Reconstruction

Mr. Lin

Aftermath of the Civil War

• April 12, 1865 – Robert E. Lee surrenders, effectively ending the Confederate cause.

Image Courtesy of http://www.oldgloryprints.com/Warriors_Tribute_at_Appomattox.jpg

Aftermath of the Civil War

• Richmond is burned and left as ruinsImage Courtesy of http://www.civil-war.tv/images/photos/Richmond-VA-Chimneys-standing-in-the-burned-district.jpg

The Need to Recover• Many northerners wanted

to punish the south.

• Luckily, many powerful northerners wanted to forgive the south as long as they prove their loyalty to the United States.

• These people included:– President Lincoln– General U.S. Grant

Image Courtesy of http://www.oberlin.edu/history/GJK/H263F2001/slavecabin.JPG

Plan for Re-uniting• Military Districts:

– Chunks of the south were made into these districts after the southern states refused to agree with the 14th amendment. Many southern states remained defiant.

• In order to become U.S. states again, former states had to do the following:– Ratify a new state constitution– Swear loyalty to the Union– Grant civil rights to African

Americans.

• After meeting these requirements, these former states could then officially become American states again.

Image Courtesy of http://faculty.smu.edu/sweisenb/Allyn%20Cox%20Peace%20at%20the%20End%20of%20Civil%20War.jpg

Military Districts in the South

Image Courtesy of http://comsewogue.k12.ny.us/~ssilverman/documents/carron6/map2.jpg

Tennessee never became a Military District because they immediately started to cooperate with the Union after they surrendered. They were readmitted into the United States in 1869, the first one to return to the Union.

Civil Rights? --- 13th Amendment

• 13th Amendment:– Officially made slavery

illegal in all parts of the United States

– 1865

Image Courtesy of http://preserve.harvard.edu/exhibits/daguerreotype/images/man.jpg

Southern Response to the 13th Amendment

• The south was afraid that African-Americans would consider themselves equal to the white man.

• Black Codes:– Treated African-Americans

as second-class, not-as-important citizens.

– Did not allow African-Americans to vote.

– Ensured segregation Image Courtesy of http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Chapter15BlackCodes.JPG

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Stated that all people born in the United States were citizens

Image Courtesy of http://www.core-online.org/historyphotos/ps_1875.gif

Civil Rights? --- 14th Amendment

• 14th Amendment:– Officially declared that

ANYBODY born in the United States, including an African-American, was a citizen of the United States.

– 1868

Image Courtesy of http://education.harpweek.com/TheReconstructionConvention/TheIllustrations/Images/0761IV-7w500.jpg

Southern Response to the 14th Amendment• Now that the south was forced

to admit African-Americans as citizens, they made up ways to prevent them from voting.

• Literacy Test:– Voters had to know how to

read or write in order to vote. – (favored whites)

• Grandfather Clause:– If your grandfather could vote,

then you can vote too.– (favored whites)

• Poll Taxes:– You had to pay a fee in order

to vote. – (favored white)

Image Courtesy of http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Chapter15BlackCodes.JPG

Civil Rights? --- 15th Amendment

• 15th Amendment:– All citizens are

guaranteed the right to participate in the government and vote in elections.

• In addition to the 15th Amendment, the U.S. government officially turned the south into military districts.Image Courtesy of

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/The_First_Vote.jpg/180px-The_First_Vote.jpg

Freedman’s Bureau

• Freedman’s Bureau:– In 1865, A department

of the U.S. Government created to help newly freed African-Americans get:

• Food• Health care• Housing• Jobs• Education

Image Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Freedman_bureau_harpers_cartoon.jpg

Freedman’s Bureau

Freedman’s Bureau

Image Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Freedmen_richmond_sewing_women.jpg

Sharecropping

• Sharcropping:– Former plantation owners

would hire their former slaves to work the farms.

– The plantation owner would give ex-slaves land on which to grow crops.

– In return, African-Americans would have to pay the plantation owner up to as much as 50% of everything they grow or earn.Image Courtesy of

http://thecomingoftan.com/riley/sharecropper/sharecroppers~8.jpg

Well, I’m free now. It’s time to get a job.

Why don’t I start a farm! Oh wait . . .

I don’t have money to buy a

farm.

Howdy, son! Hello, sir

I hate it when

people disrespect

me by calling me,

“son.”

I lost all my slaves during the war, so I could use a

helping hand on the plantation

Sounds interesting . . . Tell me

more

Well, I will let you farm your own

crop to sell. Just give me ¾ of

everything you make or grow.

