ReconstructionReconstructionWhat to do with the south after the What to do with the south after the

war?war?

ObjectiveObjective

SWBAT SWBAT Describe the three plans for reconstructionDescribe the three plans for reconstruction Explain the purpose and intent of “Black Explain the purpose and intent of “Black

Codes”Codes”

Warm-UpWarm-UpWorking With DocumentsWorking With Documents

I am going to show you a document.I am going to show you a document.1.1. Who issued this document?Who issued this document?

2.2. When was it issued?When was it issued?

3.3. What kind of document is this?What kind of document is this?

4.4. What purpose does this document serve?What purpose does this document serve?

What you must knowWhat you must know

How did the three plans for reconstruction How did the three plans for reconstruction differ from each other?differ from each other?

What were Black Codes?What were Black Codes? How did reconstruction transition from How did reconstruction transition from

Lincoln’s control to Congressional Lincoln’s control to Congressional Control?Control?

Lincoln’s PlanLincoln’s Plan

The most lenient plan, but never enacted.The most lenient plan, but never enacted. Offered a pardon to any southerner who would Offered a pardon to any southerner who would

take an oath of allegiance and accept the federal take an oath of allegiance and accept the federal policy on slaverypolicy on slavery

Denied pardons to all military and government Denied pardons to all military and government officials. Especially those that killed African officials. Especially those that killed African American Soldier POW’s.American Soldier POW’s.

After 10% of the people in a state swore the After 10% of the people in a state swore the oath, the state would be allowed to rewrite its oath, the state would be allowed to rewrite its constitution. Leading to full participation in the constitution. Leading to full participation in the Union. (States treated as if they never left)Union. (States treated as if they never left)

Did not require the south to give voting rights to Did not require the south to give voting rights to African Americans or do anything for them.African Americans or do anything for them.

How it all went downHow it all went down

The war ends early April 1865The war ends early April 1865 Lincoln is assassinated April 14, 1865Lincoln is assassinated April 14, 1865 Andrew Johnson becomes presidentAndrew Johnson becomes president Since congress is in recess he has time, Since congress is in recess he has time,

about 8 months, to implement his about 8 months, to implement his Presidential Reconstruction plan.Presidential Reconstruction plan.

Black CodesBlack Codes

Since Johnson’s plan was so weak on what to Since Johnson’s plan was so weak on what to do for African Americans, southern states began do for African Americans, southern states began to enact “Black Codes”to enact “Black Codes”

Black Codes were law’s that were designed to Black Codes were law’s that were designed to restrict the rights of African Americansrestrict the rights of African Americans CurfewsCurfews Vagrancy LawsVagrancy Laws Labor ContractsLabor Contracts Land RestrictionsLand Restrictions

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan

(Presidential Reconstruction) Moderately Lenient(Presidential Reconstruction) Moderately Lenient Offered a pardon to any southerner who would take an Offered a pardon to any southerner who would take an

oath of allegiance and accept the federal policy on oath of allegiance and accept the federal policy on slavery. slavery.

Military and government leaders could request pardons Military and government leaders could request pardons in writing to the President, but few were given.in writing to the President, but few were given.

Each state would be allowed to rewrite its constitution. Each state would be allowed to rewrite its constitution. (no 10% allegiance requirement) Leading to full (no 10% allegiance requirement) Leading to full participation in the Union. (States treated as if they never participation in the Union. (States treated as if they never left)left)

States were required to give up the right to succeed, States were required to give up the right to succeed, abolish slavery, and agree to not pay confederate debts.abolish slavery, and agree to not pay confederate debts.

Did not require the south to give voting rights to African Did not require the south to give voting rights to African Americans or do anything for them.Americans or do anything for them.

18661866

First Civil Rights Act (Congress worried First Civil Rights Act (Congress worried that it would be struck down by the courts)that it would be struck down by the courts)

1414thth Amendment created to counteract the Amendment created to counteract the Black CodesBlack Codes

Radical Republicans big winners in the Radical Republicans big winners in the 1866 Congressional Elections.1866 Congressional Elections.

The Power Struggle BeginsThe Power Struggle Begins

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 Punishment: Places the south under military rulePunishment: Places the south under military rule Demanded new state constitutions and electionsDemanded new state constitutions and elections Required voting rights for African AmericansRequired voting rights for African Americans Disenfranchised former confederatesDisenfranchised former confederates Required the confederate states to ratify the 13Required the confederate states to ratify the 13 thth, ,

1414thth, and 15, and 15thth Amendments Amendments

Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act

March 1867March 1867 Did away with Johnson’s reconstruction Did away with Johnson’s reconstruction

programsprograms Divides the south into 5 military districtsDivides the south into 5 military districts Each state had to write an approved constitution Each state had to write an approved constitution

and adopt the 14and adopt the 14thth amendment. amendment. Gives the right to vote to all adult male citizens.Gives the right to vote to all adult male citizens.

