REFERENCES

Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. 1981. Infectivity and effectiveness of five endomycorrhizal

fungi: Competition with indigenous fungi in field soils. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 32: 621-

630.

Abbott, L.K., Robson, A.D. and De Boer, G. 1984. The effect of phosphorus on the formation

of hyphae in the soil by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus

fasciculatum. New Phytol., 97: 437-446.

Abd-Alla, M.H. 1994. Use of organic phosphorus by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae.

Boil. Fertil. Soils, 18: 216-218.

Abd-Ellatif, S.A., Rahman, R.A.A., Mazen, M.B.H., El-Enany, A.E. and Allam, N. 2012.

Biotechnological aspects for VAM aseptic mass production. World Appl. Sci. J.,

17(1): 20-28.

Abdul-Wasea, A., Khalid, A. and Elhindi, M. 2011. Alleviation of drought stress of Marigold

(Tagetes erecta) plants by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi J. Biol. Sci.,

18(1): 93-98.

Abou El-Yazeid, A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Mady, M.A. and Moussa, S.A.M. 2007. Enhancing

growth, productivity and quality of squash plants using phosphate dissolving

microorganisms (Biophos-phor®) combined with boron foliar spray. Res. J. Agric.

Biol. Sci., 3: 274-286.

Aboul-Nasr, A. 1996. Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on Tagetes erecta and

Zinnia elegans. Mycorrhiza, 6: 61-64.

Acosta-Martinez, V. and Tabatabai, M.A. 2000. Enzyme activities in a limited agricultural

soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 31: 85-91.

Adesmoye, A.O., Torbert, H.A. and Kloepper, J.W. 2009. Plant growth-promoting

rhizobacteria allow reduced application rates of chemical fertilizers. Microbiol. Ecol.,

doi:10.1007/s00248-009-9531.

Adholeya, A. and Gaur, A. 1994. Estimation of VAM fungal spores in soil. Mycorrhiza

News, 6: 10-11.

Adriano-Anaya, M.L., Salvador-Figueroa, M., Ocampo, J.A. and García-Romera, I. 2006.

Hydrolytic enzymes production in maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

roots inoculated with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Glomus intraradices.

Soil Biol. Biochem., 38: 879 88

Aggarwal, A., Parkash, V. and Mehrotra, R.S. 2006. VAM fungi as biocontrol agents for soil

borne plant pathogens. In: Plant Protection in new Millennium (Eds.) Gadewar, A.V.

and Singh, B.P., Satish Serial Pub. House, New Delhi, India, pp. 131-147.

Aggarwal, A., Prakash, V., Mehrotra, R.S., Gupta, A. and Kaushish, S. 2007. Vesicular

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: Modern research trends and future prospects. In: The

Mycorrhizae, Diversity, Ecology and Application (Eds.) Tiwari, M. and Sati, S.C.,

D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital. pp. 102-126.

Aggarwal, A., Kadian, N., Karishma, Neetu, Tanwar, A. and Gupta, K.K. 2012. Arbuscular

mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress. J. Appl. Nat. Sci., 4(1): 144-

155.

Aggarwal, A., Kumar, A., Mangla, C. and Tanwar, A. 2011. Mass multiplication of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for sustainable agriculture: An appraisal. In: Advances

in Botany, (Eds.) Yimala, Y., Trivedi, P.C. and Govil, C.M., Pointer Publishers,

Jaipur, India, pp. 279-297.

Aggarwal, A., Tanwar, A., Neetu, Mehrotra, R.S. 2012. Taxonomy of Arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi with special refernce to Glomus species: A review. Microbial

Diversity and Functions, (Eds.) Bagyaraj, D.J., Tilak, K.V.B.R. and Kehri, H.K.,

NIPH, Delhi, pp. 39-94.

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). 2014.

Ministry of commerce and industry. Government of India. http://www.apeda.gov.in/

apedawebsite/index.asp

Ahi, P., Voisard, C. and Defago, G. 1986. Iron bound siderphores, cyanic acid and antibiotics

involved in suppression of Thielaviopsis basicola by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain.

J. Phytopathol., 166: 121-134.

Ahirwar, J.R. 2013. Socio-religious importance of plants in Bundelkhand region of India.

Res. J. Recent Sci., 2: 1-4.

Ajith, P.S. and Lakshmidevi, N. 2010. Effect of volatile and non volatile compounds of

Trichoderma spp. against Colletotrichum capsici incitant of Anthracnose on Bell

peppers. Nature, 8(19): 265-269.

Al-Raddad, A.M. 1995. Mass production of Glomus mosseae spores. Mycorrhiza, 5: 229-231.

Alexander, C.E. 1987. Mycorrhizal infection in adult orchids. In: Mycorrhizae in Next

Decade-Practical Applications and Research Priorities, (Eds.) Sylvia, D.M., Hung,

L.L. and Graham, J., IFAS, Univ. Florida, Gainnerville, Florida, U.S.A., pp 452.

Alexander, C., Alexander, I.J. and Hadley, G. 1984. Phosphate uptake by Goodyera repens in

relation to mycorrhizal infection. New Phytol., 97: 401-411.

Alexander, C. and Hadley, G. 1983. Variation in symbiotic activity of Rhizoctonia isolates

from Goodyera repens mycorrhizae. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 80: 99-106.

Al-Garni, S.M.S. 2006. Increased heavy metal tolerance of cowpea plants by dual inoculation

of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixer Rhizobium. Afr. J. Biotechnol.,

5: 133-142.

Alguacil, M., Del, M., Diaz-Pereira, E., Caravaca, F., Frenandez, D.A. and Roldan, A. 2009.

Increased diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long term field experiment

via application of organic amendments to a semiarid degraded soil. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., 75(13): 4254-4263.

Alka, S., Jitendra, K. and Pushpendra, K. 2006. Petal senescence and flower quality of

gladiolus cut spikes as influenced by plant growth regulators and sucrose . J. Orna.

Hortic., 9(3): 188-191.

Al- Karaki, G.N. 2002. Growth, sodium and potassium uptake and translocation in salt

stressed tomato. J. Plant Nutr., 23: 369-379.

Al-Karaki, G.N. 2006. Nursery inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and

subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water. Sci. Hortic., 109: 1 7.

Allen, M.F. and Boosalis, M.G. 1983. Effects of two species of VA mycorrhizal fungi on

drought tolerance of winter wheat. New Phytol., 93: 67-76.

Allen, M.F., Moore, T.S. and Christensen, M. 1980. Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua

gracilis infected by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Cytokinin increases in the host

plant. Can. J. Bot., 58: 371-374.

Allen, M.F., Smith, W.K., Moore, T.S. and Christensen, M. 1981. Comarative water relations

and photosynthesis of mycorrhizal Bouteloua gracilis. New Phytol., 88: 683-693.

Allen, M.F., Moore, T.S. and Christensen, M. 1982. Phytohormone changes in Bouteloua

gracilis infected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza: Altered level of gibberellins like

substances and abscissic acid in the host plant. Can. J. Bot., 60: 468-471.

Altomare, C., Norvell, W.A., Bjorkman, T. and Harman, G.E. 1999. Solublization of

phosphates and micronutrient by plant growth promoting and biocontrol fungus

Trichoderma harzianum strain 1295-22. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65: 2926-2933.

Amaya-Carpio, L., Davies, F.T. and Arnold, M.A. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,

organic and inorganic controlled-release fertilizers- effect on growth and leachate of

container grown bush morning glory (Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa) under high

production temperature. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 130: 131-139.

Amaya- Carpio, L., Davies, F.T., Fox, T. and He, C. 2009. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and

organic fertilizer influence photosynthesis, root phosphatase activity, nutrition and

growth of Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Photosynthetica, 47 (1): 1-10.

American, M.R., Stewart, W.S. and Griffiths, H. 2001. Effect of two species of AM fungi on

growth assimilation and leaf water relations in maize (Zea mays). Ann. Appl. Biol.,

63: 73-76.

Ames, R.N. and Linderman, R.G. 1978. The growth of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) as

influenced by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, and

fertility level. Can. J. Bot., 56: 2773-2780

Ames, R.N., Reid, C.P.P., Porter, K.K. and Combardella, C. 1983. Hyphal growth and

transport of nitrogen from two N-labelled sources by Glomus mosseae, a vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 95: 381-396.

Anisha, S. 2011. Application of microorganism compost with nanoparticles of Silver, Humic

acid and Gibberellic acid on vase life of cut Gerbera. J. Orna. Hortic., 1(1): 27-33.

Anisha, P.N., Hegde, R.V., Sreenivasa, M.N., Patil, V.S., Ravikumar, R.L. and Venugopal,

C.K. 2010. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae during secondary hardening of Gerbera.

Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23(5): 762-764.

Anjum, T., Javaid, A. and Shah, M.B.N. 2006. Correlation between plant growth and

arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in some rainy season grasses. Pakistan J. Bot.,

38(3): 843-849.

Anonymous. 1976. The wealth of India: A dictionary of Indian raw material and industrial

products, Publication and Information directorate, New Delhi, India. pp. 1-11.

Anonymous, 2003. Directorate of Floriculture Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore.

Ansari, M.S. and Misra, N. 2007. Miraculous role of salicylic acid in plant and animal

system. Amer. J. Plant Physiol., 2: 51-58.

Arnon, D.T. 1949. Copper enzyme isolated from chloroplasts for polyphenol oxidase in Beta

vulgaris. Plant Physiol., 24: 1-5

Arora, S. 2008. Association of VA mycorrhizal fungi with some liverworts from Mount Abu,

Aravalli Hills, Rajasthan, India. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 38(2): 316-319.

Artursson, V., Finlay, R.D. and Jansson, J.K. 2006. Interactions between arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth.

Environ. Microbiol., 8: 1-10.

Atimanav, G. and Alok, A. 2005. Diverse response of five ornamental plant species to mixed

indigenous and single isolate of arbuscular mycorrhizal incoula in marginal soil

amended with organic matter. J. Plant Nutr., 28: 707-723.

Auge, R.M. 2000. Stomatal behaviour of arbuscular mycorrhizal p lants. In: Arbuscular

Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. (Eds.) Kapulnic Y., Douds, D.D., Kluwer

Academic Press, Dordrecht, Netherland. pp. 201-237.

Auge, R.M., Moore, J.L., Sylvia, D.M. and Cho, K. 2004. Mycorrhizal promotion of host

stomatal conductance in relation to irradiance and temperature. Mycorrhiza, 14: 85-

92.

Auge. R.M., Sylvia, D.M., Park, S.J. Buttery, S.R., Saxton, A.N., Moore, J.L. and Cho, K.

2004. Partitioning mycorrhizal influence on water relation of Phaseolus vulgaris into

soil and plant components. Can. J. Bot., 82: 503-514.

Auge, R.M., Toler, H.D., Moore, J.L., Cho, K. and Saxton, A.M. 2007. Comparing

contributions of soil versus root colonization to variations in stomatal behavio ur and

soil drying in mycorrhizal Sorghum bicolour and Cucurbita pepo. J. Plant Physiol.,

164: 1289-1299.

Auge, R.M., Toler, H.D. and Sams, C.E. 2008. Hydraulic conductance and water potential

gradients in squash leaves showing mycorrhiza-induced increase in stomatal

conductance. Mycorrhiza, 18: 115-121.

Awad, A.R.E., Meawad, A., Dawh, A.K. and El-saka. 1986. Cut flower longevity as affected

by chemical pretreatment. J. Orna. Hortic., 181: 177-193.

Azcón

influence of mycorrhizae on growth and development of microporpagated avocado

plants. Agronomie, 12: 837- 840.

Azcon-Aguilar, C. and Barea, J.M. 1992. Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other

rhizosphere microorganism. In: Mycorrhizal functioning: an integrative plant-fungal

process. (Ed.) Allen, M.J., Chapman and Hall, New York, N.Y., pp. 163-198.

Azcon-Aguilar, C. and Barea, J.M. 1997. Applying mycorrhiza biotechnology to horticulture:

significance and potentials. Sci. Hortic., 68: 1-24.

Aziz, I., Ayoob, M. and Jite, P.K. 2011. Response of Solanum melongena L. to inoculation

with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under low and high phosphate conditions. J. Nat.

Sci. Biol. Med., 3(3): 70-74.

Babaria, A. and Vegda, V. 2012. Ethno-botanical enumeration of angiosperms of Khokhara

hills. Plant Sci., 2(7): 106-111.

Baboo, R. and Singh, R.D. 2006. Response of nitrogen, phosphorus and corm size on

flowering and corm production in Gladiolus. J. Orna. Hortic., 9(1): 66-68.

Baby, U.I. and Manibhushanrao, K. 1996. Influence of organic amendments on arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi in relation to rice sheath blight disease. Mycorrhiza, 6: 201-206.

Bagheri, V., Shamshiri, M.H., Shirani, H. and Roosta, H.R. 2012. Nutrient uptake and

distribution in mycorrhizal Pistachio seedlings under drought stress. J. Agric. Sci.

Technol., 14: 1591-1604.

Bagyaraj, J. 1984. Biological interaction with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In: VA Mycorrhizas.

(Eds.) Powell, C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 131-

153.

Bagyaraj, D.J. and Manjunath, A. 1980. Selection of a suitable host for mass production of

VA mycorrhizal inoculum. Plant Soil, 55: 495-498.

Bagyaraj, D.J., Mehrotra, V.S. and Suresh, C.K. 2002. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal

biofertilizer for tropical forest plants. In: Biotechnology of Biofertilizers. Kluwer

Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 375.

Bajwa, R. and Javaid, A. 2002. Effect of soil sterilization, organic amendments and EM

application on growth, yield and VAM colonization in maize. Pak. J. Phytopath.,

14(1): 62-67.

Bajwa, R., Abuarghub, S. and Read, D.J. 1985. The biology of mycorrhiza in Ericaceae. The

utilization of proteins and the production of proteolytic enzymes by the mycorrhizal

endophyte and by mycorrhizal plants. New Phytol., 101: 469-486.

Baker, K.F. and Cook, R.J. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. (Eds) Freeman,

W.H. and Co, San Francisco, California. p 433.

Balasubranian, J. and Nambisan, K.M.P. 1989. Studies on the combined effect of

Azosprillum, VA- mycorrhizae and inorganic fertilizers on growth and inorganic

fertilizers on growth and performance of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.). South

Indian Hort., 24: 311-312.

Management: Connecting Science and Policy. (Eds.) Toutant, J.P., Balazs, E.,

Galante, E., Lynch, J.M., Schepers, J.S., Werner, D. and Werry, P.A., (OECD),

Germany, pp. 110 125.

Barea, J.M., Azcón, R. and Azcón-Aguilar, C. 2002. Mycorrhizosphere interactions to

improve plant fitness and soil quality. Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol., 81: 343 351.

Barea, J.M. and Jeffries, P. 1995. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in sustainable soil-plant system.

In: Mycorrhiza-structure, Function and Physiology, (Eds.) Varma, A. and Hock, B.,

Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 115-126.

Barea, J.M., Pozo, M.J., Azcon, R. and Azcon-Aguilar, C. 2005. Microbial co-operation in

the rhizosphere. J. Exp. Bot., 56: 1761-1778.

Barna, T. 2002. Mycorrhizal role in afforestation. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica

Hungarica, 49(2/3): 215-226.

Bashan, Y., Holguin, G. and Basahan, L.E. 2004. Azospirillum-plant relationship:

physiological, molecular, agricultural, and environmental advances. Can. J.

Microbiol., 50: 521-577.

Baum, C., Leinweber, P. and Schlichting, A. 2003. Effects of chemical conditions in re-

wetted peats on temporal variation in microbial biomass and acid phosphatase activity

within the growing season. Appl. Soil Ecol., 22: 167-174.

Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. 1970. A mechanism for the production of ethylene from

methional. The generation of the hydroxyl radical by xanthine oxidase. J. Biol.

Chem., 18: 4641 4646

Bécard, G. and Pfeffer, P.E. 1993. Status of nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

during in vitro development. Protoplasma, 174: 62 68.

Becard, G. and Piche, Y. 1990. Physiological factors determining vesicular- arbuscular

mycorrhizal formation in host and nonhost Ri T-DNA transformed roots. Can. J. Bot.,

68: 1260-1264.

Becard, G. and Piche, Y. 1992. Establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in root

organ culture: review and proposed methodology. In: Techniques for the study of

mycorrhiza (Eds.) Norris, J., Read, D. and Varma, A., Academic Press, New York,

pp. 89-108.

Beck-Nielsen, D. and Madsen, T.V. 2001. Occurrence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in

aquatic macrophytes from lakes and streams. Aquatic Bot., 71: 141 148.

Benitez, Tahía, Rincon, Ana, M., Limon, M., Carmen, Codon. and Antonio, C. 2004.

Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. Int. Microbiol., 7(4): 249-260.

Berta, G., Fusconi, A., Trotta, A. and Scannerini, S. 1990. Morphogenetic modifications

induced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus strain E3 in the root system of Allium

porrum L. New Phytol., 114: 207-215.

Berta, G., Trotta, A., Fusconi, A., Hooker. J.E., Munrom, M., Atkinson, D., Giovannetti, M.,

Morini, S., Fortuna, P., Tisserant, B., Gianinazzi-Pearson and Gianinaz, V. 1995.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology

in Prunus cerasifera. Tree Physiol., 15: 281-293.

*Bertheau, Y. 1977. Etudes des phosphatses soluble des endomycorhizaes à vésicules et

arbuscules. D.E.A. Thesis, Universitéde Dijon, France.

Besmer, Y.L. and Koide, R.T. 1999. Effect of mycorrhizal colonization and ethylene

production by snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) flowers. Mycorrhiza, 9: 161-166.

Bever, J.D., Morton, J.B., Antonovics, J. and Schultz, P.A. 1996. Host-dependent sporulation

and species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a movn grassland. J. Ecol.,

84: 71-82.

Bever, J.D., Peggy, A., Schultz, Pringle, A. and Joseph, B.M. 2001. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal

Fungi: More Diverse than Meets the Eye, and the Ecological Tale of Why. Biosci.,

51: 923-932.

Bever, J.D. 2002. Host-specificity of AM fungal population growth rates can generate

feedback on plant growth. Plant Soil, 244: 281 290.

Bhadraiah, B., Kankadurga, V.V., Ramrao, P. and Manoharachary, C. 1999. Effect of VAM

fungi and rock phosphate on phosphatase activities in Terminalia arjuna. Natl. Conf.

on Mycorrhiza Section 3 (Poster): Physiol. Biochem., pp. 5 7.

Bhalla, R., Kanwar, P., Dhiman, P. and Jain, R. 2006. Effect of biofertilizers and

biostimulants on growth and flowering in Gladiolus. J. Orna. Hortic., 9(4): 248-252.

Bhalla, R., Dharma, S., Dhiman, S.R. and Jain, R. 2007. Effect of biofertilizers and

biostimulants on growth and flowering in standard Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus

L.). J. Orna. Hortic., 9(4): 282 -285.

Bhatia, S. and Gupta, Y.C. 2007. Studies on use of biofertilizer in Carnation (Dianthus

caryophyllus L.). Flower Prod., 10(2): 131-132.

Bhatia, S., Gupta, Y.C. and Dhiman, S.R. 2004. Effect of growing media and fertilizers on

growth and flowering of carnation under protected condition. J. Orna. Hortic., 7(2):

174-178.

Bhosale, K.S. and Shinde, B.P. 2011. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on proline

and chlorophyll content in Zingiber officinale and Rose grown under water stress.

Indian J. Fund. Appl. Life Sci., 1(3): 172-176.

Bhowmik, S.N. and Singh, C.S. 2004. Mass multiplication of AM inoculum: Effect of plant

growth-promoting rhizobacteria and yeast in rapid culturing of Glomus mosseae.

Curr. Sci., 86(5): 705-709.

Bidondo, L.F., Pergola, M., Silvani, V., Colombo, R., Bompadre, J. and Godeas, A. 2012.

Continuous and long term monoexenic culture of the arbuscular mycorrhiza l fungus

Gigaspore decipiens in root organ culture. Fungal Biol., 116: 729-735.

Blilou, I., Bueno, P., Ocampo, J.A. and Garcia-Garrido, J. 2000. Induction of catalase and

ascorbate peroxidase activities in tobacco roots inoculated with the arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Mycol. Res., 104: 722-725.

Boby, V.U. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 2003. Biological control of root-rot of Coleus forskohlii Briq.

using microbial inoculants. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 19(2): 175-180.

Boer, W.D., Folman, L.B., Summerbell, R.C. and Boddy. L. 2005. Living in a fungal world:

Impact of fungi on soil bacterial development. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 29: 795-811.

Boerner, R.E.J. 1990. Role of AMF in origin, growth and nutrient uptake by Geranium

robertianum. Amer. J. Bot., 77: 483-489.

Bohra, A., Mathur, N., Bohra, S., Singh, J. and Vyas, A. 2007. Influence of AM fungi on

physiological changes in Terminalia arjuna L. an endangered tree of Indian Thar

Desert. Indian For., 133(11): 1558-1562.

Bolan, N.S. 1991. A critical review of the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of

phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil, 134: 189-207.

Bonfante, P. and Genre, A. 2008. Plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: an evolutionary-

developmental perspective. Plant Sci., 13: 492 498.

Borde, M., Dudhane, M. and Jite, P.K. 2010. AM fungi influences the photosynthetic

activity, growth and antioxidant enzymes in Allium sativum L. under salinity

condition. Nat. Sci. Biol., 2(4): 64-71.

Borie, F., Rubio, R., Rovanet, J.L., Morales, A., Borie, G. and Rojas, C. 2006. Effect of

tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a

Chilean Ultiso. Soil Till. Res., 88: 253-261.

Borochov, A. and Woodson, W.R. 1989. Physiology and biochemistry of flower petal

senescene. Hortic. Environ., 11: 15-43.

Bose, T.K., Yadav, L.P., Pal, P., Das, P. and Parthasarathy, V.A. 2003. Commercial

Flowers.vol II, Naya Udyog. Kolkata, India.

Bowen, J.D. 1987. The biology and physiology of infection and its development. In:

Ecophysiology of VA mycorrhizal plants, (Ed.) Safir, G.R., CRC Press, Inc. Boca

Raton, F1., pp. 27-57.

Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M. and Inzé, D. 1992. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance.

Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 43: 83 116.

Bradford, M. 1976. "A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram

quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding". Ann.

Biochem. 72: 248-254.

Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Upper Saddle River,

NJ. Prentice Hall.

Brennan, T. and Frenkel, C. 1977. Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the regulation of

senescence in pear. Plant Physiol., 59: 411-416.

Breullin F., Schramm, J., Hajirezaei, M., Ahkami, A., Favre, P., Druege, U., Hause, B.,

Bucher, M., Kretzschmar, T., Bossolini, E., Kuhlemeir, C., Martinoia, E., Franken, P.,

Scholz, U. and Reinhardt, D. 2010. Phosphate systemically inhibits development of

arbuscular mycorrhiza in Petunia hybrida and represses genes involved in

mycorrhizal functioning. Plant J., 64: 1002-1017.

Brigitta, S. and Sumalan, R. 2011. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on

ornamental characters of Tagetes patula L. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 15(1): 170-174.

Brown, M.S. and Bethlenfalvay. 1988. The Glycine-Glomus-Rhizobium symbiosis. VI.

Photosynthesis in nodulated, mycorrhizal or N- and P- fertilized soybean plants. Plant

Physiol., 85: 120-123.

Brundrett, M. 1991. Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystem. Adv. Ecol. Res., 21: 271-315.

Brundrett, M. and Juniper, S. 1995. Non-destructive assessment of spore germination of

VAM fungi and production of pot cultures from single spores. Soil Biol. Biochem.,

27: 85-91.

Bucher, M. 2007. Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza

interfaces. New Phytol., 173: 11 26.

Bulut, S. 2013. Evaluation of yield and quality parameters of phosphorous-solubilizing and

N-fixing bacteria inoculated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Turk. J. Agric. For., 37:

545-555.

Cabello, M., Irrazabal, G., Bucsinszy, A.M., Saparrat, M. and Schalamuk, S. 2005. Effect of

an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae and a rock phosphate solubilizing

fungus, Penicillium thomii on Mentha piperita grown in a soilless medium. J. Basic

Microbiol., 45(3): 182-189.

Calvet, C., Pera, J. and Barea, J.M. 1990. Interactions of Trichoderma spp. with Glomus

mosseae and two wilt pathogenic fungi. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 29: 59-66

Calvet, C., Barea, J.M. and Pera, J. 1992. In vitro interactions between the vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and some saprophytic fungi isolated

from organic substrates. Soil Biol. Biochem., 24: 775-780.

Calvet, C., Pera, J. and Barea, J.M. 1993. Growth response of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) to

inoculation with Glomus mosseae, Trichoderma aureoviride and Pythium ultimum in

a peat-perlite mixture. Plant Soil, 148: 1-6.

Camporota, P. 1985. Antagonism in vitro of Trichoderma spp. vis-a-vis Rhizoctonia solani

Kuhln. Agronomie, 5: 613-620.

Cano, C. and Bago, A. 2005. Competition and substrate colonizing strategies of three

polyexnically grown arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycologia, 97(6): 1201-1214.

Cardoso, I.M., Boddington, C., Janssen, B.H., Oenema, O. and Kuyper, T.W. 2003.

Distribution of mycorrhizal fungal spores in soils under agroforestry and

monocultural coffee systems in Brazil. Agric. Syst., 58: 33 43.

Carfantan, N. and Daussant. 1975. Preliminary study of tulip protein during senescence. Acta

Hortic., 41: 31-43.

Caris, CW., Hordt, H.J., Hawkins, V., Romheld and George, E. 1998. Studies of iron

transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae from soil to peanut and sorghum plants.

Mycorrhiza, 8: 35-39.

Carpenter-Boggs, L., Loynachan, T.E. and Stahl, P.D. 1995. Spore germination of Gigaspora

margarita stimulated by volatiles of soil- isolated Actinomycetes. Soil Biol. Biochem.,

27: 1445 1451.

Carrenho, R., Trufem, S.F.B., Bononi, V.L.L. and Silva, E.S. 2007. The effect of different

soil properties on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of peanuts, sorghum and maize.

Acta Bot. Bras., 21: 723-730.

Carvalho, L.M., Correia, P.M., Ryel, R.J. and Martinns- Loucao, M.A. 2003. Spatial

variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in two natural plant communities.

Plant Soil, 251(2): 227-236.

Castillo, C.G., Borie, F., Godoy, R., Rubio, R. and Sieverding, E. 2006. Diversity of

mycorrhizal plant species and AMF in evergreen forest, deciduous forest and

grassland ecosystems of southern Chile. J. Appl. Bot., 80(1): 40-47.

Castillo, C.G. Rubio, F., Borie, F. and Sieverding, E. 2010. Diversity of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi in horticultural production systems of southern chile. J. Soil Sci.

Plant Nutr., 10(4): 407-413.

Celikel, F.G. and Van Doorn, W.G. 1995. Solute leakage, lipid peroxidation and protein

degradation during the senescence of Iris tepats. Physiol. Plant, 94: 514-521.

Chabot, S., Bécard, G. and Piché, Y. 1992. Life cycle of Glomus intraradix in root organ

culture. Mycologia, 84(3): 315-321.

Chaitra, R. 2006. Integrated nutrient management for growth, yield and quality of China aster

(Callistephus chinensis L.) M. Sc. (Agric) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci. Dharwad.

Chakraborty, B.N., Chakraborty, U., Saha, A., Dey, P.L. and Sunar, K. 2008. Screening of

phosphorus solubilizing Aspergillii isolates from soils of North Bengal and their

effects on Soybean. J. Mycol Plant Pathol., 38(2): 227-233.

Chanda, S., Barma, G. and Roychowdhury, N. 2000. Influence of different levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium on growth and flowering of Gladiolus. Hortic. J., 13 (1):

76-86.

Chandini, T.M. and Dennis, P. 2002. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter

decomposition in a Canadian rocky mountain pine forest as affected by N and P

fertilizers. For. Ecol. Manage., 159: 187 201.

Chandra, S., Bandopadhyay, R., Kumar, V. and Chandra, R.O. 2010. Acclimatization of

tissue cultured plantlets: from laboratory to land. Biotechnol. Lett.

(DOI:10.1007/s10529-010-0290-0).

Chandreshekara, C.P., Patil, V.C. and Sreenivasa, M.N. 1995. VA-mycorrhiza mediated P

effect on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at different P levels.

Plant Soil, 176: 325-328.

Chang, D.C.N. 1994. What is the potential for management of vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhizae in horticulture? In: Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture,

Horticulture and Forestry, (Eds) Robson, A.D., Abbott, L.K. and Malajczuk, N.,

Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 187-190.

Charoenpakdee, S., Phosri, C., Dell, B., Choonluechanon, S. and Lumyong, S. 2010.

Compatible arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Jatropha curcas and spore multiplication

using cereal crops. Mycosphere, 1(3): 195-204.

Chaturvedi, S., Mehta, C.M., Singh, S. and Sharma, A.K. 2009. Host influences arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungal diversity. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 39(1): 124-130.

Chaubey, A.K., Singh, H.P., Singh, S.R. and Shahi, U.P. 2008. Impact of paper mill effluent

irrigation on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Wheat (Triticum aestivum). J. Mycol.

Plant Pathol., 38(2): 333-336.

Chaudhary, N., Swaroop, K., Janakiram, T., Biswas, D.R. and Singh, G. 2013. Effect of

integrated nutrient management on vegetative growth and flowering characters of

Gladiolus. Indian J. Hortic., 70 (1): 156-159.

Chauhan, A. and Kumar, V. 2007. Effect of graded levels of Nitrogen and VAM on growth

and flowering in Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.). J. Orna. Hortic., 10(1): 61-63.

Chauhan, S., Kumar, A., Mangla, C. and Aggarwal, A. 2011. Inoculum production of

endomycorrhizal fungi: effect of hosts and substrates in rapid culturing of Glomus

mosseae. Cont. J. Biol. Sci., 4(2): 6-12.

Chauhan S., Kaushik S., Bajaj, N. and Aggarwal, A. 2013. Inoculum production of

Acaulospora laevis using fresh and decomposed Apple pomace as substrate. Int. Res.

J. Biol. Sci., 2(8): 32-36.

Chauhan, S. 2009. Mycorrhizal status of some fruit plants of Himachal Pradesh with special

reference to strawberry. M. Phil Dissertation, Department of Botany, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. pp. 1-80.

Chaurasia, B. and Khare, P.K. 2005. Hordeum vulgare: A suitable host for mass production

of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from natural soil. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 4(1): 45-

53.

Chaurasia, B., Pandey, A. and Palni, S. 2007. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the

Kumaun region of Indian central Himalaya. In: The Mycorrhizae: Diversity, Ecology

and Applications, (Eds.) Tiwari, M. and Sati, S.C., Daya Pub. House, Delhi, pp. 286-

294.

Chen, B.D., Zhu, Y.G. and Smith, F.A. 2006. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on

uranium and arsenic accumulation by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) from

uranium mining impacted soil. Chemosphere, 62: 1464-1473.

Chen, K., Liu, W., Guo, S., Liu, R. and Min, Li. 2012. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in continuous cropping soils used for pepper production. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.,

6(10): 2469-2474.

Chet, I. 1990. Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens. Publ. CAB Edition, pp. 15-26.

Chulan, A. and Omar, M. 1991. Incidence of VAM spores in some Malaysian soils.

Pertanika, 14: 133-137.

Choudhary, M.L. and Prasad, K.V. 2000. Protected cultivation of ornamental crops An

insight. Indian Hortic., 45(1): 49-53.

Chu, I.Y.E. and S.L. Kurtz. 1990. Commercialization of plant mic ropropagation, In:

Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, (Eds.) Ammirato, P.V., Evans, D.A., Sharp, W.R.

and Bajaj, Y.P.S., McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 126-158.

Clarke, R.B. and Zeto, S.K. 2000. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. J.

Plant Nutr., 23: 867-902.

Constanta, A., Vintila M., Lamureanu, G. and Chira, A. 2003. Effect of the storage

technology on the quality maintaining of some cauliflower cultivars. J. Hortic. Sci.

Biotechnol., 17(1): 51-56.

Cook, R. and Baker, K.F. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant

Pathogens, American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, Minnesota. p 539.

Cooper, K.M. 1984. Physiology of VAM associations. In: VA Mycorrhiza. (Eds.), Powell,

C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 155-186.

Copetta, A., Lingua, G. and Berta, G. 2006. Effect of three AM fungi on growth, distribution

of glandular hairs, and essential oil production in Ocimum basilicum L. var. genovese.

Mycorrhiza, 16: 485-494.

Cordell, D., Drangert, J.O. and White, S. 2009. The story of phosphorus: global food security

and food for thought. Glob. Environ. Change, 19: 292 305.

Covacevich, F. and Echeverria, H.E. 2008. Receptivity of an Argentinean pa mpas soil to

arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus and Acaulospora strain. World J. Agric. Sci., 4: 688-

698.

Daft, M.J. and Hacskaylo, E. 1976. Arbuscular mycorrhiza in the anthracite and bituminous

coal waste of Pennsylvannia. J. Appl. Ecol., 13: 523.

Dalpe, Y. and Declerck, S. 2002. Development of Acaulospora rehmii spore and hyphal

swelling under root-organ culture. Mycologia, 94(5): 850-855.

Dalpe, Y. and Monreal, M. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum to support sustainable

cropping systems. Crop Management, doi: 10.1094/CM-2004-0301-09-RV.

Das, P. and Kayang, H. 2010. Mycorrhizal colonization and distribution of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi associated with Michelia champaca L. under plantation system in

Northeast India. J. For. Res., 21(2): 137-142.

De Silva, J.A.T. 2003. The cut flower: postharvest considerations. J. Biol. Sci., 3: 406-442.

De Souza, F.A. and Declerck, S. 2003. Mycelium development and architecture, and spore

production of Scutellospora reticulate in monoxenic culture with Ri T-DNA

transformed carrot roots. Mycologia, 95(6): 1004-1012.

Declerck, S., Cranenbrouck, S., Dalpe Y., Seguin S., Grandmougin-Ferjani A., Fontaine J.

and Sancholle, M. 1999. Glomus proliferum sp. nov.: a description based on

morphological, biochemical, molecular and monoxenic cultivation data. Mycologia,

92: 1178-1187.

-Blanco, M.J. 2002.

Responses of tomato plants associated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Glomus clarum during drought and recovery. J. Agric. Sci., 138: 387-393.

Demir, S. 2004. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on some physiological parameters of

pepper. Turk. J. Biol., 28: 85-90.

Deubel, A., Gransee, A. and Merbach, W. 2000. Transformation of organic rhizodeposits by

rhizoplane bacteria and its influence on the availability of tertiary calcium phosphate.

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 163: 387 39.

Diop, T.A., Plenchette, C. and Strullu, D.G. 1994. Dual axenic culture of sheared root inocula

of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with tomato roots. Mycorrhiza,

5: 17- 22.

Dixon, R.K., Mukerji, K.G., Chamola, B.P. and Kaushik, A. 1997. Vesicular arbuscular

mycorhizal symbiosis in relation to afforestation in arid lands. Ann. For. Sci., 5(1): 1-

9.

Douds. D.D. Jr. 2010. On farm production and utilization of AM fungus inoculum. Organic

Agric., pp. 1-16.

Douds, D.D. Jr., Gadkar. V. and Adholeya, A. 2000. Mass production of VAM fungus

biofertilizers. In: Mycorrhizal Biology (Eds.) Mukerji. K.G., Chamola, B.P. and

Singh. J., New York (NY), Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, pp. 197-215.

Douds, D.D. Jr., Nagahashi, G., Reider, C. and Hepperly. P. 2008. Choosing a mixture ratio

for the on-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixture of compost and

vermiculite. Compost, Sci. Util., 16: 52-60.

Douds, D.D., Jr., Nagahashi, G., Pfeffer, P.E., Kayser, W.M. and Reider, C. 2005. On- farm

production and utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Can. J. Plant

Sci., 85: 15-21.

Douds, D.D. Jr. and Millner, P.D. 1999. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in

agroecosystems. Agric. Eco. Environ., 74: 77-99.

Douds, D.D., Jr., and Schenck, N.C. 1990. Relationship of colonization and sporulation by

VA mycorrhizal fungi to plant nutrient and carbohydrate contents. New Phytol., 116:

621-627.

Druege, U., Zerche, S., Kadner, R. and Ernst, M. 2000. Relation between nitrogen status,

carbohydrate distribution and subsequent rooting of Chrysanthemum cuttings as

affected by pre-harvest nitrogen supply and cold-storage. Ann. Bot., 85: 687 701.

Druege, U., Xylaender, M., Zerche, S. and Von Alten, H. 2006. Rooting and vitality of

poinsettia cuttings was increased by arbuscular mycorrhiza in the donor plants.

Mycorrhiza, 17: 67 72.

Dubey, R.K., Misra R.L., Singh, S.K. and Manisha. 2010. Efficacy of bio-and chemical

fertilizerrs on certain floral qualities of gladiolus. Indian J. Hortic., 67: 382-385.

Dufault, R.J., Phillips, T.L. and Kelly, J.W. 1990. Nitrogen and potassium fertility and plant

population influence field production of Gerbera. Hortic. Sci., 25(12): 1599-1602.

Dugassa, D.G., Grunewaldt-Stocker, G. and Schonbeck, F. 1995. Growth of Glomus

intraradices and its effect on linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in hydroponic culture.

Mycorrhiza, 5(4): 279-282.

*Duponnois, R. 1992. Les bacteries auxiliaries de la mycorrhization on Doughlas

(Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France par Laccaria laccata

Earanna, N., Mallikarjuniah, R.R., Bagyaraj, D.J. and Suresh, C.K. 2001. Response of Coleus

aromaticus to Glomus fasciculatum and other beneficial soil microflora. J. Spices

Aromatic Crops, 10(2): 141-143.

Egert, M. and Tevini, M. 2002. Influence of drought on some physiological parameters

symptomatic for oxidative stress in leaves of chives (Allium schoenoprasum).

Environ. Exp. Bot., 48: 43-49.

Elad, Y. and Chet, I. 1987. Possible role of competition for nutrients in biocontrol of Pythium

damping-off by bacteria. Phytopathol.,77: 190-195.

El-Khateeb, M.A., El-Madawy, E. and El-Attar, A. 2010. Effect of some biofertilizers on

growth and chemical composition of Chamaedorea elegans mart seedlings. J. Hortic.

Sci. Orna. Plant, 2: 123-129.

arbuscular mycorrhizal roots by nutrient film technique as inoculum for field sites;

Anal. Appl. Biol., 104: 437-441.

Elmes, R.P. and Mosse, B. 1984. Vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum

production. II. Experiments with maize (Zea mays) and other hosts in nutrient flow

culture. Can. J. Bot., 62: 1531-1536.

Eman, A.A., Monem, A.E., Saleh, M.M.S. and Mostafa, E.A.M. 2008. Minimizing the

quantity of mineral nitrogen fertilization grapevine by using humic acid, organic and

biofertilizers. Res. J. Agric. Sci., 4: 46-50.

Evelin, H., Kapoor R. and Giri, B. 2009. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt

stress: a review. Ann. Bot., 104: 1263 1280.

Ezawa, T., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A. 2002. Metabolism and transport in AM fungi. Plant

Soil, 244: 221 230.

Ezhilmathi, K., Singh V.P., Arora, A. and Sairam, R.K. 2007. Effect of 5-sulfocylic acid on

antioxidant activity in relation to vase life of gladiolus cut flowers. Plant Growth

Regul., 51: 99-108.

Faber, B.A., Zasoski, R.J., Burav, R.G. and Uriv, K. 1990. Zinc uptake by corn as affected by

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Plant Soil, 129: 121-130.

Facelli, E., Smith, S.E., Facelli, J.M., Christophersen, H.M. and Smith, F.A. 2010.

Underground friends or enemies: model plants help to unravel direct and indirect

effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant competition. New

Phytol., 185: 1050 1061.

Farahani, A., Lebaschi, H., Hussein, M., Shiranirad, A. H., Valadabadi, A.R. and Daneshian,

J. 2008. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, different levels of phosphorus and

drought stress on water use efficiency, relative water content and proline

accumulation rate of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). J. Med. Plants Res., 2(6):

125-131.

Fattah, O.A. 2013. Effect of mycorrhiza and phosphorus on micronutrients uptake by soybean

plant grown in acid soil. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod., 4: 429-437.

Feldmann, F., Hallmann, J., Wagner, S., Long, X.Q., Yang, R., Schneider, C., Hutter, I.,

Ceipek, B., Fan, J., Zheng, X., Wang, C. and Feng, G. 2008. Mycorrhizal fungi as

biological components of the integrated cucumber production (BIOMYC)- promising

results for mycorrhizal technology transfer to horticultural practice. In: Mycorrhiza

Works, (Eds.) Feldmann, F., Kapulnik, Y. and Baar, J., © Deutsche

Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig, Germany. ISBN 978-3-941261-01-3;

pp. 25-38.

Feldmann, F. and Idczak, E. 1992. Inoculum production of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi for use in tropical nursery. In: Methods in Microbiology. Vol 24. (Eds.) Norris,

J.R., Read, D.J. and Varma, A.K., Academic press. London. pp. 1-21.

Fortin, J.A., Becard, G., Declerck, S., Dalpe, Y., St-Arnaud, M., Coughan, A.P. and Piche,

Y. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhiza on root-organ cultures. Can. J. Bot., 80: 1-20.

Foyer, C.H., Descourvières, P. and Kunert, K.J. 1994. Protection against oxygen radicals: An

important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ., 17:

507 523.

*Frank, A.B. 1885. Under die auf wurzelsymbiose beruhende Ehnahrung gewisser Baume

durcha unterirdische Pilze. Berlin Deutsche Bounische, Gessalschalf, 3: 128-145.

Frankenberger, W.T. and Arshad, M. 1995. Phytohormones in Soil: Microbial Production and

Function. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, USA., p 503.

Frenkel, C. 1975. Oxidative turnover of auxin in relation to the onset of ripening in Bartlett

pear. Plant Physiol., 55: 480-484.

Friberg, S. 2001. Distribution and diversity of arbuscular mycorhizal fungi in traditional

agriculture on Niger Inland delta, Mali, West Africa. CBN Skriftserie, 3: 53-80.

Fridovich, I. 1975. Superoxide dimutase. Annu. Rev. Biochem, pp. 44-147.

Fusconi, A., Lingua, G., Trotta, A. and Berta, G. 2005. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal

colonization and phosphorus application on nuclear ploidy in Allium porrum plants.

Mycorrhiza, 15: 313 321.

*Gallaud, I. 1905. Etuder Surles mycorrhizes endophytes. Rev J. Botanique, 17: 5-48.

Gamper, H.A., Walker, C. and Schußler, A. 2009. Diversispora celata sp. nov: molecular

ecology and phytotaxonomy of an inconspicuous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New

Phytol., 182: 495 506.

Gnanadevi, G. and Haripriya. 1999. Studies on screening of efficient VAM fungi for

Chrysanthemum. Indian Hortic., 47: 325-326.

Garcia-Gomez, R., Chavez-Espinosa, J., Mejia-Chavez, A. and Duran, B.C. 2002. Short term

effect of Glomus claroideum and Azospirillum brasilense on growth and root acid

phosphatase activity of Carica papaya L. under phosphorus stress. Revista

Latinoamericana Microbiologia, 44: 31-37.

Gaur, A. and Adholeya, A. 2000. Effect of the particle size of soil- less substrates upon AM

fungus inoculum production. Mycorrhiza, 10(1): 43-48.

Gaur, A. and Adholeya, A. 2002. Arbuscular- mycorrhizal inoculation of five tropical fodder

crops and inoculum production in marginal soil amended with organic matter. Biol.

Fertil Soils, 35(3): 214-218.

Gaur, A. and Adholeya, A. 2005. Diverse response of five ornamental plant species to mixed

indigenous and single isolate arbuscular- mycorrhizal inocula in marginal soil

amended with organic matter. J. Plant. Nutr., 28: 707-723.

Gaur, A., Gaur, A. and Adholeya, A. 2000. Growth and flowering in Petunia hybrida,

Callistephus chinensis and Impatiens balsamina inoculated with mixed AM inocula or

chemical fertilizers in a soil of low P fertility. Sci. Hortic., 84: 151-162.

Gaur, S. and Kaushik, P. 2011a. Influence of edaphic factors on distribution of mycorrhiza

associated with medicinal plants in Indian Central Himalays. J. Biol. Sci.,

DOI:10.3923/jbs.2011.

Gaur, S. and Kaushik, P. 2011b. Biodiversity of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza associated

with Catharanthus roseus, Ocimum spp. and Asparagus racemosus in Uttarakhand

State of Indian Central Himalaya. Int. J. Bot., 7: 31-41.

George, E. 2000. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to plant mineral nutrition. In:

Arbuscular mycorrhizae: physiology and function, (Eds.) Kapulnik, Y. and Dovdr,

D.D., Kluwer, pp. 307-343.

Gerdemann, J.W. 1975. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. In: The Development and

Function of Roots, (Eds.) Torrey, J.G. and Clarkson, D.T., Academic Press, New

York, pp. 575-595.

Gerdemann, J.W. 1968. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant growth. Ann. Rev.

Phytopathol., 6: 397-418.

Gerdemann, J.W. and Nicolson, Y.H. 1963. Spores of mycorrhizae Endogone species

extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46: 235-

244.

Gianinazzi, S. and Vosatka, M. 2004. Inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for

production systems: Science meets business. Can. J. Bot., 82: 1264-1271.

Gianinazzi, S., Gianiazzi-Pearson, V. and Dexheimer, J. 1979. Enzymatic studies on the

metabolism of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal. III. Ultastructural localization of

acid and alkaline phosphatase in onion roots infected by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and

Gerd.). New Phytol., 82: 127-132.

Gianiazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianiazzi, S. 1978. Enzymatic studies on the metabolism of

vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fung. II. Soluble alkaline phosphatase specific to

mycorrhizal infection in onion roots. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 12: 45-53.

Gill, T.S. and Singh, R.S. 2001. Effect of host and substrates on development of VA

mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation of Glomus fasciculatum. Indian

Phytopathol., 5(2): 261-263.

Giovannetti, M. and Mosse, B. 1980. An evaluation of technique for measuring vesicular

arbuscular infection in roots. New Phytol., 84: 489-500.

Giovannetti, M., Schubert, A., Cravero, M.C. and Salutini, L. 1988. Spore production by the

vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus monosporum as related to host

species, root colonization and plant growth enhancement. Biol. Fertil. So ils, 6: 120-

124.

Giri, B, Kapoor, R. and Mukerji, K.G. 2003. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and

salinity on growth, biomass, and mineral nutrition of Acacia auriculiformis. Biol.

Fertil. Soils, 38: 170 175.

Giri, B. and Mukerji. 2004. Mycorrhizal inoculants alleviates salt stress in Sesbania

aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for reduced

sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza, 14: 307-312.

Glick, B.R., Liu, C., Ghosh, S. and Dumbroff, E.B., 1997a. Early development of canola

seedlings by rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR 12-2. Soil Biol. Biochem., 29:

1233-1233.

Glick, B.R., Liu, C., Ghosh, S. and Dumbroff E.B. 1997b. The effect of the plant growth

promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR 12-1 on the development of

canola seedling subjected to various tresses. Soil Biol. Biochem., 29: 1222-1232.

Glick, B.R., Pattent, C.L., Holguin, G. and Penrose, D.M. 1999. Biochemical and genetic

mechanism used by plant growth promoting bacteria. Imperial College Press, London,

UK.

Gohre, V, and Pazkowski, U. 2006. Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to

heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta, 223: 1115-1122.

Goto, B.T., da Silva, G.A., de Assis, D.M., Silva, D.K.A., Souza, R.G., Ferreira, A.C.A.,

Jobim, K., Melo, C.M.A., Viera, H.E.E., Maia, L.C. and Oehl, F. 2012.

Intraornatospora (Gigasporales), a new family with two new genera and two new

species. Mycotaxon, 119: 117 132.

Graham, J.H., Leonard, R.T. and Menge, J.A. 1991. Membrane-mediated decrease in root

exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza

formation. Plant Physiol., 68: 548-552.

Grant, C.A. and Sheppard, S.C. 2008. Fertilizer impact on cadmium availability in

agricultural soils and crops. Human Ecol. Risk Asses, 14: 210-228.

Gravel, V., Antoun, H. and Tweddell, R.J. 2007. Growth stimulation and fruit yield

improvement of greenhouse tomato plants by inoculation with Pseudomonas putida or

Trichoderma viride: Possible role of Indole acetic acid (IAA). Soil Biol. Biochem.,

39(8): 1968-1977.

Griffee, P. and Mehta, S. 2000. Organic production of aromatic, medicinal and dye yielding

plants (MADPS) with input. FRLHT Publication, New Delhi.

Gryndler, M., Hrselová, H. and Stríteská, D. 2000. Effect of soil bacteria on growth of

hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus claroideum. Folia

Microbiol., 45: 545 551.

Gryndler, M., Jansa, J., Hrselova, H., Chvatalova, I. and Vosatka, M. 2003. Chitin stimulates

development and sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl. Soil Ecol., 22:

283-287.

Guillemin, J.P., Orazco, M.O., Gianiazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianiazzi, S. 1995. Influence of

phosphate fertilization on fungal alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase

activities in arbuscular mycorrhizal of soybean and pineapple. Agri. Eco. Environ.,

53: 63-69.

Guissou, T. 2009. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to growth and nutrient uptake

by jujube and tamarind seedlings in a phosphate (P)- deficient soil. Afr. J. Microbiol.

Res., 3(5): 297-304.

Gulzar, S. 2003. Studied on post harvest physiology and vase life in some selected

ornamental flowers, M. Phil. dissertation, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.

Gupta, V.N., Chakrabarty D. and Datta S.K. 2006. Influence of different holding solutions on

postharvest behaviour of cut flowers: Chrysanthemum. J. Orna. Hortic., 9: 80-84.

Gupta, N., Ruataray, S. and Basak, V.C. 2006. The growth and development of AMF and its

effect on the growth of maize under different soil composition. Mycorrhiza News,

18(3): 15-23.

Gyaneshwar, P., Naresh, K.G., Parekh, L.J. and Poole, P.S. 2002. Role of soil

microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant Soil, 245: 83 93.

Habte, M. and Manjunath, A. 1991. Categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal

dependency of host species. Mycorrhiza, 1: 3-12.

Hadley, G. 1975. Organization and fine structure of orchid mycorrhiza. In: Endomycorrhizas.

(Eds.) Sanders, F.E., Moss, B. and Tinker, P.B. Academic Press, London. pp. 335-

351.

Hagn, A., Karin, P., Michael, S. and Charles, M.J. 2003. Fungal diversity in agricultural soil

under different farming management systems, with special reference to biocontrol

strains of Trichoderma spp. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 38 (4): 236-244.

Halaba, J. and Rudnicki, R.M. 1986. The role of enzyme during senescence of cut flowers.

Acta. Hortic., 181: 65-74.

Halder, A.K., Mishra, A.K., Bhattacharya, P. and Chakrabarthy, P.K. 1990. Solubilization of

rock phosphate by Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 36: 81-

92.

Halder, N.K., Ahmed, R., Sharifuzzaman, S.M., Bagam, K.A. and Siddiky, M.A. 2007. Effect

of boron and zinc fertilization on corm and cormel production of gladiolus in grey

terrace soils of Bangladesh. Int. J. Sustain Crop Prod., 2(5): 85-89.

Halevy, A.H. and Mayak, S. 1979. Senescence and postharvest physiology of cut flowers.

Hort. Rev., 1: 204-236.

Hall, J. A., Peirson, D., Ghosh, S. and Glick, B.R. 1996. Root elongation in various

agronomic crops by the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida.

J. Plant Sci., 44: 37-42.

Hamel, C. 2004. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on N and P cycling in the root zone.

Can. J. Soil Sci., 84: 383-395.

Hara, H., Steam, W.T. and Williams, L.H.J. 1978. An enumeration of the flowering plants of

Nepal. Vol 1. Trustees of British Museum (Natural History, London. pp: 1-154.

Harikumar, V.S. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in some wetland plants in Kerala.

Mycorrhiza News, 12(4): 14-15.

Harley, J.L. 1989. The significance of mycorrhizae. Mycol. Res., 92: 129-139.

