ReconstructionReconstruction

ReconstructionReconstruction•The Civil War is overThe Civil War is over

•Answer the following questionsAnswer the following questions• How will you bring the former Confederate How will you bring the former Confederate

states back into the Union?states back into the Union?• Will there be any restrictions? Any Will there be any restrictions? Any

requirements for them?requirements for them?• What will you do with the former Confederate What will you do with the former Confederate

soldiers? Generals? Political leaders?soldiers? Generals? Political leaders?• There are now 4 million African Americans who There are now 4 million African Americans who

were once slaves who are now free. They have were once slaves who are now free. They have no homes, no property, no jobs. What will you no homes, no property, no jobs. What will you do with them?do with them?

Plans for ReconstructionPlans for Reconstruction

The Main Idea

Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern

states to the Union.

Reading Focus

• What challenges faced the South after the Civil War?

• What actions did Union leaders take during wartime to reconstruct the nation after the war’s end?

• How did Lincoln’s assassination affect the nation?

• Why did President Johnson and Congress differ over Reconstruction?

Challenges after the Civil WarChallenges after the Civil WarMuch of the South in ruinsMuch of the South in ruins

Over 1/5 of population deadOver 1/5 of population dead4 million African Americans free4 million African Americans free

No education, no job, no moneyNo education, no job, no moneyFormer Confederate StatesFormer Confederate States

Conquered territories or states again?Conquered territories or states again?Former Confederate officersFormer Confederate officers

Forgive or punish?Forgive or punish?

Cost of the War: The SouthCost of the War: The South94,000 KIA, 164,000 to disease, 94,000 KIA, 164,000 to disease,

194,026 wounded194,026 woundedSpent $2,099,808,707 on warSpent $2,099,808,707 on warLivestock killed: 40%Livestock killed: 40%Farm machinery destroyed: 50%Farm machinery destroyed: 50%Drop in total property wealth: 66%Drop in total property wealth: 66%Total national wealth, 1860: 30%Total national wealth, 1860: 30%Total national wealth, 1870: 12%Total national wealth, 1870: 12%

Cost of the War: The NorthCost of the War: The North

110,100 killed in action 110,100 killed in action 224,580 to disease 224,580 to disease Of every 1,000 Federals in battle, Of every 1,000 Federals in battle,

112 were wounded 112 were wounded Spent $6,190,000,000 on warSpent $6,190,000,000 on war

$2.5 million daily $2.5 million daily

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Dec 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Forgiveness to all southerners who

pledged loyalty to Union & support of emancipation

except high-ranking officers When 10% took oath could organize new

state government banning slavery 3 states readmitted before end of war

Arkansas, Louisiana, & Tennessee

Lincoln’s Inaugural SpeechLincoln’s Inaugural SpeechMarch 4, 1865March 4, 1865

“ “With malice toward none, with charity for With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” ourselves and with all nations.”

Congress upset with Lincoln’s planCongress upset with Lincoln’s plan Readmitting states a power of CongressReadmitting states a power of Congress Secession illegal; southern states never Secession illegal; southern states never

left the Unionleft the Union States should go through same admission States should go through same admission

process as territories process as territories 1864 Wade-Davis Bill1864 Wade-Davis Bill

Military governors to rule southern statesMilitary governors to rule southern states Majority of white males pledge loyalty before Majority of white males pledge loyalty before

elections could be heldelections could be held• South should be treated as conquered province South should be treated as conquered province

Lincoln pocket vetoed the billLincoln pocket vetoed the bill

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s AssassinationApril 14, 1865 at Ford’s TheaterApril 14, 1865 at Ford’s TheaterWatchingWatching Our American Cousin Our American Cousin with wife with wife

and two guestsand two guestsActor John Wilkes Booth shot LincolnActor John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln

Part of a conspiracyPart of a conspiracy ““Sic Semper Tyrannus”Sic Semper Tyrannus”

Vice President Johnson & Sec. of State Vice President Johnson & Sec. of State William Seward were also targetsWilliam Seward were also targetsJohnson was not attackedJohnson was not attackedSeward was stabbed in bedSeward was stabbed in bed

