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METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
v3.1 1
REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS IN
PROPYLENE OXIDE PRODUCTION
Document Prepared by (South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.)
Title Reduction of GHG emissions in Propylene Oxide production
Version 00
Date of Issue 05-September-2012
Type Methodology
Sectoral Scope 1, 5
Prepared By South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.,
Contact South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.,
Technoparkstrasse 1, CH-8005 Zurich, Tel: +41 43 501 35 50
[email protected], [email protected],
www.southpolecarbon.com
Reference
Number
Reference number is assigned by VCSA upon approval
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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Relationship to Approved or Pending Methodologies
Currently there is no approved or pending methodology under the VCS Program or an approved GHG
program that could reasonably be revised to meet the objective of the proposed methodology. In light of
the same, this new methodology is being proposed.
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Table of Contents
1 Sources .............................................................................................................................. 4
2 Summary Description of the Methodology ........................................................................... 4
3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 7
4 Applicability Conditions ....................................................................................................... 8
5 Project Boundary ................................................................................................................ 8
6 Procedure for Determining the Baseline Scenario ..............................................................11
7 Procedure for Demonstrating Additionality .........................................................................12
8 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals ..............................................12
8.1 Baseline Emissions .....................................................................................................12
8.2 Project Emissions .......................................................................................................15
8.3 Leakage ......................................................................................................................17
8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals ............................................17
9 Monitoring ..........................................................................................................................18
9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation ..............................................................18
9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored .................................................................................19
9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan ..............................................................................23
10 References and Other Information .....................................................................................24
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1 SOURCES
This methodology is based on the project being carried out by MTP HPPO Manufacturing Co.,
Ltd, a joint venture between The Siam Cement Public Co., Ltd and The Dow Chemical Company.
The project involves constructing a production facility for Propylene Oxide using a new process
called Hydrogen Peroxide-based Propylene Oxide (HPPO) Technology instead of the
conventional Chlorohydrin process.
For additionality demonstration this methodology refers to the latest approved version of the
following CDM tool:
Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality (Section 7: Procedure for
Demonstrating Additionality)
For parts of baseline and project emission calculations this methodology refers to elements of the
latest approved version of the following CDM tools:
Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity consumption
Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion (Section 9.2:
Data and Parameters Monitored)
2 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY
Propylene Oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O. This colour-
less volatile liquid is produced on a large scale industrially. Propylene Oxide (PO) is a very
common chemical building block used to produce commercial and industrial products including
polyether polyols, propylene glycols and propylene glycol ethers. It is among the most diffused
chemical intermediates world-wide and its production continues to grow continuously.
There are many processes (or chemical routes) that are used in the industry to synthesize PO.
Industrial production of PO generally starts from propylene. Two general approaches are
employed, one involving hydrochlorination and the other involving oxidation. The
hydrochlorination route using chlorohydrin technology is the traditional route and proceeds via the
conversion of propylene to PO. There are also other possible routes to produce PO based on co-
oxidation of the organic chemicals isobutene or ethylbenzene. However, these alternative routes
are characterized by substantial production of co-products, such as t-butyl alcohol or styrene,
respectively.
This methodology aims at supporting a new process called Hydrogen Peroxide-based Propylene
Oxide (HPPO) Technology which is able to reduce GHG emissions and waste generation during
PO synthesis when compared to other processes. The GHG emission reductions are owing to
usage of lesser GHG intensive reagents and reduced process energy requirements.
This methodology is not designed to deal with all types of PO production processes. Its
application is limited to projects wherein PO is the only output expected (i.e., no co-products are
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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produced in the process). The methodology is applicable only to projects where the project
activity is the HPPO technology and where Chlorohydrin process is identified as the baseline
scenario. However, the methodology is structured in a way that its application can be extended to
other processes, as it is built along the lines accounting for - Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions;
Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from consumption of purchased electricity, heat or steam; and
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions from use of reagents for manufacturing.
In this methodology, the GHG emissions produced by different chemical manufacturing
processes using different reagents are being compared. Comparing two processes that do not
use the same input materials cannot only be done through a comparison of emissions that occur
in the facility but requires a broader approach, similar to life cycle assessment where emissions
due to reagent production are also taken into account.
In the following analysis, we will therefore always distinguish (for both baseline and project
processes) between three classes of emissions:
- Up-stream emissions: include emission sources linked to the reagents being used in the
process;
- Process emissions: represent emission sources located within the project facility and
associated to the transformation of reagents into the product at the manufacturing site.
Process emissions include energy consumption as well as emissions associated with product
and waste treatments;
- Down-stream emissions: all emissions linked to product usage.
As the product is the same in both the baseline and project scenarios, down-stream emissions
would be the same in both cases and have therefore not been considered. Thus this methodology
proposes to consider only the up-stream and process emissions.
For the baseline and monitoring methodology, we summarize below the key elements of this
methodology:
(a) Applicability conditions:
The methodology is applicable to projects wherein PO is the only expected output (i.e., no co-
products are produced in the process). Nevertheless, in practice, due to selectivity of the
catalysts, there may be by-products produced out of the process. Such by-products shall not be
more than 10% (in mass terms) as compared to the PO output. As a consequence, the
methodology is currently applicable only to projects where the project activity is the HPPO
technology and where Chlorohydrin- Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the baseline scenario.
(b) Project Boundary:
The project boundary includes the upstream emissions and the industrial facility including the by-
products and waste treatment facilities.
(c) Baseline scenario:
The baseline scenario is determined through the evaluation of the likely alternatives accounting
for the local/national regulations and laws; investment analysis and/or barriers. A list of pre-
defined alternatives prepared specially for the purpose of this methodology is also proposed; this
list shall be considered as non-exhaustive and can be completed by the project proponent (PP).
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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(d) Additionality;
Additionality shall be demonstrated through the application of the latest version of the CDM “Tool
for the demonstration and assessment of additionality”.
(e) Baseline emissions;
Up-stream emissions: Emissions associated with the baseline reagents. For simplification, the
following upstream emissions are excluded:
- emissions associated with material that come from nature (raw material) and are in an unprocessed or minimally processed state;
- raw material extraction; - catalysts; - transportation; and - reagents common in quantity and quality to the project activity. Process emissions: The process emissions arise due to energy usage (e.g., heat, electricity etc.)
for transforming the reagents into the final product and also for waste and by-products treatment.
For simplification, and as a conservative approach, the emissions linked to waste and by-
products will be neglected, if credible data to estimate the same is not available. The process
emissions due to energy usage are calculated based on the specific energy required per ton of
PO production and the associated emission factor for the thermal/electrical energy generation
respectively.
(f) Project emissions;
Up-stream emissions: Emissions associated with the project reagents. For simplification the
upstream emissions excludes emissions associated with material that come from nature (raw
material) and are in an unprocessed or minimally processed state; raw material extraction;
catalysts; transportation; and reagents common in quantity and quality to the baseline activity.
Process emissions: Project emissions are taken into account for all processes associated with the
synthesis of PO at the project site, including:
- energy related emissions (heat and electricity)
- Waste and by-products treatment
Emissions linked to energy, electricity and steam, will be calculated based respectively on the
latest versions of the “Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity
consumption” and the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
combustion”.
Apart from waste contained in wastewater streams, most of the waste generated on-site is
usually incinerated. Emissions from the incineration of such waste streams will be estimated by
considering the carbon content of waste stream (based on their chemical formula). By-products
that can be recovered from the process and used for other processes within the project boundary
will be considered as carbon neutral since all emissions linked to their treatment is included in the
project boundary and already taken into account. Incineration of waste streams often involves co-
firing of fossil fuels. Emissions from fossil fuel consumption are also considered.
