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Red Sea – Dead Sea Conveyance,
Feasibility Study
Dr. Doron Markel –
Israeli Water Authority
Red Sea – Dead Sea
World Bank Study Manag. Unit
The Water Shortage of the Middle East
The Middle East region is characterized by stressed
water conditions with occasional droughts.
Since the 1900s the population of the region has grown
by 20 million people.
As a result, inflows, previously flown to the Dead Sea,
are used for human needs.
Dead Sea Drainage Basin
Annual Inflow To DS
1900’s – 1,300 - 1,500 mcm/y
Today – 100 - 150 mcm/y
Annual Loss – 700 - 800 mcm/y
-430
-428
-426
-424
-422
-420
-418
-416
-414
-412
-410
-408
-406
-404
-402
-400
-398
-396
-394
-392
-390
19771978
19791980
19811982
19831984
19851986
19871988
19891990
19911992
19931994
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20092010
Dead
Sea W
ate
r L
evel
(m A
SL
)
Dead Sea Level Drop
השרות ההידרולוגי: נתונים
The shrinking of the Dead Sea
- 390 m
~1020 km2
1960
- 420 m
~ 635 km2
2006
Computer
projection
2050
- 550 m
~ 520 km2
Environmental Impacts
Sinkholes have appeared along extensive areas
on the shore of the Dead Sea.
Project Goals
2. Supply drinking water to the thirsty ME
1. Stabilizing the Dead Sea level
We seek for one integrative
solution for both problems.
Desalinating sea water while
discharging the reject brine to
the Dead Sea and using the
elevation differences for
hydropower.
Integrative Solution
Kinneret – Dead
Med – Kinneret - Dead
Med – Dead 2
Red - Dead
Supply drinking water
Med – Dead 1
Dead Sea reclamation Alternatives
May 9, 2005
Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority agree to initiate the RSDS FS
Ben-Eliezer Al-Khatib
Abu-Saud
Study Structure
Dead Sea
Gulf of
Aqaba /
Eilat
Impact on
Waddi Arava Hydropower /
Desalination
Sub Study A Sub Study B Sub Study D Sub Study C
Physical
Oceanogr.
Environ.
Social
Impacts
Economic
Aspects
Biological
Oceanogr.
Rout
Alternatives
Ecological
Impacts
Evniron.
Social
Impacts
Hydrology &
Hydrodynam.
Geochem.
Aspects
Evniron.
Social
Impacts
Economic
Aspects
Technical
Aspects
Energy
Balance
Evniron.
Social
Impacts
Economic
Aspects
Overall Economic, Financial and Legal Aspects
Hydrol.
Impacts
Coordinating and integrating of the whole study
Legend
COB
ERM
Add. St.
Study Organizational Setup
Coyne et. Bellier
Donors
Palestinian
Authority Jordan Israel
4
4
4
2
Steering
Committee Donors
Committee Independent
Panel of Experts
Reports
Funds Flow
Study
Management
Unit
Advisory
Group World Bank
Appoints
Coyne et. Bellier ERM
Consultants Red Sea Study team
Dead Sea Study team
Study
of Alt.
Steering Committee, Aqaba, May 2010
Physical Model geochemical Model biological Model
Environmental Assessment
Mitigation
TETHIS, IUI, IOLR
Assessing the impact on the ecology of the Red Sea
Conclusion: Seawater pump from the Gulf of Eilat
will not harm the ecological system of the gulf, giving a pump depth of 120-160 m.
TETHIS, IUI, IOLR
Red Sea Models Results
Assessing the impact on the Hydro-Chemical System of the Dead Sea
Inflows
Natural + Artificial
Meteorological data
(solar radiation, air
temperature and humidity,
wind speed)
Multi - component, Hydrodynamic+
geochemical 1D & 2D models
Evaporation rate
Energy
balance
Water Level
Saturation &
salt precipitation
Algal Blooms
Density
(new eq. of state)
Chemical
composition
Environmental Assessment
& Mitigation
TAHAL, GSI
TAHAL, GSI
Dead Sea Models Results
Conclusions: Discharge of up to 400 mcm/y of seawater or reject brine to the Dead Sea will not cause any environmental risk.
“Stages Approach” The project should be built in stages of 200-300 MCM/y every ~10 y.
Feasibility Study Results
Conclusions:
Pipeline is preferred over tunnel due
to the stages approach (operational
profit and pilot).
Total cost of a full project is $10
billion, (55% commercial).
Appropriate engineering solutions
to leakage or a catastrophic pipe
break were suggested.
COB
Study of Alternatives – SoA team
Conclusions:
2 main comprehensive alternatives
(RD & MD1).
Since stages approach is accepted,
pipeline is preferred over tunnel.
Jordan River rehabilitation is possible
only based on treated sewage.
Possible to combine alternatives
starting from Red-Dead Pilot.
Pilot/Phase 1 Project:
will produce drinking water
faster.
will enable the exploration
of the impact on the Dead
Sea at field scale.
Will initiate the project
through a careful step, in
order to minimize the
environmental risks.
Red Sea – Dead Sea Conveyance Pilot Desalination in Aqaba & brine discharge to the Dead Sea
ISRAEL JORDAN
Intake
Desalination Plant
Discharge
Dead Sea
Red Sea
0 20 km
Sea Water Desalinated Water Reject Brine
Larry Silverman, US State Dept.
Silvan Shalom, Israel
Hazim Naser, Jordan
Shadad Attily, Palestinian Auth.
Inger Andersen, World Bank
MOU signing, Washington, December 9th, 2013
Red Sea – Dead Sea Conveyance Pilot Desalination in Aqaba & brine discharge to the Dead Sea
ISRAEL JORDAN
Intake
Desalination Plant
Discharge
Dead Sea
Red Sea
0 20 km
Sea Water Desalinated Water Reject Brine
MOU December 9th, 2014:
A desalination plant of 80-100
mcm/y will be built in Aqaba, while
its reject brine will be conveyed to
the Dead Sea.
Israel will buy 30-50 mam/y, for
the Israeli Arava needs.
Jordan will use the rest desalinated
water for Aqaba and Amman.
Israel will sell to Jordan 30-50
mcm/y from its water sources at
the north.
Israel will sell 20-30 mcm/y to the
Palestinian Authority through the
current water system.
Larry Silverman, US State Dept.
Silvan Shalom, Israel
Hazim Naser, Jordan
Shadad Attily, Palestinian Auth.
Inger Andersen, World Bank
MOU signing, Washington, December 9 2013