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REFERENCE: Introduction to Remote Sensing. James B.
Campbell, 2007, Fourth Edition, The Guilford Press.
Platforms: Where the sensors are mounted.
Sensors: Instruments on the platforms.
ETM+
AVIRIS
GER 1500
PLATFORMS VERSUS SENSORS
MULTIPLE PLATFORMS
POLAR ORBIT SENSORS
POLAR ORBIT SENSORS
Aqua
Terra
TRMM
SeaWiFS
Aura
Meteor/
SAGE
GRACE
ICESat
Cloudsat
Jason
CALIPSO
GIFTS
SORCE
NOAA/
POES
Metop
GOES
MTSAT
MSG
TOPEX
Landsat
This computer-generated image released by the European Space Agency (ESA) on April 15, 2008 shows trackableobjects in Low Earth Orbit (LOE) around Earth. There are now more than 12,000 objects that are monitored inorbit, 11,500 pieces of which are in low Earth orbit, which is at an altitude of between 800 and 1,500 kilometres (500and 950 miles), where there are many commercial, military, scientific and navigational satellites. In low orbit, debriscan stay adrift for decades before they eventually burn up in Earth's atmosphere. Another 1,147 pieces are ingeostationary orbit, about satellite orbits in the direction of the Earth's rotation, at an altitude of approximately35,786 km (22,240 miles), where telecommunications satellites are typically deployed.
Multiple
Sensors
Looking
At Earth
Passive Sensors-measure the reflected or emitted radiation.• Aerial Cameras• Visible or Thermal
REMOTE SENSORS
Active Sensors-measure the radiation they produce.• Microwave (Radar) • Acoustic Sensors
REMOTE SENSING OFREFLECTED RADIATION
The sensor detects solar radiation that has been reflected from features at the earth’s surface.
REMOTE SENSING OFREFLECTED RADIATION
REFLECTANCE
Sample Radiation (l)
R(l) = __________________
Reference Radiation (l)
REMOTE SENSING OFEMITTED RADIATION
The sensor detects solar radiation that has been absorbed by the earth, then reemitted as thermal infrared radiation.
INFRARED (THERMAL) SENSORS
Sea Surface Temperature
ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING
The sensor illuminates the terrain with its own energy, then records the reflected energy as it has been altered by the earth’s surface.
SIDE-LOOKING AIRBORNE RADARSLAR
MULTI-SPECTRAL
SENSORS
HYPER-SPECTRAL
SENSORS
SOME HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
PROGRAMS FOR EARTH STUDIES
Resolutions of OLI:
Spatial=30 m, 15 pan
Spectral=8 bands
Radiometric=12 bits
Temporal=16 days
A GLOBAL EFFORT
TIROS (USA) NOAA (USA) Nimbus (USA) GOES/METEOSAT (USA/Europe) Landsat (USA) SPOT (France) JERS (Japan) ERS (European Comm.) IRS (India) RADARSAT (Canada)
REMOTE SENSING PROGRAMS FOR
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE STUDIES
EXAMPLES OF REMOTE SENSORS FOR
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE STUDIES
MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) TM (Thematic Mapper) TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) AVHRR (Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) IKONOS (Name from the Greek term eikōn for image) HYPERION (Name of a Greek deity) AVIRIS (Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer)
TOWARD A NEW CENTURYWITH HIGHER RESOLUTION
IKONOS1 METER
HYPERION220 BANDS
GENERALAPPLICATIONS
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY TODETERMINE TEMPORAL CHANGES
La Parguera in 1936 La Parguera in the 80's
La Parguera in 2010
GOES VISIBLE IMAGE
HURRICANE FRANCES
CITIES OBSERVATIONS USING IKONOS
ATHENS
NEW YORK
SAN JUAN
VENICE
EARTH TOPOGRAPHY USING MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS
MT. PINATUBO
MT. EVEREST
APPLICATIONS OFSYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR
Oil Spills
Topography Studies
Mineral Studies
SHUTTLE OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH TOPOGRAPHY
San Andres
San Francisco
Santa Monica
Japan
VEGETATION INDEX AND PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS
USING VISIBLE SENSORS
CONDITION OF THE OZONE LAYER
CONCENTRATION OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES
DATA FROM MULTIPLE SENSORS