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Reconstruction. 1865-1877. Background. Political reform movement following Civil War Involved Presidents and members of Congress Different groups emerge and push for different aims for Reconstruction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Reconstruction1865-1877
Political reform movement following Civil War
Involved Presidents and members of Congress
Different groups emerge and push for different aims for Reconstruction
At end of Civil War = over 600,000 dead, South’s economy destroyed, what to do with 3.5 million former slaves?
Background
Overview… Three rounds of Reconstruction
◦ First: Presidential (Lincoln, Johnson)◦ Second: Congressional (Radical Republican)◦ Third: Redemption (Southern Conservatives)
The process of putting the nation back together following the Civil War
Lincoln’s Plan (viewed as lenient)◦ 1863 – Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Ten% of voters in Confed. states had to Accept emancipation Swear loyalty to the Union
High ranking Confed. officials could not vote or hold office unless pardoned by President
◦ Once conditions were satisfied, a state could return to the Union
◦ Lenient because Lincoln wanted to make it easy to return
Reconstruction: Lincoln’s Plan
Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Congress's plan:
◦ 50% must take oath◦ Only non-Confederates allowed to vote
for state-constitution◦ Pocket vetoed by Lincoln
Benjamin Wade
Henry Davis
Members of Congress – Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner
Andrew Johnson – VP; assumed office after Lincoln dies
Influential Individuals of Reconstruction
Goals:◦ Punish the South for causing the Civil War◦ Fought to protect the rights of former slaves
Thaddeus Stevens◦ Focused on economic opportunities for former
slaves◦ Distribute land to former slaves
Charles Sumner Focused on citizenship and political rights for former
slaves
Radical Republicans
Former Senator from TN; VP for Lincoln◦ TN part of Confederacy but Johnson remained
loyal to Union A democrat; Reconstruction plan similar to
Lincoln’s Issued 13,000 pardons Unconcerned with rights of former slaves as
states began to pass black codes
Andrew Johnson
Laws that established conditions similar to slavery for black Americans◦ African Americans couldn’t leave plantations,
restrictions on racial intermarriage, not able to serve on juries or testify against whites in court
Black Codes
Black Codes
Prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money to buy land
Forced freedmen to sign work contracts
Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites
Johnson opposed to organization Oversaw relief efforts designed to aid
former slaves Established schools, provided medical
supplies, food, clothing Helped to reunite families separated under
slavery Congress voted to extend funding but
Johnson vetoed renewal
Freedman’s Bureau
1868 Impeachment: to bring official charges
against the President (majority vote in HoR) Trial/Removal: The President stands trial
(Senate acts as jury; 2/3 majority vote needed for removal)
Remained President but largely ineffective following trial
Impeachment
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Congress took control of Reconstruction and began implementing actions to punish South
Reconstruction Acts (1867-1868):◦ Former Confederate States were militarily
occupied by U.S. troops 5 military districts; only TN not part of occupation
(already ratified 14th in 1866)◦ States could re-enter the Union once they ratified
the 14th Amendment
Congressional Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction
Reconstruction Act of 1867◦ South under military occupation
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
Prohibited slavery
13th Amendment
All persons born in the US are citizens of the US
All citizens are guaranteed equal treatment under the law
Punished states that denied adult males the right to vote
14th Amendment
Guaranteed the right to vote for African Americans
15th Amendment
Civil War Amendments were a success; however, there was no redistribution of land and most former slaves lived as sharecroppers and had little economic opportunity
Limits to Reconstruction
Reforms after Grant’s Election
Election of 1868
Black votes the difference!
Reconstruction in the South
Scalawags – Southern Republicans
Carpetbaggers – northerners who went south
African-American legislators
North During Reconstruction
Grant Administration scandals (e.g. Credit Mobilier Affair, Whiskey Ring) discredits itself
Local politics crazy too… Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall
Election of 1872
Panic of 1873 Over speculation on industry and railroads
leads to depression Debtors demanded inflationary greenbacks Grant vetoed release of more greenbacks
Helped end Reconstruction Two candidates:
◦ Samuel Tilden: Dem. From NY; political reformer◦ Rutherford B. Hayes: Rep.; former OH Gov.
SC, FL, LA voter irregularity; both claimed to win
1876 Election
Election of 1876 Closely contested…
Electoral Commission◦ 7 Dems.◦ 8 Repub.
Compromise of 1877◦ Hayes is President (pleases North)◦ Military occupation ended in the South (please
white Southerners) Rights of former slaves not protected
◦ Hayes would support building southern transcontinental railroad
Wormley Hotel, D.C.
1. Brainstorm a response: To what extent was Reconstruction a political success or failure?
2. Create a thesis that responds to the prompt
3. Write your intro. Paragraph – to be collected at
Respond in your journal: