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© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 1 First Course on Power Electronics Module 1: Introduction Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan, www.mnpere.com By Ned Mohan Professor of ECE University of Minnesota

Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

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Page 1: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 1

First Course onPower ElectronicsModule 1: Introduction

Reference Textbook:First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan, www.mnpere.com

ByNed Mohan

Professor of ECEUniversity of Minnesota

Page 2: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 2

Chapter 1 Power Electronics: An Enabling Technology

1-1 Introduction to Power Electronics 1-2 Applications and the Role of Power Electronics 1-3 Energy and the Environment 1-4 Need for High Efficiency and High Power Density 1-5 Structure of Power Electronics Interface 1-6 Voltage-Link Structure 1-7 Recent and Potential Advancements

References Problems

Module 1: Introduction to Power Electronics

Page 3: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 3

Role of Power Electronics

Figure 1-1 Power electronics interface between the source and the load.

Converter

Controller

Source Load

Power ElectronicsInterface

Converter

Controller

Source Load

Power ElectronicsInterface

The power electronics interface facilitates the transfer of power from the source to the load by converting voltages and currents from one form to another, in which it is possible for the source and load to reverse roles. The controller shown in Fig. 1-1 allows management of the power transfer process in which the conversion of voltages and currents should be achieved with as high energy-efficiency and high power density as possible.

Page 4: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 4

Powering the Information Technology

Figure 1-2 Regulated low-voltage dc power supplies.

Power Converter

Controller

oV

,o refV

inV Utility

24 V (dc) 5 V (dc)

3.3 V (dc)

0.5 V (dc)

(a) (b)

Power Converter

Controller

oV

,o refV

inV Power Converter

Controller

oV

,o refV

inV Utility

24 V (dc) 5 V (dc)

3.3 V (dc)

0.5 V (dc)

Utility

24 V (dc) 5 V (dc)

3.3 V (dc)

0.5 V (dc)

(a) (b)

Page 5: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 5

Boost Converter

Figure 1-3 Boost dc-dc converter needed in cell operated equipment.

BatteryCell (1.5 V) 9 V (dc)BatteryCell (1.5 V) 9 V (dc)

Page 6: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 6

Adjustable Speed Drives

Figure 1-4 Block diagram of adjustable speed drives.

Power Processing Unit (PPU)fixed

form

measured speed/ position

speed /position

Motor

Electric Drive

Load

input command (speed / position)

PowerSignal

adjustable form

Electric Source(utility)

Sensors

Controller

Page 7: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 7

Induction Heating

Figure 1-5 Power electronics interface required for induction heating.

HighFrequencyAC

PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

HighFrequencyAC

PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

Page 8: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 8

Electric Welding

Figure 1-6 Power electronics interface required for electric welding.

DCPowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

DCPowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

Page 9: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 9

Energy and the Environment: The Percentage Energy Consumption

Figure 1-7 Percentage use of electricity in various sectors in the U.S.

Motors 51%HVAC 16%

IT 14%

Lighting 19%

Motors 51%HVAC 16%

IT 14%

Lighting 19%

Motors 51%HVAC 16%

IT 14%

Lighting 19%

Page 10: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 10

Figure 1-8 Role of adjustable speed drives in pump-driven systems.

AdjustableSpeed Drive

(ASD)Inlet

Outlet

Pumputility

AdjustableSpeed Drive

(ASD)Inlet

Outlet

Pumputility

Role of adjustable speed drives in pump-driven systems

Page 11: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 11

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Figure 1-9 Power electronics interface required for CFL.

CFLPowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

CFLPowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

Page 12: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 12

• Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage

• light rail, fly-by-wire planes

• all-electric ships

• drive-by-wire automobiles.

Transportation

Figure 1-10 Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage.

Page 13: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 13

Renewable EnergyPhotovoltaic Systems

Figure 1-11 Photovoltaic Systems. (a)

PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

DC Input

(b)

(a)

PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

DC Input

(b)

PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

DC Input PowerElectronicsInterface

Utility

DC Input

(b)

Page 14: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 14

Wind-Electric Systems

Figure 1-12 Wind-electric systems.

Utility

GeneratorandPower Electronics

Utility

GeneratorandPower Electronics

Utility

GeneratorandPower Electronics

Page 15: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 15

Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Figure 1-13 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.

Utility CriticalLoad

UninterruptiblePower Supply

Utility CriticalLoad

UninterruptiblePower Supply

Page 16: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 16

Applications in Power Systems

Page 17: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 17

Strategic Space and Defense Applications

Electric WarshipMore Electric Aircraft

Source: James Soeder, NASA and Terry Ericsen, ONR.

