RecommendationstoEstimateSwineNutrient

ProductioninthePhase6WatershedModel

DRAFTREPORT

ReporttotheAgriculturalModelingSubcommitteeandAgricultural

Workgroup

November2016

Reportgeneration

RobertMeinen,PennStateDepartmentofAnimalScience,UniversityPark,PAMarkEstienne,VirginiaTechDepartmentofAnimalandPoultrySciences,Blacksburg,VATimSexton,DivisionofSoilandWaterConservation,VirginiaDepartmentofConservationandRecreation,Richmond,VA

TechnicalSupportTeam

TimSexton,DivisionofSoilandWaterConservation,VirginiaDepartmentofConservationandRecreation,Richmond,VABobbyLong,DivisionofSoilandWaterConservation,VirginiaDepartmentofConservationandRecreation,Richmond,VAJordanKristoff,DivisionofSoilandWaterConservation,VirginiaDepartmentofConservationandRecreation,Richmond,VA

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SwineDataReport

Background

QuantificationofswineindustrycharacteristicsisimportantforChesapeakeBayModelingadvancement.Thepurposeofthisreportistoprovidecurrentandhistoricalperspectiveontheswineindustryinregardstomanurenutrientgeneration.Althoughindependentlyownedandoperatedpigfarmsstillexist,theswineindustryintheChesapeakeBayWatershedfallslargelyintothefollowingcategoricalunitscommontomodernintegratedswineproductionsystems.

SowFarms-Aunitthatmaintainsasowherdforthepurposeofproducingpigs.Dependingonthestageofthereproductivecycle,sowsarehousedinbarnsspecificforbreedingandgestationorfarrowing(birthing),allatacommonfarmlocation.Oncebred,sowswillbefedforagestationperiodof114days.Shortlybeforeherduedatethesowismovedfromthegestationbarntoaroomwithinthefarrowingbarn.Theroomsarefilledinagroupedsystemsothatanewlyfilledroomcontainssowsthatareallduetofarrowwithinthesame1-7dayperiod.Thisallowsnursingsowsinthatgrouptoallbeweanedatthesametime.Theweanedpiglets(approximately12to15poundsbodyweighteach)aremovedtoanoff-sitenurseryfarm,whilethesowsaremovedasagroupbacktothebreeding/gestationbarnwheretheyarebredagain.Weanageistypicallyabout21daysandsowswillbreedagainabout5daysafterweaning.Multiplefarrowingroomsexistinmodernfacilitiessothatanewroomcanbeusedeachweek.Afterweaningandremovalofthesowsandthelittertheroomiswashedanddisinfectedsoanothergroupofsowscanmoveintotheroom.Thusthegestationandfarrowingbarnseachoperatewithaninternalrotation.Althoughthereisvariationduetoage,bodycondition,genetics,etc.,sowstypicallyweigh450to500poundseach.Sinceyoungerandlighterfemalesareincludedinthesemanureproductionestimatesanaverageweightof450poundsshouldbeusedinmodelingactivitiesinvolvingsowfarms.Youngfemalesthathavenotyetproducedalitterarecalledgilts.Asupplyofgiltsisnecessaryforsowfarmsinordertoreplacedeadsowsorsowsculled(removed)fromtheherdforpoorreproductiveperformance.Priortointroductiontothesowfarm,giltsmaybelocatedatseparateunitscalledIsolationBarnsorgiltdevelopmentunits.Sowfarmswillcontainonlyalimitednumberofboarsduetowidespreadadoptionofartificialinseminationusingsemenfromoff-siteboarstuds.Theboarsonsowfarmsareutilizedas‘teaser’animalsinordertodetect‘standingheat’insowsatwhichtimethesowisartificiallyinseminatedbyafarmtechnician.Theratioofsowstogiltsisapproximately10:1.Theratioofsowstoteaserboarsis100:1orgreater.Formodelingactivities,giltsandboarshousedwithinasowunitshouldsimplybeincludedasamemberofthesowherd.Forgiltisolationbarnsorgiltdevelopmentunitsthathaveseparatemanurestorage,giltsmaybeconsideredfinisherhogs(definedlaterinthisreport)sincebodysizeandfeedrationsaresimilar.Justificationforthisinclusionofgiltsintothefinishercategoryisbasedonthefactthattherearenotalargenumberofgiltisolationbarnsorgiltdevelopmentunitsor

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animalnumbershousedinthismanner.Futuremodelingconsiderationsmaybegiventoaseparategiltisolationbarnorgiltdevelopmentunitcategory.

