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INFORMATIONAL UPDATE ON THE RED STICKER OFF-HIGHWAY RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (OHV) PROGRAM
JUNE 22, 2017
OHV Regulatory History
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD2
1994: CARB adopts 1st
exhaust standards
1998: CARB creates Red Sticker program
2013: CARB adopts evaporative standards;
Board directs staff to conduct Red Sticker assessment
2006: U.S. EPA adopts exhaust and evaporative
emissions standards defines competition
OFF-HIGHWAY MOTORCYCLE (OHMC)
ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE (ATV)
Current Control of California OHV Emissions
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD3
Running Loss (Operation) Hot Soak (Immediately After Operation) Diurnal (Storage)
Exhaust (Operation)
Green Sticker meet 1994 exhaust standards
Red Sticker no engine controls; subject to riding restrictions only
Green Sticker meet 2013 evaporative standardsRed Sticker excluded from all evaporative controls
Red Sticker OHV Program Characteristics
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD4
All-terrain vehicles (ATV) and off-highway motorcycles (OHMC) certified by CARB as emissions non-compliant No emissions data provided No warranty requirements Receive red registration sticker
Nearly 190,000 of California’s estimated 1 million OHVs are Red Sticker
Subject to seasonal usage restrictions on public lands in ozone non-attainment areas Enforced by public land management agencies Excludes private land
Red Sticker Riding Calendar Summertime Closures
Legend
Intent of Red Sticker Program
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD5
Delay 1998 exhaust standards to ensure OHV availability
Limit summertime exhaust emissions from OHVs in ozone
non-attainment areas
Allows riders to practice for “competitive” events on public land
ORIGINAL PURPOSE OF PROGRAM
Red Sticker Assessment
Ease transition to cleaner engine technology
Red Sticker Assessment and Next Steps
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD6
OWNER SURVEY
EMISSIONS TESTING
POPULATION EVALUATION
REGULATORY PROPOSAL
INVENTORY DEVELOPMENT
OngoingSTAKEHOLDER OUTREACH
Assessment (2014 – 2017)
Next Steps(2017 – 2018)
FINAL PUBLIC WORKSHOP
Stakeholder Outreach To Date
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD7
Hosted three public workshops
Held two stakeholder technical working group meetings
Presented updates at five public State Park Commission Hearings
Attended three annual Hangtown MX motocross races
Population Evaluation
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD8
Developed vehicle identification number (VIN) decoder for OHVs Allows analysis of Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV)
registration records Improves population estimates and understanding of vehicle
attributes Useful tool for multiple state agencies
Evaluated manufacturer certification data Analyzed trends in Green and Red Sticker model certifications
over time
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD9
Conducted exhaust and evaporative emissions testing 2- and 4-stroke OHMCs of common displacement ranges 20 new and in-use OHMCs selected based on DMV data
Motorcycle / ATV Dynamometer (Exhaust) Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination (SHED)
Emissions Testing
Owner Survey
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD10
Conducted statewide OHMC owner survey
Online survey hosted by UC Davis
Nearly 3,000 respondents
State Parks provided 2,274 day use passes as incentive
Questions developed with extensive input from industry
I
ATV Model Certifications Since 1998
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD11
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Num
ber o
f ATV
Mod
els C
ertif
ied
1
Model Year
Red Sticker
Green Sticker
1 # of models certified by top 5 ATV manufacturers
U.S. EPA adopts stringent ATV competition exemption criteria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Num
ber o
f OHM
C M
odel
s Cer
tifie
d 1
Model Year
Red Sticker Green Sticker
OHMC Model Certifications Since 1998
12
1 # of models certified by top 5 OHMC manufacturers
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
U.S. EPA adopts less stringent OHMC competition exemption criteria
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1 2
Popu
latio
n
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD13
1Source: 2015 DMV database
Green and Red Sticker Registration Type (MY 2012-2016)
99.6% of ATVs are now Green Sticker
Only 46.4% of OHMCs are Green Sticker
Green StickerRed Sticker
Engine Technology Then and Now
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD14
1998: 60% of OHMCs and ATVs had 2-stroke engines1
2012-2016: Approximately 15% of OHMCs and <1% of ATVs had 2-stroke engines2
1 Source: 1994 OHV Initial Statement of Reasons2 Source: 2015 DMV Database
2-Stroke Engine 4-Stroke Engine
OHMC Exhaust Emissions Testing Results1
15
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
50ccCARB
250ccCARB (2)
450ccCARB
450ccEFI
150ccCARB (2)
250ccEFI (4)
450ccEFI (6)
85ccCARB
2-stroke
250ccCARB
2-stroke
300ccCARB
2-stroke
HC E
mis
sion
Rat
e (g
/km
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
NO
x Em
issi
on R
ate
(g/k
m)
CA Green Sticker HC Standard:
1.2 g/km
HC
NOx
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
30.00
Currently no NOx standard for CA OHVs
Euro 5 Standard2
0.1 g/km
Euro 5 Standard2
0.06 g/km
1Source: Testing conducted by CARB staff at Haagen-Smit Laboratory (2014-2016) 2European on- and off-highway motorcycle standard
2-Stroke OHMC Exhaust Emissions
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD16
Difficult to test 2-stroke OHMCs because they are high emitting
Comparison of 2-stroke OHMC test data:
1 Excludes 85 cc 2-stroke OHMC test result of 8 g/km2 Source: 2010 U.S. EPA Exhaust Emissions Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling3 Source: Broad Emissions Testing Support for In-Use Vehicles and Engines 4 Source: Emissions Estimation Methodology for Off-Highway Recreation Vehicles