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(g) Leakage:
No leakage is anticipated.
(h) Emissions reductions:
The emissions reductions are calculated as baseline emissions minus the project emissions.
(i) Monitoring:
As all parameters are related to the production process, monitoring shall follow normal industrial
practice.
Additionality Project Method
Crediting Baseline Project Method
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this methodology, the following definitions apply:
HP: Hydrogen Peroxide
PO: Propylene oxide
CHPO: Chlorohydrin process. Propylene is combined with hypochlorous acid to form a chlorohydrin intermediate which is subsequently dechlorohydronated to PO. This process leads to the formation of salts.
CHPO-lime: CHPO plant where lime is used as a chlorine absorber. Quick-lime (CaO) is mixed with water to form calcium hydroxide which is mixed with chlorohydrin solution. This process leads to huge quantities of effluent with CaCl2 loads.
CHPO-chlor-alkali: CHPO plant where dechlorohydronation is done due to caustic soda and leads to huge quantities of NaCl brine.
HPPO: Hydrogen Peroxide-based PO Technology. The process consists where PO is obtained from propylene and hydrogen peroxide. There are two patents linked to this process, one is owned by DOW (US patent 7,138,534) and one by Degussa (6,878,836).
POSM: Hydroperoxidation route to PO that co-produce styrene monomer. This process involves the co-oxydation of ethylbenzene and styrene and produces PO and Styrene.
POTBA: Hydroperoxidation route to PO that co-produce t-butyl. This process involves the co-oxydation of isobutene and styrene and produces PO and t-butyl.
CHP: Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). Process patented by Sumitomo (World patent 01/05778 A1) where cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is used for the epoxidation of propylene. This route produces DMBA as a co-product that can be further recycled to cumene.
Co-oxidation route (or Co-products routes or hydroperoxidation route): Route to PO that co-produces styrene (POSM) and t-butyl (POTBA).
Oxidation route (Direct routes or oxidation routes): routes that do not lead to co-product (CHP and HPPO).
Chlorohydrin routes: CHPO
Co-products: product deriving from the chemical process which is not the primary product.
By-products: incidental (undesired) product deriving from the chemical process.
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Waste: material generated by the production process, which is not sold or re-used in other processes on-site. Waste streams can be incinerated on-site, treated within the project boundary (eg, wastewater) or disposed (eg, at solid disposal site).
4 APPLICABILITY CONDITIONS
This methodology is applicable under the following conditions:
The methodology is limited to projects wherein PO is the only output;
No co-products are produced in the process. There could be by-products coming out of
the process owing to the selectivity of the catalysts etc.;
There are no significant by-products from the process (not more than 10% as compared
to the PO output);
The methodology is applicable only to projects where the project activity is the HPPO
technology and where Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the baseline
scenario;
The project may take place in any geographic region of the world.
5 PROJECT BOUNDARY
The spatial extent of the project boundary encompasses the upstream emissions from reagents,
PO manufacturing plant from reagents admission to the treatment of by-products and waste from
process.
The project boundary encompasses also the project electricity system(s) and Heat/steam
generation system that the PO plant is connected to. The spatial extent of the project electricity
system consists of the power plants that are physically connected through transmission and
distribution lines to the project activity and that can be dispatched without significant transmission
constraints. Similar would be the spatial extent for the steam system.