BoarStuds

Therearefewfarmsinthewatershedthathouseonlyboars.Thesefacilitiesexisttosupplysementosowfarms.Becauseejaculatesfromboarstypicallycontainmanymorespermcellsthanareneededtoimpregnateasinglesow,semenisdilutedtocreatemultipleartificialinseminationdoses.Thus,semenfromasmallnumberofboarswillserviceallthesowsonanumberofsowfarms.

NurseryFarmsWeanedpigsaretypicallymovedfromthesowfarmtoanoff-sitefacilitycalledanurseryfarm.Someolderfarmsmaintainon-sitenurseryfacilitiesatthesowfarms,buttheindustryislargelymovingawayfromthispracticeforherdhealthreasons.Nurserybuildingsallowspecializedandfocusedmanagementforyoungpigs.Buildingsdesignedspecificallyforlowerweightanimalsalsoallowsforefficientgrowthandeconomics.Thesefacilitieshouseyoungswineforapproximatelysevenweeks,soattheageoftenweekstheanimalsarecalledfeederpigsandaremovedtoafinisherfarm,weighing50to60poundseach.FinisherFarmsFeederpigsarebroughttothefinisherfarmwheretheywillgrowuntiltheyare‘finished’,meaningtheyaregrowntomarketweightsofapproximately270pounds.Oncetheyreachthisweighttheyarecalledmarkethogsandmovedtotheprocessingplant.Bothnurseryandfinisherfarmsoperateinanall-in-all-outmanner.Thismeansthatanentirebuildingispopulatedatthesametimeandthatallanimalsareremovedatthesametime.Afterthebuildingisemptied,washinganddisinfectionoccurpriortorepopulation.Bothtypesofbarnsareoftenconstructedinverysimilarmannersfromsitetosite.Companieswithmultiplesitemanagementandefficientproductionhavedriventhesecommonhousingstandards.Wean-FinishFarmsWean-finishfarmscombineboththeNurseryandFinishingphasesofproductionintoonebarn.Pigsweighing12to15poundsaremovedinafterweaningandtransportationfromsowfarmsandaremovedoutatmarketweightsofapproximately270pounds.Thus,thepigremainsinthesamepenfromweaningtomarket.CorporatefarmsownedandoperatedbySmithfieldHogProductionDivisioninVirginiaarewean-finish.NutrientBalancesSowfarmscontainenoughsowsthatproducelargeenoughlitterstosupplypigstoanumberofnurseryandfinisherfarms.Forthisreasontherearefarfewersowfarmscomparedtootherunitsofproduction.However,sowfarmsmaybehigherinAnimalUnitsand,dependingonthefarm’slandbase,mayneedtoexportmanurenutrients.Swinemanureismostlyliquidandverylowinsolidcontent.Therefore,exportedswinemanureisusuallydeliveredtonearbyneighborsandlands.Itisnoteconomicallyfeasibletoexportswinenutrientsmorethanafewmilesoroutofthewatershed.

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Nurseryandfinisherunitsareoftenwithinabalancebetweennutrientgenerationandon-sitefarmcropnutrientneeds.Indeed,manyfarmersbenefitbyinstallingnurseryorfinisherbarns,themanurefromwhichsupplementcropnutrientneeds.Thisdecreasescommercialfertilizerpurchasesforthatfarm.FeedManagementFeedmanagementatswinefarmsgreatlyimpactsnutrientgeneration.Itisinthebestinterestofthesefarmstoutilizefeedrationformulationsthatcloselymatchthenutrientrequirementsoftheanimals.Swinewithinvariousstagesofproduction(e.g.,nurseryorfinisher)receiverationsspecificallybalancedtomeettheirnutritionalrequirementsastheygrowinasystemcalled“phasefeeding”.Forexample,finisherhogsmayreceivefeedcontaining18%crudeproteinfrom45to90poundsbodyweight,16%crudeproteinfrom90to135poundsbodyweight,15%crudeproteinfrom135to180poundsbodyweight,14%from180to225poundsbodyweight,and13%crudeproteinfrom225to270poundsbodyweight.Additionally,nutrientrequirementsofgiltsandbarrows(castratedmales)differsomanyfarmswillfeedtheanimalsinseparatepensorbarns,allowingconsumptionofdifferentdietsinasystemcalled“split-sexfeeding”.Byformulatingdietsthatcloselymatchaminoacid(buildingblocksofprotein)requirementsnitrogenexcretionisminimized.PhytaseUtilizationPhosphorusexcretionisalsominimizedbyfeedingdietsthatcloselymatchtheanimal’sphosphorousrequirementsandalsothroughtheutilizationofphytase.Phytaseisacommerciallyavailableenzymethatallowsmonogastricanimals,likethepig,toefficientlydigestphosphorus-containingmoleculesfoundinmostgrains.Adoptionbyswineintegratorsandwidespreadutilizationofphytasetechnologyhasgreatlydecreasedtheneedforinorganicphosphorusadditiontoswinediets,andhasdecreasedbymorethan20%theamountofphosphorusexcretedintotheenvironmenteachyear.AdoptionofphytaseutilizationasaBestManagementPracticebeganinthelate1990s.PersonalcommunicationswithfeedmillmanagementandagencypersonnelthatassistedwithsecuringgrantstofundadoptiontechnologyindicatethatinbothPennsylvaniaandVirginia,phytaseutilizationbeganin1998.By2000-2001phytasewasusedin100%ofswinedietsfabricatedbyWengerFeeds(Rheems,PA),includingbothsowandgrowingpigrations.InVirginia,Carroll’sFoods(nowSmithfieldHogProductionDivision)initiatedswinephytaseutilizationin1998.AscommunicatedbyDr.AllenHarper,formerSwineSpecialistwithVirginiaCooperativeExtension,pigsfedwithphytasesupplementeddietsexcreted21%lessphosphorusresultinginanestimatedannualphosphorusexcretionreductionof158,000poundsinVirginia.Similarphytaseutilizationoccurredbymostwatershedfeedmillsby2002.ManureManagementIndustrystandardsnotonlyexistforhousingdesign,butarecommonformanurestorageaswell.IntheNorthernwatershedarea,mostmodernnurseryandfinisherfarmshavedeeppitmanurestoragethatisundertheflooroftheswinebarn.Thissystemmeansthatthebarnscanbeconstructedwithminimallandfootprint

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requirements.Sowfarmsmayalsohaveunder-floordeeppitstorage.Manurefromdeeppitsisremoveddirectlyfromthebarnsandappliedtoland.Somesowfarmsandsomeolderfinishersiteshaveexternalopen-airmanurestorage.Thesestoragefacilitiesaredesignedinavarietyofmanners,withmostmodernoutdoorconstructionintheformoflinedearthenbasinsorconcretestructures.Innorthernareasofthewatershedthesefacilitiesaresimplyoutdoormanurestoragebasins.Insouthernwatershedregionsmanyoutdoormanurefacilitiesoperateastruelagoons.Inthesesystems,penswithinbarnsaretypicallyovershallowmanurepitsandareroutinelyemptiedintolargeoutdoorlagoonsforstorage.Manyofthesesystemscontainbothaprimarystageandsecondarystagemanurelagoon.Whenpitsinbarnsareemptied,manureflowsintotheprimarylagoon.There,solidswithinthemanuresettletothebottom.Asthelevelofliquidrisesinthefirststagelagoon,itflowsthroughapipetothesecondstagelagoon.Thecontentsofthesecondstagelagooncanbeusedtorefillmanurepitswithinthebarnsand/orspray-irrigatedonadjacentfarmland.Liquidfromthesecondstagestorageisexpectedtobeverylowinnutrientandsolidcontentssincesettledsolidsinthefirststagewillholdhighconcentrationsofnutrients,especiallyphosphorus,inthatstoragearea.Whilesecondstageliquidisirrigatedtofarmlandonaroutinebasis,firststagesolidscanberetainedinstorageforyearsbeforeremovalisnecessary.Lagoonsystemscanbeconsideredaformofmanuretreatmentsincenutrientsareremovedandheldforlongperiods.Othertypesofalternativemanuretreatmentsarenotcommonwithswinemanure.Thefollowingmanurestoragetypesareconsideredforthisreport:

1. Deeppit,underfloormanurestorage2. Outdoorstoragebasins(earthenorconcrete)3. Lagoons,includingfirstandsecondstagetreatments

Methodology

Severalsourceswereutilizedtoassurethatcurrentdatawereavailableforthisreport.CountryViewFamilyFarms,inPennsylvania,andSmithfieldHogProductionDivision,inVirginia,cooperatedtoprovidemanureanalysesfrommanyoftheirfarms.Manureanalysesthatwereolderthan14monthswerenotconsidered.Technicianswerealsoemployedthroughcontracttovisitanumberoffarmstocollectmanuresamples.SamplesweresenttolaboratoriesateitherClemsonUniversityorPennStateUniversityforanalyses.BothCountryViewFamilyFarmsandSmithfieldHogProductionDivisionalsoprovidedanimalweightsandfarminventoriesthatwerepairedwithmanureanalysesdata.Athirdsourcewashistoricdataprovidedfromseveralreputablesources.Producerinformationwasremovedfromdataforconfidentiality.Thecommitteemadeseveraldeterminationsbasedonindustrystandardsandprofessionaljudgmentthathelpedtoshapetherecommendationsfoundinthisreport.

• Giltsandboarswereincludedinsowfarmdata.Giltsareareoftenhousedwithsowsandthenumberofboarsonsowfarmsislimitedtothoseneededforheatdetection.Futureadditionoftheseanimalgroupstothemodel,byinclusionofgiltisolationordevelopmentunitsandboarstudsshouldbeconsidered.

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• Sowswithlittersarecountedassows.Eventhoughnursinglittersarewithsowswithinthefarrowingbarnsofsowfarms,thepigletsreceivelittleornosupplementalfeednutrientsandthemanureproductionofthelitterisaverysmallfractionofthatproducedbythesow.

• Wean-Finishfarmsarenotconsideredinthisreport.Thistypeofproductionbarnislesscommonthanthemultiplesitenurseryandfinishersystems.Theresimplywasnotenoughdataavailabletocreateaseparatecategoryforthistypeoffarm.Therecommendationforthistypeoffacilityistoadjustanimalweightaccordinglytoentryandexitweights,andtoutilizeactualfarmmanuresamples.Ifmanuresamplesarenotavailablethenfinishingfarmnutrientvaluesshouldbeused.Thecorrespondingfinishinganimalsrepresentfargreaterweights,feedconsumptionandresidencetimeatthesefacilities.Futureadditionofthistypeoffarmtothemodelshouldbeconsidered.

• Weightsreportedrepresenttheaverageweightofanimalsduringthetimetheypopulatethespecificphaseofproduction.Addingentryandexitanimalweights,anddividingthatsumbytwowasusedtodetermineaverageweights.

• LagoonsystemsfoundinVirginiaoftencontainbothaPrimaryandSecondarymanurelagoon.Manurenutrientdataforlagoonsystemsisprovidedforbothoftheselagoonsaswellasatotalaverage.

• Becausethisreportwasdevelopedundertimeandresourceconstraintsthedatasetfromwhichconclusionsaredrawnisnotperfect.Muchdataoriginatesfromonlyafewcooperativeintegratedcompanies.Whilethedatafromthefarmswithintheselargeintegratedsystemsisquiterepresentativeofthelargenumberofanimalsmanagedwithinthecompany’ssystems,differencesmaybeexpectedwithotherintegratedsystemsduetovariationinsuchfactorsasgenetics,orfeedregimens.Nonetheless,thejudgmentofthisprofessionalpanelisthatthevariationnotedherewouldnotbegreat.Wefeelthatthisdatasetisafairrepresentationoftheindustrygiventhecollectionconstraintsnotedabove.Futureendeavorsshouldincludelargerdatasetsfromamorediversesetofoperations.

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DataThefollowingtablesreflectaveragesdeterminedfromdataprovidedthroughsourcesnotedintheintroductionofthisreport.Table1.Summaryofswineproductionphasesandweightsconsideredcategoricallyforthisreport.

PhaseofProduction AverageAnimalWeight(lbs)

TypicalWeightRange(lbs)

Sows(includesgiltsandboars) 450 400-500

Nursery 34.99 13.30-56.68

Finisher 163.85 56.68-272.74

Table2.Summaryofswinemanurecontentformanurestoragecategoriesofthisreport.

ManureStorageType TKN(lbs/1000gal)

P2O5(lbs/1000gal)

K2O(lbs/1000gal)

SowwithOutdoororUnderfloorStorage(non-lagoon) 29.80 12.13 17.82

Nursery 14.34 18.72 8.85

Finisher 26.22 20.65 27.93

GrowingPigLagoonPrimaryStorage(2.4%solids) 2.72 7.52 5.72

GrowingPigLagoonSecondaryStorage(0.19%solids) 0.43 1.71 0.57

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Table3.Weanpigweightsoverafour-yearperiod.

NumberofFarmsinDataSet(n)

TotalWeanPigs

ConsideredforData

Range

AveragePigletWean

Weight(lbs)ExitSowFarm

MinimumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

MaximumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

2015 11 920,691 12.78 14.12 13.522014 11 848,566 12.28 13.98 13.312013 11 709,057 13.03 13.79 13.252012 11 679,901 12.51 13.82 13.12Fouryear

Average 789,554 13.30

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Table4.WeightsforNurserySwineBarns.

NumberofFarmsinDataSet(n)

TotalWeanPigs

ConsideredforData

AverageWeanPigWeight

(lbs)EntrytoNursery

TotalFeederPigsConsideredforData

Range

AverageFeederPigWeight(lbs)ExitNursery

DuringthisPhaseAverageFeederPigWeight(lbs)

MinimumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

MaximumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

2015 13 920,691 13.52 474,406 51.89 59.92 57.28 35.402014 12 848,566 13.31 390,945 45.97 61.57 54.90 34.102013 10 709,057 13.25 366,786 52.64 60.74 55.49 34.382012 10 679,901 13.12 309,908 54.89 63.56 59.05 36.09Fouryear

Average 789,554 13.30 385,511 56.68 34.99

Table5.WeightsforFinisherSwineBarns.

Numberof

FarmsinDataSet(n)

TotalFeederPigs

ConsideredforData

RangeWeightedAverageFeederPigWeight

(lbs)EntrytoFinisher

TotalFinisherPigs

ConsideredforData

RangeWeightedAverageFinishPigWeight(lbs)ExitFinisher

DuringthisPhaseAverageFinishPigWeight(lbs)

MinimumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

MaximumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

MinimumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

MaximumIndividual

FarmWeightedAverageWeight(lbs)

2015 36 212,639 47.14 61.59 55.70 212,639 255.46 295.19 274.66 165.182014 31 169,042 41.82 58.74 53.35 169,042 248.99 294.89 270.20 161.922013 32 197,513 49.09 61.50 55.79 197,413 263.99 296.01 275.91 165.852012 30 190,929 49.17 63.53 54.58 190,929 255.69 285.77 270.17 162.46Fouryear

Average 192,531 54.86 192,506 272.74 163.85

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Table6.Nursery1manurenutrientcontent.

NumberofFarmsinDataSet

AverageNutrientperGallon(lbs/1000gal)

AverageNutrientperPoundofAnimalperyear(lbs/lbanimal/yr)2

NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O

PAonlyAverages

16forNH4;17forothernutrients

16.34 20.74 10.19 19.58 0.0622 0.0798 0.0358 0.0755

VAonlyAverages

17forallnutrients 3.67 7.20 1.19 7.90 0.0292 0.0586 0.0097 0.0642

CombinedAverage(bothstates)

19forNH4;20forothernutrients

14.34 18.72 8.85 17.83 0.0564 0.0763 0.0315 0.0736

1Nurserypigsbeginthisphaseofproductionwhenweanpigsweighing12to15poundsenterthebarnandexitafteraboutsevenweeksasFeederpigsweighing50-60poundsandenterafinisherbarn.2Aweightof34.99poundsisusedforcalculationsandrepresentstheaverageweightofpigsduringthisstageofproduction(entryandexitanimalweightsaddedandsumthendividedbytwo)asdeterminedfromdataavailableforthisreport.

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Table7.Finisher1manurenutrientcontent.

NumberofFarmsinData

NutrientSet

AverageNutrientperGallon(lbs/1000gal)

NumberofFarms

ProvidingInventory

Data

AverageNutrientperPoundofAnimalperyear(lbs/lbanimal/yr)2

NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O

PAonlyAverages 29 26.65 35.95 29.55 35.98 29 0.0236 0.0316 0.0285 0.0316

VAonlyAverages 14 3.94 6.07 2.21 11.27 10 0.0041 0.0062 0.0017 0.0132

CombinedAverage(bothstates)

43 19.26 26.22 20.65 27.93 39 0.0186 0.0251 0.0216 0.0269

1Finisherpigsbeginthefinisherphaseofproductionweighingapproximately50to60poundsandaremarketedatweightsofapproximately270pounds.Averagefinisherpigweightisapproximately165pounds.2Aweightof163.85poundsisusedforcalculationsandrepresentstheaverageweightofpigsduringthisstageofproduction(entryandexitanimalweightsaddedandsumthendividedbytwo)asdeterminedfromdataavailableforthisreport.Table8.SowFarm1manurenutrientcontentforfarmswithoutdoorstoragebasinsanddeeppitunder-floorstorageinPennsylvania.

NumberofFarmsinData

NutrientSet

AverageNutrientperGallon(lbs/1000gal)AverageNutrientperPoundofAnimalper

year(lbs/lbanimal/yr)1

NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O NH4 TKN P2O5 K2O

PAonlyAverage2 11 20.62 29.80 12.13 17.82 0.0751 0.1096 0.0475 0.0613

1SowFarmsincludesowsandarelativelysmallernumberofboarsandgilts.Theaverageanimalweightonsowfarmsisroutinelyconsideredtobe450pounds.2NonutrientdatawasreceivedfromVAforthisnon-lagoontypeofoutdoorstorage.

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Table9.WeantoFinishandFinisherFarm1lagoonstoragemanurenutrientcontentinVirginia.

NumberofSamplesinDataSet2

AverageNutrientContent(lbs/1000gallons)%

SolidsNH4 N TKN P205 K2O Ca Mg NaPrimary

Only 51 4.80 2.72 7.52 5.72 10.14 2.48 1.47 2.06 2.40

SecondaryOnly 23 1.28 0.43 1.71 0.57 5.88 0.42 0.17 1.22 0.19

CombinedPrimaryandSecondary

742 3.70 2.01 5.72 4.12 8.82 1.84 1.07 1.80 1.71

1Weantofinishfarmsgrowpigsfrom12to15poundstoaweightofapproximately270pounds.Finishfarmsgrowpigsfrom50to60poundstoapproximately270pounds.2Somedataoriginatedfromthesamefarmsthatcontainbothprimaryandsecondarystoragelagoons.Thusthesefarmscontributedmultiplemanuresamples.