Source HC Exhaust Emissions
2016 CARB test results1 > 30 g/km
2010 U.S. EPA emissions factor2 33.5 g/km
2010 Southwest Research test results3 25.7g/km – 26.2g/km
2000 CARB emissions factor4
(RV2013 and OFFROAD2007) 21.3 g/km
Contamination of CARB emissions lab sample train
Comparative Exhaust Emission Rates
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD17
HC emissions from operating one 2016 2-stroke1 OHMC for one mile are equivalent to driving approximately:
3,658 miles in a 2016 passenger car4
1 Source: CARB RV2013 emissions factor (34.2 g/mi HC) 2 Source: 2016 KTM 450XC-W Certification (0.64 g/mi HC)3 Source: 2016 Ducati XDiavel Certification (0.11 g/mi HC)4 Source :2014 CARB EMFAC light-duty passenger vehicle emissions (0.009 g/mi HC)
53 miles on a 2016 KTM 450 XC-W2
311 miles on a 2016 Ducati XDiavel3
Red Sticker OHMC Operation
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD18
Red Sticker program developed to limit exhaust emissions during the summer
75% of Red Sticker owners registered in ozone non-attainment areas ride during the summer 54% operate on private land during the summer1
43% travel further to ride 25% operate on unenforced public land1
93% of Red Sticker operation on private land occurs in ozone non-attainment areas
1 Source: CARB 2016 OHMC Owner Survey
OHMC Riding Areas
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD19
Private tracks and property are often located within ozone non-attainment areas
Provides year round riding opportunities but results in unanticipated air quality impacts
Recreational Use of Competition OHMCs
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD20
Almost all Red Sticker OHMCs are U.S. EPA competition exempt
Outside California: To be used solely for competition purposes Cannot be used for recreation
In California: 90% of Red Sticker OHMCs are primarily used for recreation1
74% of Red Sticker owners never race1
Racing accounts for 6% of total Red Sticker hours operated1
Practice accounts for 7% of total Red Sticker hours operated1
Red Sticker program results in recreational use of U.S. EPA competition exempt OHVs
1 Source: CARB 2016 OHMC Owner Survey
Red Sticker OHMC Storage Emissions
21
Evaporative emissions not controlled by Red Sticker program
95% of OHMCs are stored where registered1
90% of OHMCs are registered in non-attainment areas2
Over 1/3 of OHMCs are registered in South Coast
1 Source: CARB 2016 OHMC Owner Survey2 Source: 2013 DMV Database
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD
Red Sticker Assessment Findings
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD22
ORIGINAL PURPOSE OF PROGRAM ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
Delay 1998 exhaust standards to ensure OHV availability
Ease transition to cleaner technology
Limit summertime exhaust emissions from OHVs in ozone
non-attainment areas
Over 3 times as many Green Sticker models available today
than in 1998
Technology has developed, but transition to Green Sticker has not
occurred as anticipated
Red Sticker OHVs are operated in ozone non-attainment areas
during the summer
Allow riders to practice for “competitive” events on public land
Red Sticker OHMCs are predominately competition vehicles used for recreation
Red Sticker Program no Longer Works as Intended
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD23
Does not provide expected emissions benefits Year round Red Sticker OHV operation results in uncontrolled
exhaust emissions Serves as a loophole for manufacturers to avoid meeting new
Green Sticker evaporative standards
Inconsistent with federal competition exemption
Problematic for other State agencies Enforcement challenges Registration difficulties
Staff Recommendation: Three-Step Process
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD24
Step I: Sunset Red Sticker Program Establish date to end the sale of Red Sticker OHVs Establish date to end riding restrictions
Step III: Adopt New Emissions Standards Transition to cleaner engine technologies Incentivize zero emission technologies
Step II: Clarify Racing Exemption Define competition Protect exemption for true racing purposes
Increasing Significance of OHV Emissions
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD25
1 Source: CARB CEPAM - 2016 SIP Standard Emission Tool
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035
Reac
tive
Org
anic
Gas
es (t
ons p
er d
ay)
Year
Summertime Statewide ROG Emissions
Light-Duty Passenger Cars OHVs On-Road Motorcycles
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Off-road(1997)
On-road(2008)
Off-road(2006)
On-road(2010)
On/off-road(2016)
On/off-road(2020)
g/km
HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) HC+NOx (g/km)
3 3 4
Comparison of Global Motorcycle Exhaust Standards
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD26
California1 U.S. & Canada1 Europe2
1 Federal Test Procedure2 World Motorcycle Test Cycle3 Applies to engines ≥ 280 cc4 Applies to vehicles with top speeds ≥81 mph
1.2 g/km HC
0.1 g/km HC0.06 g/km NOx
0.17 g/km HC0.09 g/km NOx
Opportunity for Holistic California Motorcycle Standards
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD27
ON-ROAD DUAL SPORT OFF-ROAD
On-and off-road motorcycles are increasingly similar Meet identical emissions standards in Europe
Emerging Zero Emissions Technology
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD28
On-Road Motorcycles OHVs
KTM Freeride E
Alta Redshift MX1
Polaris Ranger EVMahindra Electric Scooter1
Zero Dual Sport (DS)1
Harley Davidson Livewire
1 Manufactured in California
Next Steps
CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD29
Update emissions inventory
Work with stakeholders to develop regulatory solution
Return to Board with regulatory proposals: Early 2018: Sunset Red Sticker program (propose sunset dates) 2018: Clarify competition definition 2021: Adopt significantly lower emissions standards
On-road motorcycles (exhaust and evaporative) Off-highway recreational vehicles (exhaust)