• Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) – the period after the Civil War, especially in the south

• Southern States needed to rebuild their economies and to be re-admitted into the Union.

The Reconstruction Era

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan• President Lincoln believed that to rebuild

national unity, Southern states should be treated leniently. Andrew Johnson continues this after Lincoln is assassinated much to the dismay of many in Congress who felt the South should be punished.

• He sought to mend the nation's wounds as rapidly as possible and ignored punishing the South.

• Once ten percent of a former Confederate state's voters took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment ending slavery, representatives from that state could be admitted back into Congress.

New Forces in Southern Politics

• Three new groups stepped in to take the place of the leaders of the old South.– White southerners who supported the

Republicans.– Northerners who moved to the South

after the war.– Freedmen

Scalawags

• Some white southerners supported the new Republican governments. Many of these people were in business and had never supported secession. They wanted to forget that the war had ever happened and get on with rebuilding the South.

• Many felt that any southerner who supported the Republicans were traitors, so they called them scalawags-a word used for a small, scruffy horse.

• Northerners who moved south after the war were another important force during Reconstruction. White southerners called these people carpetbaggers. They said carpetbaggers had left in such a hurry to get rich in the south that they only had time to fling a few clothes into a cheap, cloth suitcase called a carpetbag.

Carbetbaggers

• Northerners went south for several reasons. A few were fortune hunters looking to make a profit as the South was rebuilt.

• Others were northern soldiers who had grown to love the rich land in the South.

• Some were reformers who wanted to help the freedmen. Many volunteered to teach former slaves.

• Hiram Rhodes Revels – first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress

Freedmen

• A problem facing the South was how to deal with the mil lions of freed slaves, known as freedmen.

• Congress estab lished the Freedmen's Bureau to help the freed slaves with food, clothing and medical care.

Black Codes

• Southern states passed "Black Codes," in order to regulate the lives of the freedmen.

• The "Black Codes" made it illegal for freedmen to hold public office, to travel freely or to serve on juries. Any freed man found without a job could be fined and jailed.

• Some white southerners were extreme in their views and formed secret societies to help them regain power.

• The most dangerous of these secret groups was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The Klan worked to keep blacks and white Republicans out of office.

• The members of the KKK dressed in white robes and hoods to hide their identity. They rode at night to the homes of black voters, shouting threats and burning crosses. When the threats did not work, the Klan turned to violence. They murdered hundreds of blacks and their white allies.

Congress Responds• Following the Civil War, the Radical

Republicans in Congress introduced three new Con stitutional amendments:

• 13th - abolished slavery• 14th - provide citizenship to the

freedmen • 15th - allow African American males the

right to vote.

Hint – “Free Citizens Vote”

Reconstruction Act• Congress passed the Reconstruction Act

in 1867• Established direct military rule over

former Confederate states until new governments could be formed.

• The South was divided into five military districts where federal troops helped register African Americans as voters while former Confederate leaders were excluded from voting.

The Difficult Task of Rebuilding

• Despite political problems, Reconstruction governments tried to rebuild the South.

• They built public schools for both black and white children. Many states gave women the right to vote, and they improved health care for the mentally and physically challenged.

• In addition, the governments also rebuilt railroads, telegraph lines, bridges and roads.

A Cycle of Poverty / Sharecropping

• After the war, freedmen left the plantations on which they had lived and worked. This was how many of them proved they were free.

• Freedmen found few opportunities. • Many Republicans wanted to help the

freedmen by giving them land, but most Americans opposed the plan.

• In the end, freedmen received “nothing but freedom.”

• In the hard economic times of Reconstruction, freedmen and poor whites went to work on large plantations. They farmed the land using tools provided by the planter. In return they gave the landowner a share of the crop at harvest time.

• These landless farmers were called sharecroppers since they “shared” part of the crop.

• Much of the South became locked in a cycle of poverty.

• The end of the Civil War also saw the opening of the "Last Frontier"-the Great Plains. Several legislative acts passed during the Civil War helped set the stage.

**The Homestead Act of 1862**Morrill Act of 1862**Dawes Act of 1887

The West – The Last Frontier

The Homestead Act of 1862• President Lin coln signed the Homestead Act

in 1862. • The act stated that any citizen could occupy

160 acres of government land. If the settler "improved" the land with a home and grew crops, after five years he or she would own the property.

• Many European immigrants were attracted by this offer of free land.

• Almost 1,400,000 homesteads were eventually granted under the Homestead Act.

Morrill Act of 1862• Another attempt to settle lands in the West led

President Lincoln to sign the Morrill Act. • This act provided each state with 30,000 acres

of federal land times the number of its mem bers in Congress.

• The state could then sell this land and use its earnings to fund public colleges that taught agriculture and the mechanical arts.

• Sixty-nine colleges were founded using these land grants. Although they began as agricultural and technical schools, many of these colleges grew into large public universities that later helped educate millions of Americans.

Dawes Act of 1887• Congressman Henry Dawes designed a bill to

break up tribes and promote the assimilation of Native American Indians into American society.

• The act provided that each Indian family be given 160 acres of farmland. The remaining tribal lands were "surplus" and opened to whites. Tribal ownership was simply to disappear.

• Within decades of the passage of the Dawes Act, the vast majority of Native American tribal lands in the West were in the hands of whites.

• Before the act, Indians controlled about 150 million acres. Twenty years later, two-thirds of their land was gone.