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HistoricDataHistoricdataofswineanalysiswasgatheredfromtwosources.First,areportgeneratedbytheVirginiaDepartmentofConservationandRecreation,SoilandWaterConservationDivision'sNutrientManagementProgram'sAnimalWasteCoordinator(BobbyLongincludedmanureanalysissummariesforstoragefacilitieslistedaseither‘Mixed’or‘Lagoon’.Thenumberofsamplesorsourcewasnotincludedwiththisdata.Designationofproductionphasewasnotindicatedwiththisdata.ThesecondhistoricmanureanalysisdatasourcewasthePennStateAgriculturalAnalyticalServiceLaboratory.Thedatasetwaspurgedofdatathatdidnotfitcriteriaofthisreportandsomedatafromknownresearchprojectswasremoved.However,theremainingdatapossiblycontainedsamplesanalyzedfromnon-commercialswinesourcesaspartofotherresearchendeavors.Datawasseparatedintoeither‘Sow’or‘Non-sow’categories.Sowcategoriesincludesomefarmslistedinthedatasetas‘Farrow-to-Feeder’,meaningthatNurseryphasesofproductionmaybeincludedwithinthesample.Asecondsummaryispresentedforcategoriesthatincluded‘Nursery’,‘Grow-Finish’,‘Finisher’and‘Other’.TwomanuresamplesfromMarylandwereincludedinthisdata.AllfarmslistedwithaPennsylvanialocationwerekept.SomeofthesefarmsaresurelynotlocatedwithintheChesapeakeBaywatershed,howeverswineindustrydemographicswouldindicatethatthemajorityofsamplescomefromwithinthewatershed.Dataformbothsourcesaresummarizedbelow.

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Table10.Historicnon-lagoonswinemanureanalysisdatafromVirginia.HistoricNon-lagoonSwineManureNutrientValues(Virginia)

YearTKN

(lbs/1000gal)

NH-4(lbs/1000

gal)

P205(lbs/1000

gal)

K20(lbs/1000

gal)

%Solids

1990 88.20 88.20 58.42 69.76 3.301991 1992 133.90 94.24 82.86 54.63 2.341993 171.89 113.76 116.84 73.85 5.211994 164.84 118.64 147.33 75.56 5.35

2001 154.39 117.96 193.21 106.62 6.932002 113.40 75.78 34.07 58.97 2.692003 71.98 46.06 19.70 45.86 2.002004 104.36 63.59 33.52 55.28 2.512005 134.42 94.57 25.93 78.73 2.882006 110.99 71.57 35.12 59.36 3.692007 107.41 71.19 32.33 69.01 2.982008 108.94 77.37 24.60 60.30 2.852009 101.31 74.94 34.10 64.53 7.912010 93.33 68.35 17.17 42.99 1.802011 109.98 76.67 22.48 57.32 2.942012 81.18 60.37 14.26 54.96 1.142013 56.38 136.00 56.52 0.00 5.222014 118.65 67.31 37.12 52.56 3.112015 63.14 48.23 8.47 46.00 0.79Figure1.Plotofnon-lagoonmanureanalysisTotalNitrogenandPhosphorusvaluesforVirginia.

050100150200250

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

VriginiaNon-lagoonNutrientValues

(1990,1992-1994,2001-2015)

TKN(lbs/1000gal) P205(lbs/1000gal)

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Table11.HistoriclagoonswinemanureanalysisdatafromVirginia.HistoricLagoonSwineManureNutrientValues(Virginia)

YearTKN

(lbs/1000gal)

NH-4(lbs/1000

gal)

P205(lbs/1000

gal)

K20(lbs/1000

gal)

%Solids

1990 56.92 32.98 130.77 13.18 0.721991 81.65 48.58 52.79 37.32 2.761992 86.74 49.50 57.71 40.95 2.881993 23.19 11.84 12.84 15.26 0.341994 20.02 12.80 7.71 18.60 0.04

2001 24.63 19.78 5.13 59.50 0.702002 34.57 25.19 6.75 47.31 0.932003 28.11 22.56 4.94 40.06 0.552004 29.04 23.85 4.35 39.89 0.502005 30.19 23.95 4.90 42.20 0.772006 31.61 23.56 7.52 41.81 0.752007 29.15 20.73 4.80 39.55 0.562008 24.63 18.39 3.40 39.69 0.552009 28.80 20.47 7.01 45.69 1.012010 25.33 17.69 6.24 35.04 0.792011 32.96 20.82 9.75 41.18 1.222012 23.25 18.73 2.43 44.06 0.492013 33.65 23.25 10.10 45.31 0.992014 32.27 17.69 4.30 37.12 0.872015 29.84 20.82 3.02 42.26 0.54Figure2.PlotoflagoonmanureanalysisTotalNitrogenandPhosphorusvaluesforVirginia.

