Red Fort Dument

8/19/2019 Red Fort Dument

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The Red Fort was the residence of the Mughal emperor of India for nearly 200 years, until 1857.

It is located in the centre of elhi and houses a num!er of museums. In addition to

accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political centre of

Mughal go"ernment and the setting for e"ents critically impacting the region.#1$

%onstructed in 1&'8 !y the fifth Mughal (mperor )hah *ahan as the palace of his fortified

capital )hah+ahana!ad,#2$ the ed -ort is named for its massi"e enclosing walls of red

sandstone and is ad+acent to the older )alimgarh -ort, !uilt !y Islam )hah )uri in 15'&. The

imperial apartments consist of a row of pa"ilions, connected !y a water channel nown as the

)tream of /aradise Nahr-i-Behisht . The fort comple is considered to represent the 3enith of

Mughal creati"ity under )hah *ahan and although the palace was planned according to Islamic

prototypes, each pa"ilion contains architectural elements typical of Mughal !uildings that reflect a

fusion of Timurid and /ersian traditions. The ed -ort4s inno"ati"e architectural style, includingits garden design, influenced later !uildings and gardens in

elhi, a+asthan, /un+a!, ashmir , 6ra+, ohilhand and elsewhere.#1$ ith the )alimgarh -ort, it

was designated a 9()%: orld ;eritage )ite in 2007 as part of the ed -ort %omple. #1$#tricolor> national flag at

the main gate of the fort and deli"ers a nationally?!roadcast speech from its ramparts.#'$

Its (nglish name, @ed -ort@, is a translation of the ;industani Lāl Qila rduA BCD EF, ;indiA लल

कल deri"ing from its red?sandstone walls. =s the residence of the imperial family, the fort wasoriginally nown as the @6lessed -ort@ Qila-i-Mubārak , rduA GHJK BCD, ;indiA कल म बर .#5$#&$ =gra

-ort is also called Lāl Qila'.

History #edit$

1785 "iew of the ed -ort from the east. In the foreground the Rang Mahal is on the left, the Khwabgah

Jharoka in the centre and the Moti Masjid on the far right.

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Liew of the ed -ort from the ri"er !y hulam =li han, !etween c. 1852?185'

6ahadur )hah II in the >Khas Mahal , underneath the )cales of *ustice

=fter the 1857 re!ellion, 6ritish forces destroyed a large part of the fort !efore !uilding military !arracs.

(mperor )hah *ahan commissioned construction of the ed -ort in 1&s fa"ourite colours,#7$ its

design is credited to architect stad =hmad Nahauri, who also constructed theTa+ Mahal.#8$#O$ The

fort lies along the Pamuna i"er , which fed the moats surrounding most of the walls.#10$ %onstruction !egan in the sacred month of Muharram, on 1< May 1&s reign. ;is

successor =urang3e! added the /earl MosQue to the emperor>s pri"ate Quarters,

constructing!ar!icans in front of the two main gates to mae the entrance to the palace more

circuitous.#11$A08

The administrati"e and fiscal structure of the Mughal dynasty declined after =urang3e!, and the

18th century saw a degeneration of the palace. hen *ahandar )hah too o"er the ed -ort in

1712, it had !een without an emperor for


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1758 Maratha conQuest of Nahore and /eshawar#1&$ placed them in conflict with =hmad )hah

urrani.#17$#18$ In 17&0, the Marathas remo"ed and melted the sil"er ceiling of the iwan?i?has to

raise funds for the defence of elhi from the armies of =hmed )hah urrani.#1O$#20$ In 17&1, after

the Marathas lost the third !attle of /anipat, elhi was raided !y =hmed )hah urrani. Ten years

later,)hah =lam ascended the throne in elhi with Maratha support. #11$A10 In 178< the

)ih Misl arorisinghia, led !y 6aghel )ingh haliwal, conQuered elhi and the ed -ort. The

)ihs agreed to restore )hah =lam as emperor and retreat from the fort if the Mughals would

!uild and protect se"en urudwaras in elhi for the )ih gurus.#21$

uring the )econd =nglo?Maratha ar in 180


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ed -ort in elhi on 1O87 ))postage stamp, dedicated to the -esti"al of the )) in India

:n 15 =ugust 1O'7, the first /rime Minister of India *awaharlal 9ehru raised the Indian national

flag a!o"e the Nahore ate. :n each su!seQuent Independence ay, the prime minister has

raised the flag and gi"en a speech that is !roadcast nationally.#27$

=fter Indian Independence the site eperienced few changes, and the ed -ort continued to !e

used as a military cantonment. = significant part of the fort remained under Indian =rmy control

until 22 ecem!er 200


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The +ali of the #iwan-i-$am in the ed -ort

= sound and light show descri!ing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the e"enings. The

ma+or architectural features are in mied conditionR the etensi"e water features are dry. )ome

!uildings are in fairly?good condition, with their decorati"e elements undistur!edR in others, the

mar!le inlaid flowers ha"e !een remo"ed !y looters. The tea house, although not in its historical

state, is a woring restaurant. The mosQue and hamam or Turish 6ath are closed to the pu!lic,

although "isitors can peer through their glass windows or mar!le latticewor. always are

crum!ling, and pu!lic toilets are a"aila!le at the entrance and inside the par.

The Nahore ate entrance leads to a mall with +ewellery and craft stores. There is also a

museum of @!lood paintings@, depicting young 20th?century Indian martyrs and their stories, an

archaeological museum and an Indian war?memorial museum.

Security #edit$

To pre"ent terrorist attacs, security is especially tight around the ed -ort on the e"e of IndianIndependence ay. elhi /olice and paramilitary personnel eep watch on neigh!ourhoods

around the fort, and 9ational )ecurity uard sharpshooters are deployed on high?rises near the

fort.#


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uniQue )hah+ahani style rich in form, epression and colour. ed -ort is one of the !uilding

complees of India encapsulating a long period of history and its arts. ("en !efore its 1O1<

commemoration as a monument of national importance, efforts were made to preser"e it for

posterity.

The Nahori and elhi ates were used !y the pu!lic, and the hi3ra!ad ate was for the

emperor .#11$A0' The Nahore ate is the main entrance, leading to a domed shopping area nown as

the %hatta %howk co"ered !a3aar.#'1$

Major structures#edit$

The most important sur"i"ing structures are the walls and ramparts, the main gates, the audience

halls and the imperial apartments on the eastern ri"er!an. #'2$

Chawari Bazar#edit$

%hawari 6a3ar is located infront of ed -ort.

Lahori Gate#edit$

The elhi ate, which is almost identical in appearance to the Nahori ate

The Nahori ate is the main gate to the ed -ort, named for its orientation towards the city

of Nahore. uring =urang3e!>s reign, the !eauty of the gate was spoiled !y the addition of

!astions, )hah+ahan descri!ed this as @a "eil drawn across the face of a !eautiful woman@.#'


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=d+acent to the Nahori ate is the %hhatta %howk , where sil, +ewellery and other items for the

imperial household were sold during the Mughal period. The !a3aar leads to an open outer court,

where it crosses the large north?south street which originally di"ided the fort>s military functions

to the west from the palaces to the east. The southern end of the street is the elhi ate.

Naubat Khana#edit$

Naubat Khana and the courtyard !efore its destruction !y the 6ritish, in an 1858 photograph

The "aulted arcade of the %hhatta %howk ends in the centre of the outer court, which measured

5'0 !y s columns and engrailed arches ehi!it fine craftsmanship, and the hall was originally

decorated with white &hunam stucco.#'7$ In the !ac in the raised recess the emperor ga"e his

audience in the mar!le !alcony jharokha.

The #iwan-i-$am was also used for state functions.#'1$ The courtyard mardana !ehind it leads to

the imperial apartments.

Nahri#ehisht#edit$

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The imperial apartments consist of a row of pa"ilions on a raised platform along the eastern edge

of the fort, o"erlooing the Pamuna. The pa"ilions are connected !y a canal, nown as the Nahr-

i-Behisht @)tream of /aradise@, running through the centre of each pa"ilion. ater is drawn

from the Pamuna "ia a tower, the hahi Burj , at the northeast corner of the fort. The palace is

designed to emulate paradise as descri!ed in the uran. In the ri"er!ed !elow the imperial

apartments and connected !uildings was a space nown as er-jharokha @!eneath

the latticewor@.#'7$

Mu"ta$ Mahal#edit$

Mumta Mahal

The two southernmost pa"ilions of the palace are enanas women>s Quarters, consisting of

the Mumta Mahal and the larger Rang Mahal . The Mumta Mahal houses the ed -ort

=rchaeological Museum.

Ran% Mahal#edit$

The Rang Mahal housed the emperor>s wi"es and mistresses. Its name means @/alace of

%olours@, since it was !rightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central mar!le

pool is fed !y the Nahr-i-Behisht .

Khas Mahal#edit$

The Khas Mahal was the emperor>s apartment. %onnected to it is the Muthamman Burj , an

octagonal tower where he appeared !efore the people waiting on the ri"er!an.This was done

mostly !y all the ings present at that time.