Haripriya, K. and Sriramachandrasekhara, M.V. 2002. Effect of VAM inoculation on the

growth and yield of Chrysanthemum. J. Eco. Biol., 14(1): 39-42.

Harman, G.E., Howell, C.R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I. and Lorito, M. 2004. Trichoderma spp.

opportunistic avirulent plant symbionts. Nature Microbiol. Rev., 2: 43-56.

Harrison, M.J. 2005. Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annu. Rev.

Microbiol., 59: 19 42.

Hart, F.L. and Fisher, H.J. 1971. Modern Food Analysis. Springer-Verlag, p 230.

Hass, J.W. and Menge, J.A. 1990. VA mycorrhizal fungi and soil characteristics in avocado

(Persica Americana Mill.) orchard soils. Plant Soil, 127: 207-217.

Hawkins, H.J. and George, E. 1997. Hydroponic culture of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus

mosseae with Linum usitatissimum L. Sorghum bicolor L. and Triticum aestivum L.

Plant Soil, 196: 143-149.

Hayman, D.S. and Mosse, B. 1972. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhiza. III. Increased uptake of labile P from soil. New Phytol., 71: 41-47.

Hepper, C.M. 1984. Isolation and culture of mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. In: VA Mycorrhizae.

(Eds.) Powell, C.L. and Bagyaraj, D.J., CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 95-125.

Hepper, C.M., Azcon-Aguilar. C., Rosendahl, S. and Sen, R. 1988. Competition between

three species of Glomus used as spatially separated introduced and indigenous

mycorrhizal inocula for leek (Allium porrum L.) New Phytol., 110: 207-215.

Hepper, C.M. and Warner, A. 1983. The role of organic matter in growth of a vesicular

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 81: 155-156.

Hetrick, B.A.B., Wilson, G.W.T. and Cox, T.S. 1992. Mycorrhizal dependency of modern

wheat varieties, landraces and ancestors. Can. J. Bot., 70: 2032-2040.

Higo, M., Isobe, K., Yamagochi, M., Drijber, R.A., Jeske, E.S. and Ishii, R. 2013. Diversity

and vertical distribution of indigenous fungi under two soybean rotational systems.

Biol. Fertil. Soils, 48(8): 911-922.

Hinsinger, P., Gobran, G.R., Gregory, P.J. and Wenzel, W.W. 2005. Rhizosphere geometry

and heterogeneity arising from root mediated physical and chemical processes. New

Phytol., 168: 293 303.

Ho, L. and Nichols, N. 1997. Translocation of C14- Sucrose in relation to changes in

carbohydrate content in rose corollas cut at different stages of development. Ann.

Bot., 41: 227-242.

Hodge, A., Berta, G., Doussan, C., Merchan, F. and Crespi, M. 2009. Plant root growth,

architecture and function. Plant Soil, 321: 153-187.

Holford, I.C.R. 1997. Soil phosphorus, its measurements and its uptake by plants. Aust. J.

Soil Res., 35: 227 239.

Hooker, J.E., Piatti, P., Cheshire, M.V. and Watson, C.A. 2007. Polysaccharides and

monosaccharides in the hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sp.

and Glomus tenue. Soil Biol. Biochem., 39(2): 680-683.

Howell, C.R. and Stipanovic, R.D. 1979. Control of Rhizoctonia solani on cotton seedlings

with Pseudomonas fluorescens and with an antibiotic produced by bacterium.

Phytopathol., 69: 480-482

Howeler, R.H., Asher, C.J. and Edwards, D.G. 1982. Establishment of an effective

endomycorrhizal association on cassava in flowing solution culture and its effects on

phosphorus nutrition. New Phytol., 90: 229-238.

Hu, J.L., Lin, X.G., Wang, J.H., Dai, J., Cui, X.C., Chen, R.R. and Zhang, J.B. 2009.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus enhances crop yield and P-uptake of maize (Zea mays

L): A field case study on a sandy loam soil as affected by long-term P-deficiency

fertilization. Soil Biol. Biochem., 41: 2460-2465.

Hung, L.L. and Sylvia, D.M. 1988. Production of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

inoculum in aeroponic culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54: 353-357.

Ijdo, M., Cranenbrouk, S. and Declerck, S. 2011. Methods for large scale production of AM

fungi: past, present, future. Mycorrhiza, 21: 1-16.

Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis, Printice Hall, New Delhi, p 485.

Jagpal, R. and Mukerji, K.G. 1987. Large scale cropping on Indian Arid lands. In: Proceeding

of International Symposium on Dry Land Farming. Publ. Yang Leng, Shanxi, China,

pp. 59-67.

Jahan, B.M. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) status of bulb, corm and tuber p lants from

Iron ore mine wastelands of Goa. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 35(1): 188-190.

Jakobsen, I., Abbott, L.K. and Robson, A.D. 1992. External hyphae of vesicular- arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. Spread of hyphae and

phosphorus inflow into roots. New Phytol., 120: 371-380.

Jamal, A., Ayub, N., Usman, M. and Khan, A.G. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

enhance zinc and nickel uptake from contaminated soil by soybean and lentil. Int. J.

Phytoremed., 4(3): 203-221.

Jamshidi, J. B., Shekari, F., Azimi, M.R. and Zangani, E. 2012. Effect of priming by salicylic

acid on germination and seedling growth of safflower seeds under CaCl2 stress. Int. J.

Agric. Res. Rev., 2: 1097-1105.

Jansa, J., Mozafar, A., Ankent, T., Ruh, R., Sanders, I.R. and Frossard, E. 2002. Diversity

and structure of AM communities as affected by tillage in a temperate soil.

Mycorrhiza, 12: 225-234.

Jarster, A.G. and Sylvia, D.M. 1995. Aeroponic culture of VAM fungi. In: Mycorrhiza:

Structure, Function, Molecular biology and Biotechnology. (Eds.) Varma, A.K. and

Hock, B. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 427-441.

Javaid, A., and Riaz, T. 2008. Mycorrhizal colonization in different varieties of Gladiolus

and its relation with plant vegetative and reproductive growth. Int. J. Agric. Biol.,

10(3): 278-282.

Javaid, A., Riaz, T. and Khan, S.N. 2007. Mycorrhizal status of Narcissus papyraceus Ker-

Gawl. cocultivated with Cynodon dactylon Pers. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 9(6): 901-904.

Jayaratne, A.H.R. and Siriwardene, D. 2000. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum production

for commercial use. Trop. Agric. Res. Exten., 3(2): 137-140.

Jeffries, P. and Barea, J.M. 2001. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza a key component of sustainable

plant-soil ecosystems, In: The Mycota, Fungal Associations (Ed.) Hock, B., Springer,

Berlin. pp. 95-113.

Jia, Y., Gray, V.M. and Straker, C.J. 2004. The influence of Rhizobium and arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi on Nitrogen and Phosphorus accumulation by Vicia faba. Ann.

Bot., 94: 251-258.

Jilani, G., Akram, A., Ali, R.M., Hafeez, F.Y., Shamsi, I.H., Chaudhry, A.N. and. Chaudhry,

A.G. 2007. Enhancing crop growth, nutrients availability, economics and beneficial

rhizosphere microflora through organic and biofertilizers. Ann. Microbiol., 57: 177-

183.

Johnson, L.E., Bond, C.J. and Fribourg, H. 1959. Methods for studying soil microflora-plant

disease relationships, Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing Company.

Joner, E.J. and Jacobsen, I. 1995. Growth and extracellular phosphatase activity of arbuscular

mycorrhizal hyphae as influenced by soil organic matter. Soil Biol. Biochem., 27:

1153-1159.

Joner, E.J., Briones, R. and Leyval, C. 2000. Metal-binding capacity of arbuscular

mycorrhizal mycelium. Plant Soil, 226: 227 234.

Jorquera, M.A., Hernandez, M.T., Rengel, Z., Marschner, P. and Mora, M.D. 2008. Isolation

of culturable phosphorus bacteria with both phytate-mineralization and phosphate-

solubilization activity from the rhizosphere of plants grown in a volcanic soil. Biol.

Fertil. Soils, 44: 1025 1034.

Jungk, A. and Chaassen, N. 1989. Availability in soil and acquisition by plants as the basis

for phosphorus and potassium supply to plants. Z Pflanzenernaehr. Bodentil, 152:

151-157.

Kadian, N., Yadav, K., Badda, N. and Aggarwal, A. 2013. Application of arbuscular

mycorrrhizal fungi in improving growth and nutrient of Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba

(L.) Taub. under saline soil. Int. J. Agro. Plant Prod., 4 (11): 2796-2805.

Kafi, M. and Ghahsareh, M. 2009. Floriculture. 4th editio n, Jahad Press, Tehran, Volume 1,

pp. 108-118.

Kapoor, R. and Mukerji, K.G. 2000. Mycorrhizal technology to enhance the growth and yield

of aromatic plant. In: Glimpses in Botany, (Eds.) Mukerji, K.G., Chamola, B.P. and

Sharma, A.K., A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, pp. 392-401.

Kapoor, R., Chaudhary, V. and Bhatnagar, A.K. 2007. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza and

phosphorus application on artimisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L.

Mycorrhiza, 17: 581-587.

Kapoor, R., Sharma, D. and Bhatnagar, A.K. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in

micropropagation systems and their potential applications. Sci. Hortic., 116: 227-239.

Karangiannidis, N., Velmis, D. and Stravropoulos, N. 1997. Root colonization and spore

population by VA mycorrhizal fungi in four grapevine root stocks. Vitis, 36: 57-60.

Karthikeyan, B., Jaleel, C.A., Changxing, Z., Joe, M.M., Srimannarayan, J. and

Deiveekasundaram, M. 2008. The effect of AM fungi and phosphorus level on the

biomass yield and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus. Eur. Asia J. BioSci.,

2: 26-33.

Katkar, R.N., Turkhade, A.B., Solanke, U.M., Wankhade, S.T. and Sakhare, B.A. 2002.

Effect of foliar sprays of nutrients and chemicals on yield and quality of cotton under

rainfed condition. Res. Crops, 3(1): 27-29.

Kaushish, S. 2008. Biodiversity of VAM fungi and their application for the conservation of

some medicinal plants of Haryana. Ph.D. thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra,

India. pp. 1-236.

Kaushish, S., Kumar, A. and Aggarwal, A. 2011. Influence of hosts and substrates on mass

multiplication of Glomus mosseae. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6: 2971

Kaushish, S., Kumar, A., Aggarwal, A. and Parkash. V. 2012. Influence of inoculation with

the endomycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride on morphological and

physiological growth parameters of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ex Kurtz. Indian J.

Microbiol., 52: 295 299.

Kaushish, S., Kumar, A., Mangla, C. and Aggarwal, A. 2011. Mass multiplication of AM

inoculum: effect of hosts and substrates in rapid culturing of Acaulospora laevis.

Indian Phytopath., 64(2): 159-163.

Kazemi, M. and Ameri, A. 2012. Response of vase- life carnation cut flower to salicylic acid,

silver nanoparticles, glutamine and essential oil. Asian J. An. Sci., 6(3): 122-131.

Kazemi, M., Hadavi, E. and Hekmati, J. 2011. Role of salicylic acid in decreasing the

membrane senescence in cut carnation flowers. Amer. J. Plant Physiol., 6: 106-112.

Kennedy, R.A., Rumpho, M.E. and Fox, T.C. 1992. Anaerobic metabolism in plants. Plant

Physiol., 100: 1-6.

Kerur, A.S. and Lakshman, H.C. 2004. Effect of phosphate fertilizers and VAM on two

floricultural plants. Curr. Sci., 5(1): 321-326.

Khade, S.W. and Rodrigues, B.F. 2009. Spore-in-spore syndrome in arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi from the agro-based ecosystem of Goa. Mycorrhiza News, 21(2): 2-4.

Khan, M.S., Zaidi, A., Ahemad, M., Oves, M. and Wani, P.A. 2010. Plant growth promotion

by phosphate solubilizing fungi current perspective. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 56: 73

98.

Khattab, M., El-Torky, M.G. Mostafa, M.M. and Reda, M.S.D. 2000. Pretreatments of

gladiolus cormels to produce commercial yield I-Effects of GA3, seawater and

magnetic system on the growth and corms production. Alexandria J. Agric. Res., 45:

181-199.

Kim, J.H., Lee, A.K. and Suh, J.K. 2002. Effect of certain pre-treatment substances on vase

life and physiological character in Lilium spp., Acta. Hortic., 673: 307-314.

Kleifeld, O. and Chet, I. 1992. Trichoderma harzianum-interaction with plants and effect on

growth response. Plant Soil, 144: 267-272.

Klingeman, W.E., Auge, R.M. and Flanagan, P.C. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal assessment

of ornamental trees grown in Tennessee field soils. Hort ic. Sci., 37(5): 778-782.

Klironomos, J.N., McCune, J., Hart, M. and Neville, J. 2000. The influence of arbuscular

mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecol.

Lett., 3: 137 141.

Kloepper, J.W. 1994. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (other systems) In:

Azospirillum/plant associations, (Ed.) Okon, Y., CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 111

118.

-microbe interactions. Biosci., 46: 406 409.

Kloepper, J.W. and Bea uc ha mp, C.J. 1992. A revie w o f issues re lated to

measuring colonization of plant roots by bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol., 38: 1219-1232.

Kloepper, J.W. and Schroth, M.N. 1978. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on radishes.

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Plant Pathogen Bacteria,

INRA, 2: 879-882.

Kloepper, J.W., Schroth, M.N. and Miller, T.D. 1980. Effects of rhizosphere colonization by

plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on potato plant development and yield.

Phytopathol., 70: 1078-1082.

Kloepper, J.W. Zablotowick, R.M., Tipping, E.M. and Lifshitz, R. 1991. Plant growth

promotion mediated by bacterial rhizosphere colonizers. In: The rhizosphere and plant

Growth, (Eds.) Kliester, D.L. and Cregan, P.G., Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht,

The Netherlands, pp. 315-326.

Knee, M. 1992. Sensitivity of ATP ase to silver ions suggests that silver acts outside the

plasma membrane to block ethylene action. Phytochem., 31: 1093-1096.

Koch, M., Tanami, Z., Bodani, H., Wininger, S. and Kapulink, Y. 1997. Field application of

vesicular arbuscular fungi for improved garlic yield in disinfected soil. Mycorrhiza, 7:

47-50.

Koide, R.T. 1991. Nutrient supply, nutriend demand and plant response to mycorrhizal

infection. New Phytol., 117: 365-386.

Koide, R.T., Goff, M.D. and Dickie, I.A. 2000. Component growth efficiencies of

mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. New Phytol., 148: 163-168.

Koide, R.T. and Kabir, Z. 2000. Extraradical hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus

intraradices can hydrolyse organic phosphate. New Phytol., 148: 511-517.

Koide. T.T. and Mosse, B. 2004. A history of research on arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Mycorrhiza, 14: 145-151.

Koide, R.T. and Schreiner, R.P. 1992. Regulation of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal

symbiosis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 43: 557-581.

Koltai, H., Meir, D., Resnick, N. and Shlomo, E. 2008. Application of mycorrhiza to

ornamental horticulture Crops. In: Mycorrhiza Works, (Eds.) Feldmann, F., Kapulnik,

Y. and Baar, J., © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig,

Germany. ISBN 978-3-941261-01-3: 39-45.

Kormanick, P.P., Bryan, W.C. and Schultz, R.C. 1980. Increasing endomycorrhizal fungus

inoculum in forest nursery soil with cover crops. Southern. J. Appl. Fore., 4: 51-153.

Kothari, S.K., Marchner, H. and Roemheld, V. 1991. Contribution of VA mycorrhizal hyphae

in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in calcareous soil. Plant Soil,

131: 177-185.

Krishna, K.R. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1983. Changes in the free amino nitrogen and protein

factions of groundnut caused by inoculation with VA mycorrhizal. Ann. Bot., 51:

399-401.

Kucey, R.M.N., Zanzer, H.H. and Leggell, M.E. 1989. Microbially mediated increase in plant

available phosphorus. Adv. Agron., 42: 199-225.

Kumar, A. 2010. Diversity and dynamics of endomycorrhizal fungi and their role in the

conservation of some medicinal plants of Himachal Pradesh. Ph.D. Thes is,

Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, pp. 1 -

183.

Kumar, A., Aggarwal, A., Sharma, S. and Kaushish, S. 2008. Interaction of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride on growth of Spilanthes acmella Murr. J.

Indian Bot. Soc., 87(182): 120-124.

Kumar, A., Kaushish, S. and Aggarwal, A. 2009. Species diversity of the genus Glomus

associated with some important medicinal plants. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 88(2): 80-86.

Kumar, A., Singh, S. and Pandey, A. 2009. General microflora, arbuscular mycorrhizal

colonization and occurrence of endophytes in the rhizosphere of two age groups of

Ginkgo biloba L. of Indian Central Himalaya. Indian J. Microbiol., 49: 134-141.

Kumar, B.S.D. and Dube, H.C. 1992. Seed bacterization with a fluorescent pseudomonad for

enhanced plant growth, yield and disease control. Soil Biol. Biochem., 24: 539 542.

Kumar, R., Jalali, B.L. and Chand, H. 2002. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi on growth and nutrient uptake in chickpea. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 31(1): 35-

41.

Kumar. T. and Ghose, M. 2006. Mycorrhizal status (VAM) of some mangroves growing in

saline and non-saline soils. J. Mycopathol. Res., 44(2): 311-320.

Kumar, T. and Ghosh, M. 2008. Status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Sunderbans

of India in relation to tidal inundation and chemical properties of soil. Wetlands Ecol.

Mange., 16: 471-483.

Kumar, V.M. and Mahadevan, A. 1984. Do secondary substances inhibit mycorrhizal

association? J. Curr. Sci., 53: 377-378.

Kumar, V., Rajwal, N. and Sirohi, H.S. 2006. Performance of phosphorus levels on Gladiolus

(Gladiolus grandiflorus L) Cv. Happy End. Int. J. Plant Sci., 1(2): 320-321.

- arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on growth

performance of Senna spectabilis. In: Managing Nutrient Cycles to Sustain Soil

Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. (Ed.) Bationo, A., Academy Science Publishers,

Nairobi, pp. 433-446.

Kuppusamy, S. and Kumutha, K. 2011. Standardization of the substrate material for large

scale production of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Int. J. Agric. Sci., 3(1): 71-77.

Lakshman, H.C., Mulla, F.I., Inchal, R.F. and Srinivassalu, S. 2001. Prevalence of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungal colonization in some disputed plants. Mycorrhiza News, 13(3):

17-21.

Land, S. and Schonbeck, F. 1991. Influence of different soil types on abundance and seasonal

dynamics of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in in arable soils of North

Germany. Mycorrhiza, 1: 39-44.

Largent, D.L., Sughiara, N. and Brinitzer, A. 1980. Amanita gemmata, a non-host specific

mycorrhizal fungus of Arctostaphylos manzanita. Mycologia, 72: 435-439.

Larson, R.A. 1988. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochem., 27: 969-978.

Laxshmipathy, R., Chandrika, K., Gowda, B., Balakrishna, A.N. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 2002.

Response of Calanus thwaitersii var. canaranus to inoculation with Glomus mosseae,

Bacillus coagulans and Trichoderma harzianum. J. Soil Biol. Ecol., 22: 16-21.

Lee, J., Park, S. and Eom, A. 2006. Molecular identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal

spores collected in Korea. Mycobiol., 34(1): 7-13.

Lee, N. and Wetzstein, H.Y. 1988. Quantum flux density effects on the anatomy and surface

morphology of in- vitro and in- vivo developed sweetgum leaves. J. Amer. Soc.

Hortic. Sci., 113: 167-171.

Lee, Y.J. and George, E. 2005. Development of a nutrient film technique culture system for

arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Hortic. Sci., 40(2): 378-380.

Lekberg, Y., Koide, R.T. and Rohr, J.R. 2007. Role of niche restrictions and dispersal in the

composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. J. Ecol., 95: 95-105.

Leslie, J.F. and Summerell, B.A. 2006. The Fusarium laboratory manual. Blackwell

Publishing Professional, lowa, USA.

Levy, Y. and Krikom, J. 1980. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on Citrus gambhiri,

water relations. New Phytol., 85: 25-31.

Liang-Kun, L., Qing, Y., Yong-Heng, H., Rui-Heng, Y., Jun, G. and Hong-Hui, Z. 2010.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Zinnia and the different colonization

between Gigaspora and Glomus. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 26: 1527-1531.

Linderman, R.G. 1992. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions. In:

Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture, (Eds.) Bethlenfalvay, G.J. and Linderman,

R.G., ASA special Publication 54, Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison, pp. 45-70.

Linderman, R.G. and Davis, E.A. 2004. Varied response of marigold (Tagetes sp.) genotypes

to inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sci. Hortic., 99: 67-78.

Liu, J., Wu, L., Wei, S., Xiao, X., Su, C., Jiang, P., Song, Z., Wang, T. and Yu, Z. 2007.

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth nutrient uptake and glycyrrhizin

production of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Plant Growth Regul., 52: 29-39.

Liu, L., Gong, Z., Zhang, Y. and Li, P. 2011. Growth, Cadmium accumulation and

physiology of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) as a ected by arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi. Pedosphere, 21(3): 319-327.

Liu, R. and Wang, F. 2003. Selection of appropriate host plants used in trap culture of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 13(3): 123-127.

Lovato, P.E., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Trouvelot, A. and Gianinazzi, S. 1996. The state of art

of mycorrhizas and micropropagation. Adv. Hortic. Sci., 10: 46-52.

Ludwig-Müller, J. 2000. Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant

Growth Regul., 32: 219-230.

Lugtenberg, B. and Kamilova. F. 2009. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annu. Rev.

Microbiol., 63: 541 556.

Maehly, A.C. 1954. Determination of peroxidase activity. In: Methods of Biochemical

Analysis, (Ed.) Glick, D., Interscience Publication Inc., New York, p 385.

Mahmood, S., Finlay, R.D., Erland, S. and Wallander, H. 2001. Solubilisation and

colonization of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilized

spruce forest. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 35: 151-161.

Maia, L.C. and Kimbrough, J.W. 1998. Ultrastructural studies of spores and hypha of a

Glomus species. Int J. Plant Sci., 159: 581-589.

Maiti, D., Barnwal, M.K., Singh, R.K. and Variar, M. 2009. A new protocol for on-farm

production of arbuscular mycorrhizal mass inoculum for rained upland rice. Indian

Phytopath., 62(1): 31-36.

Malaviaya, N. and Jamaluddin. 2004. Status of VAM fungi in lime quarries. Mycorrhiza

News, 15(4): 13-14.

Mangla, C. 2012. Abundance and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their

inoculation effect on the growth improvement of some medicinal plants of Uttrakhand

state. Ph.D. Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. pp. 1-247.

Mangla, C., Kumar, A. and Aggarwal, A. 2012. Inoculum production of Endophytic

mycorrhiza using mustard seed waste as substrate. J. New Biol. Rep., 1(2): 61-66.

f Horticulture (Ed.) Beri,

R., Macmillan India Ltd. 2/10 Ansari Road, Daryaganj. New Delhi. pp. 1-295.

Manjunath, A. and Habte, M. 1992. External and internal P requirements of plant species

differing in their mycorrhizal dependency. Arid Soil Res. Rehabil., 6: 271-284.

Manoharachary, C., Adholeya, A. and Kunwar, I.K. 2009. Mycorrhiza: some glimpses.

Mycorrhiza News, 20(4): 2-6.

Manoharachary, C., Laxmi, A.N. and Kunwar, I.K. 2005. Microbial ecology of polluted soil:

some aspects. In: Glimpses in Botany, (Eds.) Mukerji, K.G., Chamola, B.P. and

Sharma, A.K., A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, pp. 314-325.

Manoharan, P.T., Pandi, M., Shamugaiah, V., Gomathinayagam, S. and Balasubramanian, N.

2008. Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the physiological and

biochemical changes of five different tree seedlings grown under nursery condition.

Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7(19): 3431-3436.

Mao, S., Islam, M.R., Hu, Y., Qian, X., Chen, F. and Xue, X. 2011. Antioxidant enzyme

activities and lipid peroxidation in corn (Zea mays L.) following soil application of

superabsorbent at different fertilizer regimes. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(49): 10000-

10008.

Marandi, R., Hassani, A., Abdollahiand, A. and Hanafi, S. 2011. Improvement of the vase

life of cut Gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulfate. J.

Med. Plants Res., 5: 5039-5043.

Marks, G.C. 1991. Casual morphology and evolution of mycorrhizae. Agric. Ecosys.

Environ., 35: 89-104.

Marschner, H. and Dell, B. 1994. Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Soil, 159 :

89-102.

Marschner, P. and Timonen, S. 2004. Interactions between plant species and mycorrhizal

colonization on the bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Appl. Soil

Ecol., 28: 23-36.

Mashhadian, N.V.,Tehranifar, A., Bayat, H. and Selahvarz, Y. 2012. Salicylic and citric acid

treatments improve the vase life of cut Chrysanthemum flowers. J. Agric. Sci.

Technol., 14: 879-887.

Mathew, B. and Singh, B.P. 2003, Effect of biofertilizers on growth and yield of African

marigold. National Symposium on Recent Advances in Indian Floriculture,

Vellanikara, India, Kerala Agric. Uni., pp: 14-15.

Mathimaran, N., Ruh, R., Vullioud, P., Frossard, E. and Jansa J. 2005. Glomus intraradices

dominates arbuscular mycorrhizal communities in a heavy textured agricultural soil.

Mycorrhiza, 16(1): 61-66.

Mathivanan, N., Prabavathy, V.R. and Vijayanandraj, V.R. 2005. Application of talc

formulations of Pseudomonas Migula and Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex

S.F. gray decrease the sheath blight disease and enhance the plant growth and yield in

rice. J. Phytopathol., 153: 697 701

Mathur, N. and Vyas, A. 1995. Changes in isozyme patterns of peroxidise and polyphenol

oxidase by VAM fungi in roots of Ziziphus species. J. Plant Physiol., 145(4): 498-500.

Matthew, K.M. 1981. An Enumeration of the flowering plants of Kurseong, (Eds.) Singh, B.,

Singh, M.P., Darjiling District, West Bengal, India. pp. 1-214

Matysiak, B. and Falkowski, G. 2010. Response of three ornamental plant species to

inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi depending on compost addition to peat

substrate and the rate of controlled release fertilizer. J. Fruit Orn. Plant Res. 18(2):

321-333.

Mayak, S. and Halevy, A.H. 1980. Flowersenescence. In: Senescence in Plants. (Eds.), K .V.

Thimann, CRC. Boca Raton, p 132.

McDonald, R. M. 1981. Routine production of axenic vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza. New

Phytol., 89: 87-93.

McFarland, J., Ruess, R., Keilland, K., Pregitzer, K., Hendrick, R. and Allen, M. 2010.

Cross- ecosystem comparisons of in situ plant uptake of amino acid-N and NH4+.

Ecosystems, 13: 177-193.

McLaughlin, M.J., Alston, A.M. and Martin, J.K. 1988. Phosphorus cycling in wheatpasture

rotations. II. The role of the microbial biomass in phosphorus cycling. Aust. J. Soil

Res., 26: 333 342.

Medina, A. and Azcón, R. 2010. Effectiveness of the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza

fungi and organic amendments to improve soil quality and plant performance under

stress conditions. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 10 (3): 354 372.

Medina, A., Vassilev, N., Barea, J.M. and Azcón, R. 2006. The growth enhancement of

clover by Aspergillus treated sugar beet waste and Glomus mosseae inoculation in Zn

contaminated soil. Appl. Soil Ecol., 33(1): 87 98.

Medina, E., Parcedes, C., Perez-Murcia, M.D., Bustamante, M.A. and Moral, R. 2009. Spent

mushroom substrates as component of growing media for germination and growth of

horticultural plants. Biores. Technol., 100: 4227-4232.

Mehrotra, V.S. 1998. Arbuscular mycorrhizal association of plants colonizing coal mine soils

in India. J. Agric. Sci., 130: 123-133.

Mehrotra, V.S. 2007. Diversity of AMF in India. In: The Mycorrhizae: Diversity, Ecology

and Applications, (Eds.). Tiwari, M. and Sati, S.C., Daya, Pub. House, Delhi, pp. 14-

35.

Mehrotra, V.S. and Baijal, U. 1995. Effect of single and mixed inocula of VAM fungi in the

growth and field of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Philippina J. Sci., 124(2): 183-

201.

Meir, D., Pivonia, S., Levita, R., Dori, I. and Ganot, L. 2010. Application of mycorrhizae to

ornamental horticultural crops: lisianthus (Eustoma gradiflorum) as a test case.

Spanish J. Agric. Res. 8(S1): 5-10.

*Melin, E. 1923. Experimentelle Untersuchungen iiber die Konstitution und Okologie der

Mykorrhizen von Pinus silvestris L. and Picea abies L. Karst. Mykol Untersuch, 2:

73-331.

Mencarelli, F., Agostani, R., Rotondi, R. and Massantini, R. 1995. Ethylene production, ACC

content, PAL and POD activity in excised portions of straight and bent Gerbera

scapes. J. Hortic. Sci., 70: 409-416.

Meney, K.A., Dixon, K.W., Scheltema, M. and Pate, J.S. 1993. Occurrence of vesicular

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in dryland species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae

South-Western Australia. Aust. J. Bot., 41(6): 733-737.

Menge, J.A. and Timmer, L.M. 1982. Procedure for inoculation of plants with VAM in the

laboratory, greenhouse and field. In: Methods and principles of mycorrhizal research,

(Ed.). Schenck, N.C., Amer. Phytopath. Soc., St. Paul, pp. 59-68.

Menge, J.A. 1983. Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture. Can.

J. Bot., 61: 1015-1024.

Menge, J.A. 1984. Inoculum production, In: VA Mycorrhiza, (Eds.) Powell, C.L. and

Baggyaraj, D.J. USA, CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 187-203.

Menge, J.A., Davis, R.E., Johanson, E.L.V. and Zentmeyer, G.A. 1978. Mycorrhizal fungi

increases growth and reduce transplant injury in avocado. Calif. Agric., 32: 6-10.

Merryweather, J. and Fitter, A. 1998. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Hyacinthoides

non-scripta- II, Seasonal and spatial patterns of fungal populations. New Phytol., 138:

131-142.

Meyer, J.R. and Linderman, R.G. 1986. Selective influence on populations of rhizosphere or

rhizoplane bacteria and actinomycetes by mycorrhizas formed by Glomus

fasciculatum. Soil Biol. Biochem., 18: 191-196.

Michelsen, A. 1993. Growth improvement of Ethiopian acacias by addition of vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or roots of native plants to non-sterile nursery soil. For.

Ecol. Manag., 59: 193-206.

Miller, P. and Kitt, D.G. 1992. The Beltsville method for soil less production of vesicular

arbuscular fungi. Mycorrhiza, 2: 9-15.

Miller, R.M. and Jastrow, J.D. 1990. Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions

with soil aggregation. Soil Biol. Biochem., 17: 565-569.

Mishra, S.D., Gaur. B.K., Bedekar, V.M. and Singh, B.B. 1976. Isolation, identification and

significance of free radicals in senescence leaves. Acta. Bot. Indica, 4: 131.

Mohammad, A., Khan, A.G. and Kuek, C. 2000. Improved aeroponic culture of inocula of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 9: 337-339.

Mohammadiju, S., Jafararpoor, M. and Mohammadkhan, A. 2014. Betterment vase life and

keeping quality of cut Gerbera flowers by post-harvest nano silver treatments. Int. J.

Farm Appl. Sci., 3(1): 55-59.

Mohandas, S., Gowda, M.J.C. and Manamohan, M. 2004. Popularization of arbuscular

mycorrhizal (AM) inoculum production and application on farm. In: Proc XXVI IHC-

Sustainability of Horticultural Systems, (Eds.) Bertschinger, L. and Anderson, J.D.,

Acta Hortic., 638, ISHS. pp. 279-283.

Moorthi, P.S., Selvam, S., Sasikalaveni, A., Murugesan, K. and Kalaichelvan, P.T. 2007.

Decolorization of textile dyes and their effluents using white rot fungi. Afr. J.

Biotechnol., 6(4): 424-429.

Mortimer, P.E., Perez-Fernandes, M.A. and Valentine, A.J. 2008. The role of arbuscular

mycorrhizal colonization in the carbon and nutrient economy of the tripartite

symbiosis with nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris. Soil Biol. Biochem., 40: 1019-1027.

Mortan, J.B. and Benny, G.L. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

(Zygomycetes), a new order Glomales, two new sub orders Glomineae and

Gigasporineae and two new families Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae with

emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 471-491.

Morton, J.B. and Redecker, D. 2001. Two new families of Glomales, Archaeosporaceae and

Paraglomaceae, with two new genera, Archaeospora and Paraglomus, based on

concordant molecular and morphological characters. Mycologia, 93: 181-195.

Mosse, B. 1962. The establishment of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza under aseptic

conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol., 27: 509-520.

Mosse, B. 1973. Advances in the study of vesicular arbusular mycorrhizae. Ann. Rev.

Phytopath., 11: 171-196.

Mosse, B. and Hepper, C. 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infections in root organ

cultures. Physiol. Plant Pathol., 5: 215 223.

Mosse, B. and Thompson, J.P. 1981. Production of mycorrhizal fungi. US Pat. No 4294037.

Mosse, B. and Thompson, J.P. 1984. Vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum

production. I., Exploratory experiments with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nutrient

flow culture. Can. J. Bot., 62: 1523-1530.

Mukerji, K.G. 1996. Taxonomy of endomycorrhizal fungi. In: Advances in Botany. (Eds.)

Mukerji, K.G., Mathur, B., Chamola, B.P. and Chitralekha, P., Publ. APH Corp., New

Delhi, India, pp. 213-221.

Mukerji, K.G. and Dixon, R.K. 1992. Mycorrhizae in forestation. In: Proc. Int. Symposium

on Rehabilitation of Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem. (Eds.) Majid, N.M., Malak,

I.A.A., Hamzad, M.Z. and Juroff, K., Univ. Pert., Malaysia, pp. 66-82.

Mukopadhyay, S. and Maiti, S.K. 2009. Biofertilizer: VAM Fungi- a future prospect for

biological reclamation of mine degraded lands. Indian J. Environ. Prot., 29 (9): 801-

808.

Muthukumar, T. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 2010. Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in

phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Biol. Sci., 80: 103-121.

Muthukumar, T. and Udaiyan, K. 2001. VAM association in medicinal plants of Maruthamali

Mill, Western Ghats, J. Mycol. Plant Phytopathol., 31(2): 180-184.

Muthukumar, T., Udaiyan, K. and Manian, S. 1994. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in

certain tropical wild legumes. Ann. For., 2(1): 33-43.

Nair, S.A., Singh,V. and Sharma, T.V.R.S. 2003. Effect of chemical preservat ives on

enhancing vase- life of Gerbera flowers. J. Trop. Agric., 41(1/2): 56-58.