Other Congressional ActsOther Congressional Acts

Command of the Army ActCommand of the Army Act Required all Presidential Orders for the Army Required all Presidential Orders for the Army

to go through the General of the Armyto go through the General of the Army

Tenure of Office ActTenure of Office Act Requires Senate approval before the Requires Senate approval before the

President could fire any government official President could fire any government official that the Senate had approved of.that the Senate had approved of.

Impeachment!!!Impeachment!!!

February 21, 1868 Johnson fires Secretary of February 21, 1868 Johnson fires Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office War Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office ActAct

The house of representatives votes to impeach The house of representatives votes to impeach (bring charges against) President Johnson.(bring charges against) President Johnson.

There is a trial in the Senate and Johnson is There is a trial in the Senate and Johnson is found not guilty by one vote.found not guilty by one vote.

Johnson serves as a lame duck for the Johnson serves as a lame duck for the remainder of his term.remainder of his term.

Johnson’s Impeachment TrialJohnson’s Impeachment Trial

ReconstructionReconstruction

By 1870 all Former Confederate States By 1870 all Former Confederate States had rejoined the Union.had rejoined the Union.

Carpet Baggers:Carpet Baggers: Northerners who moved Northerners who moved south to make a profit or to take south to make a profit or to take advantage of opportunities in the south.advantage of opportunities in the south.

Scalawags:Scalawags: White southerners who White southerners who collaborated with the Republicans on collaborated with the Republicans on reconstruction.reconstruction.

Republican ProgramsRepublican Programs

Public SchoolsPublic Schools HospitalsHospitals RoadsRoads BridgesBridges RailroadsRailroads Repealing Black CodesRepealing Black Codes High TaxesHigh Taxes

The Grant PresidencyThe Grant Presidency

Elected in 1868Elected in 1868 Grant himself was considered to be very Grant himself was considered to be very

honesthonest However his advisors were very corruptHowever his advisors were very corrupt Graft:Graft: Getting Money Illegally through Getting Money Illegally through

politicspolitics Reelected for 2Reelected for 2ndnd term 1872 term 1872 Panic of 1873Panic of 1873

Southern ResistanceSouthern Resistance

Illegal ResistanceIllegal Resistance Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan Social PressureSocial Pressure

Legal ResistanceLegal Resistance Political Maneuvering, by Political Maneuvering, by

1876 southern 1876 southern Democrats had gained Democrats had gained significant strength in significant strength in state and local state and local governments driving governments driving Republicans out.Republicans out.

Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

1313thth.Amendment: Abolishes Slavery.Amendment: Abolishes Slavery 1414thth. Amendment: Due Process, Equal . Amendment: Due Process, Equal

Protection Under the LawProtection Under the Law 1515thth. Amendment: Specified that the right . Amendment: Specified that the right

to vote cannot be denied on the basis of to vote cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or prior servitude.race, color, or prior servitude.

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s Bureau

Set up by Congress to:Set up by Congress to: Feed and clothe war refugees in the south Feed and clothe war refugees in the south

using the Armies’ surplus suppliesusing the Armies’ surplus supplies Help African Americans find workHelp African Americans find work Negotiate pay and hours worked for African Negotiate pay and hours worked for African

AmericansAmericans Set up schools and colleges for training Set up schools and colleges for training

African American TeachersAfrican American Teachers

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

By 1876 Democrats had regained control By 1876 Democrats had regained control of most state governmentsof most state governments

The south is still an occupied landThe south is still an occupied land

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Democrat Samuel TildenDemocrat Samuel Tilden

Election plagued by voter fraudElection plagued by voter fraud Neither captures a majority of electoral Neither captures a majority of electoral

votesvotes

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Hayes will become PresidentHayes will become President Hayes will appoint a Democrat as Hayes will appoint a Democrat as

Postmaster GeneralPostmaster General Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of

the south bringing reconstruction to an the south bringing reconstruction to an end.end.

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s Bureau

Set up by Congress to:Set up by Congress to: Feed and clothe war refugees in the south Feed and clothe war refugees in the south

using the Armies’ surplus suppliesusing the Armies’ surplus supplies Help African Americans find workHelp African Americans find work Negotiate pay and hours worked for African Negotiate pay and hours worked for African

AmericansAmericans Set up schools and colleges for training Set up schools and colleges for training

African American TeachersAfrican American Teachers

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

By 1876 Democrats had regained control By 1876 Democrats had regained control of most state governmentsof most state governments

The south is still an occupied landThe south is still an occupied land

Election of 1876Election of 1876

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Democrat Samuel TildenDemocrat Samuel Tilden

Election plagued by voter fraudElection plagued by voter fraud Neither captures a majority of electoral Neither captures a majority of electoral

votesvotes

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

Hayes will become PresidentHayes will become President Hayes will appoint a Democrat as Hayes will appoint a Democrat as

Postmaster GeneralPostmaster General Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of

the south.the south.

Something to think aboutSomething to think about

Was reconstruction a success or a failure? Was reconstruction a success or a failure? Why or why not? Why or why not?