PO production
C3H6
Other reagents
C3H6O
Waste / By-products
Fuel, Heat (Steam), Electricity
Project boundary
Up-stream Process Down-stream
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For the Chlorohydrin process (baseline scenario), the geographical extent of the project boundary
is defined as follows:
For the HPPO process (proposed project activity) the geographic project boundary encompasses:
HPPO Plant
(C3H6 + H2O2 --> C3H6O + H2O)
C3H6
H2O2
C3H6O
By-products
Fuel, Heat (Steam), Electricity
CHPO Plant
(C3H6 + Cl2 + 2NaOH --> C3H6O +
2NaCl + H2O)
C3H6
CL2, NaOH
(Chlor-Alkali)
C3H6O
By-products
Fuel, Heat (Steam), Electricity
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The greenhouse gases included in or excluded from the project boundary are shown in table
below:
Source Gas Included? Justification/Explanation B
aselin
e
Emissions
associated
with the
production of
baseline
reagents
CO2 Yes The emissions associated with Cl2 and NaOH
(Chlor-Alkali) production has been accounted as
these are generally not found naturally and are
produced in an industrial facility. The emissions
associated with C3H6 has, however, not been
accounted as its usage would be essentially the
same as in the project activity.
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
N2O No Not applicable.
Emissions
associated
with steam
and
electricity
requirements
of the
process
CO2 Yes Emissions could arise from the combustion of
fossil fuels for providing steam and/or electricity
to the PO production facility.
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
N2O No Not applicable.
Emissions
associated
with
treatment of
waste
coming out
of the
process
CO2 Optional Emissions could arise from the incineration of
waste. This source may be excluded for
conservativeness and simplification.
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
N2O No Not applicable.
Pro
ject
Emissions
associated
with the
production of
project
reagents
CO2 Yes The emissions associated with H2O2 production
have been accounted as this is generally not
found naturally and is to be produced in an
industrial facility. The emissions associated with
C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its
usage would be essentially the same as in the
baseline activity.
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
N2O No Not applicable.
Emissions
associated
with steam
and
CO2 Yes Emissions could arise from the combustion of
fossil fuels for providing steam and/or electricity
to the PO production facility
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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Source Gas Included? Justification/Explanation
electricity
requirements
of the
process
N2O No Not applicable.
Emissions
associated
with
treatment of
waste
coming out
of the
process
CO2 Optional Emissions could arise from the incineration of
waste. For simplification, this source may be
excluded if it is demonstrated that waste
generation is lesser in quantity and carbon
intensity as compared to baseline, assuming that
the fossil fuel consumed in the incinerator is the
same as in the baseline.
CH4 No Excluded for simplification, this is conservative.
N2O No Not applicable.
6 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE BASELINE SCENARIO
Project proponents shall apply the following steps to identify the baseline scenario:
Step 1: Identification of plausible alternative scenarios
This step serves to identify all alternative scenarios to the proposed project activity which can be
the baseline scenario. Alternatives shall be able to deliver equivalent outputs or services1.
Identified alternatives shall therefore consist of all commercially available PO technologies. A
technology shall be considered as commercially available if the production of PO accounts for at
least 1% of the World production in the year of investment decision. The list could therefore
consist of at least (but not limited to):
P1: The project activity;
P2: A plant with the same capacity using the Chlorohydrin process (Lime or Chlor-Alkali);
P3: A plant with the same capacity using any other commercially available technology.
Step 2: Consistency with mandatory applicable laws and regulations:
Eliminate alternatives that are not in compliance with all applicable mandatory legal and
regulatory requirements.
Step 3: Barrier analysis
This step serves to identify barriers and to assess which alternative scenarios are prevented by
these barriers. Scenarios that face prohibitive barriers shall be eliminated by applying Step 3 of
1 The processes wherein co-products are produced (eg, CHP, POSM, POTBA) are not considered as likely
alternatives.
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the latest version of the “Tool for demonstration and assessment of additionality” agreed by the
CDM Executive Board.
This methodology is only applicable if Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process is identified as the
baseline scenario.
7 PROCEDURE FOR DEMONSTRATING ADDITIONALITY
The additionality of the project activity shall be demonstrated and assessed using the latest
version of the “Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality” agreed by the CDM
Executive Board, which is available on the UNFCCC CDM website. While demonstrating the
additionality of the proposed project activity, the PPs shall consider the different project
alternatives as per the baseline identification section.