Najjar, G., Godlinski, F., Vassilev, F. and Eichler-Löbermann. B. 2012. Dual inoculation

with Pseudomonas fluorescens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increases

phosphorus uptake of maize and faba bean from rock phosphate. Agric. For. Res.,

3(62): 77-82.

Narayana Gowda, J.V. 2003. Effect of vermicompost and biofertilizes on growth and yield of

gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.). In: Abstract of national Symposium on recent

Advances in Indian Floriculture. Kerala Agric. Uni., Kerala, p 19.

Naseby, D.C., Pascual, J.A. and Lynch, J.M. 2000. Effect of biocontrol strains of

Trichoderma on plant growth, Pythium ultimum populations, soil microbial

communities and soil enzyme activities. J. Appl. Microbiol., 88: 161 169.

Nasim, G. 2005. The role of symbiotic soil fungi in controlling roadside erosion and the

establishment of plant communities. Caderno de Pesquisa serie Biologia, 17(1): 119-

136.

Nautiyal, C.S. 2002. Selection of chichpea-rhizosphere-competent Pseudomonas NBRI 1303.

Antagonistic to Fusarium oxyspom f. sp. ciceri. Rhizoctonia bataticola and Pythium

sp. Curr. Microbiol., 35: 52-58.

Neeraj. and Yadav, K. 2007. Flyash amended soil improves colonization and spore count of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal culture. Mycorrhiza News, 19(1): 15-18.

Neetu, Aggarwal, A., Tanwar, A. and Alpa, A. 2012. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens with different levels of superphosphate on the

growth response of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Chil. J. Agric. Res., 72(2): 1-7.

Neetu, Tanwar, A. and Aggarwal, A. 2011. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other

bioinoculants on growth promotion in Linum usitatissimum L. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 90

(3&4): 216-223.

Nehra, S., Pandey, S. and Trivedi, P. 2003. Interaction of arbuscular mcorrhizal fungi and

different levels of root knot nematode on ginger. Indian Phytopathol., 56(3): 297-299.

Nirmala, A., Chandrasekhar, R., Padma, M., Kumar, M. and Raj. 2008. Standardization of

drying techniques of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). J. Orna. Hortic., 11(3): 168-

172.

Norbu, T., Baruah, R. and Taj, R.K. 2007. Selection of suitable host for mass scale

production of arbuscular mycorrhiza. Bull. Arunachal For. Res., 23(1&2): 4-5.

Nowak, J. 2004. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic fertilization on growth,

flowering, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis and transpiration of geranium

(Pelargonium hortorum). Symbiosis, 37: 259-266.

Nowak, J. and Rudnicki, R. 1990. Postharvest handling and storage of cut flowers, florist

greens and potted plants. Timber Press, Portland. pp. 203-220.

Nuutila, A.M., Vestberg, M. and Kauppinean, V. 1995. Infection of hairy roots of strawberry

(Fragaria ×Ananassa Duch.) with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Plant Cell Rep.,

14: 505-509.

1992. Traits of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. involved in

suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 56: 662-676.

diversity and community structure in a semiarid herbland. New Phytol., 154: 209-218.

Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Goto, B.T. and Sieverding, E. 2011a. Glomeromycota: three new

genera and glomoid species reorganized. Mycotaxon, 116: 75 120.

Oehl, F., da Silva, G.A., Goto, B.T. and Sieverding, E. 2011b. New recombinations in

Glomeromycota. Mycotaxon, 117: 429 434.

Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Ineichen, K., Mäder, P., Boller, T. and Wiemken, A. 2003. Impact of

land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in

agroecosystems of central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 2816 2824.

Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Mäder, P., Dubois, D., Ineichen, K. and Boller, T. 2004. Impact of

long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia, 138: 574 583.

Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Palenzuela, J., Ineichen, K. and da Silva, G.A. 2011. Advances in

Glomeromycota taxonomy and classification. IMA Fungus, 2: 191 199.

Oleszczuk, P., Rycaj, M., Lehmann, J. and Cornelissen, G. 2012. Influence of activated

carbon and biochar on phytotoxicity of air-dried sewage sludges to Lepidium

sativum. Ecotoxicol. Environ., 80: 321 326.

Orfanoudakis, M., Wheeler, C.T. and Hooker, J.E. 2010. Both the arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungus Gigaspora rosea and Frankia increase root system branching and reduce root

hair frequency in Alnus glutinosa. Mycorrhiza, 20: 117-126.

Ousley, M.A., Lynch, J.M. and Whipps, J.M. 1994. Potential of Trichoderma as consistent

plant growth stimulators. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 17: 85 90.

Pacovsky, R.S., De Silva, P., Carvalho, M.T.V. and Tsai, S.M. 1991. Growth and nutrient

allocation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. colonized with endomycorrhizae and Rhizobium.

Plant Soil, 132: 127-137.

Padmadevi, K., Jawaharlal, M. and Vijayakumar, M. 2004. Effect of biofertilizers on floral

characters and vase life of Anthurium andreanum. S. Indian Hortic., 52: 228-231.

Padraza-Santos, M., Jaen-Contreras, D., Guitierrez-Espinosa, A., Colinas-Leon, T. and

Lopez- Peralta, C. 2001. Growth and nutrition of gerbera microplants inoculated with

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Agrociencia, 35: 151-158.

Palenzuela, J., Barea, J.M., Ferrol, N. and Oehl, F. 2011. Ambispora granatensis, a new

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, associated with Asparagus in Andalucia

(Spain). Mycologia, 103: 333 340.

Pandey, M. and Tarafdar, J.C. 2002. Effect of phosphorus, salinity and moisture on VAM

fungal association in neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.). Symbiosis, 32 (3): 195-209.

Pandey, M. and Tarafdar, J.C. 2004. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal diversity in neem based

agroforestry systems in Rajasthan. Appl. Soil Ecol., 26: 233-241.

Pandey, R.K., Dogra, S., Sharma, J.P., Jambal, S. and Bhat, D.J. 2010. Performance of

Gladiolus cultivars under Jammu conditions. J. Res. Skuast, 2: 210-214.

Pant, S.S. 2005. Effect of different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus on the corm and cormel

development of Gladiolus (Gladiolus sp.). J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci., 26: 153-157.

Park, K.H., Lee, C.Y. and Son, H.J. 2009. Mechanism of insoluble phosphate solubilization

by Pseudomonas fluorescens RAF15 isolated from Ginseng rhizosphere and its plant

growth-promoting activities. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 49: 222 228.

Parkash, V and Aggarwal, A. 2011. interaction of VAM fungi with Trichoderma viride and

Rhizobium species on establishment and growth of Eucalyptus saligna Sm. Int. Sci.

Res. J., 3: 200-209.

Parkash, V., Sharma, S., Kaushish, S. and Aggarwal, A. 2009. Endomycorrhizal association

of khair (Acacia catechu Willd.)-A traditionally important tree in Himachal Pradesh.

Mycorrhiza News, 21(1): 15:18.

Parniske M., 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbiosis. Nat. Rev.

Microbiol., 6: 763-775.

Parthasarthy, V.A. and Nagaraju, V. 1999. In vitro propagation in Gerbera jamesonii Bolus.

Indian J. Hortic., 56: 82 85.

Pavko, A. 2011. Fungal decolourization and degradation of synthetic d yes, some chemical

engineering aspects. In: Waste Water - Treatment and Reutilization, (Ed.), García

Einschlag F.S., pp. 65 88.

Pawlowska, T.E., Chaney, R.L., Chin, M. and Charvat, I. 2000. Effect of metal

phytoextraction practices on indigenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

at a metal-contaminated landfill. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 2526-2530.

Peix, A., Rivas-Boyero, A.A., Mateos, P.F., Rodriguez-Barrueco, C., Martinez-Molina, E.

and Velazquez, E. 2001. Growth promotion of chickpea and barley by a phosphate

solubilizing strain of Mesorhizobium mediterraneum under growth chamber

conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem., 33: 103-110.

Perner, H., Schwarz, D., Bruns, C., Mäder, P. and George, E, 2007. Effect of arbuscular

mycorrhizal colonization and two levels of compost supply on nutrient uptake and

flowering of Pelargonium plants. Mycorrhiza, 17: 469-474.

Philip, L.J., Posluszny, U. and Klioronomos, J.N. 2001. The influence of mycorrhizal

colonization on the vegetative growth and sexual reproductive potential of Lythrum

salicaria L. Can. J. Bot., 79: 381 388.

Philips, J.M. and Hayman D.S. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining

parasitic and VAM fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc.,

55: 158-161.

Pierik, R.L.M. 1987. In-vitro culture of higher plants. Martinus Nijhoff. Dodrecht, pp. 183-

230.

Pocock, K. and Duckett, J.G. 1985. On the occurrence of the branched and swollen rhizoids

in British hepatics: their relationship with the substratum and association with fungi.

New Phytol., 99: 281 304.

Pongrac, P., Vogel-Mikus, K., Kump, P., Necember, M., Tolra, R., Poschenrieder, C.,

Barcelo. J. and Regvar, M. 2007. Changes in elemental uptake and arbuscular

mycorrhizal colonization during the life cycle of Thalaspi praecox (Brassicaceae). J.

Chem. Ecol., 34: 1038-1044.

Porcel, R., Aroca, R. and Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. 2012. Salinity stress alleviation using

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 32: 181 200.

Prasad, K. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal occurrence in non-cultivated, disturbed and

non- fertile land of Bettiahraj, Bettiah, Bihar, Mycorrhiza News, 16(4): 12-14.

Puri, A. and Adholeya, A. 2013. A new system using Solanum tuberosum for the co-

cultivation of Glomus intraradices and its potential for mass producing spores of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Symbiosis, 59: 87-97.

Querejeta, J.I., Allen, M.F., Caravaca, F. and Roldan, A. 2006. Differential modulation of

host plant delta C-13 and delta O-18 by native and non-native arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in a semiarid environment. New Phytol., 169: 379-387.

Radjacommare, R., Nandakumar, R., Kandan, A., Suresh, S., Bharathi, M., Raguchander, T.

and Samiyappan, R. 2002. Pseudomonas based bioformulation for the

management of sheath blight and leaf folder in rice. Crop Prot., 21: 671 677.

Rahman, M.S., Mridha, M.A.U., Islam, S.M.N., Haque, S.M.N., Dhar, P.P. and Sahah, S.K.

2003. Status of AM colonization in certain tropical forest tree legume seedlings.

Indian For., 3: 371-376.

Rajadurai, K.R., Manivannan, K., Jawaharlal, M. and Beaulah, A. 2000. Effect of

Azospirillum and VAM on growth characters of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.).

South Indian Hortic., 48(1-6): 83 -87.

Rajan, S.K., Reddy, B.J.D. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 2000. Screening of mycorrhizal fungi for their

symbiotic efficiency with Tectona grandis. Fore. Ecol. Manag., 126: 91-95.

Rama Bhat, P. and Kaveriappa, K.M. 2004. Occurrence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in Marsilea minuta L. Mycorrhiza News, 15(4): 11-13.

Ramamoorthy, V., Viswanthan, R., Raguchander, T., Prakasam, V. and Samiyappan, R.

2001. Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in

crop plants against pest and diseases. Crop Prot., 20: 1 11.

Raman, N. and Gopinathan, S. 1992. Association and activity of vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhizae of tropical trees in a tropical forest of Southern India. J. Trop. For. , 8:

311-322.

Randhawa, G. S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Commercial floriculture. In: Floriculture in

India. (Ed.) Sachdev, S., Allied publishers. New delhi, India, pp. 344-425.

Rani, P., Aggarwal, A. and Mehrotra, R.S. 1998. Growth responses in Acacia nilotica

inoculated with VAM fungus (Glomus fasciulatum), Rhizobium sp. and Trichoderma

harzianum. J. Mycopath. Res., 36(1): 13-16.

Rashmi, K., Sinha, K. and Roy, A.K. 2002. Arbuscular yycorrhizal colonization with Litchi

chinensis in nursery and orchard. J. Mycopathol. Res., 40(2): 215-218.

Read, D.J. and Perez-Moreno, J. 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems a

journey towards relevance? New Phytol., 157: 475 492.

Reddy, B.B.S., Ramesh, S. and Reddy, P.S. 2006. Sorghum genetic resources, cytogenetics

and improvement. In: Genetic resources, Chromosome engineering, and Crop

improvement. (Eds.) Singh, R.J. and Jauhar, P.P., Boca Raton, pp. 309-363.

Reddy, C.S., Pattanaik, C., Reddy, K.N. and Raju, V.S. 2007. Census of endemic flowe ring

plants of Kerala. Ind. J. Plant Sci., 2(5): 489-503.

Redecker, D., Morton, J.B. and Bruns, T.D. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sinuosum and Sclerocystis coremoides. Mycologia, 92:

282 285.

Redecker, D., Schüßler, A., Stockinger, H., Sidney, L., Joseph, J., Morton. B. and Walker, C.

2013. An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi (Glomeromycota). Mycorrhiza, 23: 515 531.

Reino, J.L., Guerrero, R.F., Hernandez-Galan, R. and Collado, I.G. 2008. Secondary

metabolites from species of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma. Phytochem., 7: 89-123.

Renella, G., Landi, L., Ascher, M.T., Ceccherini, M.T, Pietramellara, G. and Nannipieri, P.

2006. Phosphomonoesterase production and persistence and composit ion of bacterial

communities during plant material decomposition in soils with different pH values.

Soil Biol. Biochem., 38: 795 802.

Rengel, Z. and Marschner, P. 2005. Nutrient availability and management in the rhizosphere:

exploiting genotypic differences. New Phytol., 168: 305 312.

Richa, G., Khosla, B. and Reddy, M. 2007. Improvement of maize plant growth by phosphate

solubilizing fungi in rock phosphate amended soils. World J. Agric. Sci., 3(4): 481-

484.

Richardson, A.E. 1994. Soil microorganisms and phosphorus availability. In: Soil biota:

management in sustainable farming systems. (Eds). Pankhurst, C.E., Doubeand, B.M.,

Gupta, V.V.S.R., CSIRO, Victoria, Australia, pp. 50 62.

Richardson, A.E., Barea, J.M., McNeill, A.M. and Prigent-Combaret, C. 2009. Acquisition of

phosphorus and nitrogen in the rhizosphere and plant growth promotion by

microorganisms. Plant Soil, 321: 305-339.

Richardson, A.E., Lynch, J.P., Ryan, P.R., Delhaize, E. and Smith, F.A. 2011. Plant and

microbial strategies to improve the phosphorus efficiency of agriculture. Plant Soil,

349: 121 156.

Richardson, A.E. and Simpson, R.J. 2011. Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus

availability. Plant Physiol., 156: 989-996.

Rillig, M.C. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and terrestrial ecosystem processes. Ecol. Lett., 7:

740-754.

Rillig, M.C. and Mummey, D.L. 2006. Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytol., 171:

41 53.

Rodriguez, H. and Fraga, R. 1999. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant

growth promotion. Biotechnol. Adv., 17: 319-339.

Roldan, A., Salinas-garcía, J.R., Alguacil, M.M. and Caravaca, F. 2007. Soil sustainability

indicators following conservation tillage practices under subtropical maize and bean

crops. Soil Till. Res., 93(2): 273-282.

Ross, J.P. 1971. Effect of phosphate fertilization on yield of mycorrhizal and non-

mycorrbizal soybean. Phytopathol., 61: 1400-1403.

Ruiz-Lozano, J.M. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of osmotic stress.

New perspectives for molecular studies. Mycorrhiza, 13: 309 317.

Ruiz-Lozano, J.M., Azcón, R. and Gómez, M. 1996. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular

mycorrhizal Glomus species in Lactuca sativa plants. Physiol. Plant, 98: 767 772.

Ryan, M.H. and Graham, J.H. 2002. Is there a role for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in

agriculture production? Plant Soil, 244: 263-271.

Safa, Z., Hashemabadi, D. and Kaviani, B. 2012. Improving the vase life of cut Gerbera

(Gerbera jamesonii L.) with silver nano-particles. Eur. J. Exp. Biol., 2(6): 2489-2492.

Safarzadeh, T., Olamaee, M. and Arzanesh, M. 2013. Frequency of arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in the rhizosphere of Soybean roots and possibility of the mass reproduction of

spores. Int. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 4(4): 763-768.

Safir, G.R. and Nelson, C.E. 1985. VA mycorrhizas plant and fungal water relations. In:

Proc. 6th North Am. Conf. on Mycorrhiza. (Ed.) Molina, R., Corvallis, p 471.

Sahay, N.S., Singh, S. and Varma, A. 1998. Trends in endomycorrhiza l research. Indian J.

Exp. Biol., 36: 1069-1086.

Saif, S.R. 1981. The influence of soil aeration on the efficiency of vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhizae. I. Effect of soil oxygen on the growth and mineral uptake of Eupatorium

odoratum L. inoculated with Glomus macrocarpus. New Phytol., 88: 649 659.

Salisburey, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Mineral nutrition. In Plant Physiology. 4th Ed.

Wadsworth Pub. Co. Belmont, California, pp. 116-135.

Samuels, G.J. 2006. Trichoderma: systematics, the sexual state, and ecology. Phytopathol.,

96: 195 206.

Sanders, I.R. and Koide, R.T. 1994. Nutrient acquisition and community structure in co-

occuring mycotropic and non-mycotropic old field annuals. Func. Ecol., 8: 77-84.

Santhaguru, K. and Sadhana, B. 2000. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal status of Acacia

species from Madhurai district. Ann. Fore., 8(2): 266-269.

Sawaki, H. and Saito, M. 2001. Expressed genes in the extraradical hyphae of an arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, in the symbiotic phase. FEMS Microbiol.

