection, 8, 23, 41, 43, 44, 49, 52,

56, 57, 84, 86, 106, 116-17, 227-8, 233, 291, 293

protocols, special, 99, 106, 210

quotas,99, 101,104,106,109,217

reciprocity, 86, 251 recognition, international, 17, 39 regulation, 4, 9, 12, 17-19 passim, 22,

23, 31-3, 35-6, 40, 41, 44, 51, 81-93, 165-73, 236, 261, 290-2 passim

research, 228, 238, 245 Retout, Oliver, 267 revenue, customs, allocation of, 15,

16, 58, 111-12,232, 234-S Rio group, 53, 267 Rowat, Malcolm, 220 rules of origin, 52, 84, 86, 91, 99,

107-11,134-5,215,227,260,291 rum, 99 Russia, 61

SAARC, 48, SO, 60-1, 63, 69-71 passim, 73, 76, 79, 89, 90, 199, 234, 239, 260,275,276,282,283,286,294; and investment, 167, 172, 186, 194; and services, 216; and trade, 98, 101-2, 107, 110, 111, 120, 140, 141, 149, 150, 157; institutions, 239

SACU, S, 14, 15, 17, 48-51 passim, 58, 69, 71, 76, 77, 89-93 passim, 211, 218, 220, 222, 230-2 passim, 234-S, 237, 242, 245, 246, 273, 275,276,282,284,288,294,297; and investment, 167, 168, 173, 176-7, 186, 196, 198-201 passim; and negotiations, 260-1, 263-4; and services, 213, 216; and trade, 98, 106, 107, 111; institutions, 237

SADC, 39, 47, 48, SO, 59, 63, 64, 68-73 passim, 76, 79-80, 89, 92, 228, 239, 243-6 passim, 258, 271, 275, 276, 282, 283, 286-7, 289, 294; and investment, 167, 172-3, 176-7, 186, 194-6, 199, 204-6; andlabour,217;and negotiations, 260-1; and services, 216; and trade, 98, 101, 107, 111, 120, 141-2, 149, 150, 158, Protocol, 101, 109, 224, 239

SADCC, 59, 63, 76, 283 safeguards, 52, 56, 103, 104, 106, 111 safety, 32, 97, 212, 213, 218, 222, 223 SAFTA,256 Sanahuja, Jose Antonio, 269 Schiff, Maurice, 38, 42, SS Schott, Jeffrey]., 242 sectoral policy, 226-8, 247 security factors, 6, 38, 57, 58, 62-4

passim, 75, 85, 103, 212, 227, 242-4, 283, 286

sensitivity, 101, 102, 227, 269 Serra, Jaime, 251 services, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 34,

36, 42, s 1, 54, 56, 60, 83, 86-7, 164, 166, 169-71 passim, 173, 180, 188-90 passim, 209, 212-16, 256, 261, 263, 264, 291, 294; financial, 171, 180, 211-15 passim, 295; GATS, 166, 168, 170-2, 212-14 passim, 216,240,247

Seychelles, S 9 shipping, 39, 90, 169, 215 Singapore, 60, 70, 137-9 passim, 157,

162, 192, 193, 204, 229, 230, 245, 294

Singer, H., 46

size, of members, 37, 43, 69, 71, 76, 114, 233; of region, 19, 21, 23, 28, 30-1, 33, 69-71, 115

Slovak Republic, 88 Smidt, Steffen, 266, 267 social factors, 211, 218, 219, 244-5,

289 Soesastro, H., 61 Somalia, 149 South Africa, 63, 71, 76, 90, 168, 172,

173, 263, 264; and EU, 73, 92, 271; and SACU, 15-17 passim, 58, 69, 106, 111, 176-7, 194-6, 201, 211,213,216,220,232,235,237, 242, 263, 273-4; and SADC, 39, 59, 63, 69, 73,141,142,158,205, 239,243,286

South Korea, 72, 135, 147, 162, 270 sovereignty, 7, 11, 18, 19, 23, 36,

37, 236 Spain, 51, 152 specialization, 26, 117 Sri Lanka, 61,138,141,157,172 stability, 37, 72-3, 232-4, 284, 288,

295 standards, 6, 9, 10, 31, 32, 34, 36, 54,

83, 86, 97, 99-101, 209, 211, 222-4, 247, 290

statistical levy, 1 OS steel, 104, 227 Stiftel, D., 63 stock markets, 169 St Vincent, 129-30, 154, 160 subsidies, 8, 16, 99, 105, 232, 235, 257 sugar, 99, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110,

129, 227-8 Suriname, 160 Swaziland, 106, 177, 201, 205 Sweden, 51, 152 Switzerland, 20

Taiwan, 61, 72, 76, 135, 147, 162, 193 Tan, Kong Yam, 60 Tanzania, 101, 149, 158, 195, 205, 239 tariffs, 6, 8, 14, 24, 26-7, 31, 36, 40,

43, 44, 58, 71, 81-4 passim, 90, 93, 97,99-107 passim, 111-12, 125,130,131,211,252,256,283, 292; common external, 36, 53,

Index 321

54, 56, 103-6 passim, 125, 230-5 passim, 237, 256, 264; CEPT, 102

tastes, 18, 30 Tavares de Araujo Jr, 220 taxation, 6, 31, 33, 111,230-2

passim technical assistance, 225, 235, 268 technology, 21, 24, 28, 29, 194 telecommunications, 32, 34, 103, 105,

169, 214, 215, 260 Teunissen, Jan Joost, 52 textiles, 99, 102-4 passim, 109, 110,

134, 135, 142, 180, 227; International Textiles and Clothing Bureau, 264

Thailand, 137-9 passim, 147, 157, 162, 192, 193, 204, 229, 231

Tineo, Luis, 220 Togo, 149 tourism, 213, 215, 217, 245 trade, 3, S-9 passim, 11, 12, 14, 22-33

passim, 35, 37, 42, 45, 57, 58, 64, 68, 71, 74, 81-90, 97-162, 210, 283, 289-90; creation, 19-20, 22, 24, 27, 41-4, 82, 84, 113, 116, 117, 123, 163, 194; diversion, 9, 19-20, 23, 24, 27, 41-4, 60, 82, 84, 85, 108, 116, 117, 122, 123, 125, 134-5, 163, 194, 213, 215, 251, 290, 292; facilitation, 100-1, 224-6; (see also under individual entries)

trade unions, 218 training, 40, 218 transfers, 15-16, 56, 58, 234, 248 transition periods, 86, 87, 100, 103-6

passim, 215, 234, 283-4 transport, 6, 21, 32, 34, 68-9, 114,

116,141,177,209,211-15 passim, 227, 228, 267

treaties, 165; Asuncion, 55, 220; Rome, 263

Trinidad and Tobago, 129, 143, 144, 154, 160

Tunisia, 270 Turkey, 74

Uganda, 149 UK, 51, 122, 152, 175, 192

322 Index

UNCTAD, 25, 165, 168, 174, 176, 181, 192, 194-6 passim

UN, 165, 166, 265 UN ECLAC, 46, 52, 54, 103, 104, 108,

109, 143, 170, 217, 219, 238, 242, 253

United States, 11, 29, 39, 49, 54, 61, 75, 85, 101, 142, 144, 160, 162, 175, 182, 184-93, 222, 224-6, 244; and EU, 85; and FTAA, 144, 198, 256, 257; and Mexico, 56, 74, 92, 103, 134, 188, 191, 213-14, 217, 229, 235, 259; and NAFTA, 4, 16, 17, 56-7, 69, 71, 92, 132-6 passim, 155, 171, 184, 203, 213-14, 217, 232, 284; and regions, 72

Uruguay, 143-6 passim, 160; and MERCOSUR, SS, 104, lOS, 110, 123-8 passim, 153, 178-80 passim, 201, 215, 220, 285

Uruguay Round, 3, 4, 9, 17, 31, 32, 38, 39, 83, 86, 108, 165, 210, 218, 221,223,226,241,261-4 passim, 291

USITC, 117, 122, 132, 134, 213

van Klaveren, Alberto, 56 Vega Canovas, Gustavo, 54 Veiga, Pedro da Motta, 225 Venezuela, 52-S passim, 142, 143,

146,148,161,253,255,258,259, 274; and Andean group, 53, 104, 130,131,136,154,182,183,202, 269; and Group of Three, 54, 92, 102-3, 136, 156, 226, 227, 285, 287

Vietnam, 59, 61, 137, 157, 162, 193, 204

Viner, jacob, 41, 51, 66, 68, 81-8 passim, 107, 224-S

war prevention, 51, 242-4 Weibe, M., 63, 221 wheat, 103, lOS, 106, 129, 227 Winters, L. Alan, 38, 43, 51, SS,

220,236 withdrawal provisions, 51, 53, 236,

238, 239 wood, 103,134,180,221,256 wool, 104 World Bank, 24, 25, 28, 82, 90, 165,

166,168,169,265,292,294 WTO, 3, 4, 6, 8-10 passim, 16, 19,

31, 32, 34-6 passim, 39, 68, 69, 81-90, 99, 100, 108, 115, 166, 209-11 passim, 223, 224, 226, 239-41 passim, 251, 252, 260-S, 273, 283, 289-92 passim, 295

Wyatt-Walter, A., 175

Yamazawa, lppei, 287 Yeats, Alexander, 125 Yushang Wang, 235

Zahler, Roberto, 214 Zambia, 92, 106, 142, 149, 158,

205, 274 Zedillo, Ernesto, 264 Zimbabwe, 106, 141, 142, 149, 158,

172,173,195,196,205,243 Zormelo, Douglas, 29, SS, 73, 124,

237, 257, 264