Page 18: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 18

NEED FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY AND HIGH POWER DENSITY

o

o loss

PP P

η =+ 1o lossP Pη

η=

Figure 1-14 Power output capability as a function of efficiency.

inP oP

lossP( )a

Power ElectronicsEquipment

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.960

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Efficiency

Pow

er R

atin

g

( )b

oP20lossP W=

10lossP W=

η

inP oP

lossP( )a

Power ElectronicsEquipment

0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.960

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Efficiency

Pow

er R

atin

g

( )b

oP20lossP W=

10lossP W=

η

Page 19: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 19

Summarizing the Role of Power Electronics

Output to Load- Adjustable DC- Sinusoidal AC- High-frequency AC

utility

PowerElectronicsInterface

Output to Load- Adjustable DC- Sinusoidal AC- High-frequency AC

utility

PowerElectronicsInterface

Figure 1-15 Block diagram of power electronic interface.

Output to Load- Adjustable DC- Sinusoidal AC- High-frequency AC

utility

PowerElectronicsInterface

Output to Load- Adjustable DC- Sinusoidal AC- High-frequency AC

utility

PowerElectronicsInterface

Figure 1-15 Block diagram of power electronic interface.

Page 20: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 20

STRUCTURE OF POWER ELECTRONICS INTERFACE

Voltage-link structure of power electronics interface• Unipolar voltage handling transistors used

• Decoupling of two converters

• Immunity from momentary power interruptions

Figure 1-16 Voltage-link structure of power electronics interface.

conv1 conv2

controller

utility Load

conv1 conv2

controller

utility Load

Page 21: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 21

• Current-Link Systems

• Matrix Converters

Page 22: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 22

Figure 1-17 Current-link structure of power electronics interface.

AC1 AC2AC1 AC2AC1 AC2AC1 AC2

Current-Link Systems

Page 23: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 23

Figure 1-18 Matrix converter structure of power electronics interface [13].

vCvBvA

vc

vb

va

ia

daA

dbA

dcA

daB daC

dbB dbC

dcB dcC

vCvBvA

vc

vb

va

ia

daA

dbA

dcA

daB daC

dbB dbC

dcB dcC

Matrix Converters

Page 24: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 24

Figure 1-19 Load-side converter in a voltage-source structure.

conv1 conv2

controller

utility Load

conv1 conv2

controller

utility Load

Voltage-link System

Page 25: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 25

SWITCH-MODE LOAD-SIDE CONVERTER

• Group 1 Adjustable dc or a low-frequency sinusoidal ac output in - dc and ac motor drives - uninterruptible power supplies - regulated dc power supplies without electrical isolation

• Group 2 High-frequency ac in - compact fluorescent lamps - induction heating - regulated dc power supplies where the dc output voltage needs to be

electrically isolated from the input, and the load-side converter internally produces high-frequency ac, which is passed through ahigh-frequency transformer and then rectified into dc.

Page 26: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 26

Switch-Mode Conversion: Switching Power-Pole as the Building Block

Figure 1-20 Switching power-pole as the building block in converters.

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

(b)

Av

0t

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inVAv

0

1Aq =

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

(b)

Av

0t

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inVAv

0

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

(b)

Av

0t

(b)

Av

0t

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inV

+

-

(a)

+

-Av

Aq

inVAv

0

1Aq =

Page 27: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 27

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) of the Switching Power-Pole

upA in A in

s

Tv V d V

T= = 0 1Ad≤ ≤

( / )A up sd T T=

Figure 1-21 PWM of the switching power-pole.

(a) (b)

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

(a) (b)

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

Ad

(a) (b)

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

(a) (b)

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

AvinV

+

-

+

-

Ai

1or 0Aq =

A sd T

dAi

upTsT

Aq

Av

0

0t

t

1

inV

Av

Ad

Page 28: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 28

Switching Power-Pole in a Buck DC-DC Converter: An Example

o A A inV v d V= = 0 o inV V≤ ≤

Figure 1-22 Switching power-pole in a Buck converter.

inV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

(a)

(b)

inV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

inV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

(a)

(b)

AvinV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

(a)

(b)

inV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

inV

+

Aq

+

−Av

+

oV

ini

Li

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

A sd T

sT

Aq

Av

Li

ini

0

0

0

0 t

inV

t

t

t

1

(a)

(b)

Av

Page 29: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 29

Figure 1-23 Waveforms in the converter of Example 1-2.

Aq

Av

20inV V=

12oV V=

0

1

3 sμ5 sμ

t

t0

Aq

Av

20inV V=

12oV V=

0

1

3 sμ5 sμ

t

t

Aq

Av

20inV V=

12oV V=

0

1

3 sμ5 sμ

t

t0

Example 1-2 In the converter of Fig. 1-22a, the input voltage 20inV V= . The

output voltage 12oV V= . Calculate the duty-ratio Ad and the pulse

width upT , if the switching frequency 200sf kHz= .

Solution 12A ov V V= = . Using Eq. 1-4,12 0.620

oA

in

VdV

= = = and 1 5s

s

T sf

μ= = .

Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1-23, 0.6 5 3up A sT d T s sμ μ= = × = .