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination

Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15Lincoln died at 7:22 a.m. on April 15Booth was killed while hiding in a barnBooth was killed while hiding in a barn8 of his co-conspirators were tried & found 8 of his co-conspirators were tried & found

guiltyguilty4 were hanged4 were hanged

Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt George Atzerodt

4 were sentenced to prison4 were sentenced to prisonAndrew Johnson became presidentAndrew Johnson became president

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan

Similar to Lincoln’s planSimilar to Lincoln’s planConfederate leaders & wealthy Confederate leaders & wealthy

southerners had to apply for pardonsoutherners had to apply for pardonState must ratify 13State must ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment

Outlawed slaveryOutlawed slaveryRepublicans in Congress displeased with Republicans in Congress displeased with

Johnson’s planJohnson’s plan

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Southern reaction to Johnson’s Southern reaction to Johnson’s planplan

Welcomed Johnson’s planWelcomed Johnson’s planNew state governments were formedNew state governments were formedFormer Confederate officials were elected Former Confederate officials were elected

to public officeto public officeSome were sent to CongressSome were sent to Congress

Black Codes were passedBlack Codes were passedKept former slaves from attaining equalityKept former slaves from attaining equality

Resented Freedman’s Bureau & Resented Freedman’s Bureau & occupying troopsoccupying troops

Radical RepublicansRadical RepublicansUnhappy with presidential reconstruction Unhappy with presidential reconstruction

because of:because of:Former Confederate leaders holding officeFormer Confederate leaders holding officeBlack CodesBlack Codes

Wanted tougher rules for restoring state Wanted tougher rules for restoring state governmentsgovernments

Wanted to reshape southern societyWanted to reshape southern societyGive Freedmen political & economic equalityGive Freedmen political & economic equality

Wanted to punish the SouthWanted to punish the South

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

1866 Congress passed two bills1866 Congress passed two billsContinued support of Freedman’s BureauContinued support of Freedman’s BureauCivil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave blacks citizenship & outlawed discriminationGave blacks citizenship & outlawed discrimination

Johnson vetoed both billsJohnson vetoed both billsAngered moderate Republicans who then Angered moderate Republicans who then

supported Radical Republicanssupported Radical Republicans

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction1414thth Amendment Amendment

Granted blacks citizenship & made Bill of Granted blacks citizenship & made Bill of Rights apply to state governmentsRights apply to state governments

4 Reconstruction Acts were passed over 4 Reconstruction Acts were passed over Johnson’s vetoJohnson’s vetoDivided South into 5 military districtsDivided South into 5 military districtsSet 3 conditions for state’s readmission Set 3 conditions for state’s readmission

Must ratify 14Must ratify 14thth Amendment AmendmentNew state constitutions guaranteeing black voteNew state constitutions guaranteeing black voteForm new gov’t. elected by Form new gov’t. elected by allall male citizens male citizens

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

Tenure of Office Act, 1867Tenure of Office Act, 1867Senate approval to remove any appointed Senate approval to remove any appointed

official that Senate had approvedofficial that Senate had approvedJohnson challenged the law by firing Sec. of Johnson challenged the law by firing Sec. of

War Edwin StantonWar Edwin StantonCongress impeached JohnsonCongress impeached Johnson

1 vote shy of removing him1 vote shy of removing him

Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth AmendmentProtected voting rights of African-American Protected voting rights of African-American

malesmales

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

Johnson’s impeachmentJohnson’s impeachment Edward Stanton, Lincoln’s secretary of Edward Stanton, Lincoln’s secretary of

war, had stayed on in Johnson’s war, had stayed on in Johnson’s cabinet. cabinet.

Stanton supported congressional Stanton supported congressional Republicans and prevented Johnson Republicans and prevented Johnson from undermining Congress’s from undermining Congress’s program. In response, Johnson fired program. In response, Johnson fired him. him.

The House of Representatives voted The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. Tenure of Office Act.

The Senate failed to convict by one The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. vote, and Johnson remained in office.

Although no longer in control of Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored. leaders had been restored.

The Fifteenth AmendmentThe Fifteenth Amendment During the During the impeachmentimpeachment trial, trial,

Republicans nominated General Grant Republicans nominated General Grant as their presidential candidate. as their presidential candidate.

The 1868 election was close, but the The 1868 election was close, but the African American vote in the South African American vote in the South gave Grant an electoral college gave Grant an electoral college victory. victory.

Republicans pushed through the Republicans pushed through the Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment, which , which extended suffrage to all African extended suffrage to all African American males nationwide. American males nationwide.

This brought millions of potential new This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. pardoned former Confederates. However, it did not ban denial of However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race. suffrage for reasons other than race.

Radical GovernmentsRadical Governments Political power in the South shiftedPolitical power in the South shifted

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers Northerners who were in the South Northerners who were in the South

ScalawagsScalawags Southerners who supported Radical ReconstructionSoutherners who supported Radical Reconstruction

FreedmenFreedmen 700 African Americans served in state legislature700 African Americans served in state legislature 16 elected to Congress16 elected to Congress

Created first public schools, eliminated property Created first public schools, eliminated property requirements for voting, illegalized requirements for voting, illegalized discrimination, repealed Black Codesdiscrimination, repealed Black Codes

FreedmenFreedmen• Some:Some:

– Sought long-lost relativesSought long-lost relatives– Owned land or got a jobOwned land or got a job– Moved to citiesMoved to cities

•Faced discrimination & low payFaced discrimination & low pay

– Moved WestMoved West•Soldiers & cowboysSoldiers & cowboys

– Sought educationSought education•Freedman’s Bureau established 4000+ schoolsFreedman’s Bureau established 4000+ schools

– Established churchesEstablished churches

• Most remained in the SouthMost remained in the South

FreedmenFreedmen• Sharecropping Sharecropping

– Work for someone in exchange for a Work for someone in exchange for a share of the cropshare of the crop

– By late 1870s most freedmen were By late 1870s most freedmen were sharecropperssharecroppers

– Employer provided land, seed, tools, etc.Employer provided land, seed, tools, etc.

• Tenant farmingTenant farming– Renting land from the landownerRenting land from the landowner– Grow any cropGrow any crop

ViolenceViolence South very violent during ReconstructionSouth very violent during Reconstruction KKK & others attacked black leaders & members KKK & others attacked black leaders & members

of the Freedman’s Bureauof the Freedman’s Bureau Southerners wanted to restore the old political & Southerners wanted to restore the old political &

social ordersocial order Congress passed Enforcement Acts, 1870-71Congress passed Enforcement Acts, 1870-71

Set heavy penalties for trying to prevent someone Set heavy penalties for trying to prevent someone from votingfrom voting

Gave army & federal courts power to punish the KKK Gave army & federal courts power to punish the KKK

Discontent with ReconstructionDiscontent with Reconstruction

People were dismayed that the army People were dismayed that the army remained in the Southremained in the South

Republican governments appeared Republican governments appeared ineffective, insufficient, & corruptineffective, insufficient, & corrupt

Blacks were unhappy: still impoverished & Blacks were unhappy: still impoverished & no land reformno land reform

South’s poor economic conditionSouth’s poor economic condition

End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction

By 1870s support for Reconstruction was By 1870s support for Reconstruction was decliningdecliningThaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner diedThaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner diedLawlessness was increasing in the SouthLawlessness was increasing in the SouthNortherners were getting tired of South’s Northerners were getting tired of South’s

problemsproblems

Election of 1876Election of 1876 (R) Rutherford B. Hayes v. (D) Samuel J. Tilden(R) Rutherford B. Hayes v. (D) Samuel J. Tilden Tilden won popular vote & led in majority of Tilden won popular vote & led in majority of

electoral voteselectoral votes Votes in South were disputed, so Tilden lacked Votes in South were disputed, so Tilden lacked

majority of electoral votesmajority of electoral votes Two sets of returns from some statesTwo sets of returns from some states

CompromiseCompromise Republican congressional commission gave votes to Republican congressional commission gave votes to

HayesHayes Republicans agreed to pull troops out of the South Republicans agreed to pull troops out of the South

ending Reconstructionending Reconstruction