Lett., 195: 109-113.

Sbrana, C., Giovannetti, M. and Vitagliano, C. 1994. The effect of mycorrhizal infection on

survival and growth renewal of micropropagated fruit rootstocks. Mycorrhiza, 5: 153-

156.

Scagel, C.F. 2001. Cultivar specific effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the rooting miniature rose

cuttings. J. Environ. Hortic., 19: 15 20.

Scagel, C.F. 2003. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alters nutrient allocation

and flowering of Freesia × hybrida. J. Environ. Hortic., 21: 196-205.

Scagel, C.F. 2004a. Soil pasteurization and mycorrhizal inoculation alter flower production

and corm composition of Brodiaea laxa Hortic. Sci., 39(6): 1432-

1437.

Scagel, C.F. 2004b. Inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and

rhizobacteria alters nutrient allocation and flowering of Harlequin flower. Hor tic.

Technol., 14: 39-48.

Scagel, F.C., Reddy K. and Armstrong, J.M. 2003. Mycorrhizal fungi in rooting substrate

Technol., 13: 62 66.

Scagel, C.F. and Schreiner, R.P. 2006. Phosphorus supply alters tuber composition, flower

production, and mycorrhizal responsiveness of container-grown hybrid Zantedeschia.

Plant Soil, 283: 323-337.

Scambato, A.A., Echeverria, M., Sansberro, P., Ruiz, O.A. and Menendez, A.B. 2010.

Glomus intraradices improved salt tolerance in Prosopis alba seedlings by improving

water use efficiency and shoot water content. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 22(4): 285-289.

Schemidt, B., Domonkos, M., Sumalan, R. and Biro, B. 2010. Suppression of arbuscular

mycorrhiza Tagetes patula L.

Res. J. Agric. Sci., 42: 156-162.

Schenek, N.C. and Perez, Y. 1990. Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhiza (VAM)

fungi. Univ. of Florida. Synergistic Pub. Florida, USA, p 241.

Schnepf, A., Rose T. and Schweiger, P. 2009. Impact of growth and uptake pattern of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant phosphorus uptake- a modeling stydy. Plant

Soil, 312: 85-99.

Schüßler, A., Schwarzott, D. and Walker, C. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the

Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol. Res., 105: 1413 1421.

Schüßler, A. and Walker, C. 2010. The Glomeromycota: a species list with new families.

Arthur Schüßler and Christopher Walker, Gloucester. The Royal Botanic Garden

Kew, Botanische Staammlung Munich, and Oregon State University. pp. 1-56.

Secilia, J. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1987. Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures

of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Can. J. Microbiol., 33: 1069-1073.

Seetha, M.C. 1999. Effect of vermicompost and biofertilizers on growth and yield of gerbera

(Gerbera jamesonii L.). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Agriculture Science, Bangalore.

Selvaraj, T. 1998. Studies on mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis on tolerance of tannery

effluent treated Prosopis juliflora. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Madras, Chenni, India,

pp. 1-209.

Selvaraj, T. and Chellappan, P. 2006. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A Diverse Personality. J.

Central Eur. Agric., 7(2): 349-358.

Senapati, M., Das, A.B. and Das, P. 2000. Association of VAM fungi with twenty-one forest

tree species. Indian J. For., 23(3): 326-331.

Senan, R.C. and Abraham, T.E. 2004. Bioremediation of textile azo dyes by aerobic bacterial

consortium: Aerobic degradation of selected azo dyes by bacterial consortium.

Biodegradation, 15: 275.

Seoud, A.E. and Li, A. 2008. Phosphorus efficiency of Tagetes plant inoculated with two

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi strains. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2(2): 234-242.

Sharma, D.P., Patel, M. and Gupta, N. 2006. Influence of nitrogen, phospho rus and pinching

on vegetative growth and floral atributes in African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). J.

Orna. Hortic., 9(1): 25-28.

Sharma, M.P. 2001. Biodiversity and role of potential isolates of VA-mycorrhizae in various

plant species of economic value. Ph. D. Thesis, Delhi University, Delhi, pp 1-100.

Sharma, R.K., Aggarwal, M. and Marshall, F.M. 2008. Heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb)

contamination of vegetables in Urban India: a case study in Varanasi. Environ.

Pollut., 154: 254-263.

Sharma, S. 2009. Endomycorrhizal biodiversity: Current status and future strategy for the

conservation of some important medicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh. Ph. D. thesis,

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. pp. 1-149.

Sharma, S. and Adholeya, A. 2010. Filamentous saprob fungi: an important compotent of

mycorrhizosphere for growth and heavy metal resistance in AM plants, Mycorrhiza

News, 22(1): 21-25.

Sharma, S., Aggarwal, A., Parkash V. and Sharma, D. 2005. Mass production of VAM fungi

using different substrates and hosts. J. Mycopathol. Res., 43(1): 51-56.

Sharma, S.B., Sayyed, R.Z., Trivedi, M.H. and Gobi, T.A. 2013. Phosphate solubilizing

microbes: sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural

soils. SpringerPlus 2: 587.

Sharma, S.K., Sharma, G.D. and Mishra, R.R. 1986. Status of mycorrhizae in subtropical

forest ecosystems of Meghalaya. Indian For., 129: 371-376.

Sharma, S.K., Sharma, G.D. and Mishra, R.R. 1987. Endogonaceae in sub-tropical forest of

North-east India. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 66: 266-268.

Sharma, S., Prakash, V. and Aggarwal, A. 2008. Glomales I: A monograph of Glomus spp.

(Glomaceae) in the Sunflower rhizosphere of Haryana, India. Helia, 31: 13-18.

Sharma, S., Parkash, V., Kaushish, S., Aggarwal, A. and Rani, P. 2007. Biological control of

wilt and root rot of Acacia nilotica L. In: Biocontrol of Plant Diseases (Ed.) Trivedi,

P.C., Aavishkar Publishers, Jaipur, India, pp. 125-135.

Sharma, Y.P., Wadpade, S. and Thakur, J.S. 2014. Role of Mycorrhizae: A Component of

Integrated Disease Management Strategies. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 44(1): 12-20.

Sheng, M., Tang, M., Chan, H., Yang, B., Zhang, F. and Huang, Y. 2008. Influence of

arbuscular mycorrhizae on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt

stress. Mycorrhiza, 18: 287-296.

Shivakumar, B.S., Earanna, N., Farooqi, A.A., Bagyaraj, D.J. and Suresh, C.K. 2002. Effect

of AM fungus and plant growth promoting microorganisms on growth and biomass of

Geranium. J. Soil Biol. Ecol., 22: 27-30.

Shukla, S.K., Yadav, R.L., Suman, A. and Singh, P.N. 2008. Imroving rhizospheric

environment and sugarcane ratoon yield through bioagent amendment farm yard

manure in Udic Ustrochrept soil. Soil Till. Res., 99:158-168.

Silva, F.S.B., Yano-Melo, A.M., Brandao, J.A.C. and Maia, L.C. 2005. Sporulation of

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using Tric-HCl buffer in addition to nutrient solutions.

Braz. J. Microbiol., 36: 327-332.

Silveira, S.V., Lorscheiter, R., Barros, I.B., Schwartz, S.F. and Souza, P.V.D. 2006. Mentha

piperita as a multiplying of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Rev. Bras. Plant Med.

Botucatu., 8: 91-97.

Simoneau, P., Louisy- Louis, N., Plenchette, C. and Strullu, D.G. 1994. Accumulation of new

polypeptides in Ri T-DNA transformed roots of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

during the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol., 60: 1810-1813.

Simpson, D. and Draft, M.J. 1990. Interactions between water stress and different

mycorrhizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhizal development in maize a nd

sorghum. Plant Soil, 121: 179-186.

Sinegani, A.A.S. and Sharifi, Z. 2007. The abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores

in rhizosphere of different crops. Turk. J. Biol., 31: 181-185.

Singh, A.K., Singh, D. and Jauhari, S. 2006. Response of manures and bio- fertilizers on

growth and flowering in Rose. J. Orna. Hortic., 9(4): 278-281.

Singh, C.S. and Jha, D. 1994. Mass inoculum production of vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhizae, effect of various bacteriological media and fertilizer solutions.

Microbiol. Res., 149(1): 27-29.

Singh, H.B. 2006. Trichoderma: A boon for Biopesticides Industry. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol.,

36(3): 373-382.

Singh, R., Paramaeswarn, T.N., Prakasa Rao, E.V.S., Puttanna, K., Kalra, Alok, Srinivas,

K.V.N.S., Bagyaraj, D.J. and Divya, S. 2009. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

and Pseudomonas fluorescens on root-rot/wilt, growth and yield of Coleus forskohlii.

Biocont. Sci.Technol., 19(8): 835-841.

Singh, S. and Kapoor, K.K. 1998. Effects of inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing

microorganisms and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on mungbean grown under

natural soil conditions. Mycorrhiza, 7: 249-253.

Siqueira, J.O., Hubbell, D.H. and Mahmud, A.W. 1984. Effect of liming on spore

germination, germ tube growth and root colonization by vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil, 76: 115 124.

Skrary, F.A. and Cameron, D.C. 1998. Purification and characterization of a Bacillus

licheniformis phosphatase specific for D-alpha-glycerphosphate. Arch. Biochem.

Biophys., 349: 27-35.

Smirnoff, N. 1993. The role of active oxygen in the response o and

desiccation. New Phytol., 125: 27 58.

Smith, S.E. 1995. Discoveries, discussion and directions in mycorrhizal research. In:

Mycorrhiza. (Eds.) Verma, A. and Hock, B., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3-24.

Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. 1997. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, In: Mycorrhizal

Symbiosis 2nd Edn. (Eds.) Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J., Academic Press, London, pp.

9-160.

Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (3rd Edition). Academic Press,

London, UK. pp 787.

Smith, S.E. and Smith F.A. 2011. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and

growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol., 62:

227 250.

Sohan, B.K., Kim, K.Y., Chung, S.J., Kim, W.S., Park, S.M., Kang, J.G., Rim, Y.S., Chao,

J.S., Kim, T.H. and Lee, H. 2003. Effect of the different timing of AMF inoculation

on plant growth and flower quality of Chrysanthemum. Sci. Hortic., 98: 173-183.

Soleimanzadeh, H. 2010. Effect of VA-Mycorrhiza on growth and yield of Sunflower

(Helianthus annuus L.) at different phosphorus levels. World Acad. Sci. Eng.

Technol., 71: 414-417.

Speir, T.W. and Ross, D.J. 1978. Soil phosphatase and sulphatase. In: Soil Enzymes, (Ed.).

Burns, R.G., Academic Press: New York, pp. 197-250.

Sreenivasa, M.N. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1988. Chloris gayana (Rhodes grass): A better host for

mass production of Glomus fasciculatum inoculum. Plant Soil, 106: 289-290.

Sreenivasa, M.N. and Bagyaraj, D.J. 1989. Use of pesticides for mass production of vesicular

arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. Plant Soil, 119: 127-132.

Srimathi, L.P. and Kumutha, K. 2009. Growth and alkaloid yield of Coleus forskohlii with

the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria. Mycorrhiza News, 21(3): 24-28.

Srinath, J., Bagyaraj, D.J. and Satyanarayana, B.N. 2003. Enhanced growth and nutrition of

micropropagated Ficus benjamina to Glomus mosseae co-inoculated with

Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus coagulans. World J. Microb. Biotechnol., 19:

69-72.

Srivastava, D., Kapoor, R., Srivastava, S.K. and Mukerji, K.G. 1996. Vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhiza, An overview. In: Concepts in Mycorrhizal Research, (Ed.) Mukerji,

K.G., Kulwar Academic Publishers, The Netherland, pp. 1-389.

Srivastava, R. and Govil, M. 2005. Influence of Biofertilizers on growth and flowering in

Gladiolus cv. American beauty. ISHS. Acta Hort., 742: 183-190.

Stephenson, P. and Rubinstein, B. 1998. Characterization of proteolytic activity during

senescence in day lilies. Physiol. Plant, 104: 463-473.

Stottlemer, A.D., Wang, G.G., Wells, C.E., Stottlemyer, D.W. and Waldrop, T.A. 2008.

Reducing airborne ectomycorrhizal fungi and growing non-mycorrhizal loblolly pine

(Pinus taeda L.) seedlings in a greenhouse. Mycorrhiza, 18: 269-275.

Struble, J.E. and Skipper, H.D. 1988. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore

production as influenced by plant species. Plant Soil, 109: 277-280.

*

arbuscules en conditions axeniques. Acad. Des. Sci., 303: 245-250.

*Strullu, D.G. and Romand, C. 1987. Culture axeic de vesicules isoles a partir

in vitro a des raciness de tomate. Acad. Sci. Paris,

305: 15-19.

Sturz, A.V. and Nowak, J. 2000. Endophytic communities of rhizobacteria and the strategies

required to create yield enhancing associations with crops. Appl. Soil Ecol., 15: 183-

190.

Sumana, D.A., Bagyaraj, D.J. and Arpana, J. 2003. Interaction between Glomus mosseae,

Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus coagulans and their influence on growth and

nutrition of neem. J. Soil Biol. Ecol., 23: 80-86.

Sundra, B., Natarajam, V. and Hari, K. 2002. Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria

on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields. Field

Crops Res., 77: 43 49.

Supatra, S. and Mukherji, S. 2004. Alterations in activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline

phosphatase, ATPase and ATP content in response to seasonally varying Pi status in

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). J. Environ. Biol., 25: 181-185.

Swaroop, K., Singh, K.P. and. Raju. D.V.S. 2007. Vegatative growth, flowering and seed

characters of African marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.) as influenced by different

growth substances during mild off seasons. J. Orna. Hortic., 10 (4): 268-270.

Swarupa Rani, S., Manoharacharya, C. and Kunwar, I.K. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

associated with some plants of Asclepiadaceae. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 38(3): 534-

536.

Swarupa Rani, S., Padmini, S. and Kunwar, I.K. 2010. AM fungi associted with monotypic

genus of Amaranthaceae Allmania nodiflora. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 40(1): 49-51.

Syamal, M.M., Dixit, S.K. and Kumar, S. 2006. Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth and yield

in marigold. J. Orna. Hortic., 9(4): 304-305.

Sylvia, D.M. and Hubbell, D.H. 1986. Growth and sporulation of vesicular-arbuscular fungi

in aeroponic and membrane systems, Symbiosis, 1: 259-267.

Sylvia, D.M. and Jarstfer, A.G. 1994. Production of inoculum and inoculation with

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Management of Mycorrhizas in Agriculture,

Horticulture and Forestry. (Eds) Robson, A.D, Abbott, L.K. and Malajczuk, N.,

Kluwer Academic Publ. Netherlands. pp. 231-238.

Symala, D., Rao, M.B., Kayalvizhi, D. and Dixon, R.K. 1997. Mycorrhizal application in

forestry- A review: In: New Approaches in Microbial Ecology, (Eds.) Tiwari, J.P.,

Saxena, G., Mittal, N., Tiwari, I. and Chamola, B.P., New Delhi, pp. 252-279.

Tabatabai, M.A. and Bremner, J.M., 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil

phosphatase activity. Soil Biol. Biochem., 1(4): 301-307.

Tahat, M.M., Kamaruzaman, S., Radziah, O., Kadir, J. and Masdek, H.N. 2008. Plant host

selectivity for multiplication of Glomus mosseae spore. Int. J. Bot., 4(4): 466-470.

Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2003. Plant Physiology 3rd Ed, Ann. Bot. Comp., pp. 750-751.

Takacs, T. and Voros, I. 2003. Role of arbuscular mycorhizal fungi in the water and nutrient

supplies of the host plant. Novenytermeles, 52: 583-593.

Takeda, N., Kistner, C., Kosuta, S., Winzer, T., P itzschke, A., Groth, M., Sato, M., Kaneko,

T., Tabata, S. and Parniske, M. 2007. Proteases in plant root symbiosis. Phytochem.,

68: 111-121.

Tanwar, A. 2007. Studies on endomycorrhizal biodiversity of some vegetables with special

reference to Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. M. Phil Dissertation Department of

Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India. pp. 1-94.

Tanwar, A. 2013. Diversity and potential of endomycorrhizal fungi on the establishment and

growth improvement of vegetable crops of Haryana. P h.D. thesis, Kurukshetra

University, Kurukshetra, India. pp. 1-284.

Tanwar, A., Aggarwal, A., Karishma and Neetu. 2012. Effectiveness of bioinoculants under

different levels of super-phosphate on phosphorus uptake in Capsicum annuum L.

Kaesetsart J. Nat. Sci., 46(5): 769-782.

Tanwar, A., Aggarwal, A., Yadav, K. and Parkash, V. 2013. Screening and selection of

efficient host and sugarcane bagasse as substrate for mass multiplication of

Funneliformis mosseae. Biol. Agric. Hortic., 29(2): 107-117.

Tanwar, A., Yadav, K., Prasad, K. and Aggarwal, A. 2013. Biological amendments on

growth, nutritional quality and yield of celery, Int. J. Veg. Sci., 19: 228-239.

Tarafdar, J.C. and Claassen, N. 1988. Organic phosphorus compounds as a phosphorus

source for higher plants through the activity of phosphatases produced by plant roots

and microorganisms. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 5: 308-312.

Tarafdar, J.C. and Claassen, N. 2005. Preferential utilization of organic and inorganic sources

of phosphorus by wheat plant. Plant Soil, 27: 285-293.

Tawaraya, K., Saito, M., Morioka, M. and Wagatsuma, T. 1994. Effect of phosphate

application to arbuscular mycorrhizal onion on the development and succinate

dehydrogenase activity of internal hyphae. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 40: 667-673.

