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Reconstruction
Essential Question
• How was the nation’s commitment to its founding ideals tested during Reconstruction?
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
Reconstruction• Major Issues
1. Status of former states • Eleven Confederate States – how/when can
they join the U.S?2. Status of former slaves
• Four million Illiterate, unemployed, poor former slaves
• How much should the federal government help?
3. Rebuilding the South• 50% of manufacturing, agriculture and
transportation destroyed• Who should rebuild?
Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories
were subject to military supervision.
Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters.
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Summary = Slavery is abolished
14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people regardless of race.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Summary = Right to vote regardless of race.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
Changes in the Southern Economy
• Sharecropping and tenant farming– Cycle of poverty
• Restoration of plantations• Challenges
– KKK– Scandals– Popular support declines
• End of Reconstruction = Compromise of 1877
Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose:
* Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
How Sharecropping WorksHow Sharecropping WorksFurnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
SharecroppingSharecropping
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
Worse Than Slavery
• What do you see?• What artistic devices are used?• Who is shaking hands? • What scene is shown beneath the
two men?• Why do you think this scene is
labeled “Worse Than Slavery”?• What do you think is the message?
Segregation and Discrimination
• Voting Restrictions– Literacy tests– Poll tax– Grandfather clause (white only)
• Jim Crow Laws– Legal separation (segregation) of races
• Plessy v. Ferguson– 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision allows
‘separate but equal’
Success or Failure?
• Success– Social and Political
Revolution– Former slaves
participate in government
– Expanded public education
– Redistribution of land– Restoration of former
slave families, churches, and communities
• Failure– Political parties unable
to continue reform– Continuation of ‘Cycle
of Poverty’ – Racial bias and
intimidation– Not aligned with
National priorities: ex-slave issues vs. economic issues
U. S. Review Topics Unit 1
• Abolitionists• Popular sovereignty• Kansas-Nebraska
Act• Dred Scot v.
Sanford• Anaconda Plan• Sharecropping• Total war
• Jim Crow laws• Plessy v. Ferguson• Compromise of
1877• Emancipation
Proclamation• 13th Amendment• Outcomes of the
Civil War• African Americans
after Civil WarTEST = Friday 9/18 13 Multiple Choice, 8 Short AnswerUse notes, textbook, www.kdircks.wikispaces.com for information