ReconstructionReconstruction

Divergent Plans Divergent Plans

And the And the

Southern ExperienceSouthern Experience

Lincoln’s Plan Lincoln’s Plan 1863-651863-65 10% Plan10% Plan State can rejoin when 10% of voters State can rejoin when 10% of voters

from 1860 election:from 1860 election: Pledge oath of allegiance to USPledge oath of allegiance to US Pledge to abide by emancipationPledge to abide by emancipation

Then state govt. formedThen state govt. formed RationaleRationale: South never left the Union: South never left the Union Louisiana, Arkansas and Tenn. Louisiana, Arkansas and Tenn.

ReconstructedReconstructed ReactionReaction: Radical Reps. shocked, refuse : Radical Reps. shocked, refuse

to recognize govt.’s or reps.to recognize govt.’s or reps.

Wade Davis BillWade Davis Bill 18641864 50% of voters take oath of allegiance and 50% of voters take oath of allegiance and

have stronger safeguards for have stronger safeguards for emancipation emancipation (state const. must ban slavery)(state const. must ban slavery)

RationaleRationale: Radical Reps. feared : Radical Reps. feared restoration of planter aristocracyrestoration of planter aristocracy (Disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders)(Disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders)

ReactionReaction: Lincoln “pocket-vetoes” the bill, : Lincoln “pocket-vetoes” the bill, Division in Republican PartyDivision in Republican Party

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan 1865-661865-66 10%10% Disenfranchised certain Conf. leaders and Disenfranchised certain Conf. leaders and

wealthy, but they could petition Johnson for wealthy, but they could petition Johnson for pardonspardons

Special State conventions to Special State conventions to Repeal secessionRepeal secession Ratify 13Ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment

RationaleRationale: Accepts Lincoln’s plan, but wants : Accepts Lincoln’s plan, but wants Southern leaders to ‘beg’Southern leaders to ‘beg’

ReactionReaction: Sharp Repub. Criticism, Southern govts : Sharp Repub. Criticism, Southern govts reorganized and passed Black Codes, Congress reorganized and passed Black Codes, Congress refuses to recognize new govtsrefuses to recognize new govts

Congressional PlanCongressional Plan 1866-671866-67 10%10% Freedman’s Bureau extendedFreedman’s Bureau extended Civil Rights Bill 1866Civil Rights Bill 1866

Black Citizenship proposed and Black Codes attackedBlack Citizenship proposed and Black Codes attacked 1414thth Amendment Amendment

Black citizenship, equal protection, and due processBlack citizenship, equal protection, and due process Lose representation if blacks denied the voteLose representation if blacks denied the vote Disqualified former Conf. officeholdersDisqualified former Conf. officeholders S. States must Repudiate Confederate DebtsS. States must Repudiate Confederate Debts

RationaleRationale: Clash between Reps and Johnson : Clash between Reps and Johnson continues, Ensure Black rights through laws, continues, Ensure Black rights through laws, weaken former Confsweaken former Confs

ReactionReaction: Johnson vetoes, Civil Rights Act passed : Johnson vetoes, Civil Rights Act passed over his veto, 14over his veto, 14thth must be ratified to return to must be ratified to return to unionunion

Congressional Congressional Military ReconstructionMilitary Reconstruction

1867-771867-77 5 military districts est. w/ generals and 20,000 5 military districts est. w/ generals and 20,000

troopstroops Temp disenfranchised former Confs.Temp disenfranchised former Confs. Readmission strict:Readmission strict:

Ratify 14Ratify 14thth

State const. must guarantee male suffrageState const. must guarantee male suffrage 1515thth Amend. Passed (Universal Male Suffrage) Amend. Passed (Universal Male Suffrage) RationaleRationale: create a favorable electorate in the : create a favorable electorate in the

South to vote in black rights, end federal South to vote in black rights, end federal responsibilityresponsibility

ReactionReaction: Martial regime in South, Loss of Pres. : Martial regime in South, Loss of Pres. Power, Rise of KKK and illegal oppression, by Power, Rise of KKK and illegal oppression, by 1870 all states back in Union1870 all states back in Union

.