Tawaraya, K., Turjaman, M. and Ekamawanti, H.A. 2007. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza l

colonization on Nitrogen and Phosphorus uptake and growth of Aloe vera L. Hortic.

Sci., 42(7): 1737-1739.

Tchabi, A., Coyne, D., Hountonji, F., Lawouin, L., Wiemken, A. and Oehl, F. 2008.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in sub-saharan savannas of Benin, West

Africa, as affected by agricultural land use intensity and ecological zone. Mycorrhiza,

18: 181-195.

Tester, M., Smith, S.E. and Smith, F.A. 1987. The phenomenon of non-mycorrhizal plants.

Can. J. Bot., 65: 419-431.

Thakur, J.S. and Sharma, Y.P. 2013. Effect of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on the growth of

apple seedlings. Plant Dis. Res., 28: 35-38.

Thamizhiniyan, P., Panneerselvam, M. and Lenin, M. 2009. Studies on the growth and

biochemical activity of Coleus aromaticus Benth. as influenced by AM fungi and

Azospirillum. Rec. Res. Sci. Technol., 1(6): 259-263.

Thapar, H.S., Vijyan, A.K. and Uniyal, K. 1992. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal

association and root colonization in some important tree species. Indian For., 3: 207-

212.

Thomas, C.D., Cameron, A. and Green, R.E. 2004. Extinction r isk from climate change.

Nature, 427: 145-148.

Thompson, J.P. 1986. Soilless culture of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae of cereals: Effects

of nutrient concentration and nitrogen sources. Can. J. Bot., 64: 2282-2294.

Tian, M., Win, J., Song, J., van der Hoorn, R., van der Knaap, E. and Kamoun, S. 2007. A

Phytophthora infestans cystatin-like protein targets a novel tomato papain-like

apoplastic protease. Plant Physiol., 143(1): 364-377.

Schlesinger, W.H., Simberloff, D. and Wackhamer, D. 2001. Forecasting

agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science, 292: 281-284.

Tisdall, J.M. and Oades, J.M. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. J.

Soil Sci., 33: 141 163.

Tiwari, P. and Adholeya, A. 2005. Root organ culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: step

toward reaching sustainable agriculture. Mycorrhiza News, 17(3): 15-17.

Tiwari, P., Adholeya, A. and Parkash, A. 2004. Commercialization of arbuscular mycorrhiza

biofertilizer. In: Fungal biotechnology in agricultural, food, and environmental

applications, (Eds.) Arora, D.K. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 195-204.

Tolijander, J.F., Lindahl, B.D., Paul, L.R., Elfstrand, M. and Finlay, R.D. 2007. Influence of

arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial exudates on soil bacterial growth and community

structure. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 61: 295-304.

Torelli, A., Trotta, A., Acerbi, L., Arcidiacono, G., Berta, G. and Branca, C. 2000. IAA and

ZR content in leek (Allium porrum L.) as influenced by P nutrition and arbuscular

mycorrhizae, in relation to plant development. Plant Soil, 226: 29-35.

Tosi. L., Zazzerini, A. and Monotti, M. 1995. Comparative phytopathological survey on

varieties of sunflower conducted in 1994. Informatore Agrario., 51: 71-73.

Toussaint, J.P. 2007. Investigating physiological changes in the aerial parts of AM plants:

what do we know and where should we be heading? Mycorrhiza, 17: 349-353.

Trimurtulu, N. and Johri, B.N. 1998. Prevelance and distribution of vesicular arbuscular

mycorrhizal spore populations in different Tarai so ils of UP. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol.,

28(3): 236-239.

Troeh, F.R. and Thompson, L.M. 1993. Soils and soil fertility, 5th Ed. Oxford University

Press, New York, p 462.

Uniyal, K. 2001. Incidence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in ecologically restored mined

area of Doon Valley. Indian For., 5: 690-693.

Usha, K., Mathew, R. and Singh, B. 2005. Effect of three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza

on bud sprout and ripening in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Perlette. Biol. Agric.

Hortic., 23: 73-83.

Valentine, A.J., Osborne, B.A. and Mitchell, D.T. 2001. Interaction between phosphorus

supply and total nutrient availability on mycorrhizal colonization, growth and

photosynthesis of cucumber. Sci. Hortic., 88: 177-189.

Van der Heijden, M.G.A., Boller, T., Wiemken, A. and Sanders, I.R. 1998. Different

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species are potential determinants of plant community

structure. Ecol., 79: 2082-2091.

Van Loon, L.C., Baker, P.A.H.M. and Pieterse, C.M.J. 1998. Systemic resistance induced by

rhizosphere bacteria. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 36: 453-483.

Van Meeteran, U., Van Gelder, H. and Van De Peppel, A.C. 1995. Aspects of carbohydrate

balance during floret opening in Freesia. Acta Hortic., 405: 117-122.

Van Staden, J., Bayley, A.D., Upfold, S.F. and Drewes, F.E. 1990. Cytokinins in c ut

carnation flowers. VIII. Uptake, transport and metabolism of benzyladenine and the

effect of benzyladenine derivatives on flower longevity. J. Plant Physiol., 135: 703-

707.

Vance, C.P., Uhde-Stone, C. and Allan, D.L. 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical

adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytol., 157: 423-

447.

Varu, D.K. and Barad, A.V. 2008. Effect of harvesting date and floral preservatives on vase

life of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cut flowers during winter season. J. Orna.

Hortic., 11(3): 181-187.

Vassilev, N., Vassileva, M., Fenice, M. and Federici, F. 2001. Immobilized cell technology

applied in solubilization of insoluble inorganic (rock) phosphate and P plant

acquisition. Bioresour. Technol., 79(3): 263-271.

Vazquez, M.M., Barea, J.M. and Azcon. 2001. Impact of soil nitrogen concentration on

Glomus spp. Sinorhizobium interactions as affecting growth, nitrate reductase activity

and protein content of Medicago sativa. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 34: 57-63.

Venkataraman, M.N., Kotoky, R. and Singh, H.D. 1990. Occurrence and distribution of

vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acidic soils of north eastern India. In:

Current Trends in Mycorrhizal Research, (Eds.), Jalali, B.S. and Chand, H., Pbl.

CCSHAU, Hisar, pp. 29-30.

Verma, A.K., Prasad, K.V., Singh, S.K. and Kumar, S. 2012. In-vitro isolation of red

coloured mutant from chimeric ray florets of Chrysanthemum induced by gamma-ray,

Indian J. Hortic., 69(4): 562-567.

Verma, N., Chaturvedi, S. and Sharma, A.K. 2008. Mass multiplication of AMF using

soilless substrates. Mycorrhiza News, 20(1): 11-15.

Verma, R.K. and Arya, I.D. 1998. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates and

organic manure on growth and mycorrhization of micropropagated Dendrocalamus

asper plantlets and on spore production in their rhizosphere. Mycorrhiza, 8: 113-116.

Verma, R.K. and Jamaluddin, G. 1995. Association and activity of arbuscular mycorrhizae of

teak (Tectona grandis) in central India. Indian For., 121: 533-539.

Verma, S.K., Angadi, S.G., Patil, V.S., Mokashi, A.N., Mathad, J.C. and Mummigatti, U.V.

2011. Growth, yield and quality of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium

Ramat.) cv. Raja as influenced by integrated nutrient management. Karnataka J.

Agric. Sci., 24 (5): (681-683).

Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant Soil, 255:

571-586.

Vestberg, M., Saari, K., Kukkonen, S. and Hurme, T. 2005. Mycotrophy of crops in rotation

and soil amendment with peat influence the abundance and effectiveness of

indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in field soil. Mycorrhiza, 15: 447-458.

Vey, A., Hoagland, R.E. and Butt, T.M. 2001. Toxic metabolites of fungal biocontrol agents.

Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress, problems and potential. (Eds.), Butt, T.M. and

Jackson, C.N., CAB International, Bristol, pp. 311-346.

Vieira, M.R.S., Teixeira, da Silva, J.A., Lima, G.P.P. and Vianello, F. 2010. Changes in

polyamine, total protein and total carbohydrate content and peroxidase activity during

the life time of Chrysanthemum Biotechnol., 4(1): 48-52.

Vierheilig, H., Alt, M., Mohr, U., Boller, T. and Wiemken A. 1994. Ethylene biosynthesis

1,3 glucanase in the roots of host and non host plants

of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after inoculation with Glomus mosseae. J.

Plant Physiol., 143: 337-343.

Vinale, F., Sivasithamparam, K., Ghisalberti, E.L., Marra, R., Woo, S.L. and Lorito, M. 2008.

Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions. Soil Biol. Biochem., 40: 1-10.

Voets, L., Dupre de Boulois, H., Renard, L., Strullu, D.G. and Declerck, S. 2005.

Development of an autotrophic culture system for the in vitro mycorrhization of

potato plantlets. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 248(1): 111-118.

Vogeti, S., Devi, K.B., Tilak, K.V.B.R. and Bhadraiah, B. 2008. Association of AM fungi

with sweet potato in soils of Andhra Pradesh. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol., 38(1): 88-90

Voisard, C., Keel, C., Haas, D. and Defago, G. 1989. Cyanide production by Pseudomonas

flourescens helps suppress black root rot of tobacco under gnotobiotic conditions.

EMBO J., 8: 351-358.

Vosátka, M., Rydlová, J., Sudová, R. and Vohník, M. 2006. Mycorrhizal fungi as helping in

phytoremediation of degradated and contaminated soil. Focus Biotechnol., 9A: 83-99.

Vyas, D., Dubey, A., Soni, A., Mishra, M.K., Singh, P.K. and Gupta, R.K. 2008. Vesicular

arbuscular mycorrhizal association in bryophytes isolated from eastern and western

Himalayas. Mycorrhiza News, 19(4): 16-19.

Waste management. Res London: Earthscan Publications, 2(1): 1-15.

Wagstaff, C., Leverrentz, M.K., Griffiths, G., Thomas, B., Usawadee, C., Stead, A.D. and

Rogers, H.J. 2002. Cysteine protease gene expression and proteolytic activity during

senescence of Alstroemeria petals. J. Expt. Bot., 53: 233-240.

Waheeduzzama, M., Jawaharlal, M., Arulmozhiyan, R. and Indhumathi, K. 2006. Effect of

integrated nutrient management practices on flower quality and vase life of Anthurium

andreanum cv. Meringue. J. Orna. Hortic., 9: 142-144.

Walker, C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae spore wall characteristics in

species description. Mycotaxon, 18: 443-445.

Walker, C. 1995. AM Orvam: What's in a world? In: Mycorrhiza. (Eds.) Varma, A. and

Hock, B. Springer-verlag, Berlin, pp. 25-26.

Wang, H, Parent, S, Gosselin, A. and Desjardins, Y. 1993. Study of vesicular-arbuscular

mycorrhizal peat-based substrates on symbioses establishment, acclimatization and

growth of three micropropagated species. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 118: 896 - 901.

Wang, F.Y., Lin, X.G., Yin, R. and Wu, L.H. 2006. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal

inoculation on the growth of Elsholtzia splendens and Zea mays and the activities of

phosphatase and urease in a multi-metal- contaminated soil under unsterilized

conditions. App. Soil Ecol., 31: 110-119.

Wani, M., Saha, S., Bidwai, J. and Khetmalas, M. 2012. Changes in carbohydrate levels and

associated enzyme activities during post harvest vase life of Gerbera jamesonii cv.

Danalin flower as influenced by mineral salts. J. Hort ic. Lett., 2(1): 08-11.

Warner, A and Mosse, B. 1980. Independent spread of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi in soil. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 74: 407-410.

Weisburger, J.H. 2002. Comments on the history and importance of aromatic and

heterocyclic amines in public health. Mutat. Res., 9: 506-507.

Weissenhorn, I. and Kulling, C.R. 2008. Real case application of commercial mycorrhiza

Mycorrhiza Works, (Eds.) Feldmann, F., Kapulnik, Y. and Baar, J., © Deutsche

Phytomedizinche Gesellschaft, Braunschweig, Germany. ISBN 978-3-941261-01-3:

61-68.

Weller, D.M. 1986. Effects of wheat genotype on root colonization by a take-all suppressive

strain of Psudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathol., 76: 1059

Wen, C.L. 1991. Effect of temperature and Glomus sp. on the growth and cut flower quality

of micropropagated Gerbera jamesonii. M. Sc. thesis, National. Taiwan University,

Taiwan. pp. 1-87

Wen, C.L. and Chang, D.C.N. 1995. Effects of temperature and Glomus sp. on the cut flower

quality of micropropagated Gerbera jamesonii. Memoirs of the College of

Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 35: 75-91.

Wetzstein, H.Y. and Sommer, H.E. 1982. Leaf anatomy of tissue-cultured Liquidambar

styraciflua (Hamamelidaceae) during acclimatization. Amer. J. Bot., 69: 1579-1586.

Weyers, J.D.B. and Meidner, H. 1990. Methods in Research. Longman, London, pp. 9-12.

Whipps, J.M. 2004. Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root

pathogens. Can. J. Bot., 82:1198 1227.

Williams, P.G. 1992. Axenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Methods in

Microbiology. (Eds.) Norris, J.R., Read, D.J. and Varma, A.K., Academic Press.

London. pp. 203-220.

Wilson, J.M. 1984. Competition for infection between vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi. New Phytol., 97: 427-435.

Wilson, J.M. and Trinick, M.J. 1983. Factors affecting the estimation of numbers of infective

propagules of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by the most probable number

method. Aust. J. Soil Res., 21(1): 73 81.

Windham, M.T., Elad, Y. and Baker, R. 1986. A mechanisms for incereased plant growth

induced by Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol., 6: 518-521.

Wood, T., 1991. VA mycorrhizal fungi: Challenges for commercialization. In: Fungal

Biotechnology, handbook of applied mycology. (Eds.) Arora, D.K., Elander, R.P. and

Mukerji, K.G., vol 4. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 82-847.

Wood, T. 1984, Commercial pot culture inoculum production. Quality control and other

headaches. In.Proe. 6th North Amer. Con. Mycorrhizae. (Ed.) Molina, R., Forest Res.

Lab. Publ., Oregon, USA Press. p 84.

Wright, S.F. 2005. Interaction between roots and the soil. In: roots and soil manage ment:

(Eds.) Zobel, R.W and Wright, S.F., USA, Amer. Soc. Agro., 183-197.

Wright, S.F. and Upadhyaya, A. 1996. Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from

soil and comparison with hyphal protein from arbuscular mgcorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci.,

161: 575-586.

Wright, S.F. and Upadhyaya, A. 1998. A survey of soil for aggregate stability and glomalin, a

glycoprotein produced by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci., 198: 97-

107.

Wu, Q.S. and Xia, R.X. 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic

adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress

conditions. J. Plant Physiol., 163: 417-425.

Wu, C.G., Lir, Y.S. and Hung, L.L. 1995. Spore development of Entrophospora kentinensis

in an aeroponic system. Mycologia, 87: 582-587.

Xavier, L.J.C. and Gemida, J.J. 2003. Selective interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal

fungi and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae enhances pea yield. Biol. Fertil. Soils,

37(5): 262-267.

Yadav, K., Aggarwal, A., Singh, N., 2013a. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) induced

acclimatization, growth enhancement and colchicine content of micropropagated

Gloriosa superba L. plantlets. Indian Crop Prod., 45: 88-93.

Yadav, K., Aggarwal, A., Singh, N., 2013b. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) induced

acclimatization and growth enhancement of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.- a potential

medicinal plant. Agric. Res., 2: 43-47.

Yao, L., Wu, Z., Zheng, Y., Kaleem, I. and Li, C. 2010. Growth promotion and protection

against salt stress by Pseudomonas putida on cotton. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 46: 49-54.

Yaseen, T., Burni, T. and Hussain, F. 2011. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on

nutrient uptake, growth and productivity of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties.

Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10(43): 8593-8598.

Yazdani, M., Bahmanyar, M.A., Pirdashti, H. and Esmaili, M.A. 2009. Effect of Phosphate

solubilization microorganisms (PSM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

(PGPR) on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). Proc. World Acad. Sci,

Eng. Technol., 37: 90-92.

Yedidia, I., Srivastva, A. K., Kapulnik, Y. and Chet. I. 2001. Effect of Trichoderma

harzianum on microelement concentrations and increased growth of cucumber plants.

Plant Soil, 235: 235-242.

Zahir, Z.A., Arshad, M. and Frankenberger, W.T. 2004. Plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria: applications and perspectives in agriculture. Adv. Agron., 81: 97-168.

Zaidi, A., Khan, M.S. and Amil, M. 2003. Interactive effect of rhizotrophic microorganism

on yield and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Eur. J. Agron., 19(1):

15-21.

Zandavalli, R.B. Sturmer, S.L. and Dillenburg, L.R. 2004. Species richness of arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi in forest with Araucaria in southern Brazil. Hoehnea, 35(1): 63-68.

Zhou, K., Binkley, D. and Doxtader, K.G. 1992. A new method for estimating gross

phosphorus mineralization and immobilization rates in soils. Plant Soil, 147: 243-250.

Zollinger, H.1991. Color chemistry: synthesis, properties and application of organic dyes and

pigments. 496: 456-980.

Zubair, M. and Wazir, F.K. 2007. Phosphorus affects production and quality of cut flowers of

Gladiolus cultivars in Peshawar. Pakistan J. Agric. Res., 20: 3-4.

Zubek, S., Mjelcarek, S. and Tarnau, K. 2012. Hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations

of valuable medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. are enhanced by arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 22: 149-156.

* Originals not seen