8 QUANTIFICATION OF GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS
8.1 Baseline Emissions
Baseline emissions are calculated as follows:
yocessyUpstreamy BEBEBE ,Pr, (1)
Where:
BEy Baseline emission in year y, (tCO2)
BEUpstream,y Emissions associated with the baseline reagents for the production of
PO, (tCO2)
BEProcess,y Emissions due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming
the baseline reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste and
by-products treatment (tCO2)
Up-stream emissions (BEUpstream,y):
The up-stream emissions are on account of the various reagents used in the process. The
reagents used in the baseline (Chlorohydrin-Chlor-Alkali process) are C3H6, Cl2 and NaOH. The
emissions associated with C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its usage would be
essentially the same as in the project activity. The emissions associated with Chlor-Alkali
production have been accounted as these are generally not found naturally and are to be
produced in an industrial facility.
The emissions associated with Chlor-Alkali production are calculated as follows:
yyAlkaliChloryUpstream PObeBE ,, (2)
Where:
beChlor-Alkali, y Quantity of CO2 emitted from Chlor-Alkali production per unit of PO
(tonnes)
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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POy Quantity of PO produced in year y (tonnes)
The most common Chlor-Alkali process involves the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride
(brine) in a membrane cell (owing to lower emissions). The CO2 emissions associated with Chlor-
Alkali production are calculated as follows:
yELyAlkaliChloryAlkaliChlor EFecbe ,,,58
71
(3)
Where:
ecChlor-Alkali, y Energy consumption per ton of Cl2 production (MWh/tCl2)
EFEL,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)
71/58 Ratio between the molecular weights of Cl2 and C3H6O (mass units/mass
units)
The membrane cell process is the preferred process for new plants. Thus, it is assumed that
production of Chlor-Alkali in the baseline plant is through membrane cell process. The energy
consumption in a membrane cell process is of the order of 2.2-2.5 MWh/ton compared to 2.4-2.7
MWh/ton of chlorine for a diaphragm cell process2.
Thus, as a conservative approach the above equation is presented as follows:
yELyAlkaliChlor EFbe ,, 2.258
71
(4)
Process emissions (BEProcess,y):
The process emissions arise due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming the
reagents into the final product and also from waste treatment.
The emissions associated with energy usage are calculated as follows:
yWasteyElecyHeatyocess BEBEBEBE ,,,,Pr (5)
Where:
BEHeat,y Emissions due to thermal energy (heat/steam) for transforming the baseline
reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment (tCO2)
BEElec,y Emissions due to electrical energy for transforming the baseline reagents into
the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment (tCO2)
BEWaste,y Emissions due to treatment of waste products (tCO2)
The CO2 emissions from thermal energy (heat/steam) are calculated as follows:
2 http://www.miga.org/documents/ChlorAlkali.pdf
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ySteamyCHPOyHeat EFPOSSCBE ,, (6)
Where:
SSCCHPO Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the PO production through
CHPO process (TJ/tonne of PO).
EFSteam,y Emission factor for thermal energy generation in year y (tCO2/TJ)
The emission factor for thermal energy generation could be calculated as follows:
yBoileryiCOySteam EFEF ,,,2, / (7)
Where:
EFCO2, I, y Weighted average CO2 emission factor of fuel type i in year y (tCO2/TJ).
ηBoiler,y Efficiency of the steam generating system
The CO2 emissions from electrical energy are calculated as follows:
yElyCHPOyElec EFPOSECBE ,, (8)
Where:
SECCHPO Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in the PO production through
CHPO process (MWh/tonne of PO).
EFEl,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)
The specific energy consumption ratios (thermal/electrical) can be sourced from independent
third party reports.
The CO2 emissions from waste treatment are calculated as follows:
iBaselineiBaselineWasteyWaste COEFFCCABE
,,,
12
44 (9)
Where:
CAWaste, Baseline Carbon amount in the waste stream derived from the carbon amount in
the Propylene feed, PO and by-products in the baseline (tonnes).
44/12 Ratio between the molecular weights of CO2 and Carbon (mass
units/mass units)
FCi,Baseline Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the incinerator in the baseline (mass
or volume unit/year)
COEFi CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i (tCO2/mass or volume unit)
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The “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion” shall be
used to calculate the CO2 emission coefficient.
The carbon amount in the waste stream and fuel combusted in the incinerator shall be presented
in terms of PO output.
For simplification, and as a conservative approach, the emissions linked to waste and by-
products may be neglected, if credible data to estimate the same is not available.
8.2 Project Emissions
Project emissions are calculated as follows:
yocessyUpstreamy PEPEPE ,Pr, (10)
Where:
PEy Project emissions in the year y, (tCO2)
PEUpstream,y Emissions associated with the project reagents for the production of PO,
(tCO2)
PEProcess,y Emissions due to energy usage (heat, electricity etc.) for transforming the
project reagents into the final product (PO) and also for waste treatment
(tCO2)
Up-stream emissions (PEUpstream,y):
The up-stream emissions are on account of the various reagents used in the process. The
reagents used in the project (HPPO process) are C3H6 and H2O2. The emissions associated with
C3H6 has, however, not been accounted as its usage would be essentially the same as in the
baseline activity. The emissions associated with H2O2 production have been accounted as this is
generally not found naturally and is to be produced in an industrial facility.
The emissions associated with H2O2 production are calculated as follows:
yHPyUpstream POpePE
58
34, (11)
Where:
peHP Quantity of CO2 that would be emitted per ton of H2O2 (tCO2/ tH2O2)
POy Quantity of PO produced (tonnes)
34/58 Ratio between the molecular weights of H2O2 and C3H6O (mass
units/mass units)
Process emissions (PEProcess,y):
The process emissions arise due to energy usage (heat, electricity, etc.) for transforming the
reagents into the final product, by-products and also for waste treatment. For simplification and as
a conservative approach, all these emissions are associated to the PO production.
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The process emissions are calculated as follows:
yWasteyElecyHeatyocess PEPEPEPE ,,,,Pr (12)
Where:
PEHeat,y Emissions due to thermal energy (heat/steam) for transforming the project
reagents into the final product (PO) (tCO2)
PEElec,y Emissions due to electrical energy for transforming the project reagents into
the final product (PO) (tCO2)
PEWaste,y Emissions due to treatment of waste products in year y (tCO2)
The CO2 emissions from thermal energy (heat/steam) are calculated as follows:
ySteamyyHPPOyHeat EFPOSSCPE ,,, (13)
Where:
SSCHPPO, y Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the PO production through
HPPO process in year y (TJ/tonne of PO).
EFSteam,y Emission factor for thermal energy generation in year y (tCO2/TJ)
The emission factor for thermal energy generation would be similar as calculated for the baseline
emissions.
The CO2 emissions from electrical energy are calculated as follows:
yElyyHPPOyEl EFPOSECPE ,,, (14)
Where:
SECHPPO, y Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in the PO production through
HPPO process in year y (MWh/tonne of PO).
EFEl,y Emission factor for electricity generation in year y (tCO2/MWh)
The emission factor for electricity generation would be similar as for the baseline emissions.
The CO2 emissions from waste treatment are calculated as follows:
yiyiyWasteyWaste COEFFCCAPE ,,,,12
44
(15)
Where:
CAWaste, y Carbon amount in the waste stream derived from the carbon amount in
the Propylene feed, PO and by-products during year y of the crediting
period (tonnes)
METHODOLOGY: VCS Version 3
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44/12 Ratio between the molecular weights of CO2 and Carbon (mass
units/mass units)
FCi,y Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the incinerator during the year y
(mass or volume unit/year)
COEFi,y CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i in year y (tCO2/mass or volume
unit)
The “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion” shall be
used to calculate the CO2 emission coefficient.
The carbon amount in the waste stream shall be calculated as follows:
yByproductsyPOyopyleneyWaste CACACACA ,,,Pr, (16)
Where:
CAPropylene, y Carbon amount in the Propylene feed during year y (tonnes).
CAPO, y Carbon amount in PO produced during year y (tonnes).
CAByproducts, y Carbon amount in the byproducts during year y (tonnes).
For simplification, the emissions associated with treatment of waste coming out of the project
process may be excluded if it can be demonstrated that waste generation is lesser in quantity and
carbon intensity as compared to baseline and assuming that the fossil fuel consumed in the
incinerator is the same as in the baseline.
8.3 Leakage
No leakage emissions are considered. The main emissions potentially giving rise to leakage in
the context of the project are emissions arising due to activities such as construction and
transportation. These emissions sources are excluded.
8.4 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals
Emission reductions are calculated as follows:
yyyy LEPEBEER
(17)
Where:
ERy = Emission reductions in year y (tCO2e/yr)
BEy = Baseline emissions in year y (tCO2/yr)
PEy = Project emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr)
LEy = Leakage emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr)
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9 MONITORING
9.1 Data and Parameters Available at Validation
Data Unit / Parameter: SSCCHPO
Data unit: TJ/tonne of PO
Description: Specific thermal energy consumption ratio in the
PO production through CHPO process
Source of data: Independent third party report
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
Steam consumption would be converted
conservatively into energy terms using enthalpy
values and accounting for any condensate return
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: SECCHPO
Data unit: MWh/tonne of PO
Description: Specific electrical energy consumption ratio in
the PO production through CHPO process
Source of data: Independent third party report
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
-
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: peHP
Data unit: tCO2/ tH2O2
Description: Quantity of CO2 that would be emitted per tonne
of H2O2
Source of data: Independent third party report
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
-
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: caWaste, Baseline
Data unit: tC/ tonne of PO
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Description: Carbon amount in the waste stream combusted
in the incinerator in the baseline per tonne of PO
Source of data: Independent third party report
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
-
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: fci,Baseline
Data unit: mass or volume unit in baseline per tonne of PO
Description: Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the
incinerator in the baseline per tonne of PO
Source of data: Independent third party report
Justification of choice of data or description
of measurement methods and procedures
applied:
-
Any comment: -
9.2 Data and Parameters Monitored
Data Unit / Parameter: POy
Data unit: tonnes
Description: Quantity of PO produced in year y
Source of data: Plant records
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Flow-rate meters, mass meters, cross-check with stock verification records.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as
appropriate, to calculate emission reduction
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Meters should be calibrated regularly according
to manufacturer’s guidelines or national
standards. Cross-checking with production stock
inventory.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: EFEL,y
Data unit: tCO2/MWh
Description: Emission factor for electricity generation in year y
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Source of data: Calculate the emission factor, using the procedures in the latest approved version of the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system’.
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system’.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor
for an electricity system’.
QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the ‘Tool to calculate the emission factor
for an electricity system’.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: EFCO2, I, y
Data unit: tCO2/TJ
Description: Weighted average CO2 emission factor of fuel
type i in year
Source of data: As described in the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: ηBoiler,y
Data unit: -
Description: Efficiency of the steam generating system
Source of data: As described in the “Tool to determine the baseline efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation systems”
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
As per the “Tool to determine the baseline efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation systems”
Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to determine the baseline
efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation
systems”
QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to determine the baseline
efficiency of thermal or electric energy generation
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systems”
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: SCHPPO, y
Data unit: TJ
Description: Thermal energy consumption in the PO
production through HPPO process in year y
Source of data: Plant records
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
This parameter should be determined as the
difference of the enthalpy of the process heat
(steam) supplied to PO production process in the
baseline method, minus the enthalpy of the feed-
water, the boiler blow-down and any condensate
return. The respective enthalpies should be
determined based on the mass (or volume) flows,
the temperatures and, in case of superheated
steam, the pressure. Steam tables or appropriate
thermodynamic equations may be used to
calculate the enthalpy as a function of
temperature and pressure.
