REDD-ALERT WP5:Case studies in Cameroon

Innocent BAKAMMacaulay Land Use Research Institute

Aberdeen, UK

Criteria for site selection

• Image availability: the villages should be included in the area identified within WP1, where satellite images are available and cloud free, such that an historical analysis of deforestation is possible.

• Range of drivers: the villages should allow coverage of the range of deforestation drivers in southern Cameroon: agriculture, logging, market, infrastructures…

• Data availability: As far as possible, we should try to work in villages where it is possible to benefit from data from past or on-going projects, such as STCP

Image availability

Image availability

Image availability

Image availability

Gradient of deforestation

Range of drivers

Agriculture for subsistence in Ekeke

Agriculture for Gabon and Equatorial Guinea markets in Meyo-Centre

Logging in Somalomo near the Dja Reserve

The REDD-Camer model

• Purpose: to study the implications of REDD policies at the local level

• Agents:– Land patches (to represent

land uses)– Households (to make

decisions on land use)– Local/national institutions

(to implement REDD policies)

• Scenarios to be tested: REDD policies at local level

• Output: the 3Es– effectiveness: emission

avoided – efficiency: relative cost– equity: how benefits are

shared

REDD effectiveness

Avoided deforestationBalance of land usesBalance of ecosystem servicesSocial equitySystem resilience

Carbon pricesOpportunity costsAgricultural practices

Economic factorsPopulation

Land tenureSocial structure

Social/institutional factors

Coupled Human-Environment system

households

Land patches

The REDD-Camer model

• Agent-based model with PALM• Following ASB-CamFlores model + development of

household decision making processes• Land patches

– each land patch represents a field which supports a crop system described by a specified transition (mixed food-fallow system, forest melon fields, cocoa plantations)

– transitions follow basic rules of local farming systems, – the actual timing of land use change is determined by

households’ decisions. – the forest area surrounding the village is represented by a

special land patch where farmers may convert portions to crop patches (deforestation process), and which can also be extended with abandoned old fallow patches (fallow to forest conversion).

The REDD-Camer model

• Households make decision about:– selection of forest patch for conversion into agriculture– area associated to each land use– priorities for labour allocation to different tasks.

• Decisions are influenced by a combination of factors:– household basic needs (subsistence, cash requirement for

education, health, recreation)– labour availability (household composition, possibility to hire or

exchange labour)– crop productivity (soil fertility, fallow age, forest, previous crop)– land availability (land tenure/access/usage rights, security of land

tenureship)– spatial configuration (distance to farms, proximity with other

farms, with other households’ farms)– access to market (possibility of selling farm products, availability

of food on the market)– social norms (usual agricultural practices, peer pressure, attitude

towards innovation)

The REDD-Camer model

• A household will be characterised by its composition (men, women, children), its land ownership and usage rights, and the level of importance it associates to each of these factors, building on the study of personal preferences of farmers in land use decisions from Brown (2006).

• Local/national authority may adopt a set of policies in order to influence farmers decisions and deliver the required level of avoided deforestation.

Capacity building

PAM: Compensation for policies and measures

RAC: reference level crediting

CAT: cap and trade

Projects level crediting

National level compensation

Funded projects

CertificationBest practice

Integrating climate policies in broader development policies

Implementing strategic planning of road improvements

Resettlement incentives

Land rehabilitation - incentives for local government

Land tenure reform – establishing and enforcing clear property rights

Funding fire prevention programs

TaxesIncentives: subsidies, tax credits

PES (not only carbon)

Tradable permits

Set up protected areas

Stop illegal logging

Suspend permits for palm oil, plantations or peatland

Non deforestation law

Promoting off-farm employmentInformation

instruments (awareness campaigns)

Voluntary agreements – mainly between government and industry

Forest fire hotspot detection

Enhancement of conservation activities inside/outside protected areas

Promote sustainable forest management practices

Provide alternative livelihood opportunities

Use of idle land

Agricultural intensification – alternatives for subsistence agriculture – reduce pressure on forests

Establishment of new markets

Development of market mechanisms and instruments – carbon offset markets

Rehabilitation of degraded forests

Farm forestry

Community forest management

Local groups lease tracts of forest from the government, and sell C units according to the amount of deforestation avoided

Paying communities for reduced deforestation or natural regeneration

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The REDD-Camer model

• Scenarios to be evaluated will include – the current situation as a baseline (static, in absence of

REDD)– population increase leading to agricultural intensification

and changes in different land tenure types (dynamic, in absence of REDD)

– REDD funding being used to accelerate intensification (e.g. fertiliser subsidies)

– introduction of community forestry schemes, e.g. perhaps where REDD benefits are allocated by a village representative (who can allocate as little or as much as he wants, but must deliver avoided deforestation or not receive money)

– differing carbon prices and opportunity costs. Also how uncertainty in this prices may affect decision-making regarding land use options.

– other policy instruments arising from WP4 (Task 5.7)

The REDD-Camer model

• Criteria for evaluation of each scenario in comparison to the baselines will include the way that REDD mechanisms may affect – rates of (avoided) deforestation and associated GHG

emissions (effectiveness)– the balance of land-uses and hence balance of

ecosystem services– the relative cost per unit of emission avoided

(efficiency)– distribution of wealth, social equity (fairness, equity)– the resilience or sustainability of the system (i.e.

what happens if REDD disappears).

Forest Melon Field

D. Brownhttp://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/ForestMelonFieldCameroon.jpg

Mixed food crop field

D Brownhttp://aem.cornell.edu/special_programs/afsnrm/brown/photos/MixedFoodCropFieldCameroon.jpg

Primary forest

Mongabayhttp://www.mongabay.com/images/brazil/deep_primary_forest_02.gif

Land-use transition (Brown 2006)

Land-use transition in Akok (Robiglio 2008)

Data requirements for REDD-Camer model

Draft questionnaire