That will be your payment for using

my land.

Well, I don’t have anything to lose, so why not give it a try?! Sure thing! I’ll be there this afternoon!

Months later

YAY! Everything is

harvested and ready

for the market!

Hello! I am here to take my ¾ from you!

DARN IT!! This guy takes so

much that I can’t make enough

money!

ARGH!!! Now how am I

ever going to earn enough

money!

Sharecropping is NOT

FAIR!

A few hours later

Northerners in the South• Some Northerners really

didn’t care for the southerners– They only cared about

making money off of poor and exhausted southerners.

• Carpetbaggers: – The term used to refer to

Northerners who would go to the south to sell needed supplies for outrageous prices.

Image Courtesy of http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/media/carpetbagger.gif

Political Cartoon

Image Courtesy of http://us.altermedia.info/images/Carpetbagger.gif

Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

• Ku Klux Klan: – An organization

created in the south to intimidate and scare African-Americans into believing that the white men were more powerful.

Image Courtesy of http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Misissippi_ku_klux.jpg/200px-Misissippi_ku_klux.jpg

Ku Klux Klan: Hate Out of Control• The Ku Klux Klan:

– Enforced the Black Codes

– Attacked, injured, lynched, and killed African-Americans, Northerners, U.S. soldiers and their families.

– Made sure that there would be segregation between blacks and whites.

– Nearly destroyed by President U.S. Grant, but the KKK still survived.

Ku Klux Klan Effect into the 20th Century• The KKK was born out of

Reconstruction

• It grew into a national force by the 1920’s.– In some places you

couldn’t even dream of being elected if you weren’t a member!

• Took a major role in trying to stop the Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King Jr.

• The KKK is slowly dying away as more and more Americans become more educated accepting of others.

Civil Rights March in the 1960’s, one hundred years after Reconstruction. Image Courtesy of http://www.neatorama.com/images/2006-02/civil-rights-birmingham.jpg

Birmingham firefighters using high-powered hoses to attack African-American men, women, and children demonstrators for Civil Rights Image Courtesy of http://www.pensitoreview.com/images/photo-hosing-civil-rights-protesters.jpg

Reconstrution in the 1870’s

• More and more laws were passed to help protect the African-Americans from unfair treatment.

• Along with enjoying their freedom, some African-Americans were elected to office. Image Courtesy of

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t028/T028309A.jpg

After Reconstruction

• Jim Crow Laws: These were laws made to restrict the rights of African-Americans after Reconstruction.

– When white southerners regained control of their states’ governments, they proceeded make arrangements to prevent African-Americans from ever holding power again.

Image Courtesy of http://www.mauricereeves.com/images/JimCrowLaws.png

Jim Crow

• "Every person...operating...any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate...certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof , or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons.” – Virginia

• SUMMARY: Entertainment areas must be segregated.

• Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

Jim Crow

• "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race.” - Virginia

• SUMMARY: Trains and railroads must be segregated.

• Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

Jim Crow

• "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. " – North Carolina

• SUMMARY: African-American books cannot be handled by white children, and white books cannot be handled by African-American children.

• Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

Jim Crow

• "Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months

or both." – Mississippi

• SUMMARY: It is a crime to print or write about giving African-Americans equal treatment.

• Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

Jim Crow

• "It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two

blocks of any playground devoted to the white race." – Georgia

• SUMMARY: African-American and white baseball teams are not allowed to play within two blocks of one another.

• Information Courtesy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

African-American Contributions to the United States during and right after Reconstruction

• Buffalo Soldiers:– Despite racism, many

African-Americans moved out west and joined the United States cavalry to create the famous “Buffalo Soldiers” unit in the Indian Wars.

Image Courtesy of http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg/200px-Army_buffalo_soldiers.jpg

Buffalo Soldiers in the Wild West

Image Courtesy of http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.allenscreations.com/images/fmcotbs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.allenscreations.com/fmcotbs.htm&h=388&w=278&sz=24&hl=en&start=7&tbnid=ogaNM6_a3ONfDM:&tbnh=123&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBuffalo%2BSoldiers%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DX

Buffalo Soldiers in the Wild West

Image Courtesy of http://www.brooksartprints.com/Buffalosoldiers.jpg

African-American Contributions to the United States during and right after Reconstruction

• Spanish-American War:– First war in which

African-Americans fought in large numbers

Image Courtesy of http://www.nps.gov/prsf/history/buffalo_soldiers/images/liberators_of_cuba.jpg

Spanish-American War in Cuba

Image Courtesy of http://www.wheelerplantation.org/the.htm