01-11-2012

1

RECOMBINATION BREEDING OF HEVEA

BRASILIENSIS IN INDIA:CLONES EVOLVED

FROM THE 1983 HYBRIDIZATION PROGRAMME

*Alice John, M.A. Nazeer, V.C. Mercykutty

and Kavitha K. Mydin

* Rubber Training Institute Kottayam 686 009, Kerala, India

Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam 686 009,

Kerala, India

Recombination breeding in Hevea involves the

transfer of one or few traits from one parental

clone into another followed by fixation of the trait

of interest by cloning and selection in three

stages viz., Small Scale Trials, large Scale Trials

and On Farm Trials.

01-11-2012

2

Improvement in yield achieved through breeding

Unselected seedlings – 200 – 300 kg/ha/yr

Seedling population from elite mother trees – 500 kg/ha/yr

Cloning by bud grafting

Primary clones – 1000 kg/ha/yr

Introduction of new clones from other countries

Hybridization and selection among primary clonesEarly hybrid clones – 1500 – 2000 kg/ha/yr

Hybridization among selected parents

Modern hybrid clones – 3000 - 4000 kg/ha/yr

Breeding Cycle

01-11-2012

3

Hybridization initiated in 1954

RRII 100 series : RRII 105 was the first high

yielding hybrid released from the 1954 hand

pollinated progeny

Subsequently RRII 200, RRII 300 and RRII400

series were evolved

Early efforts of Hevea breeding in India

Year Evaluation stages Location Selections1983 Hybridization involving 8

parents in 6 cross combinations

RRII 230

1985-87 Nursery evaluation ;vegetative characters, structural attributes and test tap yield

RRII 110

1988 Small scale trials ( 7 trials ) Kerala Agricultural University Campus, Trichur

21

2010 Participatory multi location evaluation in Large scale and On farm trials

7 locations Best 9

Genesis of the population under study

01-11-2012

4

Materials

Cross combination No. of clones Trials Materials

RRIM 612 x RRIM 501 8 Trial 1 20 (14 +6 )

RRIM 600 X Gl 1 82 Trial 2 23 (19+4)

GT 1 x PR 107 2 Trial 3 23(17+6)

RRIM 600 x PR 107 11 Trial 4 18(14+4)

PB 5/51 x RRII 105 2 Trial 5 23(14+4)

GT 1 x RRII 105 5 Trial 6 17(8+5+4)

Ortets – progenies of GG1 polyclonal seedlings

5 Trial 7 27(21+6)

115

Year of planting – 1988 ; Location KAU Campus, Vellanikkara, TrichurDesign – Randomised Block Design : Replications -3 Plants per plot – 3- 5 Common check clones- RRII 105, RRIM 600, GT 1

01-11-2012

5

Observations recorded

Monthly yield by cup coagulation

Annual yield

Mean yield over first five years

Annual girth recording

Girth at opening

GI rate at immaturity

GI rate under tapping

Timber yield in terms of bole volume

Bole volume - quarter girth method ( Chaudhuri and Khanna, 1987)

Statistical analysis:Analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

Results

01-11-2012

6

Performance in terms of rubber yield, growth and timber yield

TrialsRubber yield

g tree-1 tap-1

Girth at openingcm

Bole Volumem3 tree-1

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range

Trial 1 33.65* 20.33-76.20 63.22* 49.51-82.67 0.135* 0.055-0.300

Trial 2 29.43* 16.62-45.02 58.41* 48.15-78.93 0.105* 0.060-0.270

Trial 3 26.30* 14.62-45.98 54.83* 41.26-69.56 0.095* 0.034-0.213

Trial 4 27.38* 9.76-51.18 58.83* 46.67-69.33 0.091* 0.042-0.147

Trial 5 29.84* 11.75-45.02 57.36* 45.14-71.28 - -

Trial 6 34.68* 20.75-57.34 58.98* 42.97-69.60 0.128 0.045-0.351

Trial 7 30.11* 15.0-60.53 60.23* 44.80-82.0 0.104* 0.033-0.276

Considering the range of variation in timber yield,clones with clear bole volume > 0.2 m3/tree at the ageof 15 years could be considered potential timberclones. Based on the criteria reported by Mydin (2011),in the present population, clones were categorized aslatex timber clones, latex clones, timber latex clonesand timber clones as follows:

Latex timber clones

: High latex yield better than RRII 105and timber yield > 0.1 m3/tree

Latex clones : High latex yield but low timber yield

Timber latex clones

: Clones with exceptionally high timberyield of > 0.2 m3/tree coupled withlatex yield on par with RRII 105

Timber clones : High timber yield of > 0.2 m3/tree withlow rubber yield

01-11-2012

7

Promising Latex Timber clone

Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber g/t/t

Standard heterosis (% Improvement over RRII

105)

Tappability

(%)

Bole volume

m3 tree-1

Trial 1 83/24 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 76.20 68.88 100 0.30

Trial 1 83/35 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 56.60 25.78 100 0.153

Trial 4 83/29 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 51.18 13.73 100 0.118

Trial 6 83/173 PB 5/51 x RRII 105 50.04 11.20 91.6 0.194

Trial 6 CES O-372

Ortet selection from GG1

57.34 27.42 66.6 0.148

Trial 6 83/191 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 47.01 4.47 83.3 0.193

Trial 6 CES O-17 Ortet selection from GG1

46.59 3.53 81.8 0.186

Trial 7 83/223 GT 1 x RRII 105 59.82 32.93 88.8 0.151

Trial 7 83/234 GT 1 x RRII 105 60.53 34.51 97.7 0.204

Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber

g/t/t

Standard heterosis (% Improvement over RRII 105)

Tappability

(%)

Bole volume

m3 tree-1

Trial 5 83/102 RRIM 600 x PR 107 45.02 0.04 70.0 0.087

Trial 6 83/181 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 45.00 - 72.7 0.099

Promising Latex clones

01-11-2012

8

Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber

g/t/t

Tappability

(%)

Bole volume

m3 tree-1

Trial 1 83/31 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.69 100 0.287

Trial 1 83/8 RRIM 612 x RRIM 501

25.86 92.8 0.200

Trial 2 83/12 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 30.1 78.5 0.200

Trial 2 83/60 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.2 69.2 0.200

Trial 3 83/111 RRIM 600 x PR 107 25.2 77.0 0.200

Trial 3 83/117 RRIM 600 x PR 107 30.35 100 0.213

Trial 3 83/120 RRIM 600 x PR 107 27.68 93.3 0.200

Trial 6 CES O82/185 Ortet selections from GG1 polyclonal

seedlings

30.5 98.0 0.351

Trial 7 83/19 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 26.47 100 0.206

Promising Timber clones

Trial Clone Parentage Yield of rubber

g/t/t

Tappability

(%)

Bole volume

m3 tree-1

Trial 1 83/37 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 40.10 95.0 0.270

Trial 2 83/11 RRIM 600 x Gl 1 43.04 97.7 0.276

Promising Timber Latex clones

01-11-2012

9

Year ‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross 

RRIM 600 x Gl 1

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4 5

Year

Yield

83/24

83/35

83/29

83/191

Year‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross 

GT1 x RRII 105

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 5

Year

Yield

83/224

83/234

Year‐wise yield of high yielding clones from the cross 

PB 5/51 x RRII 105

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5

Year

Yield

Year‐wise yield of high yielding Ortets

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5

Year

Yield

CES ‐372

CES O‐17

83/173

01-11-2012

10

RRIM 612 x RRIM 501 RRIM 600 x PR 107 GG1 OrtetRRIM 600 x Gl 1

Conclusion

The recovery of 11 potential latex timber and latex clones is a reflectionof the success of the 1983 hybridization programme.

Among the 21 promising selections,11 were of parentage RRIM 600 x Gl1Nursery screening of these progenies had also revealed a high recoveryof superior seedlings from this family to the tune of over 53 percent.

In the present population evolved from 1983 hybridization programmestandard heterosis estimates of selections for rubber yield ranged from0.04 to 69% and yield per se ranged from 45 to 76.22 g/t/t.

A new dimension of timber yield had been added on to the selectionprocedure which has resulted in the identification of 11 clones with highrubber yield and 9 clones which are equally good in rubber and timberyield.

These 11 promising hybrids and ortets likely to possess droughttolerance could be further evaluated in non-traditional drought proneregion as well as north Malabar region of Kerala which also experiencesmoisture stress.