Reconstruction Reconstruction Legislation The 13 th Amendment (1865) Abolishes Slavery Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation Freedmans Bureau Provides services to former slaves Food Clothing Medicine Education President Johnson Vetoes the bill Congress overrides Southern View of the Freedmens Bureau Civil Rights Act of 1866 Provides citizenship for African- Americans Government could protect African- Americans civil rights Vetoed by President Johnson Congress overrides the veto Reconstruction Act of 1867 Divided the South into 5 military districts; each district was controlled by a General. States would be under military control until they ensured rights of African- Americans Reconstruction Act of 1867 Tenure of Office Act The President could not remove any officials (especially cabinet members) without the consent of the Senate if the position originally required Senate approval Designed to protect radical members of Lincolns government from being removed by President Johnson Edwin Stanton Sec. of War 14th Amendment Defined the rights of citizens Due process and equal protection under the law regardless of race Reduced the number of Representatives if a state denied the right to vote to African-Americans All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 15th Amendment (1870) Voting rights could not be denied due to race Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation Impeachment of President Johnson Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in 1866 By 1868 Republicans had gained control of many southern state governments Had support of African-American voters Southern states began to re-enter the Union Radical Republicans were angry at Johnson because he was opposed to their reconstruction plans Johnson suspended Secretary of War (Edward Stanton) without Senate approval Impeachment of President Johnson Congress impeached Johnson on charges of misconduct Johnson was found not guilty in the trial held by the Senate Southern Resistance to Reconstruction Black Codes Laws that were passed in southern states that aimed to control African Americans Banned African-Americans from owning land Arrested and fined unemployed African-Americans People were then forced to work off fines for white employers Kept African-Americans from owning or renting farms These laws were seen as another way of imposing slavery Congress made a number of laws that were designed to fight the Black Codes: Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th and 15th Amendments Sharecropping Land owner gives part of his/her land to someone to farm The tenant pays the landowner with part of the crop he grows Tenant also must buy seeds and tools from landowner % of crop paid to land owner often left tenant with just enough to feed their families Ku Klux Klan (1866) organization that was created to threaten and intimidate African- Americans from exercising their rights. wanted to keep African- Americans from voting and attacked white supporters of the reconstruction KKK had support of many southerners who wanted to see the Republicans defeated and a return to Democratic rule in the South. Jim Crow Laws Laws which kept African-Americans and Whites separated in the South Created a segregated society in the South based on race Separate public facilities for Whites and African-Americans Voting Restrictions 15th amendment stated that the right to vote could not be denied due to race. Southerners found ways around this amendment Poll Taxes Literacy Tests Grandfather Clauses Northerners in the South Carpetbaggers term used by southerners to describe Northerners who moved to the South during reconstruction Took advantage of opportunities created by the Souths defeat in the war. Support Republican reconstruction Were resented by southerners Northerners in the South Scalawags Term that was used by Southerners to describe other southerners who supported Republican policies