020406080100120140

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

VirginiaLagoonNutrientValues(1990-1994,2001-2015)

TKN(lbs/1000gal) P205(lbs/1000gal)

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Table12.HistoricsowfarmnutrientvaluesfromPennsylvania(alldatapost-phytase).

HistoricSowFarmData(PennStateAASL)

Numberof

SamplesintheYear

TKN(lb/1000gal)

NH4(lb/1000gal)

P2O5(lb/1000gal)

K2O(lb/1000gal)

%solids

2003 13 23.31 19.54 7.15 13.57 2.462004 2 12.78 10.01 2.44 7.94 1.022005 3 14.67 14.52 1.19 9.20 0.632006 3 8.76 7.40 1.92 7.78 0.742007 7 15.74 10.15 9.16 8.82 2.042008 0 2009 1 11.57 8.36 0.74 6.73 0.452010 25 26.95 15.86 8.61 12.25 2.552011 25 21.57 15.30 4.74 9.29 2.242012 52 24.31 17.51 4.49 12.66 1.592013 14 30.71 19.84 5.17 17.03 2.162014 24 30.34 17.68 8.30 16.79 2.132015 11 26.61 16.39 5.46 14.07 1.882016 16 26.02 16.25 4.66 16.23 1.95Figure3.PlotofsowfarmmanureanalysisTotalNitrogenandPhosphorusvaluesforPennsylvania(alldatapost-phytase).

0.005.0010.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.00

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

PennsylvaniaSowFarmNutrientValue(2003-207,2009-2016)

TKN(lb/1000gal) P2O5(lb/1000gal)

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Table13.Historicnursery/grow-finish/finisherfarmnutrientvaluesfromPennsylvania.

HistoricNursery/Grow-Finish/FinisherFarmData(PennStateAASL)

Numberof

SamplesintheYear

TKN(lb/1000gal)

NH4(lb/1000gal)

P2O5(lb/1000gal)

K2O(lb/1000gal)

%solids

1998 2 45.21 30.97 11.37 15.09 4.051999 79 36.80 24.48 14.88 15.66 4.392000 24 41.25 21.07 12.32 14.74 4.262001 26 43.57 26.84 10.65 18.80 4.412002 25 26.11 20.54 7.50 14.25 2.892003 71 18.46 15.93 4.22 11.81 1.872004 60 20.94 17.24 5.04 11.44 2.212005 42 38.33 29.53 12.11 19.09 4.972006 52 39.50 28.89 11.08 22.96 4.632007 12 30.97 23.01 7.24 19.82 2.692008 71 27.26 19.16 7.61 14.49 2.852009 21 30.70 20.50 6.62 17.89 2.992010 13 36.03 19.82 7.53 21.78 3.572011 40 28.08 18.05 6.62 12.73 3.172012 37 32.06 22.76 8.56 16.50 3.372013 26 34.98 19.98 12.16 18.46 3.972014 31 35.73 21.40 9.48 21.34 3.312015 16 36.64 22.78 8.90 24.13 3.812016 21 36.98 24.58 9.24 23.38 4.09Figure4.Plotofnursery/grow-finish/finisherfarmmanureanalysisTotalNitrogenandPhosphorusvaluesforPennsylvania.

0.0020.0040.0060.00

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PennsylvaniaNursery/Wean-Finish/FinisherFarmNutrient

Values(1998-2016)

TKN(lb/1000gal) P2O5(lb/1000gal)

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APPENDICESAppendix1:SwineBiosecurityGuidelines(TimSexton)Thefollowingprotocolwasfollowedduringdatacollection.

• Respectallentranceprohibitionsonswinefarmsand/orbarns• Onlyenteraswinehouseifabsolutelynecessary.NOEntranceonInfectedBarn

UnderAnyConditions• Uponarrivalatanyswinefarm,reporttothefarmmanagerorresponsibleparty• Washhandsimmediatelyuponarrivalbeforeputtingondisposablegloves,and

againbeforeleavingfarm.• Leavevehiclesoutsideofserviceareas.Walk!• Avoidvisitingtwoswinefarmswithin48hoursifpossibleabsolutelynovisitationof

swinefarmsfromtwoseparatesowunitswithin48hours• WearBootsthatcanbedisinfected,disposablegloves• Putallmanuresamplesintosealedbottles,sprayoutsideofbottleandthenput

sampleintosealableplasticbag.• Allmaterialsusedonthesitemustbedisinfectedbeforeandafteruse• BootsshouldbedippedattheentranceandexitofeveryfarmwithCloroxsolution

orVirconsolution• Sprayallequipmentwithamixof8oz.ofClorox/gallonor10%Virconsolutionof

wateruntilwet.Leaveonfor30seconds.Dryoffwithdisposablepapertowels.Putglovesandpapertowelsinplasticbagandkeeptightlysealed.

• Keepcleanedmaterialsawayfromcontaminatedmaterials.• Removealldrylitter,manure,mud,strawetc.fromvehicle,especiallywheelsand

wheelwells• Spraywheels,tiresandwheelwellswithdisinfectionsolution.Letdrainanddry

beforemoving.Ifdustyorwet,sprayundersideofvehicle.Alternative:parkvehicleoutsidefarmentranceandWALK!

Appendix2:SwineManureSamplingProtocolandMethodology(TimSexton)FortheSwinecharacterizationstudyinPennsylvania,manuresamplesaretakenfromunderfloordeeppitstorageofeachbarnlocatedonthefarmvisited.Thesamplesfromeachbarnaremixedtogetherunlessthegrowerindicatedthatthemanurefromeachbarnistreateddifferentlyonseparatefields.Thesamplesaremixedinaplasticbucketandtransferredto500mlbottles,labeled,refrigerateduntilpreparedforshippingtoClemsonandPSUlaboratories.SamplesaretakenusingaTeflonLiquidPointCupSamplerwithlid,controlledinthehandlesothatsamplestakenfromtheunderhousestoragecanbetakenatvaryingdepths,asmixingofthestorageisnotfeasible.Thesamplerisinsertedintothemanureinverteduntilthedesireddepthisreachedinthepit.Itisthenturnedoverandtheleverinthehandleispushedsothatmanurecanbegathered.Sincethe

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pitsaresixfeetdeepsamplesaretakenat1.5ft.,3.0ft.and4.5ft.Thesamplesarepouredintoabucketmixedandthenthecompositesampleisdeliveredinto500mllabeledbottles,refrigerateduntilshipping.ThisprocedureisconsistentwithPSU’sAgronomyFactSheet#69“ManureSamplingforNutrientManagementPlanning".AllEquipmentisthenwashed,andsprayeddownwitha10%solutionofVircondriedandplacedseparatelyfromanysamplingmaterialasspelledoutintheBio-SecurityProtocol.

Appendix3:PennStateFactSheet#69,ManureSamplingforNutrientManagementPlanning

(tobeinsertedorattached)Appendix4:QualityControlProtocolforSwineCharacterizationStudy(TimSexton)

AsaCo-principalinvestigatoroftheSwineCharacterizationStudy,itistheresponsibilityofTimSextontomakesurethattheIRBstandardsaremetandfollowed,thatthefarmerinterviewproceduresaremaintained,thesamplingproceduresoutlinedarefollowed,andthebio-securityproceduresarestrictlyadheredto.Atthebeginningoftheproject,Imetwiththeintern,JordanKristoffandexplainedtheprotocolsandthesecurityissuesbothwithpersonaldatathatwouldbecollected,theroutinesthatwouldbeexpected,thestrictbio-securityproceduresthatwouldberequiredonallfarmvisits,andtheIRBprocessthatwouldalsoberequired.TheinternwasawardedaVTcomputersothatnoinformationcollectedwouldbestoredonanyDCRorgovernmentrelatedserver,orcomputerorstoragedevice.Allhandwrittendatasheetsandnotesarekeptinasecurelocation,withaccessonlytotheinternandtheCo-PI.TheCo-PIcheckedthedatabasethatwascreatedonaweeklybasisforjournalentryerrors,andentriesthatappearedtobeoutsidethenorm,andrequestedthattheinternsfollowbackupwiththosefarmerstoseeiftheycoulddeterminewhytheinformationgatheredmightbeoutsidethenorm.ThedatacollectedfromSmithfieldHogProductionDivisionismaintainedononedatasheet,andtheCountryViewFamilyFarmsdatabaseismaintainedonanothertoinsurethatthereisnocrosscontaminationofdatacollected.Theinternisquizzedonaregularbasistomakesurethatsheiscontinuingtofollowthequestioningprocessforallfarmers,thatthesamplingproceduresarethesame,andthatthebio-securityproceduresarebeingadheredto.InformationforwardedtotheVTand/orPSUPIisalsocopiedtothisPIsothatifaquestionarises,thisPIhastheabilitytoanswerifpossible.