DiwaniKhas#edit$

= gate on the north side of the #iwan-i-$am leads to the innermost court of the palace Jalau

Khana and the #iwan-i-Khas ;all of /ri"ate =udience. It is constructed of white mar!le, inlaid

with precious stones. The once?sil"er ceiling has !een restored in wood. -ranVois

6ernier descri!ed seeing the +ewelled /eacoc Throne here during the 17th century. =t either

end of the hall, o"er the two outer arches, is an inscription !y /ersian poet =mir husrowA

If hea"en can !e on the face of the earth,

It is this, it is this, it is this.

(

)*orld +eritage ite , Red !ort #elhi #iwan-i-Khas) . $r&haeologi&al ur/e0 o1 2ndia.Retrie/ed 34 $ugust 5635.

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/anoramic "iew of the imperial enclosure. -rom leftA Moti Masjid , the hammam, #i/an-i-Khas, Khas

Mahal and the >Rang Mahal

&a""a" editThe hammam were the imperial !aths, consisting of three domed rooms floored with white

mar!le.

#aoli#edit$

The !aoli step?well at the ed -ort, elhi

The !aoli or step?well, !elie"ed to pre?date ed -ort, is one of the few monuments that were not

demolished !y the 6ritish after theIndian e!ellion of 1857. The cham!ers within the !aoli were

con"erted into prison. uring the Indian 9ational =rmy Trials or ed -ort Trials in 1O'5?'&, it

housed Indian 9ational =rmy officers %olonel )hah 9awa3 han, %olonel /rem umar

)ahgal and %olonel ur!ash )ingh hillon. ed -ort 6aoli is uniQuely designed with two sets of

staircases leading down to the well.#'8$

Moti Masjid#edit$

est of the hammam is the Moti Masjid , the /earl MosQue. = later addition, it was !uilt in 1&5O

as a pri"ate mosQue for =urang3e!. It is a small, three?domed mosQue car"ed in white mar!le,

with a three?arched screen leading down to the courtyard. #'O$

&ira Mahal#edit$

The +ira Mahal is a pa"ilion on the southern edge of the fort, !uilt under 6ahadur )hah II and at

the end of the +a0at Baksh garden. The Moti Mahal on the northern edge, a twin !uilding, was

destroyed during or after the 1857 re!ellion.

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'hahi #urj#edit$

hahi Burj and its pa"ilion

The hahi Burj was the emperor>s main study of theR its name means @(mperor>s Tower@, and it

originally had a &hhatri on top. ;ea"ily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. In front

of it is a mar!le pa"ilion added !y =urang3e!.

&ayat #akhsh #a%h#edit$

ed 7a1ar Mahal and whiteawan8Bhadon pa"ilion !ehind it in the+a0at Bakhsh Bagh

The +a0at Bakhsh Bagh is the @Nife?6estowing arden@ in the northeast part of the comple. Itfeatures a reser"oir now dry and channels, and at each end is a white mar!le pa"ilion

a/onand Bhadon. In the centre of the reser"oir is the red?sandstone 7a1ar Mahal , added

a!out 18'2 under 6ahadur )hah II.#50$

)maller gardens such as the Mehtab Bagh or Moonlight arden eisted west of it, !ut were

destroyed when the 6ritish !arracs were !uilt.#11$A07 There are plans to restore the gardens.

6eyond these, the road to the north leads to an arched !ridge and the )alimgarh -ort.

(rinces) *uarter #edit$

9orth of the +a0at Bakhsh Bagh and the hahi Burj is the Quarter of the imperial princes. This

was used !y mem!er of the Mughal royal family and was largely destroyed !y the 6ritish forces

after the re!ellion. :ne of the palaces was con"erted into a tea house for the soldiers.

Freedo" 'tru%%le Museu" +'watantrata 'an%ra" 'an%rahalaya,#edit$

%onsidering the role the ed -ort has played in the freedom struggle )watantrata )angram

)anghralaya was set up in one of the dou!le storeyed army !arracs in 1OO5. The museum

pro"ides a glimpse of ma+or phases of India>s struggle for freedom, from the -irst ar of

Independence of 1857 to India>s Independence in 1O'7. In the museum, the history of the

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=23https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_Burj_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_Burj_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Bakhsh_Bagh_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Bakhsh_Bagh_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort#cite_note-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort#cite_note-ASI3-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort#cite_note-ASI3-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes'_quarter_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India's_First_War_of_Independence_(term)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India's_First_War_of_Independence_(term)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_Burj_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_Burj_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Bakhsh_Bagh_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Bakhsh_Bagh_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort#cite_note-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort#cite_note-ASI3-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes'_quarter_(Red_Fort)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Fort&action=edit&section=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India's_First_War_of_Independence_(term)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India's_First_War_of_Independence_(term)


11/11

freedom struggle is depicted through photographs, documents, paintings, lithographs and o!+ects

lie guns, pistols, swords, shields, !adges, medals, dioramas, sculptures etc.

Documents

Red Fort Dument