Page 30: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 30

Simulations using PSpice

SwitchingWaveform.Sch

Page 31: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 31

Simulation Results

Time

450us 460us 470us 480us 490us 500usV(vA) V(vo)

0V

2.0V

4.0V

6.0V

8.0VAv

o ov V

Page 32: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 32

Fourier AnalysisFOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(vA) DC COMPONENT = 6.080000E+00 HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG) 1 1.000E+05 3.487E+00 1.000E+00 -4.860E+01 0.000E+00 2 2.000E+05 2.543E+00 7.293E-01 -7.200E+00 9.000E+01 3 3.000E+05 1.310E+00 3.757E-01 3.420E+01 1.800E+02 4 4.000E+05 1.600E-01 4.589E-02 7.560E+01 2.700E+02 5 5.000E+05 6.012E-01 1.724E-01 -6.300E+01 1.800E+02 6 6.000E+05 8.387E-01 2.405E-01 -2.160E+01 2.700E+02 7 7.000E+05 6.193E-01 1.776E-01 1.980E+01 3.600E+02 8 8.000E+05 1.600E-01 4.589E-02 6.120E+01 4.500E+02 9 9.000E+05 2.763E-01 7.923E-02 -7.740E+01 3.600E+02 10 1.000E+06 4.924E-01 1.412E-01 -3.600E+01 4.500E+02

Page 33: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 33

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE V(vo) DC COMPONENT = 6.083044E+00 HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE NORMALIZED NO (HZ) COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG) PHASE (DEG) 1 1.000E+05 1.795E-02 1.000E+00 1.343E+02 0.000E+00 2 2.000E+05 3.400E-03 1.894E-01 1.746E+02 -9.403E+01 3 3.000E+05 8.465E-04 4.715E-02 -1.489E+02 -5.518E+02 4 4.000E+05 1.226E-04 6.826E-03 -1.492E+02 -6.865E+02 5 5.000E+05 1.602E-04 8.922E-03 1.447E+02 -5.269E+02 6 6.000E+05 1.718E-04 9.570E-03 1.707E+02 -6.352E+02 7 7.000E+05 1.158E-04 6.448E-03 -1.626E+02 -1.103E+03 8 8.000E+05 5.644E-05 3.143E-03 -1.560E+02 -1.231E+03 9 9.000E+05 4.483E-05 2.497E-03 1.751E+02 -1.034E+03 10 1.000E+06 5.570E-05 3.102E-03 1.789E+02 -1.164E+03

Page 34: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 34

Currents

Time

450us 455us 460us 465us 470us 475us 480us 485us 490us 495us 500usI(L) I(C) I(R)

0A

10A

-4A

16A

RiLi

Ci

Page 35: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 35

Frequency Analysis

SwitchingWaveform_AC-Analysis.Sch

Page 36: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 36

Simulation Results

Frequency

100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz 1.0MHzDB(V(vo)/V(VA))

-100

-50

0

50

(100.000K,-45.867)

Page 37: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 37

Transistor and diode forming a switching power-pole in a Buck converter

Figure 1-24 Transistor and diode forming a switching power-pole in a Buck converter. (b) (c)

(a)

inV

+Li

Li Li

1Aq = 0Aq =

+

−oV

+

−oV

+

−oV

inV

+

inV

+

(b) (c)(c)

(a)

inV

+Li

Li Li

1Aq = 0Aq =

+

−oV

+

−oV

+

−oV

inV

+

inV

+

Page 38: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 38

Hardware Lab: very low-costSwitching Power - Pole Board

Magnetics Plug - In Board

Feedback Control Plug - In Board

Experiments:- Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost- Feedback Control: Voltage-

Mode, Peak-Current-Mode- Flyback, Forward

USERS MANUAL

www.ece.umn.edu/groups/power

Page 39: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 39

RECENT AND POTENTIAL ADVANCEMENTS

• Devices that can handle voltages in kVs and currents in kAs

• ASICs

• DSPs

• Micro-controllers

• FPGA

• Integrated and intelligent power modules

• Packaging

• SiC-based solid-state devices

• High energy density capacitors

Page 40: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 40

CONCEPT OF PEBB

It has numerous benefits such as technology insertion and upgrade via standard interfaces, reduced maintenance via plug and play modules, reduced cost via increased product development efficiency, reduced time to market, reduced commissioning cost, reduced design and development risk, a n d i n c r e a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n i n c r i t i c a l t e c h n o l o g i e s [ 1 4 ] .

Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) [15] is a broad concept that incorporates the progressive integration of power devices, gate drives, and other components into building blocks, with clearly defined functionality that provides interface capabilities able to serve multiple applications. This building block approach results in reduced cost, losses, weight, size, and engineering effort for the application and maintenance of power electronics systems. Based on the functional specifications of PEBB and the performance requirements of the intended applications, the PEBB designer addresses the details of device stresses, stray inductances, switching speed, losses, thermal management, protection, measurements of required variables, control interfaces, and potential integration issues at all levels.

Page 41: Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2008 41

SummaryPower Electronics an Enabling TechnologyApplicationsNeed for High Efficiency and High Power DensityStructure of Power Electronic ConvertersSwitching Power-Pole as the Building BlockPotential for Advancements