The Reconstruction ExperienceThe Reconstruction Experience

1. Identify each of the following key terms. 1. Identify each of the following key terms. 2. Try to find major themes and concepts to link 2. Try to find major themes and concepts to link

the various termsthe various terms

13th Amendment Ku Klux Klan Black Codes Scalawags Literacy Tests Sharecropping Thaddeus Stevens 15th Amendment Freedmen’s Bureau

Radical Republicans Elizabeth Cady

Stanton Susan B. Anthony Hiram Revels 14th Amendment Carpetbaggers Force Acts Exodusters 40 Acres

Broken Promises of the Broken Promises of the New SouthNew South

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

““That on the 1st day of January, That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as A.D. 1863, all persons held as

slaves within any State or slaves within any State or designated part of a State the designated part of a State the

people whereof shall then be in people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United rebellion against the United

States shall be then, States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever thenceforward, and forever

free.”-free.”-

The13th Amendment”The13th Amendment”1313thth Amendment Amendment --Neither slavery nor Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, involuntary servitude, except as a punishment except as a punishment for crime whereof the for crime whereof the party shall have been party shall have been duly convicted, shall duly convicted, shall exist within the United exist within the United States, or any place States, or any place subject to their subject to their jurisdiction. jurisdiction.

1414thth Amendment Amendment1414thth Amendment- Amendment-

All persons born or All persons born or naturalized in the United naturalized in the United States, and subject to the States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United citizens of the United States . . . nor shall any state States . . . nor shall any state deprive any person of deprive any person of life, life, liberty, or property, without liberty, or property, without due process of lawdue process of law; nor ; nor deny to any person within its deny to any person within its jurisdiction the jurisdiction the equal equal protectionprotection of the laws of the laws. .

1515thth Amendment Amendment

The right of citizens of The right of citizens of the United States to the United States to

vote shall not be vote shall not be denied or abridged by denied or abridged by the United States or the United States or

by any state on by any state on account of race, color, account of race, color, or previous condition or previous condition

of servitude. of servitude.

ReconstructionReconstruction

How free are the freedmen?How free are the freedmen?What were the goals of reconstruction?What were the goals of reconstruction?

What were the major question and debates What were the major question and debates during Reconstruction?during Reconstruction?

How was the union “reconstructed”?How was the union “reconstructed”?

Exodusters and those that stayed behind…

Plight of the Freedman Plight of the Freedman

"For we colored people did not "For we colored people did not know how to be free and the know how to be free and the white people did not know how white people did not know how to have a free colored person to have a free colored person about them." about them."

- Houston Hartsfield - Houston Hartsfield HollowayHolloway

Greater Freedom?Greater Freedom?What are the problems What are the problems that the freedmen face?that the freedmen face?

Jim CrowJim CrowLegalized Legalized

segregation and segregation and disenfranchisemedisenfranchiseme

ntnt

Voting LawsVoting LawsLiteracy TestLiteracy Test

Poll TaxPoll Tax

Grandfather Grandfather ClauseClause

Social OppressionSocial OppressionSecret SocietiesSecret Societies

- Fear- Intimidation- Physical Violence- Harassment- Disrespect, language.- Accepted formally and informally in law.

The Ku Klux Klan

Political Success?Political Success?The Conservative “Rule”The Conservative “Rule”

SUCCESS IN ELECTIONSSUCCESS IN ELECTIONS Had a majority of seats only in Had a majority of seats only in the lower house in South Carolina. the lower house in South Carolina. Most of the chief legislative and Most of the chief legislative and executive positions were held by executive positions were held by Northern white Republicans --Northern white Republicans --carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers (suitcase) (suitcase)

Success cont. . .Elected Success cont. . .Elected OfficialsOfficials

U.S. Senators MississippiU.S. Senators Mississippi

- Hiram R. Revels- Hiram R. Revels

- Blanche K. Bruce - Blanche K. Bruce

U.S. RepresentativesU.S. Representatives

- Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina - Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina

- Jefferson Long of Georgia- Jefferson Long of Georgia

Governor of LouisianaGovernor of Louisiana

- P.B.S. Pinchbeck- P.B.S. Pinchbeck

Economic Economic Freedom?Freedom?

Share CroppingShare Cropping: : is a system of agriculture is a system of agriculture

where a landowner allows a where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. crop produced on the land.

Crop Lien:Crop Lien: farmer would mortgage his farmer would mortgage his

crop to the local store owner crop to the local store owner as payment for the supplies as payment for the supplies and necessities he would and necessities he would need during the year.need during the year.

Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877Tilden (D) Vs. Hayes (R)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

““Separate but equal”Separate but equal”Upholds Jim Crow Upholds Jim Crow lawslaws