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Recovery of value from meat processing streams Anne Maria Mullen Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Ashtown, Dublin 15 Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

Recovery of value from meat processing streams - … · Recovery of value from meat processing streams ... Intrinsic value ... • ECM: collagens, proteoglycans, elastin etc

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Page 1: Recovery of value from meat processing streams - … · Recovery of value from meat processing streams ... Intrinsic value ... • ECM: collagens, proteoglycans, elastin etc

Recovery of value from meatprocessing streams

Anne Maria MullenTeagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Ashtown, Dublin 15

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

Page 2: Recovery of value from meat processing streams - … · Recovery of value from meat processing streams ... Intrinsic value ... • ECM: collagens, proteoglycans, elastin etc

• Average live weight -~550kg

• Boned meat ~ 220kg(40%)

• Average live weight –18-55 kg

• Boned meat 40-50%

• Average live weight -~90kg

• Boned meat ~ ~57kg(64%)

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Steps to control &optimiseChilling regime

Aitch bone hangingPostmortem ageing

Hot boningElectrical stimulation

Intrinsic valueFormulation…

Breeding indicesfor eating quality

Steps to optimiseutilisation and value?

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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‘Waste’ from processing chain

• BEEF

– 263kg/head

• SHEEP

– 19.3kg/head

• PIG

– 19.3kg/head

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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‘Waste’/secondary products

• Edible offal and edible fats

• Bones – (soups buttons bone meal)

• Blood (human and animal consumption, pharmaceutical& food additives – emulsifiers, stabilisers, clarifiers,nutritional additives)

• Hide, feet, hair etc

• Inedible offal, fats

• SRM etc

• Current uses – edible, rendering, landspread plus somehigher value

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Closer look at some by-productsand higher value applications

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Higher value opportunities

• Process by-product to extract or generatehigher value co-products

• Proteins with techno-functionality ofinterest to the food and beverage sector

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Techno-functional activity

• Solubility

• Emulsification

• Foaming

• Gelling

• Water binding

• Protease inhibition

Protein

• Molecular size

• Charge

• Amino acids present

• Binding with lipids etc

Lipids

Other small molecules,ingredients

Processing conditions

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Higher value opportunities

• Process by-product to extract or generatehigher value co-products

• Proteins with techno-functionality ofinterest to the food and beverage sector

• Functional lipids

• Pet food applications – nutraceuticals etc

• Sports/nutrition

• Cosmetics

• Biomedical – collagen for tissue scaffolds

• Biomedical – bioactive elements –biomolecules, peptides, lipids

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Blood

• 5-7% total body weight. ~ 19% protein.

• ~65% plasma (6-7% protein)

• ~35% cellular (~35% protein).

• Plasma: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

• Cellular – erythrocytes (RBC – Haemoglobin (Hg) mainprotein), leukocytes (white – 3 types neutrophil, eosinophil,basophil) and platelets.

• Cells enzymes protein and other organic and

inorganics.

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Blood utilisation: food

• Solubility

Solubility%

pH , ionic strength etc

Plasma 75-100 Good across 3-8, optimal 4

Serum 70-90 pH3-8, optimal pH8

Albumin 70-100 Across 3-8, only small ionic strength effect

Globulins 40-90* Depends very much on pH and ionic strength

Fibrinogen <20 Across pH 3-8

Globin 10-90 * Big environmental effect

• Emulsification

• Foaming

• Gelling

• Water binding

• Protease inhibitor

• Colour

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Other uses of blood• Life Sciences, diagnostic, biotech applications.

• Compounds with higher value medical applications– E.g. thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) and plasmin, Hemopure, fibrinogen.

• Bioactive compounds: wide range– antihypertension, enhancement of mineral

absorption/bioavailability, immunomodulatory…

• Pet and livestock feed– Lysine supplement, vitamin, nutritional. Porcine/bovine plasma

benefical to young pig performance 1st week after weaning –IgG main contributory factor.

• Fats: cosmetic, rubber and plastic polymerisation, lubricants,

biodiesel

– Haemoglobin – protein, heme iron polypeptide, colour.

– Colour and flavour can be problematic

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Australia

• BSA – technical and diagnostics

• IgG – Functional food, veterinary,technical diagnostic

• Thrombin – medical device therapeutics

• Hg – Veterinary/Animal/Pet,Technical/diagnostic, Nutraceutical

• Return on investment– 2-5years

• Petfood – nutraceutical of particularinterest

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Connective tissue

• Support; Signaling; Nutrient flow.

• Very diverse tissue: cells with abundant extracellularcellular matrix (ECM).

• ECM: collagens, proteoglycans, elastin etc.

• Collagen: most predominant protein in body (~30% totalprotein). 27 variants. Glycine rich, proline and leucine– Fibrous = type I, II, III, V

– Bone Type I: Cartilage Type II: Skin Type III V.

• Proteoglycans (PGs)

– Protein core, shorter oligosaccharides, longer GAGchains (e.g. chondoitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate,heparan sulphate, keratin sulphate.). Aggrecan =largePGs. Hyaluronic acid – nonsulphated.

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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• Biomedical - can assist in wound repair,tissue scaffolds

• Cosmetic uses – collagen, hydrocolloids

• Gelatin – food, pharma etc

• Nutraceuticals – proteoglycans…

• Added to myofibrillar proteins can bringsome benefit to water trapping in gels.

Connective tissue

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Pig05049

• Author: ChristienMeindertsma

• Parts of pig: maketheir way into at least185 non-porkproducts, from bulletsto artificial hearts.

• Includes ammunition,medicine, photopaper, heart valves,brakes, chewing gum,porcelain, cosmetics,cigarettes, conditionerand even bio diesel.

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DailyMail, Bullets, bread and beer,tambourines and toothpaste... and the 180other things you can to do with a pighttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1217794/From-bullets-bread-beer-tambourines-

toothpaste--plus-180-things-pig.html#ixzz2sMWQgZF7

3 October 2009

…180 other things you can do with a pig

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Challenges

• Legislation

• Variability – optimising functionality, preventingunwanted effects e.g. bitterness. Understand driversof yield

• Efficacy

• Toxicity, bioavailability

• Scale or lack of (…collaborate/partnership)

• Freedom to operate

• Consumer attitudes

• Environmental issues associated with newprocessing

• …. Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Progress to date

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Extraction of Protein from Lung

Protein Functionality•Gelling quality of protein comparesfavourably to blood plasma and egg white 1

•Emulsifying capacity also comparesfavourably to Na-caseinates 1

•Gelling qualities (Least gelationconcentration) compared to favourably toproteins isolated form legume sources2

(Selmaine, D. 2007 1: Lynch, S. 2013 2)

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Can we generate bioactive peptides from offaland low value meat?

Antioxidant activity assays:DPPH, TBARS, metal chelatingassay, etc…

Antimicrobialactivity assays

AntihypertensionACE-I assay

Synthesis of thecharacterised peptidesto confirm bioactivities

Characterisation of peptidic contents of activefractions: MALDI-ToF, ESI-Q-Tof, Edmandegradation

Ultra-filtration(10, 5, 3, 1 kDa MWCO)

Enzyme hydrolysis Pepsin, Alcalase®, pronaseE, collagenase, protease from Bacillus subtilis,papain, trypsin, bromelain, thermolysin,Neutrase ®

BY-PRODUCTS

Purification steps:Fractionation steps:

Di Bernardini et al., 2011

Peptides displaying antioxidantand ACE inhibitory activity

Generated fromLung, Liver & Brisket

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• Australian enzymecompany

• EI

• Hydrolysing fish and meatby-products

• Three layers/phases– Fat

– Soluble protein

– Residue/insoluble

Demonstration activity

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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ReValueProtein

• FIRM project lead by Ashtown– Partners = UCC, UCD, NUIG, Shannon ABC/ITTralee

• Multidisciplinary– Techno-functional, sports/nutrition, biomedical,

bioactivity

• Variety of raw materials– Lung, liver, heart, tendons, cook-out, thaw loss…

• Establish flow process– Novel processes, pilot scale

• Consumer attitudes– Commercialisation strategy

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Task 1 Reviewing current practicesand associated legislation

Task 2 Describing & characterizingraw materials and co-products

Task 3. Processing design:techno-functional and nutritive properties

Task 5.Evaluating techno-functional attributesat fundamental level and in real food systems

Task 4. Processing design: bio-activecompounds: cardiac and mental health, tissueengineering and regenerative medicine applications

Task 6. Evaluating health promoting properties,low molecular weight components,iron bioavailability

Task 7. Bio-functional evaluation: bioactivity/bioavailability, tissue engineering &regenerativemedicine applications

Task 8. Novel technologies to optimise processing

Task 9. Scale-up of selected processing

Pillar 1Characterisation

Pillar 2Processing ofsource material

Pillar 3Applications

Pillar 2Processing ofsource material

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Global – companies:

• USA– Proliant Inc USA e.g. ImmunoLin® serum concentrate from bovine plasma. For

additional to bars and drinks, marketed as a boost for immune system

• Europe– Sonac BV, Netherlands (Vion)

Fibrimex ® combination of fibrinogen and thrombin concentrate precipitated frombovine plamsa. Binding agent.

– Harimix P, P+ and C proteins – hemoglobin powders derived from bovine andporcine blood which can be used as natural meat colorant.

– Veos Group Belgium – range of products under the Vepro® brand utilisingplasma and haemoglobin from animal blood for various applications

• Australia– Maverick Bioscience– Neutraceuticals – PS, Bovine plasma, serum, Hg, Cartilage-CS (needs large

volumes),– Collagen based materials some in clinical trials some in market place –

cosmetics to neurosurgery applications

• South america– Lican: Prolican 70 (spray-dried bovine blood) for emulsifying gelling binding,

Prietin(spray dried porcine whole blood) Myored (red pigments from blood) foruse as natural colourants

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Asia

• Bioactives in market place*

– Blood pressure (milk sardine sesame)

– Mineral absorption (Bovine Heme-iron, suitable forpeople with mild anemia and needing ironsupplementation. Also from casein)

– Blood lipid – globin hydrolysate suitable for those withelevated serum cholesterol.

– Moringa – use globin protein hydrolysate. Moringahave developed diverse range of products includingcollagen drink. Partner with Weider nutrition.

• Many of the amino acid sequences in peptidesgenerated by DiBernardini et al.(Ashtown)

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014

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Acknowledgements

• Sarah Lynch

• Roberta Di Bernardini

• Paul Allen

• Maria Hayes

• Dilip Rai

• Maeve Henchion

• Brijesh Tiwari

• Jim Kelly

• Tomas Lafarga

• Jim O Callaghan

• Collaborators in UCC,UCD, NUIG, TraleeIT, Shannon ABC.

• Agencies: FIRM, EI

Anne Maria Mullen, Waste not Want not, Teagasc Ashtown, 2014