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as
appropriate, to calculate emission reduction
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Meters should be calibrated regularly according
to manufacturer’s guidelines. Cross-checking with
other plant records.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: ECHPPO, y
Data unit: MWh
Description: Electrical energy consumption in the PO
production through HPPO process in year y
Source of data: Plant records
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Electrical consumption to be monitored
continuously and the average specific electrical
energy consumption to be calculated based on
PO production
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as
appropriate, to calculate emission reduction
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Meters should be calibrated regularly according
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to manufacturer’s guidelines or national
standards.
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: CAPropylene, y
Data unit: tonne
Description: Carbon amount in the Propylene feed during year
y of the crediting period
Source of data: Plant records
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Ultimate analysis
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as
appropriate, to calculate emission reduction
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Cross-checking with inventory data
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: CAByproducts, y
Data unit: tonne
Description: Carbon amount in the byproducts during year y of
the crediting period
Source of data: Plant records
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
Ultimate analysis
Frequency of monitoring/recording: Data monitoring continuously and aggregated as
appropriate, to calculate emission reduction
QA/QC procedures to be applied: Cross-checking with inventory data
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: FCi,y
Data unit: mass or volume unit/year
Description: Quantity of fuel type i combusted in the
incinerator during the year y
Source of data: As described in the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
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Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Any comment: -
Data Unit / Parameter: COEFi,y
Data unit: tCO2/mass or volume unit
Description: CO2 emission coefficient of fuel type i in year y
Source of data: As described in the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Description of measurement methods and
procedures to be applied:
As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Frequency of monitoring/recording: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
QA/QC procedures to be applied: As per the “Tool to calculate project or leakage
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion”
Any comment: -
9.3 Description of the Monitoring Plan
The project proponent shall establish, maintain and apply a monitoring plan and GHG information
system that includes criteria and procedures for obtaining, recording, compiling and analyzing
data, parameters and other information important for quantifying and reporting GHG emissions
relevant for the project and baseline scenario. Monitoring procedures shall address the following:
a) Types of data and information to be reported;
b) Units of measurement;
c) Origin of the data;
d) Monitoring methodologies (e.g., estimation, measurement, calculation);
e) Type of equipment used, if any;
f) Monitoring times and frequencies;
g) QA/QC procedures;
h) Monitoring roles and responsibilities;
i) GHG information management systems, including the location, back up, and retention of
stored data.
Where measurement and monitoring equipment is used, the project proponent shall ensure the
equipment is calibrated according to current good practice (e.g., relevant industry standards).
All data collected as part of monitoring shall be archived electronically and kept at least for 2
years after the end of the last crediting period.
QA/QC procedures should include, but are not limited to:
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Data Gathering, Input and Handling Measures
Input data checked for typical errors, including inconsistent physical units, unit conversion
errors, typographical errors caused by data transcription from one document to another;
and missing data for specific time periods or physical units;
Input time series data checked for large unexpected variations (e.g., orders of magnitude)
that could indicate input errors;
All electronic files to use version control to ensure consistency;
Physical protection of monitoring equipment (e.g., sealed meters and data loggers); and
Physical protection of records of monitored data (e.g., hard copy and electronic records).
Data Documentation
Input data units checked and documented;
All sources of data, assumptions and emission factors documented;
Changes to data, assumptions and emission factors documented; and
Documented assumptions and algorithms validated based on best practices.
Calculations
Units for input data and conversion factors documented;
Units for all intermediate calculations and final results documented;
Input data and calculated data clearly differentiated;
Comparison to previous results to identify potential inconsistencies; and
Results aggregated in various ways to identify potential inconsistencies.
10 REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION
The latest approved versions of CDM tools referenced above are available at:
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/tools/index.html